翻译理论与实践

[译文]他们说到今年冬天时刘教授在这里教书要 满二十年了。 [例2]His being neglected by the host added to his uneasiness. [译文]主人的冷遇使他更加不舒服。
[例3]I could have laughed to hear him talk like that. [译文]听到他这样讲话，我差点笑出来了。
英汉语言对比及互译对策（上）
英汉语言对比
一.
英、汉语言的共相 1.词类划分 1)都分为实词、虚词两大类 2)实词中的名、数、动、形、副、代词的 语法功能基本相似 3)虚词中的介词、连词、语气词的语法功 能也有不少相同点
2. 句子要素 1)都有主、谓、宾（表）、定、状语，特别 是主语和谓语。 2)基本句型无太大差别，尤其是在叙述性语 言中（如公文、条款、新闻语言、科技文献以 及一般应用文体），英汉句子结构基本对应的 情况比较常见。
[例3]Courage in excess becomes fool hardiness, affection weakness, thrift avarice. [译]过渡的勇气变为蛮勇，过度的爱情变为溺爱， 过度的节俭变为贪婪。
[例4]成绩有两重性，错误也有两重性。 [译文]Achievements have a dual character, and so have mistakes.
二 英、汉语言的差异及基本对策 1. 词汇的形态变化（英语：有；汉语：无） 英语词汇有丰富的形态变化，例如动词有人称、时 态、语态、情态和语气以及非谓语的变化，名词有格 和数的变化，形容词和副词有级的变化等等。 英语通过词汇的形态变化，表示句子的语言关系和 逻辑关系。汉语基本没有形态变化，主要靠词语、语 序及暗含逻辑关系来表达句子的语言意义
汉语用词也不是一味喜欢重复，必要时也要避免重 复以使语言简洁。但如果做不到“明确”表达意思则 宁可重复用词。 [例1]They never laugh when they ought to weep, or vice versa. [译文1]他们该哭的时候从来不笑，反之亦然。 [译文2]他们该哭的时候从来不笑，该笑的时候也从来不 哭。
[译文]人们总是在谈论“青年人问题”。如果真 有这么一个问题——对这一点我要不揣冒昧地 表示怀疑——那也是年长者造出来的，而不是 青年人自己造成的。让我们认真考虑一下问题 的根本吧，而且我们要承认青年人毕竟是人— —是跟他们长辈一样的人。青年人呵老年人之 间只有一点不同，那就是青年人的光辉未来在 他们牵头，而老年人的辉煌已经留在他们身后， 或许这就是问题之所在。
[例1] People are always talking about “the problem of youth”. If there is one—which I take leave to doubt— then it is older people who create it, not the young themselves. Let us get down to fundamentals and agree that the young are after all human beings— people just like their elders. There is only one difference between an old man and a young one: the young man has a glorious future before him and the old one has a splendid future behind him: and maybe that is where the rub is.

[例2]Just as Nixon began to speak, my good friend the talented and beautiful Norwegian actress Liv Ullmann telephoned from Oslo on a matter I have since forgotten. I took the call to explain why I could not talk just then. I said that the President was making an important announcement on television.


[例2]These machines are better than those we turned out last year. [译文]这些机器比我们去年生产的（机器）好。 [例3]The suggestion you made is more practicable than the one he made. [译文]你提的建议比他提的（建议）要切实可 行。
形容词、副词：英语中许多形容词和副词的表现 力很强，可以表达比较复杂的内容。 [例1]I am much abroad in my guess. [译文]我大错特错。 [例2]他初出茅庐，没什么经验。 [译文]He is a greenபைடு நூலகம்hand.
[例3]Jordan cannot politely turn down the invitation to an Arab foreign ministers conference. [译文]约旦若拒绝接受阿拉伯外交部长会议的邀请，它在 礼貌上也说不过去。 [例4]这听起来好像是童话故事，但它确是真人真事，不 相信也无济于事。 [译文]It sounded like a fairy tale—but it was all too brutally real.
对策 英译汉：翻译英语的形态变化时，汉语一般用 加词或变换说法。 汉译英：将汉语的时态、语态、情态、语气等 用英语的形态变化表达。 [例1]They told me that Professor Liu would have been teaching here for twenty years by this winter.
3. 英语用词力戒重复，常用替代、省略和变换的表达方 法避免重复。汉语用词不怕重复，常常运用实称、还 原和复说的表达方法。 [例1]Translation from English into Chinese is not so easy as that from English into French. [译文]英译汉不如英译法容易。 [例2]She compares the new edition with the old ones. [译文]她把新版本同几种老版本作了比较。

英语的一段文字特别是一句文字中，如两次以 上提到同一个人或物，一般都要变换说法，常 用同义词替代、近义词复现等方法来避免重复。 汉译也讲求语言形式的多样化，但与英语表现 方法不同。

[例1]非洲人民正在为争取非洲的彻底解放进行 着艰巨的斗争。 [译文]The people of Africa are waging a hard struggle to win the complete emancipation of the continent.
2. 英语的名词、介词、形容词、副词表达能力强， 在句子中特别活跃；汉语的动词、词组和短句 构成了汉语的优势。 对策：翻译时不应拘泥于外形的束缚。采取较 为灵活的翻译方式
[例1]What can easily be seen in his poems are his imagery and originality, power and range. [译文]他的诗形象生动，独具一格，而且气势磅 礴，这是显而易见的。
[例3] 他只要听到几句恭维话就会得意忘形。 [译文]A little flattery would set him carried away.
[例4]一星期没洗澡，一身臭汗。
[译文]I am smelling of seven-day-old sweat.
介词：英语中名词的高频率使用造成了介词的活 跃。而汉语中的很多介词具有很强的动词性， 不少就是由动词变来的，因此与动词兼类。将 英语的介词短语译成汉语时，往往要借助于汉 语的动词、短语或短句。汉译英时，要善于使 用英语的介词表达法。
[例2]A conference of developing countries and richer industrialized states was held in Washington attempting to identify priorities for improving life among poor areas of the world. [译文]一些发展中国家和较富有有的工业国家在 华盛顿举行了会议，试图确定在改善世界贫穷 地区人民生活中应当首先作哪些事情。
[例2]汉语词组有名词词组和动词词组。以名词为 中心的词组，一般是名词及其定语，在剧中作 用相当于一个名词的，叫名词词组。以动词为 中心的词组，一般是动词及其状语，在剧中作 用相当于一个动词的，叫动词词组。此外，在 用法注释中有时提到词或词组，其中词组则和 前面说到的词往往起同一作用。
[译文]Chinese phrases include nominal phrases and verbal phrases. A phrase with a noun as its core, usually a noun and its attributive, functioning as a noun in a sentence, is known as nominal phrase. A phrase with a verb as its core, usually a verb and its adverbial adjunct, functioning as a verb in a sentence, is known as verbal phrase. Moreover, in usage notes, sometimes “a word or phrase” is used and the “phrase” here usually has the same function as the “word” mentioned before.
[例3]有人轻轻拍了拍我的肩膀。我放下正在批改 的作业，抬头一看，原来是一个身材矮小的老 太太。她满脸皱纹，慈祥地微笑着。 [译文]Somebody tapped me on the shoulder and I looked up from the exercise books of my young pupils, which I was correcting, into the lined, kind and smiling face of a little old woman.
[例5]这丈夫责备她的太太，他的太太也责备他。 [译文]The man blames his wife and vice versa.
[例6]一定的文化（作为意识形态的文化）是一定社会政治和经济的 反映，又给与一定社会的政治和经济以巨大的作用和影响。 [译文]Any given culture (as an ideological form) is a reflection of the politics and economics of a given society, and the former in turn has a tremendous effect and influence on the latter.
[例1] The raising of twenty-five thousand pounds was a task altogether beyond her powers. [译文]她完全无力筹集两万五千镑。 [例2]The man who is above his business may one day find his business above him. [译文]不屑于干自己工作的人，终有一天发现自己不配干 那份工作