食管癌(英文版)

合集下载

英语常见疾病英文 (1).docx

常见疾病Common Diseases1.癌症cancer2.肠癌cancer of the intestine3.肺癌lung cancer4.肝癌liver cancer5.食管癌cancer of esophagus6.胃癌gastric carcinoma7.胰腺癌cancer of the pancreas8.子宫颈癌cancer of the cervix9.鼻炎rhinitis10.鼻窦炎sinusitis11.扁桃体炎tonsillitis12.病毒性心肌炎viral myocarditis13.肠胃炎enterogastritis14.胆囊炎cholecystitis15.蜂窝组织炎cellulitis16.风湿性关节炎rheumarthritis17.腹膜炎peritonitis18.关节炎arthritis19.肺炎pneumonia20.睾丸炎orchitis21.宫颈炎cervicitis22.巩膜炎scleritis23.过敏性鼻炎allergic rhinitis24.喉炎laryngitis25.急性胃炎acute gastritis26.脊髓灰质炎poliomyelitis/ infantile paralysis27.甲沟炎paronychia28.角膜炎keratitis29.腱鞘炎tenosynovitis30.接触性皮炎dermatitis31.结肠炎colitis32.结膜炎conjunctivitis33.口角炎angular stomatitis34.泪腺炎dacryoadenitis35.流行性脑膜炎epidemic encephalitis36.流行性腮腺炎mumps37.流行性乙型肝炎epidemic hepatitis B38.阑尾炎appendicitis39.卵巢炎oophoritis40.面神经炎facial neuritis41.脑膜炎cerebral meningitis42.黏膜炎catarrh43.尿道炎urethritis44.膀胱炎urocystitis45.盆腔炎pelvic inflammatory disease46.皮炎dermatitis47.气管炎tracheitis48.前列腺炎prostatitis49.乳腺炎mastitis50.腮腺炎parotiditis51.神经炎neuritis52.神经性皮炎neurodermatitis53.肾炎nephritis54.肾盂肾炎pyelonephritis55.食管炎esophagus56.输卵管炎salpingitis57.外耳炎otitis externa58.胃炎gastritis59.牙髓炎pulpitis60.牙周炎periodontitis61.牙龈炎gingivitis62.咽炎pharyngitis63.阴道炎vaginitis64.支气管炎bronchitis65.中耳炎otitis media66.艾滋病AIDS67.白化病albinism68.白血病leukemia69.败血病septicemia70.风湿病rheumatism71.疯牛病mad cow disease72.高血压hypertension73.冠心病coronary heart disease74.黑死病black death75.黄热病yellow fever76.蛔虫病ascariasis77.结核病tuberculosis78.精神病insanity79.佝偻病richets/ rickets80.狂犬病rabies81.痨病phtisis82.淋病gonorrhoea83.慢性肺源性心脏病chronic cor pulmonale84.皮肤真菌病dermatomycosis85.伤科病disease of the traumatology86.糖尿病diabetes87.外科病surgical diseases88.胃病gastropathy89.心脏病heart disease90.性病veneral disease91.癔症hysteria92.硬皮病scleroderma93.偏头痛migraine/ splitting headache94.三叉神经痛trigeminal95.神经痛neuralgia96.头痛headache97.心绞痛angina pectoris98.坐骨神经痛sciatica99.流产abortion100.习惯性流产habitual abortion 101.先兆流产threatened abortion 102.自然流产miscarriage103.恶性肿瘤malignant tumor 104.骨瘤osteoma105.良性肿瘤benign tumor106.神经瘤neuroma107.脂肪瘤lipoma/ adipoma108.肿瘤tumor109.胆石症cholelithiasis110.肥胖症obesity111.精神分裂症schizophrenia112.神经过敏症neuroticism113.厌食症anorexia114.抑郁症depression115.营养不良症malnutrition116.中风后遗症sequela of wind stroke 117.白喉diphtheria118.白癜风vitiligo119.白内障cataract120.百日咳whooping cough121.斑疹伤寒typhus122.鼻子过敏nasal allergy123.扁桃体肥大hypertrophy of tonsils 124.便秘constipation125.不孕sterility126.痤疮acne127.带状疱疹zona128.丹毒erysipelas129.单纯性肥胖simple obesity 130.癫痫epilepsy131.冻伤frostbite132.非典SARS/ Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome 133.痱子prickly heat/ sudamen134.肺结核pulmonary tuberculosis135.肺脓肿pulmonary136.肺气肿pulmonary emphysema137.粉碎性骨折comminuted fracture138.风湿热rheumatic fever139.风疹German measles140.肝硬化cirrhosis141.肝肿大hepatomegaly142.感冒，伤风，着凉cold143.肛裂anal fissure144.肛瘘anal fistula145.高脂血症hyperlipidemia146.鼓膜穿孔performation of the tympanic membrane 147.骨折fracture148.红斑狼疮lupus erythematosus149.坏疽gangrene150.黄疸jaundice151.黄褐斑chloasma152.霍乱cholera153.晕厥syncope154.甲状腺功能亢进hyperthyroidosis155.甲状腺肿goitre156.疥疮scabies157.精神错乱mental disorder158.近视near sight159.开放性骨折open fracture/ compound fracture 160.咳嗽cough161.口疮aphtha162.流感influenza/ flu163.痢疾dysentery164.麻痹paralysis165.麻疹measles166.马耳他热Malta fever167.麦粒肿sty168.慢性菌痢chronic bacillary dysentery169.梅毒syphilis170.面瘫facial paralysis171.尿崩症diabetes insipidus172.牛皮藓psoriasis173.疟疾malaria174.偏瘫hemiplegia175.皮肤过敏allergic skin reaction176.贫血anemia/ anaemia177.葡萄胎hydatidiform mole178.破伤风tetanus179.青光眼glaucoma180.禽流感bird flu/ avian influenza181.褥疮bedsore/ pressure score182.沙眼trachoma183.烧伤burn184.上呼吸道感染upper respiratory infection 185.神经衰弱neurasthenia186.肾结石kidney stone187.湿疹eczema188.水痘chicken pox, varicella189.天花smallpox190.痛风gout191.胃溃疡gastric ulcer192.胃下垂gastroptosis193.消化不良indigestion194.小儿肌性斜颈infantile myogenic torticollis 195.哮喘asthma196.斜颈torticollis/ wryneck197.心肌梗死miocardial infarction198.心律不齐arrhythmia199.猩红热scarlet fever200.夏季热summer heat201.血栓形成thrombosis202.荨麻疹urticaria203.癣tinea/ ringworm204.阳痿impotence205.羊水过多hydramnios206.遗精emission207.遗尿enuresis208.婴儿腹泻infantile diarrhea209.营养不良malnutrition210.再生障碍性贫血aplastic anemia211.早产premature labor212.沼地热swamp fever213.支气管哮喘bronchitic asthma214.重症肌无力myasthenia gravis215.子宫出血metrorrhagia216.子痫eclampsia217.痔疮hemorrhoid。

医学常用肿瘤名称中英文翻译

医学常用肿瘤名称中英文翻译肿瘤在医学中是一个常见的概念，它指的是异常增生的细胞群体。

肿瘤可以分为良性和恶性两种类型，其中恶性肿瘤常被称为癌症。

在医学领域中，有许多常用的肿瘤名称需要中英文翻译，以便于国际间的交流与合作。

以下是一些常见肿瘤名称及其中英文对照：1. 食管癌 (Esophageal cancer)2. 胃癌 (Gastric cancer)3. 肝癌 (Liver cancer)4. 胰腺癌 (Pancreatic cancer)5. 大肠癌 (Colorectal cancer)6. 肺癌 (Lung cancer)7. 乳腺癌 (Breast cancer)8. 卵巢癌 (Ovarian cancer)9. 子宫颈癌 (Cervical cancer)10. 头颈部肿瘤 (Head and neck tumors)11. 前列腺癌 (Prostate cancer)12. 脑瘤 (Brain tumor)13. 黑色素瘤 (Melanoma)14. 骨肿瘤 (Bone tumors)15. 乳腺瘤 (Breast tumor)16. 十二指肠癌 (Duodenal cancer)17. 胆囊癌 (Gallbladder cancer)18. 肾癌 (Renal cell carcinoma)以上仅为一部分常见肿瘤的中英文对照，实际上在医学名词中有更多肿瘤名称需要进行翻译和对照。

这些肿瘤名称的中英文对照的准确性对于医学领域的研究和诊断具有重要意义。

医学翻译是一项专业性很高的工作，它要求译者具备扎实的医学知识、语言能力和翻译技巧。

在进行肿瘤名称的翻译时，需要注意以下几点：首先，要了解肿瘤的类型、部位和特点，以便准确理解其名称的含义。

肿瘤名称中的每个词汇都具备一定的医学意义，因此译者必须对其进行正确的翻译。

其次，在进行中英文对照时，要确保语义的准确、明确和一致。

翻译过程中需要考虑两种语言的语法结构和表达习惯，以便将原文的意思准确传达到译文中。

食管癌英文版

手术方式
包括开胸手术、胸腹腔镜联合手术和机器人辅助手术等，其中开胸手术最为常见。
3
术后恢复
手术后患者需要逐步恢复身体状况，包括呼吸功能、心肺功能和消化功能等。
放疗和化疗
放疗
放疗可以杀死癌细胞并缓解患者的症状，对于不能手术的患者，放疗是常用的治疗方法。
化疗
化疗可以通过药物杀死癌细胞，通常与放疗联合应用，对于晚期食管癌患者，化疗可以提高生活质量并延长生存期。
内镜治疗
01
02
03
适应症
内镜治疗适用于早期食管癌，尤其是Tis和T1期肿瘤。
治疗方式
包括内镜下黏膜切除术 (ESD)、内镜下黏膜剥离术(EMD)和激光治疗等。
优点
内镜治疗对患者损伤较小，术后恢复较快，对于早期食管癌患者，其效果与手术治疗相似。
04
食管癌的预防
改变生活习惯
健康饮食
增加蔬菜、水果、全谷类和富含蛋白质食物的摄入，减少高盐、高脂、油炸、霉变食物的摄入。
02
食管癌的诊断
食管癌的症状
早期症状
包括吞咽困难、胸骨后疼痛、烧心等。
中晚期症状
包括体重减轻、乏力、贫血、持续性胸痛等。
食管癌的诊断方法
内镜检查
包括普通白光内镜和色素内镜，可以观察到食管黏膜的病变情况。
X线钡餐检查
通过吞食含有钡剂的钡条，在X线下观察钡剂通过食管的情况，可以间接观察食管黏膜的病变情况。
食管癌的发病率和死亡率
食管癌在全球范围内的发病率逐渐上升，尤其在发展中国家，发病率较高。
食管癌的死亡率也较高，主要与发现时已处于晚期、治疗不彻底、复发和转移等因素有
关。
食管癌的发病原因和风险因素

dis-base-胸外科-食管癌

【疾病名】食管癌【英文名】esophageal carcinoma【缩写】【别名】膈症；食道癌；噎膈；carcinoma of esophagus【ICD号】C15.9【概述】食管癌是(esophageal carcinoma)人类常见的恶性肿瘤，占食管肿瘤的90%以上，在全部恶性肿瘤死亡回顾调查中仅次于胃癌而居第2位。

据估计全世界每年大约有20万人死于食管癌，是对人民的生命和健康危害极大的最常见的恶性肿瘤之一。

据史书记载，我国早在2000年前即对本病有所描述，称为“噎膈”或“膈症”，并提出多饮酒、饮热酒及高龄等为可能之病因。

域外2世纪时，Calen 医师描述过阻塞食管之新生物。

Czerny于1877年首次成功切除一女性颈部食管癌，食管远端造瘘进食，存活15个月。

随着麻醉技术的发展，Torek于1913年成功地经胸切除中段食管癌。

同年Zaaijer切除下段食管癌，上段食管造瘘，用胶管连接腹部的胃造瘘口进食。

Kummell(1922)和Turner(1933)不开胸经纵隔钝性盲目分离切除食管，用胃上提至颈部行食管胃吻合术。

Lewis(1946)和Tanner(1947)分别报告了经右胸和腹径路切除中三分之一处的食管癌。

1940年吴英恺等在我国首次成功地为一病人切除食管癌并行胸内食管胃吻合术。

新中国成立后，近50年来在我国广大医务人员的积极努力工作下，食管癌的外科治疗工作取得了巨大的进展，县市级医院都能胜任切除手术，高发区少数乡镇医院每年也能手术治疗大量食管癌病人。

术式多样化，食管代用器官以胃为主，少数作者也有习惯用结肠或空肠移植的。

手术适应证逐渐扩大，手术并发症逐渐减少，肿瘤切除率也明显提高，手术死亡率从当年吴英恺创业时的30%以上，下降到目前的3%～4%。

【流行病学】我国是世界上食管癌的高发地区，其死亡率一直位居世界首位。

根据1997年卫生部和全国肿瘤防治研究办公室公布的全国27省、市抽样地区10种常见恶性肿瘤死亡率构成及位次统计资料，中国食管癌世界调整死亡率为20.4/10万，在胃癌、肝癌和肺癌之后居第四位。

食管癌(英文)

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy After 55.4 months, Kelsen et al there were no sig

Randomize N=440 Adeno & squamous
Immediate surgery N=227

Chemotherapy & surgery N=213 Cisplatin 100 mg/M2 day 1 5 FU1000mg/m2/ddays1-5 Pre op 3 cycles q 4 weeks Surgery 2-4 weeks after chemo Post op chemo for 2 cycles

differences between the two groups Median survival: Combination: 14.9 months Surgery alone:16.1 months (P=0.53) One year survival: Combination: 59% Surgery alone:60% Two Year survival: Combination: 35% Surgery alone:37%
Changing trends
Recently adeno-carcinoma associated with Barrett’s metaplasia and seen almost exclusively in middle-aged Caucasian men with GERD has become the most predominaቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱt form. In 1994 60% of all esophageal cancers were adenocarcinoma. Reasons for this change are not known.

常见疾病英文

1.神经系统Nervous System 神经内科nerve internal department 脑外科中枢神经系统central nervous system, CNS 帕金森病Parkinson disease 癫痫epilepsy 痴呆dementia 偏头痛migraine周围神经peripheral nerve 三叉神经痛trigeminal neuralgia2.呼吸系统Respiratory System 呼吸内科胸外科鼻nose 变态反应性鼻炎（过敏性鼻炎）allergic rhinitis喉throat气管tracheal 支气管哮喘bronchial asthma肺lung 肺炎pneumonia 肺结核pulmonary tuberculosis 肺源性心脏病cor pulmonale3。

消化系统Digestive System 消化内科普外消化道gastrointestinal/digestive tract 食物、粪渣的通道食管esophagus 食管癌carcinoma of the esophagus胃stomach 急/慢性胃炎acute/chronic gastritis 胃溃疡gastric ulcer小肠small intestine 十二指肠溃疡duodenal ulcer（12指肠是小肠的一部分）大肠large intestine 阑尾炎appendicitis消化腺digestive gland 为消化食物而分泌各种消化液的器官肝liver 慢性病毒性肝炎chronic viral hepatitis（乙肝viral hepatitis b为其中一种）胆道binary tract 胆结石gallstone（胆里面形成形状如石头的沉积物）胰腺pancreas 胰腺炎pancreatitis4。

泌尿系统Urinary System 肾内科泌尿外科肾renal 肾小球肾炎（肾小球为肾的一部分）glomerulonephritis肾病综合征nephrotic syndrome肾衰竭renal failure尿道urethral 尿路感染urinary tract infection5。

食管癌(英文版)

•
•
Power Bar niche
中国专业PPT设计交流论坛
•
The surrounding of the
tumor become bulged ,
and the folds of mucous
become damaged. (周围隆
起,粘膜皱襞破坏)
b .Mushroom type
Filling defect
中国专业PPT设计交流论坛
Power Bar
Early 中国专业PPT设计交流论坛 ulcerative type
Power Bar
中国专业PPT设计交流论坛
Early constrictive type
(2). Middle and advanced stage
• a. Ulcerative type(溃疡型)
Prevalence and mortality
• There are more than 300,000 people
worldwide died frPoomweesroBpahrageal cancer
each year , and 150,000 of 中国专业PPT设计交流论坛 them are Chinese.
Power BarAn 中国专业PPT设计交流论坛 expand over
the tumor
• c . Constrictive type
Pathogeny
• 1. Nitrosamine(亚硝胺)
• 2. Fungus(真菌) Power Bar 中国专业PPT设计交流论坛
• 3. Vitamin deficiency • 4. Dietary habits

TCGA癌症缩写、癌症中英文对照

TCGA癌症缩写、癌症中英⽂对照Cohort英⽂名称中⽂名称ACC Adrenocortical carcinoma肾上腺⽪质癌BLCA Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma膀胱尿路上⽪癌BRCA Breast invasive carcinoma乳腺浸润癌CESC Cervical squamous cell carcinoma and endocervical adenocarcinoma宫颈鳞癌和腺癌CHOL Cholangiocarcinoma胆管癌COAD Colon adenocarcinoma结肠癌COADREAD Colon adenocarcinoma/Rectum adenocarcinoma Esophageal carcinoma结直肠癌DLBC Lymphoid Neoplasm Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma弥漫性⼤B细胞淋巴瘤ESCA Esophageal carcinoma⾷管癌FPPP FFPE Pilot Phase II FFPE试点⼆期GBM Glioblastoma multiforme多形成性胶质细胞瘤GBMLGG Glioma胶质瘤HNSC Head and Neck squamous cell carcinoma头颈鳞状细胞癌KICH Kidney Chromophobe肾嫌⾊细胞癌KIPAN Pan-kidney cohort (KICH+KIRC+KIRP)混合肾癌KIRC Kidney renal clear cell carcinoma肾透明细胞癌KIRP Kidney renal papillary cell carcinoma肾乳头状细胞癌LAML Acute Myeloid Leukemia急性髓细胞样⽩⾎病LGG Brain Lower Grade Glioma脑低级别胶质瘤LIHC Liver hepatocellular carcinoma肝细胞肝癌LUAD Lung adenocarcinoma肺腺癌LUSC Lung squamous cell carcinoma肺鳞癌MESO Mesothelioma间⽪瘤OV Ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma卵巢浆液性囊腺癌PAAD Pancreatic adenocarcinoma胰腺癌PCPG Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma嗜铬细胞瘤和副神经节瘤PRAD Prostate adenocarcinoma前列腺癌READ Rectum adenocarcinoma直肠腺癌SARC Sarcoma⾁瘤SKCM Skin Cutaneous Melanoma⽪肤⿊⾊素瘤STAD Stomach adenocarcinoma胃癌STES Stomach and Esophageal carcinoma胃和⾷管癌TGCT Testicular Germ Cell Tumors睾丸癌THCA Thyroid carcinoma甲状腺癌THYM Thymoma胸腺癌UCEC Uterine Corpus Endometrial Carcinoma⼦宫内膜癌UCS Uterine Carcinosarcoma⼦宫⾁瘤UVM Uveal Melanoma葡萄膜⿊⾊素瘤。

食管癌

Send Orders of Reprints at bspsaif@.ae1292Current Pharmaceutical Design, 2013, 19, 1292-1300MicroRNA in the Pathogenesis and Prognosis of Esophageal CancerJian Gu, Yan Wang and Xifeng Wu*Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USAAbstract: Esophageal cancer (EC) is a deadly disease. EC usually occurs as either adenocarcinoma (EAC) or squamous cell carcinomas (ESCC). The development of EAC generally follows the metaplasia-dysplasia-carcinoma sequence. Barrett’s esophagus (BE) is a metas-plastic precursor of E AC. Multiple global miRNA expression profiling and candidate gene studies have been performed in E AC and ESCC that clearly support the important roles of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of EAC and ESCC. A number of consistently dysregulated miRNAs have been identified in E AC and/or E SCC, including upregulation of miR-21, miR-192, miR-194, miR-106-25 polycistron (miR-25, miR-93, and miR-106b), miR-10b, miR-151, and miR-93, and downregulation of miR-375, miR-203, miR-205, miR-145, miR-27b, miR-100, miR-125b, let-7c, etc. Most of these miRNAs are also dysregulated in other cancer types and their target genes have been extensively studied in different cancers. The prognostic value of miR-21 and miR-375 has been replicated in independent studies. Circu-lating miRNAs as potential biomarkers for early detection, prognosis, and treatment response have only been scarcely studied in EC. The association of genetic variations in miRNA regulatory pathway with EC risk or outcome is a largely uncharted territory. Future studies should be focused on the role of miRNAs in the prognosis of EC, the identification of circulating miRNAs and miRNA-related genetic variations as biomarkers in EC, and the biological mechanisms underlying the contribution of miRNA dysreguation to EC. A better un-derstanding of roles of miRNA in EC developemnt may provide new avenues for the early detection, diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy of this deadly disease.Keywords: microRNA, esophageal cancer, Barrett's esophagus, early detection, prognosis, circulating biomarker.INTRODUCTIONEsophageal cancer (EC) is the sixth most common cancer and the fifth leading cause of cancer death in men worldwide [1]. There was an estimated 482,300 new E C cases and 406,800 E C-caused deaths in 2008 worldwide [1]. The majority of EC patients are di-agnosed at advanced stages when current therapies are largely inef-fective, leading to an overall five-year survival rate of 16.8% [2]. This dismal prognosis highlights the need for early detection, better prediction of prognosis and treatment response, and novel therapies of EC. EC usually occurs as either ESCC or EAC. ESCC forms in squamous cells and mostly occurs in the upper third of the esopha-gus. EAC begins in glandular cells and usually forms in the lower one third of the esophagus near the stomach. There is a striking geographic differences in the incidences of these two histologies [3]. Once a rare tumor representing about 5% of E C in the U.S., EAC is the fastest growing cancer in the past few decades and cur-rently accounts for over 80% of new EC cases in the U.S. [4]. The incidence of E AC remains rare in Asian and African countries where ESCC still dominates. The etiology of these two subtypes is very different. Smoking and alcohol drinking are the predominant risk factors for E SCC, whereas E AC is associated with Barrett's esophagus (BE), gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GE RD) and obesity [4]. Smoking also contributes to an increased risk of EAC but its effect is much weaker on EAC than on ESCC, while alcohol drinking is not associated with EAC [3,4].MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding endoge-nous RNAs of 18-25 nucleotides highly conserved among a wide variety of species [5,6]. MiRNAs are capable of simultaneous regu-lation of hundreds of genes through binding to the 3'-untranslated region (3’-UTR) of target mRNAs resulting in either mRNA degra-dation or translation inhibition [7,8]. It was estimated that miRNAs may regulate one third to as many as two thirds of human and mammalian genes [9,10]. More than half of miRNA genes are *Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Pressler Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA; Tel: 713-745-2485;E-mail: xwu@ located in cancer-associated genomic regions or in fragile sites in human genome [11]. Overexpressed miRNAs in cancers, such as miR-21 and miR-17 92 cluster, may function as oncogenes and promote cancer development by negatively regulating tumor sup-pressor genes, whereas underexpressed miRNAs, such as let-7 fam-ily and miR-34 family miRNAs, may function as tumor suppressor genes by regulating oncogenes [12]. Identification of miRNAs that are altered during the initiation, development, progression, metasta-sis, and treatment of cancer may not only elucidate the mechanisms of carcinogenesis, but also identify biomarkers of early detection, prognosis and treatment response, and as potential targets for pre-vention and therapy. There are a number of advantage for using miRNA as biomarkers: first, a single miRNA may regulate hun-dreds of mRNAs and therefore an array of a few hundreds of miR-NAs may contain much higher information than an array of tens of thousands of mRNAs [13]; second, the total number of miRNAs are much smaller than mRNAs and it is easier to screen and validate biomarkers from a pool of hundreds of miRNAs than thousands of mRNA transcripts; third, miRNAs are small in size, contain stem-loop structure, and are more stable than mRNAs, which makes it special attractive biomarkers formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues and bodily fluids.Many studies using either candidate miRNAs or global profil-ing have been conducted to investigate dysregulation of miRNAs in E C pathogenesis and prognosis and to explore the utilization of miRNAs as biomarkers for E C [14-20]. In this review, we will summarize current literature regarding the multi-faceted roles of miRNAs in EC.MiRNAs IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF ECDysregulation of miRNAs in EAC and its Precursor BE Most EAC cases arise from BE, a precursor lesion in which the squamous epithelium of the esophagus is replaced by a metaplastic columnar epithelium. BE is estimated to be present in 1% to 2% of the general population and confers a 30-fold increased risk of de-veloping EAC. The malignant progression of BE generally follows the sequence of metaplasia, low-grade dysplasia (LGD), high-grade dysplasia (HGD), and adenocarcinoma [21,22]. Clinically, the man-1873-4286/13 $58.00+.00 © 2013 Bentham Science PublishersMicroRNA in the Pathogenesis and Prognosis of Esophageal Cancer Current Pharmaceutical Design, 2013, Vol. 19, No. 7 1293agement of BE is completely dependent on the grading of dysplasia, which is subjective with substantial inter-observer variations. Inde-pendent objective biomarkers may improve the prediction of pro-gression from BE to E AC beyond relying solely on histology. MiRNA is among the most promising biomarkers for this purpose.There have been six miRNA expression profiling of E AC tis-sues and paired normal tissues, most of which also included BE tissues as a comparison (Table 1).Feberet al. [23] compared the expression of 328 human miR-NAs in 10 EAC, 10 ESCC, 5 BE, 1 HGD, and 9 normal squamous epithelium (NSE) tissues. Unsupervised hierarchic clustering showed that miRNA expression profiles could clearly separated disease tissues from NSE tissues. BE and EAC miRNA expression profiles were similar. The single HGD specimen had a miRNA expression profile similar to EAC samples. Thirteen miRNAs were significantly altered in E AC tissues compared to NSE, such as upregulation of miR-21, miR-192, mir-194 and miR-93 and down-regulation of miR-203, miR-205, miR-27b, miR-100, miR-125b, and let-7c. In addition, it appeared that miR-21, miR-194, and miR-192were progressively upregulated from NSE to BE and to EAC, suggesting that miRNA dysfunction is an early event during malig-nant progression of BE and therefore may become valuable bio-markers for malignant progression of the BE patients.In the second study, Yang et al. [24] profiled the expression of 470 human miRNAs in 16 disease tissues (including 5 LGD, 5 HGD, and 6 E AC) and their paired normal tissues. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering and class comparison analyses showed that the miRNA expression profiles clearly separated HGD and E AC tissues from their corresponding paired NSE. Eight miRNAs (miR-27b, miR-203, miR-205, let-7c, miR-342, miR-100, miR-21, and miR125b) were consistent with the previous study of Faber et al.[23] when compared EAC to NSC tissues. This study also identified many miRNA candidates that were dysregulated in HGD, or exhib-ited gradual alteration from NSE to HGD to EAC.A third study profiled miRNAs in one normal esophageal epithelial cells, 3 BE-derived cell lines, and one EAC-derived cell line, followed by the validation of top 7 differentially expressed candidates in 22 NSE, 24 BE, and 22 E AC tissues. Notably, the three members of the miR-106b-25 polycistron (miRs-25, -93, and -106b) on chromosome 7q22.1 were gradually up-regulated from NSE to BE to E AC. Four miRNAs were significantly down-regulated in E AC, including miR-100, miR-125b, miR-205, and miR-19b [25].The fourth study analyzed 377 human miRNAs by Ambion’s miRNA array in NSE of esophagus, normal gastric epithelium, BE, and EAC tissues from 16 individuals [26]. Seven miRNAs (miR-21,Table 1. Summary of miRNA Profiling Studies in Esophageal CancerStudy Array Platform Upregulated miRNAs* Downregulated miRNAs* EACFeber et al. [23] Ambion miR-21, miR-192, mir-194, miR-93, miR-200c miR-203, miR-205, miR-27b, miR-100, miR-125b, let-7cYang et al. [24] Agilent miR-126, mirR-143, miR-145, miR-146a,miR-181a & b, miR-195, and 7 more miR-203, miR-205, miR-27b, miR-99a, miR-149, miR-494, miR-221, miR-210, miR-513, miR-617Kan et al. [25] Agilent miR-93, miR-25, miR-106b miR-205, miR-100, miR-125b, miR-19bWijnhoven et al. [26] Ambion miR-21, miR-194 miR-203, miR-205Mathe et al. [27] Ohio State University miR-21, miR-192, mir-194, miR-223 miR-203EAC vs. BE: miR-145, miR143, miR-215Fassan et al. [28] Ohio State University miR-192, miR-215miR-203, miR-205, let-7cESCCGuo et al. [32] Custom miR-25, miR-151, miR-424 miR-100, miR-99a, miR-29c, mmu-miR-140*Feber et al. [23] Ambion miR-21, miR-93, miR-342 miR-203, miR-205, miR-27b, miR-100,miR-125b, let-7cMathe et al. [27] Ohio State University miR-21 miR-375Lee et al. [33] Ambion miR-330, miR-340, miR-373, let-7dOgawa et al. [34] Applied Biosystem(Taqman gene card) miR-20b, miR-34b, miR-34c, miR-129,miR-130b, miR-138 (>4 fold), miR-21,miR-25, miR-151 and 13 more (2-4 fold)miR-133a, miR-133b,miR-145, miR-139Kano et al. [35] Applied Biosystem(Taqman gene card) miR-203, miR-100, miR-99a, miR-133a & b, miR-145, miR-143, and 7 moreKimura et al. [36] Ambion miR-21miR-205Hong et al. [37] Ohio State University miR-155, miR-100, miR-146, miR-296,miR-10b, miR-203, miR-483, miR-494,miR-220miR-143, miR-375, miR-339 *MiRNAs that are consistent in at least two studies (including candidate gene studies that are not listed in this table) are shown in bold.1294 Current Pharmaceutical Design, 2013, Vol. 19, No. 7 Gu et al.miR-143, miR-145, miR-194, miR-203, miR-205 and miR-215) were chosen for validation using Taqman qRT-PCR in tissues from 32 different individuals. The expression of miR-21, miR-143, miR-145, miR-194 and miR-215 were significantly higher in columnar tissues than in squamous tissues, but the expression of miR-143, miR-145, and miR-215 was lower in EAC than in BE tissues, whereas levels of miR-203 and miR-205 were significantly lower in BE and EAC tissues than in NSE. In addition, there was a trend of progressive increase of miR-21 expression from NSE to BE and to EAC.In the fifth study, Mathe et al. [27] profiled miRNAs in 100 pairs of EAC/normal tissues (32 pairs for screening and 68 for vali-dation) using a miRNA array chip (version 3, Ohio State Univer-sity) containing 329 human and 249 mouse miRNA probes for screening followed by Taqman qRT-PCR to validate selected miR-NAs. The expressions of miR-21, miR-223, miR-192, and miR-194 were upregulated, whereas miR-203 expression was downregulated compared to normal tissues.The most recent profiling study by Fassan et al. [28] used the Ohio State University's miRNA array to profile tissue samples from 14 NSE, 14 Barett’s mucosa (BM), 7 LGD, 5 HGD and 11 EAC. They identified 13 miRNAs as the “progression signature” that were associated with the progression of BE. In the qRT-PCR vali-dation using a series of tissue samples including 15 NSE, 15 BM, 15 LGD, 15 HGD and 15 EAC, 5 miRNAs were consistently dys-regulated during BE progression, including the upregulation of miR-215 and miR-192 and downregulation of miR-205, let-7c and miR-203.In addition to the above 6 array analyses, there were a number of studies that focused on miRNA candidates. For example, Dijckmeester et al. [29] showed that the expression of miR-143 was significantly higher and that of miR-205 was significantly lower in BE than in NSE, consistent with the array analyses. Luthra et al.[30] reported that miR-196a was upregulated in E AC compared to NSE tissues, and Maru et al. [31] further showed that miR-196a expression progressively increased with higher histological grade, suggesting that miR-196a alteration is an early event in carcino-genesis of EAC.From these six independent array analyses and several candi-date gene validation, a number of miRNAs emerged as important players in the pathogenesis of EAC and may become valuable bio-markers of E AC and/or BE. MiR-21, miR-192,miR-194 were the most consistently upregulated miRNAs in EAC, whereas miR-203, miR-205, miR-100, miR-125b, miR-99a,miR-27b and let-7c were consistently downregulated in E AC (Table 1). Furthermore, for miR-21, miR-192, miR-203, miR-205, and let-7c, there appeared to be a gradual increase or decrease of expression from NSE to BE to EAC. For many other miRNAs that were identified in a single pro-filing study with small sample size, they need to be validated in independent studies.Dysregulation of miRNAs in ESCC DevelopmentESCC is the dominant histological subtypes in Far East and all of the published studies evaluating miRNAs in E SCC came from Asia [32-37].Guoet al. [32] published the first miRNA array analysis in ESCC in 31 pairs of ESCC and normal tissues (training set) and 24 paired samples and 1 unpaired ESCC sample (validation set). From a total of 191 evaluable miRNAs, 7 were identified as the best clas-sifier to distinguish E SCC tissues from normal tissues, among which 3 (miR-25, miR-424, and miR-151) were upregulated and 4 (miR-100, miR-99a, miR-29c, and mmu-miR-140*) were downre-gualted in ESCC versus normal tissues.Faberet al. [23] found that miR-21, miR-93, and miR-342 were overexpressed whereas miR-203, miR-205, miR-27b, miR-100, miR-125b, and let-7c were down-regulated in ESCC.In a small study of 5 pairs of ESCC and NSE issues, Lee et al.[33] found four miRNAs, let-7d, miR-330, miR-340, and miR-373, were upregulated by at least 1.5-fold in each of the 5 ESCC tumors. Ogawaet al. [34] quantified the expression of 73 miRNAs by qRT-PCR in 30 E SCC tumor and paired normal tissues. Twenty-one miRNAs were upregulated at least 2-fold, including afore-mentioned miR-21, miR-25, and miR-151; and 4 miRNAs were downregulated at least 2-fold (miR-133a, miR-133b, miR-139, and miR-145) in ESCC.In the study of Mathe et al. [27], 70 pairs of E SCC/NSE (44 pairs for screening and 26 for validation) were queried and the ex-pression of miR-21 was elevated while the expression of miR-375 was reduced [27].Kanoet al. [35] used Taqman human miRNA array to deter-mine the expression of 365 mature human miRNAs in 10 matched pairs of ESCC and NSE and identified 15 downregulated miRNAs in E SCC tissues, which contained 3 (miR-133a, miR-133b, and miR-145) out of the 4 downregulated miRNAs reported by Ogawa et al. [34] and 2 (miR-100 and miR-99a) out of the 4 reported by Guo et al. [32].Of interesting note, Kimura et al [36] recently showed that the expression of miR-205 was high in both malignant and benign squamous epithelia and low in cell lines and tissues other than squamous epithelia, suggesting that miR-205 may be a specific biomarker of squamous epithelia. This observation is in line with the consistent downregulation of miR-205 in EAC tissues compared to normal squamous epithelial tissues [23-26].Finally,Honget al. [37] identified a panel of 12 miRNAs dif-ferentially expressed between E SCC and normal tissues with 9 upregulated (miR-155, miR-100, miR-146, miR-296, miR-10b, miR-203, miR-483, miR-494 and miR-220) and 3 downregulated (miR-143, miR-375 and miR-339) in ESCC.In addition to the above profiling studies, there were also a number of candidate miRNA studies in ESCC. Tian et al. [38] re-ported that miR-10b was upregualted in 95% of ESCC tissues. MiR-17-92 cluster was found to be overexpressed in 75% of ESCC sam-ples [39]. MiR-31 was up-regulated in 78% of the E SCC tissues [40]. MiR-29c level was significantly lower in ESCC tumor tissues and cell lines compared to normal esophageal epithelia [41]. MiR-210 was downregulated in ESCC and derived cell lines, particularly in poorly differentiated carcinomas [42].In summary, the consistently upregulated miRNAs in ESCC (at least in two studies) include miR-21, miR-25,miR-151, and miR-10b, and downregulated miRNAs include miR205, miR-203, miR-145, miR-100, miR-99a, miR-27b, miR-125b, miR-133a,miR-133b, miR-143 and miR-375 (Table 1).MiRNA IN THE PROGNOSIS OF ECA number of recent studies have evaluated miRNAs as prog-nostic factors for EC as summarized in (Table 2), but the results are inconclusive for a number of reasons, including small sample size, tumor heterogeneity, treatment heterogeneity, and different assay methods.Guoet al. showed that high expression of human miR-103 or miR107 (the mature forms of these two miRNAs were nearly iden-tical) was associated with poor overall survival in Chinese E SCC patients in a training set (31 patients) and a testing set (22 patients) [32]. Ogawa et al. found that high expression of miR-129 conferred an 18-fold increased risk of death in 30 surgically treated Japanese E SCC patients (p=0.031) [34]. An additional 19 patients (testing set) was analyzed for independent validation (p=0.011). Mathe et al. showed that higher miR-21 expression in noncancerous tissue of 70 ESCC patients was associated with poor survival; and low levels of miR-375 in 100 EAC tissues were strongly associated with worse prognosis [27]. The prognostic effect of miR-21 has been furtherMicroRNA in the Pathogenesis and Prognosis of Esophageal Cancer Current Pharmaceutical Design, 2013, Vol. 19, No. 7 1295extended to lymph node metastasis in ESCC as shown by two other studies [43,44]. The inverse correlation of miR-375 with poor sur-vival in ESCC was later replicated by Kong et al. [45]. In addition, Nguyen et al. [46] also reported similar prognostic effect of miR-375 in EAC.A number of other miRNAs have also been reported to have prognostic value for ESCC, including miR-143 [43], miR-92a [47], miR-106 and miR-148 [44], miR-223 [48], miR-142-3p [49] and miR-133a [50]. Using a large study population (158 tissue speci-mens, 99 from EAC and 59 from ESCC patients), Hu et al. meas-ured the expression levels of 10 select miRNAs in these tissue specimens by in situ hybridization, which is capable of detect posi-tive signals at the cellular level. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that miR-16-2 expression and miR-30e expression were associated with shorter survival in all EC patients; in addition, miR-16-2, miR-30e, and miR-200a expression were associated with shorter survival in E AC patients, but not in E SCC patients [51]. From a microarray study, Hong et al. identified that low expression of miR-296 was able to distinguish long-term survivors with node-positive disease from those dying within 20 months with an median survival time advantage of 10.8 months [37]. Feber et al. reported a combined prognostic score composed of five miRNAs (miR-100, miR-143, miR-145, miR-199a-3p, and miR-199a-5p) [52].Hummel et al. also demonstrated an inverse correlation of miR-148 expression with cancer differentiation in EAC [44].Apart from the consistent findings of miR-21 and miR-375, which were associated with poor and good survival, respectively, these mostly scattered, heterogeneous findings reflect the major challenges in clinical outcome study of rare cancers due to diffi-culty in obtaining well-characterized tissue specimens from homo-geneously treated patients. Collaborative efforts from investigators in the E C community are needed to conduct well-designed, suffi-ciently powered studies to identify miRNAs as biomarkers for the prognosis and treatment response of EC.Table 2. Summary of Studies Focusing on Prognostic Functions of miRNAs in Esophageal CancerStudy SampleSizeHistology MiRNA Prognosis Guo et al. (2008) [32] 53 ESCC miR-103/107 Poor survivalMathe et al. (2009) [27] 70 ESCC miR-21 Poor survival100E ACmiR-375 Good survivalOgawa et al. (2009) [34] 49 ESCC miR-129 Poor survivalHong et al. (2010) [37] 10 ESCC miR-296 Poor survivalNguyen et al. (2010) [46] 103 EAC miR-375 Good survivalAkagi et al. (2011) [43] 55 ESCC miR-21, miR-205 Lymph node positivity55E SCCmiR-143, miR-145 Recurrence of metastasisFeber et al. (2011) [52] 45 EAC miR-100, miR-143, miR-145, miR-199a-3p, miR-199a-5pPoor survival45E ACmiR-99b, miR-199a-3p, miR-199a-5pLymph node metastasisChen et al. (2011) [47] 107 ESCC miR-92a Poor survival, lymph node metastasis and TNMstagingHamano et al. (2011) [113] 98E SCCmiR-200c Induces chemoresistanceHu et al. (2011) [51] 158 EC miR-16-2, miR-30e Poor survival99E ACmiR-16-2, miR-30e, miR-200a Poor survivalHummel et al. (2011) [44] 21 ESCC miR-21 Lymph node metastasis21E SCCmiR-106, miR-148 Associated with lower rate of tumor-related deathand recurrence22E ACmiR-148 Inversely correlated with cancer differentiation Kong et al. (2012) [45] 60 ESCC miR-375 Inversely correlated with advanced stage, metastasis,poor overall survival and disease-free survival, nega-tively correlated with IGF1R expressionKurashige et al. (2012) [48] 109E SCCmiR-223 Poor prognosis, correlated with ubiquitin ligaseFBXW7Lin et al. (2012) [49] 91 ESCC miR-142-3p Poor prognosisSuzuki1et al. (2012) [50] 102 ESCC miR-133a Inversely correlated with CD47, an independentprognostic marker for lymph node metastasis*MiRNAs that are consistent in at least two studies are shown in bold.1296 Current Pharmaceutical Design, 2013, Vol. 19, No. 7 Gu et al.MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF MiRNAs IN EC One of the most challenging questions in miRNA research is the identification and experimental validation of miRNA targets, more importantly, the mechanistic elucidation of physiological and pathological roles of the specific miRNA and target gene. It is well known that each miRNA can target hundreds of genes, and the same mRNA can be targeted by multiple miRNAs. The currently available target prediction programs often produce hundreds of potential target genes due to imperfect complementarity between miRNA and its target, which makes experimental validation ex-tremely important. Most of the dysregulated miRNAs, such as miR-21, miR-205, miR-203, miR-375, are also dysregulated in other cancers and there were extensive functional studies in E C and/or other cancers for a number of these miRNAs. Here, we summarize the functional studies of oncogenic miRNAs and tumor suppressor miRNAs in EC (Table 3).MiRNAs Acting as OncogenesMiR-21MiR-21 is the most commonly upregulated miRNA in human cancers that exhibits the most consistent association with both EAC and ESCC development as well as the prognosis of ESCC. MiR-21 regulates a plethora of target genes that are involved in cellular survival, apoptosis and cell invasiveness, including a number of tumor-suppressor genes such as tropomyosin-1 (TPM1), PTEN, maspin, and programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) [53]. Hiyoshi et al.[54] showed that the protein level of PDCD4 (tumor suppressor) in ESCC cells had an inverse correlation with miR-21 expression.MiR-106-25 PolycistronM iR-106-25 polycistronic miRNA cluster is located at chromo-some 7q22.1 and encodes three miRNAs, miR-25, miR-93, and miR-106b. M iR-106-25 was upregulated progressively from NSE, to BE, and to EAC [25]. MiR-106b-25 polycistron exhibited poten-tial proliferative, anti-apoptotic, cell cycle-promoting effects in vitro and tumorigenic activity in vivo [25]. MiR-93 and miR-106b targeted tumor suppressor gene p21 via mRNA degradation, whereas miR-25 targeted Bim(Bcl-2 interacting mediator of cell death) via translational inhibition in EAC [25]. Most recently, Xu et al. [55] demonstrated that miR-25 promotes E SCC cell migration and invasion by directly targeting the 3' UTR of E-cadherin gene (CDH1) and inhibited the expression of CDH1, providing another mechanism of the ongenic activity of miR-25.MiR-17-92 PolycistronMiR-17-92 cluster, also designated as oncomir-1, is one of the best-characterized oncogenic miRNAs [56,57]. The gene is located at 13q31.3, encodes six mature miRNAs: miR-17, miR-18a, miR-19a, miR-20a, miR-19b-1, and miR-92-1, and has been implicated in the oncogenesis of multiple cancers [56,57]. One study showed that miR-17-92 cluster was overexpressed 75% of E SCC tumors [39]. Furthermore, overexpression of the miR-17-92 cluster could promote cellular growth in vitro and in vivo, and inhibition of miR-19a induced apoptosis in vitro and impaired tumor growth in vivoTable 3. MiRNAs with Validated Targets in ECmiRNA Histology Validated targets [references] Function OncogenicmiR-21E SCCPDCD4[54] Cellproliferation,Migration miR-106b EAC P21 [25] Cell cycle control, ApoptosismiR-93 EAC P21 [25] Cell cycle control, ApoptosismiR-25 EAC Bim [25], CDH1 [55] Cell cycle control, ApoptosismiR-19aE SCCTNF- [39]Tumor growth, Apoptosis miR-92aE SCCCDH1[58] Migration/InvasionmiR-10bE SCCKLF4[38] Migration/InvasionmiR-196aE ACANXA1 [30], SPRR2C, S100A9, KRT5 [31] Cell proliferation, Apoptosis miR-31 ESCC EMP1, KSR2, RGS4 [40] Colony formation, Migration/invasion miR-373E SCCLATS2[33] CellproliferationTumor SuppressormiR-375 ESCC PDK1 [71], IGF1R [45] Tumorigenesis, Migration, Metastasis miR-205E SCCZE B2[76] Migration/InvasionmiR-145 ESCC FSCN1 [35] Cell proliferation, InvasionmiR-203 ESCC Np63 [85] Cell proliferation miR-133a & b ESCC FSCN1 [35] Cell proliferation, Invasion miR-29c ESCC CCNE [41] Cell cycle control, Cell proliferation miR-210 ESCC FGFRL1 [42] Cell cycle control, Cell proliferationMicroRNA in the Pathogenesis and Prognosis of Esophageal Cancer Current Pharmaceutical Design, 2013, Vol. 19, No. 7 1297[39]. TNF- (tumor necrosis factor- ) was confirmed as a direct target of miR-19a [39]. In another study, miR-92a was found to modulate the migration and invasion but not apoptosis and prolif-eration of E SCC cells in vitro. In addition, miR-92a directly tar-geted the CDH1 and repressed the expression of CDH1 [58]MiR-10bMiR-10b is overexpressed in several types of cancer [59-62] including ESCC [38]. MiR-10b was the first miRNA found to affect invasion and metastasis of human cancer (breast cancer) [63]. Simi-larly, Tian et al. [38] found that cellular miR-10b expression level correlated with cell motility and invasiveness in several human E SCC cell lines. Additionally, they identified KLF4 (Krüppel-like factor 4), a known tumor suppressor gene that has been reported to suppress esophageal cancer cell migration and invasion, as a direct target of miR-10b. KLF4 regulates the expression level of p21 and mediates p53-dependent G1/S cell cycle arrest in response to DNA damage [64]. The oncogenic function of miR-10b is at least par-tially mediated by KLF4 in ESCC.MiR-196aMiR-196a is overexpressed in several types of cancer and pre-malignant esophageal tissues [31,65-67]. Luthra et al. [30] showed that miR-196a targets Annexin A1 (ANXA1), which is a critical mediator of apoptosis and is frequently suppressed or lost in E C [68-70]. MiR-196a promotes cell proliferation and anchorage-independent growth and suppresses apoptosis, which may be par-tially explained by its targeting of ANXA1 [30]. Maru et al. [31] further identified a few additional target genes of miR-196a, includ-ing KRT5 (keratin 5), SPRR2C (small proline-rich protein 2C), and S100A9 (S100 calcium-binding protein A9), all of which are down-regulated during BE progression.Two other potential oncogenic miRNAs and their validated targets have been reported in E SCC: miR-31 targets three tumor suppressor genes, EMP1 (epithelial membrane protein 1), KSR2 (kinase suppressor of Ras 2) and RGS4 (regulator of G-protein sig-naling 4) [40]; and miR-373 targets LATS2 (large tumor suppressor 2) [33].Tumor Suppressor miRNAs in ECMiR-375The promoter of miR-375 was frequently hypermethylated in E C and miR-375 is a negative regulator of 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (PDK1) in EC [71]. Frequent promoter hypermethylation of miR-375 was also found in ESCC tissues [45]. MiR-375 also inhibits clonogenicity, cell motility, cell proliferation, tumor formation and metastasis in mice. Furthermore, miR-375 could interact with the 3'-untranslated region of IGF1R and down-regulate its expression in vitro and the expression of IGF1R was also negatively correlated with miR-375 expression in clinical sam-ples [45]. These studies provide compelling evidence supporting that the downregulation of miR-375, through promoter hypermethy-lation, is one of the molecular mechanisms involved in the devel-opment and progression of ESCC.MiR-205MiR-205 is downregulated in many different cancers [72-75]. MiR-205 plays an important role in the regulation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process critical to tumor progres-sion and metastasis. EMT is characterized by the loss of E-cadherin and reduction of cell locomotion and invasion. Matsushima et al.[76] showed that knockdown of miR-205 expression in ESCC cells substantially increased the expression of zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 2 (ZEB2), accompanied by reduction of E-cadherin, supporting that miR-205 exerts tumor-suppressive activities with EMT inhibition by targeting ZEB2 in ESCC. MiR-145MiR-145 is downregulated in many cancers [77] and precancer-ous lesions [78,79]. A plethora of target genes of miR-145 have been experimentally validated [80-83]. In particular, Sachdeva et al.[82] showed that c-Myc is a direct target for miR-145.MiR-145 is induced by the tumor suppressor p53 transcriptionally. Therefore, miR-145 provides a direct link between p53 and c-Myc. Loss of heterogeneity (LOH) of 17p13 (p53 locus) and amplification of 8q24 (Myc locus) are both frequent molecular alterations in ESCC and EAC, suggesting that miR-145 may exhibit its tumor suppressor function in E C through the p53-Myc network. However, there has not been direct evidence showing miR-145 inhibits c-Myc in E C. On the other hand, Kano et al. [35] identified a novel target gene, FSCN1 (actin-binding protein, Fascin homolog 1), for miR-145. FSCN1 was overexpressed in E SCC tumors compared to normal epithelium, and FSCN1 overexpression was significantly associated with the extent of the tumor, lymph node metastasis, and poor prognosis [84]. These data suggest inhibition of FSCN1 may be one of the mechanisms for the tumor suppressor function of miR-145 in ESCC.Other potential tumor suppressor miRNAs and their validated targets include: miR-203 targets DeltaNp63 ( Np63), an alternative splice variant of p63 gene that has oncogenic function [85]; miR-133a and miR-133b target FSCN1 [35]; miR-29c induces cell cycle arrest by targeting CCNE (cyclin E) [41]; and miR-210 targets FGFRL1 (fibroblast growth factor receptor-like 1), an accelerator of cell proliferation [42].CIRCULATING MIRNAS AND ESOPHAGEAL CANCER Alterations of circulating miRNA expression profiles are poten-tially indicative of physiological and pathological changes. There has been great interest in the identification of circulating miRNA as a blood-based minimally invasive biomarker for early detection and prognosis of cancer since Mitchell et al. [86] reported that tumor-derived miRNA in human plasma exists in a remarkably stable form. Compared to extensive studies of circulating miRNAs in other cancer types [87-103], to date, systematic investigations of circulating miRNAs in EC were scarce and limited to ESCC. Using a two-phase study design, Zhang et al. [104] compared pooled se-rum samples by Solexa sequencing and identified 25 candidate miRNAs aberrantly expressed between samples of E SCC patients and normal subjects, which were then subjected to individual qRT-PCR validation. A panel of 7 serum miRNAs (miR-10a, miR-22, miR-100, miR-127-3p, miR-133a, miR-148b, and miR-223) was identified as potential biomarker for E SCC. Several other studies used candidate gene approach to evaluate specific circulating miR-NAs in E SCC. By comparing miRNA expression levels between tumor and adjacent normal tissues, as well as between serum sam-ples of patients and normal controls, a Chinese group reported that miR-31 is upregulated in ESCC tumor tissue and in serum of patient samples [40]. The same group also reported that miR-1322 was upregulated in both E SCC tissues and patients' serum samples [105]. Komatsu et al. [106] focused on previously reported onco-genic miR-21, miR-184 and miR-221, tumor suppressive miR-375 and confirmed the upregulation of miR-21 and downregulation of miR-375 in plasma samples of ESCC patients compared to normal subjects, and further suggested that the ratio of plasma levels of miR-21 to miR-375 was a better diagnostic marker than either markers alone. Moreover, the same Japanese group also evaluated the prognostic value of miR-21 and miR-375 and reported that high plasma level of miR-21 is correlated with higher risk of recurrence and poorer survival whereas high plasma level of miR-375 is in-dicative of better survival [106,107].。

食管癌本科-英语-精品医学课件

Incidence
➢ The incidence of esophageal cancer ranked fifth in all cancer sites in China.
➢ Males are more than females.
➢ More likely occurred in middle and lower thoracic esophagus .
recurrent laryngeal nerves) ➢ Aspiration/cough/recurrent pneumonia ➢ Hematemesis
Diagnosis
If you have symptoms that may signal esophageal cancer, your doctor will examine you and ask you questions about your health; your lifestyle, including smoking and drinking habits; and your family medical history.
One or more of the following tests may be used to find out if you have esophageal cancer and if it has spread. These tests also may be used to find out if treatment is working.
➢ Esophageal pathology and the imaging performance of esophageal cancer
Content
✓ Definition ✓ Epidemiology ✓ Classification ✓ Signs and symptoms ✓ Diagnosis and differential diagnosis ✓ Treatment

常见疾病的英文名称

常见疾病的英文名称篇一：常见疾病英文名妇产科department of gynaecology and obstetrics（OG）产后出血 postpartum hemorrhage产褥感染 puerperal infection功能性子宫出血 functional uterine bleeding（FUB）宫颈癌 uterine cervix cancer（CACX）流产 abortion卵巢肿瘤 oophoroma慢性宫颈炎 chronic cervicitis慢性盆腔炎 chronic pelvic inflammatory disease母儿血型不合溶血病 Hemolytic disease of newborn（新生儿溶血）妊娠高血压综合症 gestational hypertension syndrome 妊娠剧吐 hyperemesis gravidarum妊娠滋养细胞疾病 gestational trophoblastic disease（GTD）胎膜早破 premature rupture of membranes外阴癌 carcinoma vulvae外阴阴道炎 vulvovaginitis羊水栓塞 amnionic fluid embolism（AFE）异位妊娠（宫外孕） ectopic pregnancy子宫肌瘤 hysteromyoma子宫破裂 metrorrhexis子宫体癌 corpus cancer呼吸系统respiratory system肺结核 pulmonary tuberculosis（TB）肺脓肿 lung abscess肺炎球菌肺炎 pneumococcal pneumonia肺炎支原体肺炎 mycoplasmal pneumonia急性呼吸衰竭 acute respiratory failure急性气管－支气管肺炎 acute trachea-bronchi pneumonia 急性上呼吸道感染 acute throat infection慢性肺源性心脏病 Chronic cor pulmonale慢性呼吸衰竭 chronic respiratory failure慢性支气管炎 chronic bronchitis葡萄球菌肺炎 staphylococcal pneumonia气胸 pneumothorax胸腔积液 pleural effusion原发性支气管肺癌 primary bronchiogenic carcinoma支气管扩张症 bronchiectasis支气管哮喘 bronchial asthma阻塞性肺气肿 obstructive emphysema内分泌系统endocrine system甲状腺功能减退症 hypothyroidism甲状腺结节 thyroid nodule甲状腺腺瘤 thyroid adenoma甲状腺炎 thyroiditis糖尿病 diabetes mellitus痛风 gout垂体瘤 pituitary tumor单纯性甲状腺肿 simple goiter高脂血症 hyperlipemia甲状旁腺功能减退 hypoparathyroidism 甲状腺癌 thyroid carcinoma消化系统digestive system胃癌 gastric cancer肠结核 intestinal tuberculosis非感染性腹泻病 noninfectious diarrhea 肝硬化 cirrhosis of liver感染性腹泻 infectious diarrhea急性肝炎 acute hepatitis急性胃炎 acute gastritis急性胰腺炎 acute pancreatitis结核性腹膜炎 tuberculous peritonitis 克隆病 Crohn's disease溃疡性结肠炎 ulcerative colitis慢活肝（慢性活动性肝炎） chronic active hepatitis 慢性胃炎 chronic gastritis慢性胰腺炎 chronic pancreatitis胃肠神经官能症 gastrointestinal neurosis小儿鹅口疮 pedo-thrush小儿疱疹性口炎 pedo-herpetic stomatitis小儿先天性肥厚性幽门狭窄pedo-congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis原发性肝癌 primary hepatic carcinoma心血管系统cardiovascular system闭塞性动脉粥样硬化 occlusive atherosclerosis单纯性下肢静脉曲张simple varicose veins of lower extremity 动静脉瘘 arteriovenous fistula动脉栓塞 arterial embolism多发性大动脉炎 polyarteritis二尖瓣环钙化 mitral annular calcification二尖瓣脱垂综合症 mitral valve prolapse syndrome风湿性心脏病 rheumatic heart disease腹主动脉瘤 abdominal aortic aneurysm周围动脉瘤 peripheral aneurysm感染性心内膜炎infective endocarditis 高血压病hypertensive disease（HBP）冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病coronary atherosclerotic heart disease（CAHD）急性心力衰竭 acute heart failure慢性心力衰竭 chronic cardiac failure 急性心包炎 acute pericarditis雷诺综合症 Raynaud syndrome梅毒性心血管病 syphil乳头肌功能不全 dysfunction of papillary muscle 深静脉血栓 deep vein thrombus先天性心脏病congenital heart disease 心肌病cardiomyopathy心肌炎 myocarditis心律失常 arrhythmia心血管神经官能症cardiovascular neurosis 心脏粘液瘤myxoma of heart血栓性静脉炎 thrombophlebitis血液系统hematological system篇二：常见疾病英文名称补充课外词汇常见疾病名称Internal Medicine 内科Acidosis 酸中毒Adams-Stokes syndrome 亚－斯氏综合症alcoholism, alcoholic intoxication 酒精中毒alkalosis 碱中毒anaphylaxis 过敏症anemia 贫血iron deficiency anemia 缺铁性贫血megaloblastic anemia 巨幼红细胞性贫血aplastic anemia 再生障碍性贫血angiitis 脉管炎angina pectoris 心绞痛arteriosclerosis 动脉硬化apoplexy 中风auricular fibrillation 心房纤颤auriculo-ventricular block 房室传导阻滞bronchial asthma 支气管哮喘bronchitis 支气管炎bronchiectasis 支气管扩张broncho eumonia 支气管肺炎carcinoma 癌cardiac arrhythmia 心律紊乱cardiac failure 心力衰竭cardiomyopathy 心肌病cirrhosis 肝硬化coronary arteriosclerotic heart disease 冠状动脉硬化性心脏病Crohn disease 克罗恩病Cushing's syndrome 库欣综合症diabetes 糖尿病diffuse intravascular coagulation 弥散性血管凝血dysentery 痢疾enteritis 肠炎gastric ulcer 胃溃疡gastritis 胃炎gout 痛风hepatitis 肝炎Hodgkin's disease 霍奇金病hyperlipemia 高脂血症，血脂过多hyperparathyroidism 甲状旁腺功能亢进hyper lenism 脾功能亢进hyperte ion 高血压hyperthyroidism 甲状腺功能亢进hypoglycemia 低血糖hypothyroidism 甲状腺功能减退infective endocarditis 感染性心内膜炎influenza 流感leukemia 白血病lobareumonia 大叶性肺炎lymphadenitis 淋巴结炎lymphoma 淋巴瘤malaria 疟疾malnutrition 营养不良measles 麻疹myeloma 骨髓瘤myocardial infarction 心肌梗死myocarditis 心肌炎nephritis 肾炎nephritic syndrome 肾综合症o tructive pulmonary emphysema 阻塞性肺气肿pancreatitis 胰腺炎peptic ulcer 消化性溃疡peritonitis 腹膜炎pleuritis 胸膜炎eumonia 肺炎purpura 紫癜allergic purpura 过敏性紫癜thrombocytolytic purpura 血小板减少性紫癜pyelonephritis 肾盂肾炎renal failure 肾功能衰竭rheumatic fever 风湿病rheumatoid arthritis 类风湿性关节炎scarlet fever 猩红热septicemia 败血症syphilis 梅毒tachycardia 心动过速tumour 肿瘤typhoid 伤寒ulcerative colitis 溃疡性结肠炎u er gastrointestinal hemorrhage 上消化道血Neurology 神经科brain a ce脑脓肿cerebral embolism 脑栓塞cerebral infarction 脑梗死cerebral thrombosis 脑血栓cerebral hemorrhage 脑出血concu ion of brain 脑震荡craniocerebral injury 颅脑损伤epile y 癫痫intracranial tumour 颅内肿瘤intracranial hematoma 颅内血肿meningitis 脑膜炎migraine 偏头痛neurasthenia 神经衰弱neurosis 神经官能症paranoidychosis 偏执性精神病Parki on's disease 帕金森综合症ychosis 精神病schizophrenia 精神分裂症Surgery 外科abdominal external hernia 腹外疝acute diffuse peritonitis 急性弥漫性腹膜炎acute mastitis 急性乳腺炎acute pancreatitis 急性胰腺炎\acute perforation of gastro-duodenal ulcer急性胃十二指肠溃疡穿孔acute pyelonephritis 急性肾盂肾炎anal fi ure 肛裂anal fistula 肛瘘anesthesia 麻醉angioma 血管瘤a endicitis 阑尾炎bleeding of gastro-duodenal ulcer 胃十二指肠溃疡出血bone tumour 骨肿瘤breast adenoma 乳房腺瘤burn 烧伤cancer of breast 乳腺癌carbuncle 痈carcinoma of colon 结肠炎carcinoma of esophagus 食管癌carcinoma of gallbladder 胆囊癌carcinoma of rectum 直肠癌carcinoma of stomach 胃癌cholecystitis 胆囊炎cervicalondylosis 颈椎病choledochitis 胆管炎cholelithiasis 胆石症chondroma 软骨瘤dislocation of joint 关节脱位erysipelas 丹毒fracture 骨折furuncle 疖hemorrhoid 痔hypertrophy of prostate 前列腺肥大intestinal o truction 肠梗阻intestinal tuberculosis 肠结核lipoma 脂肪瘤lithangiuria 尿路结石liver a ce肝脓肿melanoma 黑色素瘤o eous tuberculosis 骨结核osteoclastoma 骨巨细胞瘤osteoporosis 骨质疏松症osteosarcoma 骨质疏松症osteosarcoma 骨肉瘤Paget's disease 佩吉特病perianorecrtal a ce肛管直肠周围脓肿phlegmon 蜂窝织炎portal hyperte ion 门静脉高压prostatitis 前列腺炎protrusion of intervertebral disc 椎间盘突出purulent arthritis 化脓性关节炎pyogenic ostcomyclitis 化脓性骨髓炎pyothorax 脓胸rectal polyp 直肠息肉rheumatoid arthritis 类风湿性关节炎rupture ofleen 脾破裂scapulohumeral periarthritis 肩周炎tenosynovitis 腱鞘炎tetanus 破伤风thromboangiitis 血栓性脉管炎thyroid adenocarcinoma 甲状腺腺癌thyroid adenoma 甲状腺腺瘤trauma 创伤urinary infection 泌尿系感染varicose vein of lower limb 下肢静脉曲张Paediatrics 儿科acute military tuberculosis of the lung 急性粟粒性肺结核acute necrotic enteritis 急性坏死性结肠炎anaphylactic purpura 过敏性紫癜ancylostomiasis 钩虫病ascariasis 蛔虫病a hyxia of the newborn 新生儿窒息atrial septal defect 房间隔缺损birth injury 产伤cephalhematoma 头颅血肿cerebral palsy 脑性瘫痪congenital torticollis 先天性斜颈convulsion 惊厥Down's syndrome 唐氏综合症glomerulonephritis 肾小球肾炎hemophilia 血友病infantile diarrhea 婴儿腹泻intracranial hemorrhage of the newborn 新生儿颅内出血intu usception 肠套叠necrotic enterocolitis of newborn 新生儿坏死性小肠结膜炎neonatal jaundice 新生儿黄疸nutritional iron deficiency anemia 营养性缺铁性贫血nutritional megaloblastic anemia 营养性巨幼细胞性贫血 patent ductus arteriosis 动脉导管未闭poliomyelitis 骨髓灰质炎premature infant 早产儿primary tuberculosis 原发性肺结核progre ive muscular dystrophy 进行性肌肉营养不良pulmonary stenosis 肺动脉狭窄purulent meningitis 化脓性脑膜炎rickets 佝偻病se is of the newborn 新生儿败血症tetanus of the newborn 新生儿破伤风tetralogy of Fallot 法洛四联症thrush 鹅口疮，真菌性口炎varicella 水痘ventricular septal defect 室间隔缺损viral encephalitis 病毒性脑炎viral myocarditis 病毒性心肌炎Gynecology and Otetrics 妇，产科abortion 流产adenomyosis 子宫内膜异位症amniotic fluid embolism 羊水栓塞Bartholin's cyst 巴氏腺囊肿carcinoma of cervix 子宫颈癌carcinoma of endometrium 子宫内膜癌carcinoma of ovary 卵巢癌cervicitis 宫颈炎chorio-epithelioma 绒毛膜上皮癌corpora luteum cyst 黄体囊肿dystocia 难产eclam ia 子痫edema-proteinuria-hyperte ion syndrome水肿蛋白尿高血压综合征（妊娠高血压综合征）endometriosis 子宫内膜异位extrauterine pregnancy 子宫外孕hydatidiform mole 葡萄胎hyperemesis gravidarum 妊娠剧吐infertility 不育症irregular me truation 月经失调lochia 恶露monilial vaginitis 念珠菌性阴道炎multiple pregnancy 多胎妊娠myoma of uterus 子宫肿瘤oligohydramnios 羊水过少ovarian tumour 卵巢肿瘤pelvic inflammatory disease 盆腔炎placenta previa 前置胎盘placental abruption 胎盘早期剥离pregnancy-hyperte ion syndrome 妊娠高血压综合症premature birth 早产premature rupture of membrane 胎膜早破postpartum hemorrhage 产后出血puerperal infection 产褥感染rupture of uterus 子宫破裂trichomonas vaginitis 滴虫性阴道炎uteroplacental apoplexy 子宫胎盘卒中vulvitis 外阴炎Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology 五官科amblyopia 弱视amygdalitis, to illitis 扁桃体炎astigmatism 散光carcinoma of nasopharynx鼻咽癌carcinoma of larynx 喉癌cataract 白内障ti itus 耳鸣chalazion 霰粒肿，脸板腺囊肿colour blindne色盲deflection of nasal septum 鼻中隔偏曲deafne聋furuncle of nasalvestibule 鼻前庭疖glaucoma 青光眼heterotropia 斜视hyperopia 远视injury of cornea 角膜损伤ceruminal impaction 耵聍嵌塞iritis 虹膜炎keratitis 角膜炎labyrinthitis 迷路炎，内耳炎laryngitis 喉炎mastoiditis 乳突炎myopia 近视nasal sinusitis 鼻窦炎otitis media 中耳炎o truction of larynx 喉梗阻perito illar a ce扁桃体中脓肿pharyngitis 咽炎rhinitis 鼻炎Dermatoloty 皮科acne 痤疮carcinoma of skin 皮肤癌bed sore 褥疮decubitus ulcer 褥疮性溃疡drug eruption 药皮疹eczema 湿疹herpes simplex 单纯疱疹herpes zoster 带状疱疹lupus erythematosis 红斑狼疮oriasis 牛皮癣urticaria 荨麻疹wart 疣篇三：常见病名的中英文对照A ------------- abscess of kidney 肾脓肿acoustic 听神经瘤acute pancreatitis 急性胰腺炎analog 模拟analog/digital converter 模拟/数字转化器angiography of spinal cord 脊髓血管造影angioma血管瘤angiomyolipoma血管平滑肌脂肪瘤anterior cerebral artery,ACA大脑前动脉anterior communicating artery,AcoA前交通动脉arachnoidcyst蛛网膜囊肿arterior-venous malformation,AVM动静脉畸形artifact 伪影astrocytoma 星形细胞瘤atelectasis 肺不张attenuation 衰减attenuation coefficient 衰减系数axial scan 轴位扫描B----------basilar artery,BA 基底动脉Beam hardeningartifact 射线硬化伪影biopsy gun 活检枪biopsy needle 活检针biphasic contrast enhancement 双期增强扫描bone mineral density,BMD骨密度brain abscess 脑脓肿brain hemorrhage 脑出血brain trauma 脑外伤bronchiectsis支气管扩张bronchogenic carcinoma 支气管肺癌C----------calcification of the pleura 胸膜钙化calculus of kidney 肾结石carcinoma of bladder 膀胱癌carcinoma of the cervix 宫颈癌carcinoma of kidney 肾癌carcinoma of prostate 前列腺癌carcinoma of ovary 卵巢癌cavity 空洞central bronchogenic carcinoma 中央型肺癌cerebral atrophy 脑萎缩cerebral contusion 脑搓伤cerebral infarction 脑梗塞cerebral ischemia 脑缺血cerebral cycticercosis脑囊虫病cholesteatoma 胆脂瘤cholangiocarcinoma胆管癌cholecystitis胆囊炎chronic pancreatitis 慢性胰腺炎circle of willis脑底动脉环cirrhosis 肝硬化collimator 准直器console 控制台contrast medium 对比剂contrast enhancement 对比增强contrast media bolus 造影剂团注contusion of kidney 肾挫伤contusion of spinal cord 脊髓挫伤coronal scan 冠状面扫描craniopharyngioma颅咽管瘤CT angiography，CTA CT血管造影术CT arterial portography,CTAP CT 动脉性门脉造影CT fluoroscopy CT透视CT guided needle biopsy CT 导向穿刺活检CT guided fine needle aspiration biopsy CT导向细针抽吸活组织检查CT guided stereotaxis CT导向立体定位CT intervention CT介入CT muelography,CTM CT脊髓造影CT value CT 值Cyst of Kinney 肾囊肿D----------delayed scan 延迟扫描density resolution 密度分辨率digital martrix数字矩阵dynamic scanning 动态扫描E----------enhancement scan 增强扫描ependymoma室管膜瘤epidural hematoma 硬膜外血肿F----------fatty liver 脂肪肝field of view,FOV视野FWHM 有效层厚\rG----------gallbladder carcinoma 胆囊癌gallstone 胆石症golima胶质瘤Graves’ disease 格氏眼病H----------hepatic cyst 肝囊肿hepatocellular 肝细胞癌high KV radiography 高千伏摄影high resolution CT,HRCT 高分辨率CThigh spatial-freqyency algorithm 高空间频率计算法重建hypaque泛影钠I----------image post-processing 图象后处理image reconstruction 图象重建informatics in radiology,infoRAD信息放射学interventional radiology 介入放射学iodipamide/biligrafin/cholografin胆影葡胺iohexol碘苯六醇（欧乃派克）iopromide碘普罗胺isovist伊索显L----------laser printer 激光打印机\rM----------matrix 矩阵maximum intensity projection,MIP最大强度投影medulloblastoma髓母细胞瘤meningioma 黑色素瘤motion artifact 运动伪影multiformat camera 多幅相机multiplanarreformation,MPR多平面重建multiple sclerosis 多发性肝硬化N----------neurofibroma神经纤维瘤noise 噪声O----------orbitomeatal line 听眶线overlap scan 重叠扫描P----------partial volume effect 部分容积效应peripheral space phenomenon 周围间隙现象picture achieve and communication system,PACS图象存储和传输系统pitch 螺距pixel 像素plain scan 平扫pleural effusion 胸腔积液posterior cerebral artery,PCA 大脑后动脉preventive maintenace日常维护程序protrusion of intervertebral disk 椎间盘突出Q----------quantitative computed tomography,QCT定量CTR----------region of interest 兴趣区\r retinoblastoma 视网膜母细胞瘤S----------scout view 定位扫描slice increment 间距slice thickness 层厚spatial resolution 空间分辨率spinal srenosis 椎管狭窄spiral CT/helical CT 螺旋CTsubdural hematoma 硬膜下血肿T----------teleradiology远程放射学temporal resolution 时间分辨率thin slice scan 薄层扫描three dimension computedtomography,3 DCT 三维CTthree-dimensional surface reconstrction,SSD三维表面重建threshold 阈值tomography 体层摄影tuberculosis 肺结核U----------ultrafast CT,UFCT 超高速CTultravist优维显urografin泛影葡胺V----------vertebral artery,VA椎动脉\r virtual endoscopy,VE仿真内镜volume acquisition 容积采集volume scan 容积扫描voxel matrix 像素矩阵W----------window level 窗位window width 窗宽work station 工作站X----------Xeroradiography 干板照相X-ray tube X线球管Xenon,Xe氙气. .。

常见疾病英语名称

常见疾病英语名称Internal Medicine 内科Acidosis 酸中毒Adams-Stokes syndrome 亚－斯氏综合症alcoholism, alcoholic intoxication 酒精中毒alkalosis 碱中毒anaphylaxis 过敏症anemia 贫血iron deficiency anemia 缺铁性贫血megaloblastic anemia 巨幼红细胞性贫血aplastic anemia 再生障碍性贫血angiitis 脉管炎angina pectoris 心绞痛arteriosclerosis 动脉硬化apoplexy 中风auricular fibrillation 心房纤颤auriculo-ventricular block 房室传导阻滞bronchial asthma 支气管哮喘bronchitis 支气管炎bronchiectasis 支气管扩张bronchopneumonia 支气管肺炎carcinoma 癌cardiac arrhythmia 心律紊乱cardiac failure 心力衰竭cardiomyopathy 心肌病cirrhosis 肝硬化coronary arteriosclerotic heart disease 冠状动脉硬化性心脏病Crohn disease 克罗恩病Cushing's syndrome 库欣综合症diabetes 糖尿病diffuse intravascular coagulation 弥散性血管凝血dysentery 痢疾enteritis 肠炎gastric ulcer 胃溃疡gastritis 胃炎gout 痛风hepatitis 肝炎Hodgkin's disease 霍奇金病hyperlipemia 高脂血症，血脂过多hyperparathyroidism 甲状旁腺功能亢进hypersplenism 脾功能亢进hypertension 高血压hyperthyroidism 甲状腺功能亢进hypoglycemia 低血糖hypothyroidism 甲状腺功能减退infective endocarditis 感染性心内膜炎influenza 流感leukemia 白血病lobar pneumonia 大叶性肺炎lymphadenitis 淋巴结炎lymphoma 淋巴瘤malaria 疟疾malnutrition 营养不良measles 麻疹myeloma 骨髓瘤myocardial infarction 心肌梗死myocarditis 心肌炎nephritis 肾炎nephritic syndrome 肾综合症obstructive pulmonary emphysema 阻塞性肺气肿pancreatitis 胰腺炎peptic ulcer 消化性溃疡peritonitis 腹膜炎pleuritis 胸膜炎pneumonia 肺炎pneumothorax 气胸purpura 紫癜allergic purpura 过敏性紫癜thrombocytolytic purpura 血小板减少性紫癜pyelonephritis 肾盂肾炎renal failure 肾功能衰竭rheumatic fever 风湿病rheumatoid arthritis 类风湿性关节炎scarlet fever 猩红热septicemia 败血症syphilis 梅毒tachycardia 心动过速tumour 肿瘤typhoid 伤寒ulcerative colitis 溃疡性结肠炎upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage 上消化道血Neurology 神经科brain abscess 脑脓肿cerebral embolism 脑栓塞cerebral infarction 脑梗死cerebral thrombosis 脑血栓cerebral hemorrhage 脑出血concussion of brain 脑震荡craniocerebral injury 颅脑损伤epilepsy 癫痫intracranial tumour 颅内肿瘤intracranial hematoma 颅内血肿meningitis 脑膜炎migraine 偏头痛neurasthenia 神经衰弱neurosis 神经官能症paranoid psychosis 偏执性精神病Parkinson's disease 帕金森综合症psychosis 精神病schizophrenia 精神分裂症Surgery 外科abdominal external hernia 腹外疝acute diffuse peritonitis 急性弥漫性腹膜炎acute mastitis 急性乳腺炎acute pancreatitis 急性胰腺炎acute perforation of gastro-duodenal ulcer急性胃十二指肠溃疡穿孔acute pyelonephritis 急性肾盂肾炎anal fissure 肛裂anal fistula 肛瘘anesthesia 麻醉angioma 血管瘤appendicitis 阑尾炎bleeding of gastro-duodenal ulcer 胃十二指肠溃疡出血bone tumour 骨肿瘤breast adenoma 乳房腺瘤burn 烧伤cancer of breast 乳腺癌carbuncle 痈carcinoma of colon 结肠炎carcinoma of esophagus 食管癌carcinoma of gallbladder 胆囊癌carcinoma of rectum 直肠癌carcinoma of stomach 胃癌cholecystitis 胆囊炎cervical spondylosis 颈椎病choledochitis 胆管炎cholelithiasis 胆石症chondroma 软骨瘤dislocation of joint 关节脱位erysipelas 丹毒fracture 骨折furuncle 疖hemorrhoid 痔hemothorax 血胸hypertrophy of prostate 前列腺肥大intestinal obstruction 肠梗阻intestinal tuberculosis 肠结核lipoma 脂肪瘤lithangiuria 尿路结石liver abscess 肝脓肿melanoma 黑色素瘤osseous tuberculosis 骨结核osteoclastoma 骨巨细胞瘤osteoporosis 骨质疏松症osteosarcoma 骨质疏松症osteosarcoma 骨肉瘤Paget's disease 佩吉特病perianorecrtal abscess 肛管直肠周围脓肿phlegmon 蜂窝织炎portal hypertension 门静脉高压prostatitis 前列腺炎protrusion of intervertebral disc 椎间盘突出purulent arthritis 化脓性关节炎pyogenic ostcomyclitis 化脓性骨髓炎pyothorax 脓胸rectal polyp 直肠息肉rheumatoid arthritis 类风湿性关节炎rupture of spleen 脾破裂scapulohumeral periarthritis 肩周炎tenosynovitis 腱鞘炎tetanus 破伤风thromboangiitis 血栓性脉管炎thyroid adenocarcinoma 甲状腺腺癌thyroid adenoma 甲状腺腺瘤trauma 创伤urinary infection 泌尿系感染varicose vein of lower limb 下肢静脉曲张Paediatrics 儿科acute military tuberculosis of the lung 急性粟粒性肺结核acute necrotic enteritis 急性坏死性结肠炎anaphylactic purpura 过敏性紫癜ancylostomiasis 钩虫病ascariasis 蛔虫病asphyxia of the newborn 新生儿窒息atrial septal defect 房间隔缺损birth injury 产伤cephalhematoma 头颅血肿cerebral palsy 脑性瘫痪congenital torticollis 先天性斜颈convulsion 惊厥Down's syndrome 唐氏综合症glomerulonephritis 肾小球肾炎hemophilia 血友病infantile diarrhea 婴儿腹泻intracranial hemorrhage of the newborn 新生儿颅内出血intussusception 肠套叠necrotic enterocolitis of newborn 新生儿坏死性小肠结膜炎neonatal jaundice 新生儿黄疸nutritional iron deficiency anemia 营养性缺铁性贫血nutritional megaloblastic anemia 营养性巨幼细胞性贫血patent ductus arteriosis 动脉导管未闭poliomyelitis 骨髓灰质炎premature infant 早产儿primary tuberculosis 原发性肺结核progressive muscular dystrophy 进行性肌肉营养不良pulmonary stenosis 肺动脉狭窄purulent meningitis 化脓性脑膜炎rickets 佝偻病sepsis of the newborn 新生儿败血症tetanus of the newborn 新生儿破伤风tetralogy of Fallot 法洛四联症thrush 鹅口疮，真菌性口炎varicella 水痘ventricular septal defect 室间隔缺损viral encephalitis 病毒性脑炎viral myocarditis 病毒性心肌炎Gynecology and Obstetrics 妇，产科abortion 流产adenomyosis 子宫内膜异位症amniotic fluid embolism 羊水栓塞Bartholin's cyst 巴氏腺囊肿carcinoma of cervix 子宫颈癌carcinoma of endometrium 子宫内膜癌carcinoma of ovary 卵巢癌cervicitis 宫颈炎chorio-epithelioma 绒毛膜上皮癌corpora luteum cyst 黄体囊肿dystocia 难产eclampsia 子痫edema-proteinuria-hypertension syndrome水肿蛋白尿高血压综合征（妊娠高血压综合征）endometriosis 子宫内膜异位症extrauterine pregnancy 子宫外孕hydatidiform mole 葡萄胎hyperemesis gravidarum 妊娠剧吐infertility 不育症irregular menstruation 月经失调lochia 恶露monilial vaginitis 念珠菌性阴道炎multiple pregnancy 多胎妊娠myoma of uterus 子宫肿瘤oligohydramnios 羊水过少ovarian tumour 卵巢肿瘤pelvic inflammatory disease 盆腔炎placenta previa 前置胎盘placental abruption 胎盘早期剥离pregnancy-hypertension syndrome 妊娠高血压综合症premature birth 早产premature rupture of membrane 胎膜早破postpartum hemorrhage 产后出血puerperal infection 产褥感染rupture of uterus 子宫破裂trichomonas vaginitis 滴虫性阴道炎uteroplacental apoplexy 子宫胎盘卒中vulvitis 外阴炎Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology 五官科amblyopia 弱视amygdalitis, tonsillitis 扁桃体炎astigmatism 散光carcinoma of nasopharynx鼻咽癌carcinoma of larynx 喉癌cataract 白内障tinnitus 耳鸣chalazion 霰粒肿，脸板腺囊肿colour blindness 色盲deflection of nasal septum 鼻中隔偏曲deafness 聋furuncle of nasalvestibule 鼻前庭疖glaucoma 青光眼heterotropia 斜视hyperopia 远视injury of cornea 角膜损伤ceruminal impaction 耵聍嵌塞iritis 虹膜炎keratitis 角膜炎labyrinthitis 迷路炎，内耳炎laryngitis 喉炎mastoiditis 乳突炎myopia 近视nasal sinusitis 鼻窦炎otitis media 中耳炎obstruction of larynx 喉梗阻peritonsillar abscess 扁桃体中脓肿pharyngitis 咽炎rhinitis 鼻炎Dermatoloty 皮科acne 痤疮carcinoma of skin 皮肤癌bed sore 褥疮decubitus ulcer 褥疮性溃疡drug eruption 药皮疹eczema 湿疹herpes simplex 单纯疱疹herpes zoster 带状疱疹lupus erythematosis 红斑狼疮psoriasis 牛皮癣urticaria 荨麻疹普通感冒 Cold咳嗽 Cough流行性感冒 Influenza (Flu)支气管炎 Bronchitis气喘 Asthma打嗝 Hiccup痰 Sputum肺炎 Pneumonia肺结核 Pulmonary tuberculosis (T.B.)肺气肿 Pulmonary emphysema肋膜炎 Pleurisy心肌梗塞 Myocardial infarction (Heart attack)狭心症 Angina pectoris心悸动 Palpitation心律不整 Arrhythmia, Irregular heart beats吐痰 Spit-------------------------------------------------- 常见疾病的英文名称（脑，神经，颜面）头痛 Headache脑膜炎 Meningitis脑性麻痹 Cerebral palsy巴金森病Parkinson’s disease癫痫，羊癫疯 Epilepsy神经痛 Neuralgia三叉神经痛 Trigeminal neuralgia肋骨神经痛 Intercostal neuralgia颜面神经痛 Facial neuralgia颜面神经麻痹 Facial palsy颜面痉挛(抽筋) Facial spasm意识不明 Unconsciousness昏睡 Coma失神，昏倒 Fainting, Syncope昏晕 Dizzy, Vertigo神经过敏 Nervousness--------------------------------------------------- 肾，膀胱，尿道肾脏炎 Nephritis肾不全 Renal failure肾结石 Renal stone尿道结石 Urethral stone尿道炎 Urethritis淋菌性尿道炎 Gonococcal urethritis非淋菌性尿道炎 Non- gonococcal urethritis尿毒症 Uremia膀胱炎 Cystitis膀胱结石 Bladder stone尿道感染症 Urinary tract infection尿失禁 Urinary incontinence频尿 Urinary frequency多尿 Polyuria夜尿 Enuresis, Bed wetting------------------------------------------------- 常见疾病的英文名称（肠胃，肛门）胃炎 Gastritis溃疡 Ulcer胃溃疡 Gastric ulcer, Peptic ulcer胃下垂 Gastric ptosis胃痉挛 Colicky pain of the stomach胃气痛 Heart-burn食欲 Appetite作呕 Nausea十二指肠溃疡 Duodenal ulcer肠炎 Enteritis盲肠炎 Appendicitis肠内积气，屁 Flatulence, Gas直肠赘肉 Rectal polyp疝痛 Colic腹膜炎 Peritonitis痔疮 Hermorrhoids内痔核 Internal haemorrhoid外痔核 External haemorrhoid痔 Anal fistula脱肛 Prolapse of the anus肛门周围炎 Perianal inflammation肛门发痒症 Pruritus ani便秘症 constipation消化不良 Indigestion, Dyspepsia腹泻，下痢症 Diarrhea黑便 Tarry stool------------------------------------------- 常见疾病的英文名称（口腔）舌炎 Glossitis舌苔 Caoted, or Furred tongue蛀牙 Dental cavities齿髓炎 Pulpitis蜂窝组织炎 Phlegmon牙周炎 Periodontitis牙周病 Periodontosis唾液，口水 Saliva齿肉炎 Gingivitis------------------------------------------ 常见疾病英文名称（眼科）盲 Blind眼睑缘炎 Blepharitis麦粒肿 Hordeolum, Sty (Stye)泪囊炎 Dacryocystitis白内障 Cataract绿内障 Glaucoma结膜炎 Conjunctivitis角膜炎 keratitis色盲 Color blindness夜盲 Night blindness远视 Hyperopia (Far-sight)近视 Myopia (Near-sight)乱视 Astigmatism斜视 Strabismus, Squint, Crossed eyes-------------------------------------------- 常见疾病的英文名称（耳鼻喉）耳病 earache耳鸣 Tinnitus听觉障碍，耳聋 Deafness中耳炎 Otitis media外耳道炎 Otitis externa内耳炎 Labyrinthitis耳下腺炎 Mumps鼓膜破裂 Rupture of the tympanic membrane鼻炎 Rhinitis鼻咽腔炎 Rhino-pharyngitis扁桃腺炎 Tonsilitis扁桃腺肥大 Tonsil hypertrophy 咽头炎 Pharyngitis声带结节Singer’s nodules嘎声 Hoarseness哑 Mute有恶臭味的鼻汁 Foul mucus打喷嚏 Sneese。

食管癌PPTPPT课件

2019年7月
24
2019年7月
25
2019年7月
26
2019年7月
27
食管镜检查
• 对临床高度怀疑而又未能明确诊断者，应尽早作食管镜检，并取活组织检查。
2019年7月
28
2019年7月
29
2019年7月
30
食管拉网细胞学检查
• 食管拉网细胞学检查的阳性率为 90%，这种方法操作简便，痛苦少，在防癌普查中尤为有用
肝、脑等远处转移引起黄疸腹水昏迷等
2019年7月
21
体征
• 锁骨上淋巴结有无肿大， • 肝有无肿块，有无腹水、胸水等远处转
移体征。
2019年7月
22
辅助检查－钡餐造影
• 正常食管 • 粘膜完整、纵行
粘膜清晰
2019年7月
23
食管癌
• 早期：a.食管粘膜皱襞紊乱、粗糙或中断现象；
b.小的充盈缺损； c.小龛影； d.局限性管壁僵硬，蠕动中断。 • 中、晚期：明显的不规则狭窄和充盈缺损，管壁僵硬，常伴有狭窄上方食管不同程度的扩张。
髓质型：多数累及食管全周或大部分，最多见。溃疡型：阻塞程度较轻，但外侵较重。蕈伞型：突向腔内，与周围的粘膜境界清楚。缩窄型：即硬化型，明显的环形狭窄，较早出现阻塞。
2019年7月
7
2019年7月
8
镜下病理
• 鳞癌 • 腺癌：贲门 • 小细胞癌 • 其它
2019年7月
9
分期
.
TNM分期 T分期
• 胸上段—胸廓入口至气管分叉平面 • 胸中段—气管分叉平面至贲门口全长
的上半 • 胸下段—气管分叉平面至贲门口全长

常见消化内科疾病名称_中英

肠易激综合征
motility diarrhea
肠运动功能异常性腹泻
functional constipation (gastrointestinal disorders)
功能性便秘（胃肠病）
生物医药（生命科学）领域
functional dyspepsia intestinal allergic purpura tuberculous peritonitis chronic diarrhea inflammatory bowel disease (diarrhea) spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) Helicobacter Pylori(HP) toxic magacolon acute (chronic) hepatitis drug-induced liver disease post hepatitis (schistosomal, alcoholic) cirrhosis nodular (biliary) cirrhosis alcoholic liver disease primary carcinoma of the liver hepatocellular carcinoma hepatocellular jaundice hepatic fibrosis hepatic encephalopathy hepatic cyst carvernous hemangioma hepatic coma
急性出血性坏死性肠炎
intestinal malabsorption syndrome
小肠吸收不良综合征
enteric volvulus
小肠扭转
small intestinal (duodenal) stasis syndrome adhesion of small intestine