翻译理论与实践练习(三)
翻译理论与实践3
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3.He has a strong dislike for the sentimental. 他非常讨厌多愁善感无病呻吟。 4.During his visit to China, the Korean foreign minister conferred with his Chinese counterpart a number of times. 在中国访问期间,韩国外交部长与中国外交部长举行了 数次会谈。 5. Potatoes are an important source of starchy food in temperate countries and bananas in tropics. 马铃薯是温带国家淀粉食物的重要来源,香蕉则是热带 地区淀粉食物的重要来源。
英语往往运用词形变化,连接词、介词、 定于从句和独立主格表示成分之间各种语法关 系,句子外形很严谨;汉语由于没有词形变化、 定语从句和独立主格,连接词和介词也比英语 少很多,所以往往用隐性连贯方法来表示各种 语法关系,句子外形比较松散、自由。
对策: 英译汉:多运用汉语的动词,少用连接词,有时可以 不译连接词;介词短语、定语从句和独立主格等在大 多数情况下都被译为短语或分句 [例3]Come and see me tomorrow. [译文]明天来看我。 [例4]He is the last person for such a job. [译文]他最不适于担任这项工作。
[例8]他们正在为实现一个理想而努力,这个理想 是每个中国人所珍爱的。在过去,许多中国人 曾为了这个理想而牺牲了自己的生命 [译文]They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives.
汉英英汉翻译理论与实践
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Clinton is the first black president .克林顿是第一个重视黑人权益的总统Clinton is the first woman president.克林顿是第一个重视妇女权益的总统1. We want to buy quality steel.我们要买高质量的钢材。
2. I am pleased to be here to offer a U.S. business perspective on one of today’s great quality ch allenges: building a high skills/high wage workforce. 我很高兴能来此介绍一下美国商界对当今我们在素质方面所面临的挑战的看法,这项挑战就是如何建立一支高技术,高薪金的劳动队伍。
3. The president now is on a poverty tour.总统目前正在访问贫困地区。
4. noise abatement procedures. 抑制噪声的措施5. She is on her listening tour of New York.她正在纽约巡回访问,听取群众的意见。
6. Professor Smith is leaving the school. That is a stupid loss.史密斯教授要离开学校了。
这个损失实在是不明智才造成的。
7. The kiss represents the symbolic loss of the most famous American child. 那轻轻的一吻是一个象征,代表这个美国著名的孩子已经长大成人了。
Criminal law 刑法;Criminal layer专门处理刑事案件的律师;Criminal attack构成犯罪的攻击;criminally insane 形式法庭鉴定为患有精神病This is a thought-provokingly different explanation . 这个解释完全不同,但却很能给人启发。
《英汉翻译理论与实践》课程练习及答案
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一.英汉翻译理论与实践课程之教案目录第1讲“翻译”溯源第2讲翻译的本质第3讲翻译的标准第4讲翻译面面观第5讲翻译必有“失”/ 失于此而得于彼(两讲合并)第6讲翻译与联想第7讲翻译与语法第8讲翻译与语体第9讲翻译与语篇第10讲英汉十大差异第11讲形合与意合第12讲代词的困惑第13讲Connotation的翻译第14讲翻译与词典第15讲以“模糊”求精确第16讲落笔知轻重译文讲分寸第17讲翻译最难是口吻第18讲翻译与形象思维第19讲翻译与灵感思维第20讲英语修辞的翻译(包括连接三讲)第21讲翻译中的文化冲击第22讲思维是语言的脊梁(两讲合并)第23讲翻译美学之思考(两讲合并)二.汉英翻译理论与实践课程之教案目录第1讲汉译英呼唤文字功力第2讲语篇与翻译第3讲:英汉语美感比读(两讲合并)第4讲:理性概译:翻译之坦途第5讲:英语句式的亮点:非人称主语句(两讲合并)第6讲:汉译英有用的句型(两讲合并)第7讲:类析汉译英常见拙译(三讲合并)第8讲:从“湖光山色”的英译说开去(两讲合并)第9讲:Denotation和Connotation(两讲合并)第10讲:翻译,你的本质是什么?第11讲:归化与异化----汉语习语的英译一.英汉翻译理论与实践课程之练习第1讲“翻译”溯源试将下列文字译成汉语:1/ Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Eugene A. Nida & Charles R. Taber: The Theory and Practice of Translation, 1969)2/ Translation may be defined as follows:The replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL)3/ A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original. A translation should have all the ease of the original composition. (A. F. Tytler: Essay on the Principles of Translation. 1791)参考译文1/ 所谓翻译,是在译语中用最切近的自然的对等语再现原语的信息,首先是意义,其次是文体。
矿大研究生英语翻译理论与实践课外作业(3)
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I. Translate the following sentences into Chinese and pay attention to the translation of the blackened parts (if any).1.He made sincere apologies to each of the teachers.译文:他向每个老师致以诚挚的歉意。
2.“Impossible” is a word to be found only in the dictionary of fools.译文:只有在傻子的字典里才有“不可能”这个词。
3.We have no more right to consume happiness without producing it than to consume wealth without producingit.译文:我们不创造幸福就无权享受幸福,就像不创造财富就无权享用财富一样。
4.Children begin by loving their parents. After a time they judge them. Rarely, if ever, do they forgive them.译文:孩子们都是开始时爱父母,后来开始评价父母,但几乎不会原谅父母。
ter, Churchill told me that such hesitations were really rare.译文:后来,丘吉尔告诉我,这种犹豫确实是很少见的。
6.Then I thanked my host and walked down the broad lawn, back to the meadow and the sparkling brook,where I lay on the grass and fell into a sweet sleep.译文:接着我向主人道了谢径直走向宽阔的草坪,回到了水波闪闪的小溪边,我躺在溪边的草地上进入了甜美的梦乡。
叶子南《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》(第3版)配套题库(含考研真题)(翻译的基本技巧 1.5 分合移位法
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1.5分合移位法⊙切分(Division)1.The reform,while laid a solid foundation,need to continue to evolve to meet the ever increasing demand of citizens and businesses for better integrated,more effective services.【译文】但是公共部门管理改革是一场没有终点线的比赛。
//改革已经为今后的工作奠定了坚实的基础,但仍然需要继续深化,才能提供更协调和更有效的服务,满足公众和企业不断增长的需求。
2.The Last Shadow did not fare well in the United States,but it did develop a huge following in Europe where viewers who usually did not go for this movie genre embraced it wholeheartedly.【译文】《最后的影子》在美国表现欠佳,但在欧洲却大受欢迎,//欧洲的观众通常不太喜欢这一类型的电影,但这次却全心接受了。
3.We tried in vain to persuade him to give up his wrong belief.【译文】我们尽力劝说他放弃错误的信念,//但没有成功。
4.It was a dangerously foolish area to which they pinned down a major portion of U. itary power.【译文】他们把美国一大部分军事力量困在那个地区,//这(样做)是愚蠢而危险的。
5.Hitler’s black empire would suddenly collapse in rubble,blood,and flame. (Winds of War)【译文】希特勒的黑暗帝国顷刻之间就会在血泊与烈火中崩溃,//夷为废墟。
翻译理论与实践2(3)
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过去,从斋堂进北京靠羊肠小道,需要6-7天的 时间,如今,109国道平坦便捷,乘车两个半 小时就可以到北京。 In the past, it took six or seven days to go from Zhaitang to Beijing through a winding trail. Now on the smooth National Highway 109, it takes just two and a half hours to reach Beijing. intestines path 他在戏里扮演 包公。 She played the male role of Judge Bao (the just and impartial judge in Chinese history) in the play.
售票处 补票处 收款处 booking office fare-adjustment office cashier office 计帐员 服务员领班 未订座者 bookkeeper head waiter walk-in guest 登记入店 check-in
将括号中的汉语翻译成英语 1. Passengers for Guiyan, ( 请注意). Flight 1411, Plane Number 274 for Guiyan has been delayed due to mechanical problems. Attention , Please 2. All these measures ( 着眼于)further emancipating the productive forces. are aimed at / are intended for 3. The decisive move in 1994 to bring China closer to a market economy involved (金融, 财税、外汇、投资、外贸和粮价) finance, taxation, foreign exchange, investment, foreign trade and grain price.
翻译理论与实践试题及答案
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翻译理论与实践试题一、选择题(在四个选项中选择一个正确答案):20%1. 中国古代佛经翻译家------提出了“既须求真,又须喻俗”的翻译思想。
A. 鸠摩罗什B. 玄奘C.安世高D。
释道安2. 严复说的“一名之立,旬月踟躇”是指---------------------。
A. 翻译一部书要化一个月时间作准备B 翻译一个术语往往要考虑很久C.只有化苦功才能翻译成一部名著D.书名的翻译颇费思量3..下列四句,----句的表述是不正确的。
A. 鲁迅提出过“宁信而不顺”的翻译观点。
B. 马建忠主张“善译”的翻译标准。
C. 钱钟书认为文学翻译的最高标准是“化”。
D. 傅雷认为文学翻译的最高境界是“形似”。
4.下列四位翻译家中,英译《红楼梦》的是------。
A. 林语堂B. 杨宪益C. 杨必D. 鲁迅5.英国语言学家M.A.K.Halliday提出的构成语境三要素中,fields of discourse指---------------------------。
A. 交际内容B. 交际方式C. 交际风格D. 交际地点6. 多用被动语态是----------的一个比较明显的语法特点。
A. 广告英语B. 科技英语C. 新闻英语D. 法律英语7. “意译”是指译文从意义出发,要求将原文的意义正确表达出来,不必拘泥于------的形式。
A.词句B. 词句和比喻C. 各种修辞手段D. 词、句、以及各种修辞手段8.. ------翻译了莎士比亚的全部戏剧作品。
A. 朱生豪B. 卞之琳C. 梁实秋D. 林语堂9. fast, firm, secure三个同义词中,firm的正规程度介于前后两者之间,由此可以判定,它最有可能源自------。
A. 法语B. 拉丁语C.盎格鲁-撒克逊语D. 德语10. 下列四种“语体”中,--------的语言最为正规。
A. 广告英语B. 法律英语C. 新闻英语D. 科技英语二、问答题:30%1. 为什么严复要在他的翻译标准中加上一个“雅”字?你认为现在我们应该怎样理解这个“雅”字?2、.我们可以通过观察哪几种“语域标志”来区别英语语言的正规程度?请举例说明其中两种。
华中师大《翻译理论与实践》期末考试备考资料全集题参考答案
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华中师范大学网络学院《翻译理论与实践》练习测试题(答案及参考译文)一.在下列句中空白处填上合适的词语。
每空1分。
共10分。
1.翻译是跨(语言)、跨(文化)、跨(社会)的交际活动。
2.篇章的粘连分(语义)粘连和(结构)粘连两大类,粘连的目的是实现篇章的(连贯)。
3.社会符号学的翻译标准是(语意)相符、(功能)相似。
4.格赖斯的(合作)原则和利奇的(礼貌)原则是促使语言交际成功的语用原则。
5.社会符号学翻译法以韩礼德所述的语言的社会符号性为根据,以符号学的意义观为核心。
语言符号具备三种意义,它们是(言内)意义、(指称)意义和(语用)意义。
6.语言对比是研究语言在(使用)中产生的意义。
7.泰特勒在《翻译的原则》一书中提出了著名德三原则:A.译文应完整地再现原文的(思想内容)。
B.译文的(风格)、(笔调)应与原文的性质相同。
C.译文应像原文一样(流畅自然)。
8.汉语语法呈(隐含)性,英语语法呈(外显)性。
9.信、达、雅10.忠实通顺11.理解、表达校核12.译出语(或原文)译入语(或译文)13.口译笔译机器翻译14.意美音美形美15.直译16.合句法17.全译摘译编译18.切近自然信息19.口译笔译机器翻译20.易解丰姿21.归化22.神似23. 钱钟书先生提出:“文学翻译的最高标准是‘(化)’。
把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字,既不能因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹,又能完全保存原有的风味,那就算得入‘(化境)’”。
24.从涉及到的语言符号来看,翻译可分为(语内)翻译、(语际)翻译、和(符际)翻译。
(答题顺序可以颠倒)25.所谓功能指语言所具有的种种社会功能。
英国翻译理论家彼得·纽马克将其分为6种:(信息)功能、(表情)功能、(祈使)功能、美感功能、酬应功能和元语言功能。
26.将He is armed to the teeth译成“他全副武装”,采用的是(意译)的方法;将其译成“他武装到了牙齿”,采用的是(直译)的方法。
英汉翻译-3 翻译的理念
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名家翻译理念
主讲人:张鹏
Chapter 3 Translation Theories
严复:信、达、雅 泰特勒:翻译三原则 傅雷:重神似不重形似 许渊冲:美化之艺术,创优似竞赛 尤金 奈达:动态对等
严复:信、达、雅
• In his cradle, Simon started to get training to be a knight. 直译:在摇篮里,Simon就开始为成为骑士而接受训练。 意译:从童年时起, „„ • Talk of the devil and he will appear. 说曹操,曹操就到。 • Sense comes with age. 老马识途。 • One swallow does not make a summer. 一花独放不是春。 • Every dog has his day. 人人都有得意的日子。
尤金 奈达:动态对等
Eugene Nida,美国著名 语言学家、翻译理论家。 著作有:《翻译科学探 索》、《翻译的理论与实 践》、《从一种语言到另 一种语言》、《翻译与语 境》等。他的理念对中国 翻译界有着较深刻的影响。
从动态对等到功能对等
所谓“功能对等”,就是说翻译时不求文字表面的死板对 应,而要在两种语言间达成功能上的对等。为使源语和目 的语的之间的转换有一个标准,减少差异,尤金·奈达从 语言学的角度出发,根据翻译的本质,提出了 “功能对等” 翻译理论。在这一理论中,他指出 “翻译是用最恰当、自 然和对等的语言从语义到文体再现源语的信息” 。奈达指 出,翻译不仅是词汇意义上的对等,还包括语义、风格和 文体的对等,翻译传达的信息既有表层词汇信息,也有深 层的文化信息。
叶子南《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》(第3版)【翻译练习(翻译实践篇详解)】【圣才出品】
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第二部分翻译实践篇详解一、非文学类文本(社会人文)1. Van GoghAlthough art historians have spent decades demystifying Van Gogh’s legend ①, they have done little to diminish his vast popularity. Auction prices still soar, visitors still overpopulate Van Gogh exhibitions, and The Starry Night remains ubiquitous on dormitory and kitchen walls②. So complete is Van Gogh’s global apotheosis that③Japanese tourists now make pilgrimages to Auvers to sprinkle their relatives’ ashes on his grave. What accounts for the endless appeal of the Van Gogh myth? It has at least two deep and powerful sources④. At the most primitive level, it provides a satisfying and nearly universal revenge fantasy disguised as the story of heroic sacrifice to art⑤. Anyone who has ever felt isolated and unappreciated can identify with Van Gogh and hope not only for a spectacular redemption⑥but also to put critics and doubting relatives to shame. At the same time, the myth offers an alluringly simplistic conception of great art as the product, not of particular historical circumstances and the artist’s painstaking calculations, but of the naive and spontaneous outpourings of a mad, holy fool⑦. The gaping discrepancy between Van Gogh’s long-suffering life and his remarkable posthumous fame remains a great and undeniable historical irony. But the notion that he was an artistic idiot savant⑧is quickly dispelled by even the most glancing examination of the artist’s letters. It also must be dropped after acquaintingoneself with the rudimentary facts of Van Gogh’s family background, upbringing, and early adulthood.The image of Van Gogh as a disturbed and forsaken artist is so strong that one easily reads it back into⑨his childhood and adolescence. But if Van Gogh had died at age twenty, no one would have connected him with failure or mental illness. Instead he would have been remembered⑩by those close to him as a competent and dutiful son with a promising career in the family art-dealing business. He was, in fact, poised to surpass his father and to come closer to living up to the much-esteemed Van Gogh name⑪.The Van Goghs were an old and distinguished Dutch family who could trace their lineage in Holland back to the sixteenth century. Among Vincent’s five uncles, one reached the highest rank of vice-admiral in the Navy and three others prospered as successful art dealers. Van Gogh’s grandfather, also named Vincent, had attained an equally illustrious status as an intellectually accomplished Protestant minister. The comparatively modest achievements of the artist’s father, Theodorus, proved the exception, not the rule⑫. Although Theodorus was the only one of grandfather Vincent’s six sons to follow him into the ministry, he faltered as a preacher⑬ and could obtain only modest positions in provincial churches. It was for this reason that Theodorus and his new wife, Anna, found themselves in Groot Zundert, a small town near the Belgian border. Vincent was born a few years after their arrival.Van Gogh enjoyed a relatively uneventful childhood save for the birth of fivesiblings (three by the time he was six and two more by his fourteenth year)⑭ and his attendance at two different boarding schools. In rural Zundert he took long walks in the Brabant countryside and developed a naturalist’s love of animals and plants. At his two boarding schools, he excelled at his studies and laid down the foundation for his lifelong facility in French and English. The family’s decision to apprentice him at sixteen to Uncle Vincent’s art gallery in The Hague was far from a nepotistic last resort. Uncle Vincent, called “Cent,” had transforme d an art supply store into a prestigious art gallery and had become a senior partner in Goupil et Cie., one of the largest art-dealing firms in Europe. Vincent had not better opportunity for advancement than working at The Hague branch of Goupil’s. And it was a testament to Vincent’s abilities that the childless “Uncle Cent” took a paternal interest in him and arranged for his position as Goupil’s youngest employee⑮.Vincent’s duties progressed from record keeping and correspondence chores in the back office to dealing, if only in a subordinate way⑯, with clients. This confronts us with the nearly unthinkable image of the “socially competent” Vincent⑰. But such was the case at this stage in his life. The same man whose eccentricity would one day make young girls scream in fright dressed appropriately and charmed customers with his enthusiasm for art⑱. Vincent also ingratiated himself with the local artists of The Hague School and earned his colleagues’respect. Although his status as Uncle Cent’s nephew and protege must have smoothed his way, Vincent appears to have been genuinely dedicated and effectiveat Goupil’s. His boss, Tersteeg, sent home glowing reports⑲ and after four years at The Hague he was promoted to the London branch.From Van Gogh and Gauguin, by Bradley Collins 【参考译文】梵高尽管艺术史家们数十年来一直在淡化梵高传奇的神秘色彩①,但梵高受欢迎的程度几乎丝毫未减。
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《翻译理论与实践》第一学期课外翻译练习1 Car crashes are so frequent that they don’t rate a mention in the newspaper unless a lot of people are killed.2 Success can be won through skill, intelligence, sometimes sheer perseverance, regardless of birth, which has normally been accompanied by increased financial rewards in the American scene.3 Present –day concern with music is shown by the existence of over 100 summer schools in music in England which cater for all grades of musicians from the mere beginner to the skilled performer.4 Memory, as time goes by, is a selective thing.5 Today’s Japan is totally different from the Japan of five decades ago, particularly in social attitudes, which have strayed from traditional Asian values.6 Somebody lied, if he said my life is a happy little tale, or he told you I’m just an ordinary guy in the world.7 Self-esteem is feeling worthy and able to meet life’s challenges. It is as essential as the air we breathe, and just as intangible. It comes from the depths of our core, yet it is reflected in every single outward action we take, grand or small. It is the essence from which we measure our worth and the most important building block in the foundation of our intangible..8 Functioning like a magnet, Hollywood draws ambitious young people from all over the world.9 Acceptance or rejection of your body only carries weight in your mind; it has no bearings on how you actually look, so why not choose the ease of acceptance rather than the pain of rejection? The choice is yours.10 Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.11 Illegal immigrants are flooding into the United States, fuelling international disputes12 Many new industries which do not need to be close to their markets have been built up in the south and west, partly with the idea that well-qualified northern workers, alreadysatisfied by their high living standard, will think that better surroundings and warmer winters will make their living standards still higher.13 Many men have recognized the similarity of plants to the behavior of animals, and have dreamed wistfully, but forlornly, upon some method or source of rejuvenation such as Ponce de Leon sought in the Fountain of Youth several centuries ago.14 The automobile has brought many changes in American life---for example, the remarkable growth of the suburbs in the past 25 years as many people who work in the cities now enjoy country living because of good roads and the ease of commuting by automobile. Heavy use of the nation’s highways has created a demand for roadside businesses of various kinds, including outdoor movie theaters, where audiences watch films from th eir automobiles and convenient roadside hotels known as ―motels‖.15 His writings are devoured by Arabs from the castles of Morocco to the oil derricks of the Persian Gulf, by diplomats from Foggy Bottom to Peking.16 Every Englishman has some knowledge, however slight, of the works of our greatest writer.17Most of us use about five thousand words in our normal employment of English.18 He wondered if he ought to write a swansong, but laughed the thought away. There was no time. He was too impatient to be gone.19 Boxing has a reputation for being a brutal and dangerous game. This reputation is not really deserved.20 In fact the Lexicographer’s name was always on the lips of this majestic woman, and a visit he had paid to her was the cause of her reputation and her fortune.21The growing concentration of wealth in the hands of a few people raised social and political issues.22Sometimes, indeed, it seems that the poetry of Shakespeare will disappear beneath the great mass of comment that has been written upon it.23The popularity of television and the serious problem of piracy have contributed to the decline of movie industry.24. Being a major concern now, the problem of cyber security calls for government measures for improvement.25. Sweeping across Asia, an information technology revolution is causing an acute shortage of high-tech labor.26. In an effort to reach more readers, many publications have gone on-line, making their materials available to people with personal computers.27. Attracted by reports of great economic opportunities and religious and political freedom, immigrants from many other countries flocked to the Untied States in increasing numbers, reaching a peak in the years 1880-1914.28. Electronic music has begun to bridge the gap between diverse groups, breaking through all of society’s barriers: race, gender, age, and culture.29. Humans, the biggest ―killer‖ rather than natural disasters, are forcing more and more animals to join the dinosaurs in the museum.30. During the wartime, years like these would have meant certain death for many people. Many would have become beggars and others would have been compelled to sell their children.31. Hollywood’s fame and fortune reached its peak in the 1930s and 1940s, the golden days of the black and white movies.32. The image of a sudden wall of dark water carrying the man and his car away in an instant is still imprinted on my mind.33. A recent survey revealed that the divorce rate has rocketed as women’s financial dependence on men has plummeted.34. The music industry is getting raided by the internet because it is so easy to make unauthorized copies of songs.35. The increase in DINK families has shattered the traditional idea of Chinese family.36. Just as all nations can benefit from the promise of this new world, no nation is immune to its perils.37. When I try to understand what it is that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect, it seems to me that there are two causes, of which one goes deeper than the other.38There is probably no better way for a foreigner (or an Englishman) to appreciate the richness and variety of English language than by studying the various ways in which Shakespeare used it.39At first, I was poor. Then I became needy. Later I was underprivileged. Now I’m disadvantaged. I still don’t have a cent to my name, but I sure have a great vocabulary.(* euphemistic words used by the government to mean ―poor‖—added by xiao mi)40No transport system in the world carries so many passengers by night or by day as the Greyhound buses which go almost anywhere in the United States.41To save embarrassment to people still living I have given to the persons who play a part in this story names of my own contriving, and I have in other ways taken pains to make sure that no one should recognize them.42Public officials may be removed from office for failing to perform their duties properly as well as for serious violations of law.43I had unforgivably, in a stealthy manner, peeped at her correspondence.44The conveniences that Americans desire reflect not so much a leisurely lifestyle as busy lifestyle in which even minutes of time is too valuable to be wasted.45The greatness of a people is no more determined by their number than the greatness of a man is determined by his height.46. Emphasizing the English language’s impact by its commercial activities across the globe, the United States has brought facets of its culture to almost every country.47. Since the last travel and work restriction were abolished in the European Union, the young have pursued their ambitions freely, helping to make Europe’s economy even more vibrant.48. In British it is necessary to prepare food rapidly in large quantities, and the taste of the food inevitably suffers, though its quality, from the point of view of nourishment, is quite satisfactory.49. E-mail has challenged the fax machine which was the preferred method of transmitting printed matter in the early 1990s.50. He was a clever man; a pleasant companion; a careless student; with a great propensity for running into debt, and a partiality for the tavern.51. It is not only in affluent societies that people are obsessed with the idea of making more money. Consumer goods are desirable everywhere and modern industry deliberately sets out to create new markets. Gone are the days when industrial goods were made to last forever. The wheels of industry must be kept turning. ―Built-in obsolescence‖ provides the means: goods are made to be discarded. Cars get thinner and thinner. You no sooner acquire this year’s model than you are thinking about its replacement.52. This materialistic outlook has seriously influenced education. Fewer and fewer young people these days acquire knowledge only for its own sake. Every course of studies mustlead somewhere: i.e. to a bigger wage pocket. The demand for skilled personnel far exceeds the supply and big companies compete with each other to recruit students before they have completed their studies. Tempting salaries and ―fringe benefits‖ are offered to the m. Recruiting tactics of this kind of have led to the ―brain drain‖, the process by which highly skilled people offer their services to the higher bidder. The wealthier nations deprive their poorer neighbors of their most able citizens. While Mammon is worshipped as never before, the rich get richer and the poor, poorer.53. The big cities must cope with inner-city poverty which spawns crime and drug abuse, and racism which arises from their multiracial populations.54. The agricultural revolution in the 19th century involved the invention of laborsaving machinery and the development of scientific agriculture.55. The economic differences between the North and the South and their different views of the relationship between the federal government and the states led to the Civil War in 1861.56. The best friend a man has in this world may turn against him and become his enemy. His son or daughter whom he has reared with loving care may prove ungrateful. Those who are nearest and dearest to us, those whom we trust with our happiness and our good name, may become traitors to their faith.57. Subjection of nature’s forces to man, machinery, application of chemistry to industry and agriculture, steam-navigation, railways, electric telegraphs, clearing of whole continents for cultivation, canalization of rivers, whole populations conjured out of the ground--- what earlier century had even a presentiment that such productive forces slumbered in the lap of social labour? (Manifesto of the Communist Party).58. Almost from the beginning of his term in office, President Clinton was dogged by rumors of his marital infidelity and financial corruption.59. The isolation of the rural world because of distance and the lack of transport facilities is compounded by the paucity of the information media.60. There is a mounting awareness on the part of the public of the gravity of corruption.61. Along with the realization that her superior was a venal official came understanding that the department under his thumb was not only oppressive but also rotten through and through.62. The thought that she would be separated from her husband during his long and dangerous journey saddened Mrs. Brown.63. Music whose meaning is slightly different with each hearing has a greater chance of remaining alive.64. American presidents tend to be judged less by the good deeds they set in motion than by how well they respond to crises.65. The line of demarcation between the adult and the child world is drawn in many ways. For instance, many American parents may be totally divorced from the church, or entertain grave doubt about the existence of God, but they send their children to Sunday school and help them, to pray. American parents struggle in a competitive world where sheer cunning and falsehood are often rewarded and respected, but they feed their children with nursery tales in which the morally good is pitted against the bad, and in the end the good inevitably is successful and the bad inevitably punished.66. Having children---especially the first child---puts a bigger strain on a couple’s relationship than anything else they ever do; some who stay together emerge stronger and richer, but a heck of a lot never recover.67. So a future of smaller families and more people choosing not to have children at all could well leave couple closer than they are today; for many, the purpose of being together would be solely to pleasure and support each other---an interesting prospect.68. Problems arise because too much water or too little water occurs at a certain place at a certain time, and these problems are increasing in number and magnitude each year.69. After all, eighty was a special birthday, another decade lived or endured just as you chose to look at it.70. One-room schools are part of the heritage of the United States, and the mention of them makes people feel a vague longing for ―the way things were.‖71. He always sits on the very edge of his chair when he is working, as though about to take off.72. The difference that distinguished them were obviously associated with the different social lives they had led.73. The main objection to vegetarianism on a long-term basis is the difficulty of getting enough protein, the body-building element in food.74. The combination of this Oriental city’s geography and the absence of import taxes has long made Hong Kong the ideal storehouse for transit goods to and from Asia.75. One attractive feature of the two-year college in the United States is that the faculty’s primary professional responsibility is to teach. At many four-year colleges and universities, research is, to put it mildly, at least as important as how an instructor performs in the classroom. The tension between research and teaching so common at comprehensive universities is not a factor at two-year institutions, where the good of the student is without doubt the instructor’s number-one concern.76 It is simple enough to say that since books have classes---fiction, biography, poetry---we should separate them and take from each what it is right that each should give us.77. Yet few people ask from books what books can give us. Most commonly we come to books with blurred and divided minds, asking of fiction that it shall be true, of poetry that it shall be false, of biography that it shall be flattering, of history that it shall enforce our own prejudices.78. If we could banish all such preconceptions when we read, that would be an admirable beginning. Do not dictate to your author: try to become him. Be his fellow-worker and accomplice.79. If you hang back, and reserve and criticize at first, you are preventing yourself from getting the fullest possible value from what you read. But if you open your mind as widely as possible, then signs and hints of almost imperceptible fineness, from the twist and turn of the first sentences, will bring you into the presence of a human being unlike any other.80. Steep yourself in this, acquaint yourself with this, and soon you will find that your author is giving you, or attempting to give you, something far more definite. The thirty –two chapters of a novel---if we consider how to read a novel first---are an attempt to make something as formed and controlled as a building: But words are more impalpable than bricks; reading is a longer and more complicated process than seeing.81. Locked up with my reading, I am completely alone. It’s just my book and me. What a delight! No one can read this text, on this page, in my place. Moreover, no one knowswhat I’m reading. It’s a purely selfish pleasure. In the morning, I’m happier and fresher. I feel renewed. Like an athlete, I’m better at some moments than at others. This morning I’m the best at reading.82. Throughout his life, Benjamin Franklin continued his education, learning from human contacts as well as from books.83. Books of voyages and travels became my passion, and in devouring their contents, I neglected the regular exercises of the school.84. What makes community colleges unique within the spectrum of American higher education is their policy of open enrollment.85. When you first glimpse Macau on the ferry form Hong Kong, it looks less than impressive. The skyline is dull compared to the imposing glass skyscrapers of Hong Kong, and most people do not take the time to revise this first impression, devoting on more than a day trip to it. But this does not do justice to this city of two cultures, which hides plenty of interesting secrets.86. We know more about the moon 240,000 miles away than we know about the three-fourth of the earth covered with water.87. As this century unfolds and people look back on this day, they will conclude that in admitting China to the WTO we took a decisive step in strengthening the global economic trading system.88. He was puzzled that I did not want what was obviously a ―step up‖ toward what all Americans are taught to want when they grow up: money and power.89. Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.90. And he knew how ashamed he would have been if she had known his mother and the kind of place in which he was born and the kind of people among whom he was born.91. If she did not speak with Rebecca on the tender subject, she compensated herself with long and intimate conversation with Mrs. Blenkinsop, the house keeper, who droppedsome hints to the lady’s maid, who may have cursorily mentioned the matter to the cook, who carries the news, I have no doubt, to all the tradesmen.92. A notion has taken hold in the United States to the effect that the only people who should be encouraged to bring children into the world are those who can afford them.93. I visited the neighboring villages, and added greatly to my stock of knowledge, by noting their habits and customs, and conversing with their sages and great men.94. From the standpoint of the developing countries, the next decade should see a greatly accelerated program for scientific and technological co-operation, aimed at wide-spread dissemination of technology for meeting the basic needs of man, such as nutrition, shelter, communications, health and sanitation.95. There is, of course, no single pattern of American characters any more than there is a single English or Turkish or Chinese character.96. There is much to be desired for the government to crack down bribery and corruption.97. Examinations test your knowledge and your ability to apply your knowledge, but not very much more. What is o often forgotten is that there are many valuable qualities which cannot be tested by examinations. Can you imagine, for instance, an examination in tact or good manners, in kindness or in honesty?98 Not only do Englishmen get several different sorts of weather in one day, but they may very well get a spell of winter in summer and vice versa.99. The 21st century executive must be a global strategist, working as deftly in Tokyo as in New York. He sees ---then seizes---markets worldwide.100. Someone once remarked that the British and the Americans are two peoples separated by the same language. Most epigrams exaggerate for effect, and this one is no exception. But it is, nevertheless, undeniably true that some commonly used words mean different things in these two cultures.Consider the seemingly single term-"the government." To parliamentarians trained in British terminology, "the government" means "the cabinet: a group of the legislature's own members, chosen by it to devise public policies, to manage the legislature's major activities, and to exercise executive powers.。
翻译理论与实践练习
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• The maxim was that when a married couple saw red lawyers saw green. ( Rage of Angels)
• 俗话说,夫妇吵得脸红耳赤时,便是律师 招财进宝之日。
• Alice’s girl friends were green with envy when they saw her new dress.
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– 姓名:王甘地
年龄: 28
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– 学历: 本科
籍贯: 四川
– 学历背景 – 1990-94: 香港中文大学英语系学习 – 1986-90: 香港汤普森中学 学习
工作经验
– 1994.11-1995,12: 香港泰安银行湾仔分行 行政助理
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• 耐克是当今商界最有影响的销售公司之一, 但它起步时却是薇不足道的。这家全球巨 人公司在20世纪60年代靠推销廉价日本运 动鞋起家。 公司的创始人将运动鞋放在自 己的小汽车里,带到美国高中田径运动会 上向运动员兜售。
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叶子南《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》(第3版)配套题库(含考研真题)(翻译的基本技巧 1.4 反面着笔法
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1.4反面着笔法⊙正说反译1.a fly in the ointment【译文】美中不足2.call a spade a spade【译文】直言不讳3.be on tenterhooks【译文】坐立不安/六神无主/手足无措4.Bite off more than one can chew.【译文】贪多嚼不烂。
5.Good winner,good loser.【译文】胜不骄,败不馁。
6.predictably【译文】不出所料7.failure【译文】不及格/不履行/没做到/没发生8.supreme authority【译文】无上权威/最高权威9.with dignity【译文】不失体面/不失尊严10.be fatally ill【译文】得不治之症11.soon enough【译文】不久12.keep...within bounds【译文】不失当/不为过/没有扩大化/没有超出范围/没有越过雷池一步13.Danger,Building Site.【译文】工地危险,禁止入内。
14.Hands off.【译文】请勿触摸15.Smoking Free Store.【译文】无烟商场16.Keep Head inside Vehicle【译文】请勿将头伸出窗外。
17.In the absence of the definite information we had to wait a while before makinga move.【译文】由于没有确切消息,我们不得不等一等再做决定。
18.In the long run,there is no doubt that many small companies will be replaced by corporations.【译文】从长远观点来看,十分清楚,很多小公司将被集团公司所取代。
19.His childhood is free from anxiety.【译文】他的童年无忧无虑20.She saw him coming but she ignored him.【译文】她看见他走过来,但不理睬他。
翻译理论与实践考试题库
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翻译理论与实践考试题库一、选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. 翻译理论中的“信、达、雅”是由哪位翻译家提出的?A. 严复B. 林语堂C. 王力D. 钱钟书2. 在翻译过程中,哪种方法强调原文的忠实度?A. 直译B. 意译C. 音译D. 形译3. 翻译理论中,“功能主义”是由哪位学者提出的?A. 奈达B. 霍姆斯C. 斯奈尔-霍恩比D. 费舍尔4. 下列哪个选项不是翻译过程中可能遇到的问题?A. 文化差异B. 语言障碍C. 翻译技巧D. 语言风格5. 翻译理论中的“交际翻译”是指什么?A. 翻译者与原文作者的交流B. 翻译者与目标语言读者的交流C. 原文与译文的交流D. 原文与目标语言的交流6. 翻译理论中的“动态对等”是由哪位学者提出的?A. 奈达B. 霍姆斯C. 斯奈尔-霍恩比D. 费舍尔7. 在翻译实践中,哪种翻译策略更注重原文的文化内涵?A. 直译B. 意译C. 音译D. 形译8. 翻译理论中的“交际翻译”主要强调的是什么?A. 原文的忠实度B. 译文的流畅性C. 译文的可读性D. 译文的交际功能9. 翻译理论中的“翻译单位”通常指的是什么?A. 词汇B. 句子C. 段落D. 文章10. 在翻译实践中,哪种翻译方法更注重译文的可读性?A. 直译B. 意译C. 音译D. 形译二、简答题(每题10分,共30分)1. 简述翻译理论中的“交际翻译”与“语义翻译”的区别。
2. 描述翻译过程中如何处理文化差异,并举例说明。
3. 阐述翻译理论中的“功能主义”对翻译实践的影响。
三、论述题(每题25分,共50分)1. 论述翻译理论中的“动态对等”理论,并结合实际翻译案例进行分析。
2. 论述翻译实践中如何处理语言风格的差异,并给出具体的翻译策略。
四、翻译实践题(共30分)请将以下中文段落翻译成英文,并注意保持原文的语义、风格和文化内涵。
原文:随着全球化的不断深入,跨文化交流变得越来越重要。
翻译作为跨文化交流的重要工具,不仅要忠实于原文,还要考虑到目标语言的文化背景和读者的接受能力。
翻译理论与实践课后习题答案
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第一章翻译概论第一节中外翻译史简介四、课内练习1. 东汉至唐宋时期。
2. 玄奘不仅译出了75 部佛经,而且还把老子的部分著作译成梵文,成为第一个向国外介绍汉语著作的中国人。
3. 20 世纪初的“五四”新文化运动,开创了白话文学和白话翻译的新纪元,语言从文言正宗转为白话本位。
五四运动前后,东西方各国的优秀文学作品,特别是俄国和苏联的作品开始被介绍进来,《共产党宣言》等一批马克思主义著作的译文就发表在“五四”时期,为中国后来的革命做了充分的理论和思想准备。
4. 圣经的翻译成为了西方翻译研究的重要源头之一。
5. 中外悠久的翻译历史已为我们积累了一份宝贵的文化遗产。
我们应当认真总结前人的翻译经验,借鉴吸收前人从实践中总结出的理论、方法,以便继续提高我们的翻译水平,为中外文化交流做出自己的贡献。
五、课后练习(一)将下列段落译成中文:一百年前的今天:一些海鸥;北卡罗来纳州杀魔山海岸警卫队的三个队员;救生站以及一些本地人,见证了威尔帕·莱特(Wilbur Wright)和奥维尔·莱特(Orville Wright)兄弟的第一次机动飞机飞行。
1903 年12 月17 日,莱特兄弟第一次用比空气重的飞行器进行了有动力的持续飞行。
1932 年,90 英尺高的杀魔山顶立起了一座60 英尺高的花岗岩纪念碑,用以纪念这两个来自俄亥俄州代顿市的梦想家。
莱特兄弟来自于美国中部。
他们有着天空般广阔的眼界,也有着十分务实的作风。
1892 年,他们在俄亥俄州的代顿开创了自己的自行车企业:莱特自行车公司。
虽然在当时世纪之交的美国,有着数不清的自行车公司,但只有一个在造轮子的同时造出了翅膀。
当莱特兄弟在1903 年最终着眼于动力载人飞行器,他们成功地使世界变小了……(二)将下列段落译成英文:As Jia baoyu,Xue Baoqin,Xing youyan and Ping’er had birthdays on the same day,the young ladies held a hilarious drinking party in the hall of the peony garden for them. When it was Xiangyun’s turn to compose a verse amid a drinking game,she made fun of the service maids by saying,holding a duck head in hand,“This ya tou (referring to the duck head in hand)is not that ya tou (referring to the service maids around,as both are homophones in Chinese),for this ya tou has applied no hair oil….”Everybody roared with laughter. Some service maids protested,laughing,“You made fun of us,so you have to drink another cup. Let’s pour a full cup her….”As the party went on drinkers’games continued with ceaseless laughter and people suddenly noticed that Xiangyun had disappeared. While they looked this way and that,a service maid rushed in laughing,“Young ladies. Hurry to have a look at the Lady Xiangyun. She’s sleeping on the stone bench over there.”The group tiptoed over,and sure enough,saw Xiangyun sleeping soundly. Fallen flowers scattered on her body,her hair and her face. Her fan had dropped on the ground aside. Bees danced in the air around her. Under her head was a make-shift pillow of peony flowers wrapped with her handkerchief. Amid laughter service girls gently woke her up and helped her-she was still mumbling something drunkenly-get inside theroom.第二节翻译的定义与性质四、课内练习(一)将下列英文译成中文:1. 海蒂读过阿瑟的信后陷入了绝望之中。
翻译理论与实践(笔译)模拟试题
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翻译理论与实践(笔译)模拟试题一Ⅰ.Fill in blanks. (10’) 1 1 重视保持原作的风格即原作的重视保持原作的风格即原作的重视保持原作的风格即原作的_______________风格、风格、时代风格、语体风格、作者个人的语言风格等。
2火上浇油应翻译为火上浇油应翻译为 _____ _____ _____。
3君子协定翻译为君子协定翻译为_______________。
4 4 翻译过程大体可分为理解、翻译过程大体可分为理解、翻译过程大体可分为理解、_______________、校核三个阶段。
、校核三个阶段。
、校核三个阶段。
5 5 严复将严复将The Study of Sociology 翻译为翻译为_______________。
Ⅱ.Put the following sentences into Chinese(30’) 6 The plane was right above our heads. 7 The explanation is pretty thin. 8 I wanted to make it clear whether he was a foreigner or not.9 He expressed the hope that he would come over to visit China again.10 There is no living in the island.11 More haste , less speed. 12 He wants patience.13 The kids are crying loudly. 14 He is the last man to do it. 15 Over the past several weeks, she had grown increasingly restless.. 16 If once virtue is lost, all is lost 17 Jess opened his eyes. They were filled with tears. 18I had been completely honest in my replies, witholding nothing. 19 Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study. 20 It is not right for children to sit up late. Ⅲ.Put the following sentences into English .(30’)23 他所说的都是可靠的。
汉英翻译理论与实践学习计划
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汉英翻译理论与实践学习计划一、引言汉英翻译理论与实践学习计划是一项重要的学习计划,旨在帮助学习者系统地掌握汉英翻译的理论知识和实践技能,提高汉英翻译水平。
本计划将以理论学习为基础,注重实践操作,结合案例分析和实际翻译练习,全面提升学习者的翻译能力,使其能够在汉英翻译领域中胜任各种翻译任务。
二、学习目标1. 理论学习:全面掌握汉英翻译的理论知识,包括语言学、文化学、翻译理论等相关知识,了解汉英两种语言之间的差异和联系,掌握翻译方法和技巧。
2. 实践操作:通过大量的实际翻译练习,提高翻译的速度和准确度,培养对不同类型文本的翻译能力,包括新闻报道、学术论文、商务文件等。
3. 案例分析:通过分析优秀翻译案例,了解翻译流程和技巧,学习优秀翻译家的翻译经验,提高自己的翻译水平。
4. 学术交流:积极参与学术交流和研讨活动,了解翻译领域的最新动态,拓展翻译视野,提高学术水平。
三、学习内容1. 理论学习:学习语言学、文化学、翻译理论等相关知识,了解语言的基本结构和语言表达的文化差异,掌握常用翻译方法和技巧。
2. 实践操作:进行大量的实际翻译练习,包括翻译文章、翻译新闻报道、翻译学术论文等,提高翻译的速度和准确度。
3. 案例分析:查阅各种翻译案例,分析优秀翻译家的翻译经验,借鉴其翻译方法和技巧,提高自己的翻译水平。
4. 学术交流:参加学术交流和研讨活动,积极分享自己的翻译经验和心得体会,与其他翻译工作者交流,共同提高翻译水平。
四、学习计划1. 第一阶段:理论学习学习语言学、文化学、翻译理论等相关知识,了解语言的基本结构和语言表达的文化差异,掌握常用翻译方法和技巧。
时间安排:3个月学习内容:语言学基础知识、文化解读、翻译理论概论等学习方式:阅读教材、听取讲座、参加线上学习课程2. 第二阶段:实践操作进行大量的实际翻译练习,包括翻译文章、翻译新闻报道、翻译学术论文等,提高翻译的速度和准确度。
时间安排:3个月学习内容:实际翻译练习、翻译技巧训练学习方式:参加翻译培训班、参与翻译实践项目3. 第三阶段:案例分析查阅各种翻译案例,分析优秀翻译家的翻译经验,借鉴其翻译方法和技巧,提高自己的翻译水平。
《翻译理论与实践》第3讲 英汉语言的对比
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第六节:英汉词汇系统比较 第七节:英汉词类转化比较 第八节:英汉词义比较 第九节:英汉缩略语比较与 翻译 第十节:英汉民族思维比较
•第一节 •英汉语言历史 •比较
• 1、英语属于印 欧语系 • 2、英语的历史 起源于第五世 纪中叶朱特人、 撒克逊人及盎 格鲁人的入侵, 到现在已有 1500多年的历 史了。
• Qing-wen greeted him with a smile, exclaiming, “A fine one you are! On the spur of the moment you bade me grind ink for you this morning. But you threw down your brush and went away after having written merely three characters. You’ve kept me waiting for you the whole day. You are to use up this ink now. Be quick!”
• It is the wind shaking the window. • 是风刮得窗户作响。 • (Footsteps are heard) Oh, it is Li Ming coming back. • 啊!是李明回来了。
•第四节 •英汉词序比较
•1、英语句中单词一般放 在被修饰词的前面,短 语和从句一般放在被修 饰词的后面。汉语定语 不管单词或词组一般都 放在被修饰语的前面 。
•第二节 • •英汉语言本质 •比较
•1 、俄语是综合型语言: 是指这种语言主要通过 本身的形态变化来表达 语法意义。 •2 、英语是从综合型向分 析型语言发展的语言。
翻译理论与实践翻译难点
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3.red
红旗 red flag 红糖 brown sugar 红茶 black tea 红豆love pea 红运 good luck
红榜 honour roll
红利 dividen
火灾 red ruin
红事wedding
红酒 red wine
血战red battle 彩霞 red sky
• 贾宝玉神游太虚境,警幻仙曲演红楼梦。 • Jiao Baoyu visits the Land of Illusion;
沮丧;悲伤
• 布朗先生是一位忠实可靠的人。那天他脸色不好,近来感 到闷闷不乐。 我见到他的时候,他显得心事重重。我希望 他早点振作起来。
英汉颜色词的文化内涵对比
1. yellow
yellow 胆小、卑怯、卑鄙 a yellow dog 可鄙的人,卑鄙的人 yellow livered 胆小的 • • • Yellow Pages 黄页 Yellow Book 黄皮书 yellow boy(俗)金币
除了掌握以上技巧外还需要注意处理好以下几个问题: A:有些英语拟声词翻译成汉语时可保留其原来的词 性及句法功能,例如: “Ssssssh! They `d simply murder me if they cought you here. Do you want get me fired?” “嘘 嘘 嘘 要 是他们发现你在这儿,他们简直会要了我的命。你 想要我丢掉饭碗么?”(独立成分—独立成分) B:有些英语拟声词翻译成汉语时可以转换其原来的 词性或者句法功能。例如: “Beep, Beep, Beep, Beep, Beep” The sound grew louder with each pulse:an irritating noise that would not be silenced. “嘟嘟嘟嘟嘟嘟”的声音随着 每次有节奏的跳动,一声比一声响:讨厌的噪音响 个不停(独立成分——定语)
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集美大学外国语学院翻译理论与实践练习(3)
翻译理论与实践练习(三)
在“竞争力”问题上,美国一直存在错误的认识:我们哀叹中国抢了我们的工作(皮尤的一项调查显示,42%的美国人相信,中国已经是世界上最大经济体)。
但是,那些担忧美国国家未来的人,最好是去关注美国创新方面的竞争力,这是让美国回到经济增长轨道的潜在动力。
问题是,人们普遍相信(并且是错误地相信)中国将永远是输家,它只会模仿而不是创新。
批评家们称,中国社会太过于自上而下,硅谷将永远是美国创新的支撑力量。
但现实是,相信中国不可能在创新方面缩小差距的看法太幼稚了,并且奥巴马的第二任政府将认真考虑,美国真的可以从太平洋彼岸学到些东西。
它可以从纠正一些流传广泛的错误认识开始:
1、中国没有创新,只有盗版和仿造。
大多数的创新都始于模仿;美国也是从模仿旧世界的发明开始的。
同时,中国的许多“模仿”,例如阿里巴巴、腾讯或者新浪微博则远不是仅仅复制其美国同行的产品。
他们每一家都是解决特别与中国的商业和消费者相关的问题,有些产品可以创建创新的平台,并推进到全球市场。
2、中国的创新太偏重自上而下,而真正的创新只能是自下而上。
中国承诺要在2020年之前将中国带入创新国家行列。
硅谷的企业家们也许会对这种自上而下的计划不寒而栗。
是的,例如,想想如果美国政府没有设立国防部高级研究计划局,创建英特网,美国的企业家们将会是怎样。
国家在投资基础创新方面必须有所作为,例如英特网和移动技术。
一旦这些基础技术建立了,有竞争性的自下而上的生态系统将能够鼓励创造性的破坏。
但是,很可悲,美国政府在基础性创新上的投资一直在稳定下降。
3、中国的知识产权保护太弱,无法鼓励创新。
可以说,中国知识产权保护的弱势可以更容易地培育一个开放创新的环境。
当然,需要在知识产权的开放和保护两方面找到平衡,如果没有保护,创新就将熄灭,因为投资者的投资需要获得回报。
不幸的是,在美国,知识产权的保护阻碍创新抵消了其推动创新的作用。
4、在一个全球化的经济中,持续创新要求投资于国际市场;中国在国外的品牌和软实力是弱的且过时的。
尽管中国有一些不能解决的问题,例如领土纷争和贸易平衡问题,但是,中国在世界上高速发展地区,包括非洲、拉丁美洲和东亚的影响力比美国要增长得快得多。
当中国的创新寻找投入或者消费者时,他们会转向这些市场,他们可能与知名的美国品牌有同样多的机会,甚至可能有更好的机会。
实际上,在与非洲和拉丁美洲的关系上,中国经常走在美国的前面。
5、中国的教育模式强调死记硬背;创新只有在鼓励开放、批判性思维的环境和广泛的文化传统教育中培育出来。
中国方式的危险是,如果学生不接触其他领域并且不被鼓励批判性思维,他们可能缺乏成为有创造性的问题解决者和风险承担者。
但是,美国的体系有它自己的严重问题。
例如,美国商务部最近的一项报告显示,美国在科学、技术、工程和数学教育方面的差距在扩大。
值得注意的是,移民填补了教育的差距,硅谷中有一半的新创公司是移民创建的。
当然,中国创新的模式还有很长的路要走,但是中国在许多方面也是在学习美国,并且沿着我们早期的路在走。
随着中国在前进,并且加入他们自己的经验和方法的独特性,它可能创造出一种新的混合体模式,包含有其他国家,包括美国的经验。
不要忘记,全球定位系统确实是美国国防部的产品。
但是,中国是首先为我们提供指南针的国家。