科技论文撰写指导【英文】
中英文科技论文写作教程
中英文科技论文写作教程标题一、英文文章标题（Title）的结构：1.完整句子作为题目，这是一种常见的结构，尤其在报刊中常用：Fuzhou Strives for Better Exports（由于是题目，在句尾不能用句号）2.名词+动词不定式结构：这种结构表示将来，因在题目中一般不用will或shallThe Chinese Communist Party to Hold Its 18th Congress3.名词或名词短语+过去分词。
这种结构常用于报道已做过的事情.Capital International Airport Enlarged.北京国际机场扩建4.现代分词短语结构。
Visiting a Friend on a Snowy Night5.介绍短语结构In Memory of ….6.名词或名词短语+介词短语结构Home for the Sailors7.以动词原形开始的短语结构，这种结构常用于带有号召性的题目中。
Server the People8.名词或名词短语结构，例如A small Green City二、注意题目字母的大小写问题1. 题目中除介词、冠词、和连接词的字母全部小写外，其它的词的第一个字母要大写（介词和冠词在题目开头时第一个字母也要大写）My Family and Myself2.题目中全部字母大写，这种形式大多用于书籍封面上的题目，例如：上海简介A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO SHANGHAI3.题目第一个词的第一个字母大写外，其它字母一律小写，但遇到专门名词时，该词的第一个字母仍须大写，现在报纸上的题目大都采用这种形式，主要是便于排版。
中国体操选手夺得七枚金牌Chinese gymnasts sweep away seven gold medals三．在英语文章题目中，冠词常可省略，例如美国总统在西方U.S. President in West四、英文文题的一般性原则*文题应准确而清晰反映文章的内容和重点。
英文科技论文写作技巧大全
英文科技论文写作技巧大全英文科技论文的基本格式•Title•Author(s)•Affiliation(s) and address(es) •Abstract•Keywords•Introduction •Experimental •Results and discussion •Conclusion (Summary;Concluding remarks) •Appendix (Abbreviation)•Acknowledgement •References2.基本要求（1）Title长短适中，概括性强，重点突出，一目了然。
（2）Author(s)姓氏和名字要容易弄清楚，以免发生以名代姓。
（3）Affiliation(s) and address(es)准确清楚，使读者能按所列信息顺利地与作者联系。
（4）Abstract不宜太详尽，也不宜太简短，应将论文的研究体系、主要方法、重要发现、主要结论等，简明扼要地加以概括。
不要将结论与提要重复使用。
（5）Introduction说明本研究的目的意义。
归纳与本研究密切相关的前人研究结果及有关文献，指出本研究与前人研究的不同之处。
说明本论文要解决的问题及方法、手段等。
不宜将本论文的结果在“绪论”中叙述。
（6）Experimental叙述主要的实验过程、方法、仪器设备、试剂来源及规格等。
不宜将实验结果在“实验部分”中叙述。
（7）Results and discussion是论文的核心部分，要求：–数据及图表的内容及含义交代清楚，有条理；–对数据及现象的归纳、演绎、解释、立论要有逻辑性、自洽性。
–语句要准确、流畅、多样化，不宜重复使用相同的句型和词汇。
（8）Conclusion (Summary, Concluding remarks)简明扼要地归纳出本论文的新发现、新观点、新理论等。
不宜将“结果及讨论”部分的语句直接抄录作为结论。
（9）References要按所投杂志规定的格式准确书写。
英文科技学术论文Introduction写法
大多数英文科技学术论文都可以使用一种所谓Introduction-Methods-Results and Discussion (IMRAD) 的形式，如下图的沙漏所示，先由普遍到具体问题，再由具体到普遍结论。
这里先总结Introduction的写法和注意事项。
与中文论文“简短”的“概述”(或“前言”)不一样，英文的Introduction内容通常较长。
好的论文在Introduction部分很见功底，文献的阅读量、信息综合能力，可以给读者很多的信息量，因此写好它容不得半点马虎。
Introduction(说明综述)部分的内容通常用来为作者创造一个研究空间。
先介绍目前的研究现状，然后指出存在的不足或尚没有解决的问题，最后再介绍“存在的问题”是“如何”被作者的研究所解决。
因此，Introduction可以由这“三波”或者说“三部分”来组成。
具体而言，这“三波”如此展开：第一波：提出研究现状和此研究的重要性先通过陈述表明所要研究问题的重要性——当然这部分内容不是必须，并介绍此领域的研究现状，具体可参考文献综述引用。
研究问题要与自己的研究内容高度相关，时态一般可用一般现在时，并通过很确定的语气和具体的形容词来强调研究的重要生。
The flow of foams is seen in many process, and its use in major industries means that an understanding of foam rheology is of paramount importance.第二波：强调有必要解决存在的问题指出该研究目前存在的问题，可以通过提问的方式或者通过某种方式扩展此领域已有知识和结论。
这一波非常重要，只有指出存在的问题或尚待解决的问题，才能突显出自己的研究价值。
在这一部分的写作时，一般通过转折词来表示过渡，并在指出问题时使用负面的词汇。
… ; however, the relationship between emergence and soil temperature has not been investigated previously…In contrast to the extensive literature describing ….., little attention has been paid to…第三波：介绍作者自己的研究内容介绍作者的研究目的和大致的研究内容。
英语科技论文写作技巧(精美PPT)
使用中性词
• 1. 避免使用 man ，用people代替 • 2. 避免使用he，she，his，her等，用they，their，we，us等 • 3. 避免使用褒义色彩的词主观对论文做出评价等
标点符号
• 英文的标点符号与中文标点符号在形式上的差别主要有： • 1. 英文中句号为句点 • 2. 省略号为三个连续的句点 • 3. 没有顿号、书名号 • 4. 英文中有’
• The proposal is not easily accessible; therefore,…
• 分号也可以用来分隔没有连词连接的独立句子，如：
• The participants in the first study were paid; those in the second were unpaid.
• 5.冒号（：） • 冒号用来引导前文所预期解释、说明、引语或详细信息。当引导
的是多个完整的句子或引语时，冒号后面的首字母需要大写：引 导的时单个句子时，有时用大写有时用小写。 • 6.分号（；） • 用来分隔一系列的、其中还有逗号的单词、短语或数据。如： • We thank Zachary Axelrod, university of Michigan, for spectral data; Caroline Fleissner, Harvard University, for helpful discussions; and the National Science Foundation for financial support.
义
避免双重否定
• This result is not unlikely to occur. • = The result is possible. • 这里应当也避免缩写，尽量写否定的全拼
英文科技论文写作 第2课. The Title of paper
Workshop 2: The TitleIntroductionThe title of your paper is important because it is the first part that is read by your peers. Lebrun (2007) likened the title of a paper to a person‟s face. A face gives an impression of the type of person who you are, and by analogy the title of a paper gives people a first impression of whether your paper is interesting enough for them to read the rest of the paper. It follows therefore that the title of the paper should attract readers to read your paper and enhance the chances of it being cited. A little should also be specific, honest, brief and positive and differentiate your work from other published research.The following guidelines or tips are recommended as ways of improving titles. However, you should be aware that not all these tips work in the same direction. For example, a general title can often be attractive to a greater number of readers, but a general title runs counter to the desired aim of having a title that is specific.1.Begin your title with keywords and avoid ‘waste word’: As pointed out by Lindsay (1996) itis a good idea to start the title with a keyword. Consider the following example (modified from Lindsay 1996):…The influence of manganese on pine needles‟This is a common title in many scientific papers ( the effect of A on B). This type of title is unattractive, and does not tell you what A (manganese) did to B (pine needles). In addition, this type of title contains …waste word‟ and relegates one of the keywords to the end of the title. A far better (positive, specific and attractive) title would be:…Manganese brightens the colour of pine needles‟This title starts with one of the keywords and tells you what to expect in the paper, i.e. it is specific. The new title contains as many words as the old one, but it conveys more specific and interesting information. The new title has achieved another desired aim but dispersing with the waste words, …The influence of …. Other waste word that are commonly found in titles are …investigation on‟, …Observation on‟, …An‟, …The‟.2. Use of verbs in titles: The addition of a verb to the title of a paper adds energy to the title and tells the reader more than about your contribution (a verb is the word in a sentence that denotes an action, i.e. my professor frowned at me when I was late for class). For example, consider the title: …The effect of leaf damage on pollen production by Maple‟This title can be improved by removing the waste word, …The‟, and add a verb to make the title more specific (modified from Gustavii 2003):…Leaf damage decreased pollen production by Maple‟Lindsay (1996) counsels against using the present tense for such titles, because …Leaf damage decreases pollen production by Maple‟ implies that your work is the definitive research that has settled the question of the effect of leaf damage on pollen production by maple once and for all.The following title contains a verb and also has a …keyword‟ placed first (modified from Lebrun 2007):…High resolution numerical models: understanding satellite data‟This type of title is known as a hanging title and some very good journals such as …Science‟advocate their use. Other disagree, for example, Day (1998) states that hanging titles “appear pedantic, often place the emphasis on a general term rather than a more specific term, necessitate punctuation, scramble indexes and in general provide poor titles”.3. Declarative rather than neutral titles: whenever possible use a declarative rather than a neutral title. The following title is neutral (from Gustavii 2003):…The influence of aspirin on prostaglandin synthesis‟A far better title is:…Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis as a mechanism of action of aspirin-like drugs‟This title incorporate keywords at the beginning and introduces verbs to make the title more specific and informative. Most journals will accept declarative titles, although a few still ask for non-declarative titles.4. Adjectives and numbers to make a title more memorable: An adjective is a word whose main role in a sentence is to modify a noun (name of a person, place or thing). For example, my sister is a fast runner. The incorporation of an adjective or adverb (modifiers of verbs, adjectives and clauses) in a title is often used to describe the key aspect of a contribution, i.e. fast, highly efficient, or robust algorithms. A void terms such as new or novel as your work may outlive you and become old and outdated. It is also preferable, as pointed out by Lebrun (2007) to make your adjective less subjective by prefacing it with a number i.e. use ‟20 MHz computer‟rather than …extremely (adverb) fast computer‟because fast computers may become slow over time making them …extremely fast computer‟ very misleading.5. Unexpected or unusual words: Another technique to attract readers and make your title more memorable is to include an unexpected or unusual word. Consider the following example (from Lebrun 2007):“Hydrophobic property of sol-gel hard coating”This is a rather general title, but as pointed out by Lebrun (2007) it has the virtues of being short and specific. The following title, however, is better:“Increasing hydro-phobicity of sol-gel hard coating by chemical and micromorphological modifications” (Lebrun 2007)This title is more specific (honest) and representative of the work. It adds keywords making it easier to find by search engines and it clearly tells the reader how increases in hydro-phobicity were achived. The title has lost conciseness because it is longer, but it has gained in appeal because it starts with the verb …increasing‟. The following, alternative title is more catchy and might attract readers from outside of the field of manufacturing and coatings, for examplebiologists (from Lebrun 2007):“Increasing hydro-phobicity of sol-gel hard coatings by mimicking lotus leaf morphology”This title has lost two important keywords (chemical and morphological modifications), however, this deficiency might be rectified by placing the keywords in the list of keywords that follows the journal abstract (from Lebrun 2007).Care should be exercised when including catchy terms in titles. Sometimes these terms may not make sense to people living in other parts of world, as is the case for the following titles (taken from Lebrun 2007).“The inflammatory microphage a story of Jekyll and Hyde”“The abc‟s (& xyz‟s) if peptide sequencing”6. Making titles catchy by posing a question: Hanging titles posed as questions such as the following can make catchy and interesting titles:“Software acceleration using programmable logic: is it worth the effect” (from Lebrun 2007) “Wax and oil emulsion additives : How effective are they at improving the performance of preservative-treated wood”However, titles like these are best reserved for those who are quite well established in their fields, otherwise they could be considered as being rather arrogant. Day (1998) states that titles posed as questions should not used at all.7. Pitfalls and things to avoid: Titles of papers should not contain abbreviations, acronyms, trade names and clichés (jargon). There are some exceptions to this general rule. For example, some acronyms and abbreviations are more common than the words they stand for such as pH and DNA. In such cases it is acceptable to use the abbreviation. If in doubt spell out the abbreviation in full and include the abbreviation in brackets. Similarly it is acceptable to include an acronym in a title if you are introducing it for the first time, as is the case for the following title taken from Lebrun (2007):“VISOR: learning v isual s chemas in neutral networks for o bject r ecognition and scene analysis”Outdated words which have lost their meaning should also be avoided i.e. animalcules for bacteria and protozoa (Day 1998).Titles are not usually sentences rather they are labels. Nevertheless, you should be careful of syntax. Most problems in this area stem from the order of words in the title as is the case for the following title (Day 1998):“Multiple infections among newborns resulting from implantation with staphylococcus aureus”(This is title indicates that newborns result from implantation with the bacteria staphylococcus aureus) !Other consideratrionsRunning titles: Most journals include a running title for your paper, which is printed at the top (running head) or bottom (running foot) of every page, or alternate pages. Some journals create this running title from the full title that you supply, but others will ask you to provide a running title. The running title is shorter than then full title, and when you prepare it, you should focus on the keywords and the subject of the paper.“Hydrophobicity of sol-gel coatings” (from the earlier title in Lebrun 2007)Thesis title: Thesis titles can be longer than titles for a paper and some non-experts might be interested in your thesis as well as experts (peers). Therefore, a useful approach way of pleasing both audiences is to create a hanging title with the first being intelligible to non-experts and a sub-heading containing more specific details, i.e.:“Modification of wood with cold plasma with emphasis on the morphological and chemical changes to wood cell walls”Series titles: The priority given in academia to publishing large numbers of papers has led some scientists to publish their research findings in a series. In some quarters this practice is known as …slicing the salami thin‟. Titles for such papers are generally hanging titles with the number of paper taking the place of the question in the hanging titles mentioned earlier:“Thermal modification of red alder:1. The effect of temperature and duration of heating”There are a number of objections to a title like this. Firstly, the initial part of the title is too general and becomes redundant in subsequent papers published in the series. In addition the meaning of the individual papers in the series only becomes clear when the series is read as a whole. Papers should be cohesive documents that are intelligible without reference to other papers. Hence, for these reasons papers in series are disliked by editors and also referees who have to referee two or three papers at a time (rather than one good paper)! Problem can also arise for authors and their peers if some of papers in the series are accepted and other are rejected.ReferencesDay, R.A. (1998). How to write and publish a scientific paper (5th edition), Oryx Press, West port C T.Gustavii, B. (2003). How to write and illustrate a scientific paper. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Lebrun, J-L. (2007). Scientific writing. A readers and writer‟s guide. World Scientific Publishing Co, Singapore.Lindsay, D. (1996). A guide to scientific writing (2nd edition), Longman, Melbourne.。
英文科技论文写作的一些要点
科技英语论文的写作要点总体原则（3C）：Correct (正确)，Clear (清楚)；Concise (简洁)。
1 论文题名1.1 基本要求(1) 准确(Accuracy)。
题名要准确地反映论文的内容。
作为论文的“标签”，题名既不能过于空泛和一般化，也不宜过于烦琐，使人得不出鲜明的印象。
如果题名中无吸引读者的信息，或写得不堪理解。
为确保题名的含义准确，应尽量避免使用非定量的、含义不明的词，如"rapid"，"new"等；并力求用词具有专指性，如"a vanadium-iron alloy"明显优于"a magnetic alloy"。
(2) 简洁(Brevity)。
题名需用词简短、明了，以最少的文字概括尽可能多的内容。
题名最好不超过10 ~ 12个单词，或100个英文字符（含空格和标点），如若能用一行文字表达，就尽量不要用2 行（超过2行有可能会削弱读者的印象）。
在内容层次很多的情况下，如果难以简短化，最好采用主、副题名相结合的方法，如：Importance of replication in microarray gene expression studies: statistical methods and evidence from repetitive CDNA hybridizations (Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2000, 97(18): 9834 ~ 9839). 其中的副题名起补充、阐明作用，可起到很好的效果。
(3) 清楚(Clarity)。
题名要清晰地反映文章的具体内容和特色, 明确表明研究工作的独到之处，力求简洁有效、重点突出。
为表达直接、清楚，以便引起读者的注意，应尽可能地将表达核心内容的主题词放在题名开头。
如The effectiveness of vaccination against in healthy, working adults (N Engl J Med，1995, 333: 889-893)中，如果作者用关键词vaccination作为题名的开头，读者可能会误认为这是一篇方法性文章：How to vaccinate this population? 相反，用effectiveness作为题名中第一个主题词，就直接指明了研究问题：Is vaccination in this population effective? 题名中应慎重使用缩略语。
科技论文英文写作
– “concise and informative” – “Concise and descriptive (not declarative)” – should NOT try to condense the whole paper into the title – As a label, not a sentence Source: Li Zhilin
Comments to Author:
examples of review form
Originality : Weak Accept/Accept/Strong Accept
Quality : Weak Accept Relevance : Weak Accept Presentation : Neutral Recommendation : Weak Accept/Weak Reject/Reject/Strong Reject Summary:
• Contentsct of a scientific paper
– Why (what was done) was done
• one or two sentence to orientated readers and indicate reasons for this study
Scientific Writing in English
杨必胜
examples of review form
1. Is this a new and original contribution?
2. Is the paper of interest to geoscientists, mathematicians, computer scientists, statisticians, or general?
如何撰写英文科技论文
如何撰写英文科技论文ABSTRACT（摘要）科技论文摘要通常包括以下几项内容：研究动机，研究方法，主要结果，简要结论。
顾名思义，摘要应该言简意赅，因此争取用一句话说明一项内容，每项最多不要超过三句话。
通常在提交论文全文之前需要先提交摘要，摘要实际上就是一个小的IMRaD结构：为什么做这个研究？用了什么方法？取得了什么结果？结论是什么？这些问题逐一回答了，摘要就写完整了。
INTRODUCTION（引言）Introduction看似简单，但并不容易写好。
好的Introduction通常包括三部分内容：介绍研究课题（性质，范围等等）；陈述对于该课题已有的主要研究成果；解释你对课题研究的特殊贡献，例如使用了什么新方法等。
写这一部分应该尽量简练。
好的启始句非常重要，因为Introduction应该吸引读者而不是让读者生厌。
有许多论文以“It is widely accepted that ...is important”开头，这样的启始句让读者还没进入正文就开始打哈欠。
在Introduction这一部分可以简单介绍你的主要研究结果和结论，也可以不介绍结论而只介绍研究方法。
读者读完Introduction 之后看论文的其他部分不应该再有惊奇的发现，因为读科技论文和读侦探小说不一样，读者希望开头就知道结果。
METHODS(方法）Methods部分的目的在于描述所用的材料，实验装置，实验方法，理论模型，计算方法。
写好这部分的关键在于把握好“度”，即提供恰到好处的细节，避免过于简单或繁琐（太繁复或不必须的公式、推导可放入附录appendix)。
衡量标准是看你所提供的细节是否足以让感兴趣的专业读者重复你的实验或方法。
在这一部分不需要汇报结果。
RESULTS(结果）在Results部分只需要如实地汇报结果和数据即可，无需加入自己的解释，让结果和数据来表达研究结论。
这一部分通常会包含图表。
读者在阅读一篇论文时，往往看完题目和摘要后就会浏览所有图表，有进一步兴趣才会再读文章的其它部分，所以图表非常重要。
英语科技论文写作
English technology thesis writingName:Studies: Steel metallurgyGlass:题目：The experiment study of use Iron Tailings and Magnesite Tailings Prepare Cordierite-based Glass CeramicsAbstract：This is work make some exploration about how to use iron tailings and magnesite tailings making glass-ceramics feasibility and preparation methods. Thus, turning waste into wealth and raising added-value of iron ore tailings and magnesite talings . In this work, the main raw material are iron ore tailings and magnesite tailings of Anshan area . And, adding nucleation agent and some other oxide follow the certain proportion , then production MgO - Al2O3- SiO2as the mainly crystalling phase of microcrystalline glass. In the experimental, we use DSC to measured nuclear and crystallizing temperature of glass-ceramics and using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and so on to test the glass-ceramics phase, crystallized behavior, and the effect of nucleation agent. Through the experiment, we obtained the best proportion of raw materials and tailings dosage as high as 80% , we also determine the most appropriate treatment of the corresponding system. Keywords：Iron tailings；magnesite tailings ;glass-ceramics；crystallization科技论文的组成及其各项的作用1、Title题名又叫题目、文题、标题，是科技论文的中心和总纲。
英文科技论文初级写作技巧
只要发英文文章，就要遵循规则，不会写或者写不好不是抄的理由。
在英美体系中，作者写的东西属于创作，是不能剽窃的。
除非只想混文凭而已。
若搞科研，不从最初提高自己，遵循科研的规则，则百害无益。
一些常见的英文文章语言技巧1如何指出当前研究的不足以及有目的地引导出自己的研究的重要性通常在叙述了前人成果之后，用However来引导不足，比如：However, little information..little attention...little work...little datalittle researchor few studiesfew investigations...few researchers...few attempts...or nonone of these studieshas (have) been lessdone on ...focused onattempted toconductedinvestigatedstudied(with respect to)Previous research (studies, records) has (have)failed to considerignoredmisinterpretedneglected tooverestimated, underestimatedmisleadedthus, these previus results areinconclisive, misleading, unsatisfactory, questionable, controversial..Uncertainties (discrepancies) still exist ...这种引导之后一般会提出一种新方法，或者一种新方向。
如果研究的方法以及方向和前人一样，可以通过下面的方式强调自己工作的作用：However, data is still scarcerareless accuratethere is still dearth ofWe need toaim tohave toprovide more documentsdatarecordsstudiesincrease the datasetFurther studies are still necessary...essential...为了强调自己研究内容的重要性，一般还要在However之前介绍自己研究问题的反方面，另一方面等等。
英文科技论文写作与技巧
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Step 3: develop illustrations (figures, tables, photos, etc.) -- continue
科研人员的英文科技论文写作指导
This page intentionally left blankLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataGlasman-Deal, Hilary.Science research writing for non-native speakers of English / by Hilary Glasman-Deal.p. cm.Includes bibliographical references.ISBN 978-1-84816-309-6 (alk. paper) -- ISBN 978-1-84816-310-2 (pbk : alk. paper)1. English language--Technical English--Handbooks, manuals, etc.2. Technical writing--Handbooks, manuals, etc. 3. English language--Textbooks for foreign speakers. I. Title.PE1475.G57 2009808'.0665--dc222009043016British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.Published byImperial College Press57 Shelton StreetCovent GardenLondon WC2H 9HEDistributed byWorld Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HEPrinted in Singapore.For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher.All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means,electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the Publisher.Copyright © 2010 by Imperial College Press。
如何撰写英文科技论文 How to Write a Scientific Paper 中英文对照
How to Write a Scientific Paper*By George M. WhitesidesDepartment of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University,Cambridge, MA 02138, USA科学论文写作*原著：George M. Whitesides (美国)译者：张希，林志宏What is a scientific paper? A paper is an organized description of hypotheses, data and conclusions, intended to instruct the reader. Papers are a central part of research. If your research does not generate papers, it might just as well not have been done. “Interesting and unpublished” is equivalent to“no n-existent.”什么是科技论文？科技论文是集假说、数据和结论为一体的概括性描述，以此向读者论述。
论文是研究工作的中心部分。
如果你的研究没有写成论文，也就等同于没有做研究。
有意义但没有发表，等同于不存在。
Realize that your objective in research is to formulate and test hypotheses, to draw conclusions from these tests, and to teach these conclusions to others. Your objective is not to “collect data.”要意识到研究的目的是为了形成并证实假说，从一些测试中得出结论，并把结论传授给别人。
英文科技论文写作技巧
2. Contents1). paper writing: title, author/affiliation（从属关系）, keywords, abstracts, introduction, main body, discussion, conclusion, acknowledgments, appendices(附件）, [əˈpɛndɪˌsiz] references, etc.2). strategies of paper publication3). other related informationGeneral description of academic paper writing(学术论文的总则)1. Types of academic papers1). Academic report 学术报告Definition（定义）:displaying the results of an experiment, investigation or inquiry (may not give personal opinions, evaluations on the issue).structure:IMRAD（论文主体）:导言、材料、结果及讨论introduction, methods, results and discussion.2). Research paper 研究论文definition:comparatively narrow subject（相对具体的主题，题目切记宽泛）;reporting empirical or theoretical work（实验或理论工作）in an academic field;usually published in academic journals;containing original research results;reviewing existing studies.structure:title, author/affiliation, abstracts, keywords, introduction, theoretical analysis or experimental description, results and discussion, conclusion, acknowledgments, references, appendices, etc.3). Course paper 课程论文definition:written by undergraduate or postgraduate students（本科生或研究生）.written in line with the course requirements （符合课程要求）structure:decided under the instruction of the course tutor.4). Thesis/ Dissertation 学位论文definition:submitted in support of a candidate for a degree;presenting a proposition to argue against or defend;exercising judgment, argument, logic etc.structure:acknowledgements（鸣谢）, abstract, introduction, literature review, methodology, data collection and analysis, findings and conclusions, suggestions for future work, etc.3. The style of academic writing 语体formal language（正式用语）：concise, concrete（具体）, objective（客观）, logical（合理）, coherent（连贯）.1). person: the writer, we, etc2). V oice（语态）: passive（被动）3). structure: nominal structure（名词结构）4). specialized vocabulary（专业词汇）4. General structure of an academic papertitleabstractskeywordsIntroductionliterature reviewresearch methodologies and proceduresresults and findingsdiscussionconclusionreferences※I. TitleGeneral functions1. summarizing2. attracting readers3. facilitating retrieval （便于检索）Linguistic features（语言特征）1. phrase instead of sentence用短语代替句子2. nouns and gerunds名词和动名词Writing requirements1. brief and conciseno more than 20 words, 8-12 on average subtitle is advisable if it’s long2. specific具体3. avoid questions不要用疑问句4. unified grammatically symmetrical, nouns and gerunds not mixed名词动名词不要混用5. Standard: abbreviations（缩略语）, symbols（符号）, terms（术语）, capitalization（大写）e.g. 1). LEARNING FOREIGN LANGUAGES AND TEACHING CULTUREALBACKGROUND.2). Learning Foreign Languages and Teaching Cultural Background3). Learning foreign languages and teaching cultural background※II. Author/AffiliationGeneral functions1. Bearing author’s responsibility2. facilitating retrieval and correspondence便于检索和通信3. heightening academic level for valuing the academic levels of a researcher or anacademic institutionLinguistic featuresZhang Xing Chen Xinwu Ouyang HaiZHANG Xing CHEN Xinwu OUY ANG HaiZHANG, Xing Chen, Xinwu Ouyang, Hai Writing requirements1. format: the requirements of the journal2. number of authors: if more than 5, use “et al.”3. author’s title omitted4. address: from smaller units to larger onesWang ShuhuaSchool of Journalism and transmissionNorthwest UniversityXi’an, Shaanxi 710069P.R. China※III. KeywordsGeneral functions1. highlighting the theme2. retrieval便于检索Linguistic features1. more nouns2. limited numbers: 4-6 words on averageWriting requirements1. using the required section title:e.g. Keywords/Keywords Index/Keywords and Phrases/Indexing Terms, etc.2. placing the section correctly：below the abstract3. spacing the Keywords关键词之间的间隔：Comma（逗号）, semicolon（分号）, larger space（空格）, no full stop at the end（结尾不要句号）.4. adopting standard abbreviations采用标准的缩略形式※IV. AbstractI. Definition:An abstract is a succinct (sək’sɪŋkt)简洁summary of a piece of work, usually academic in nature.A self-contained （独立的）entity;tool in searching for information.II. Basic elements:backgroundtopicapproach three core elementsconclusionsignificanceIII. Category1. Descriptive abstract（说明性摘要）: tells in an all around way what thepaper contains, including background, topic, approach,conclusion and significance.2. Informational abstract（信息性摘要）: highlights the approach andconclusion briefly but quantitatively.3. Informational-descriptive abstract（信息-说明性摘要）：A combined form that bears specific information about the approach and conclusion. IV. Structuretopic sentence主题句---“what” is in an abstractsupporting sentence扩展句---further specifying the subjectconcluding sentence总结句--- summarizing the resultsUseful sentence patterns:Topic sentenceThe primary goal of the research is… The chief aim of the present work is to investi gate…Supporting sentenceThe method used in our study is known as…The technique we applied is referred to as…Concluding sentenceIn conclusion, we state that…As a result of our experiment, we concluded that…V. Writing requirementsLength: no more than 200 words for a long paper50-100 words for a short oneapproximately 3-5 percent of the length of the paper. Comprehensiveness详尽: containing essential elementsConciseness简明: avoiding long mathematical expressions数学公式and omitting tables 表格, graphs, pictures, in-text citations加注, etc.Consistency一致性: consistent with the other parts of the paper与文章的其他部分一致. Tense时态: present, past (approach), future (significance)Personal pronouns and voices人称代词和语气: 3rd person第三人称, passive voice被动语态, to limit the use of first-person pronouns and mixed voices.VI. Writing techniques1. 5 steps:1). defining the context, topic and purpose 2). outlining the approach and procedures 3). listing results, findings, conclusion and significance 4). drafting the abstract起草摘要5). checking2. 5A strategy:A1 background (one sentence)A2 topic (one topic sentence and one or two supporting sentences if necessary)A3 approach (two or more sentences to give specific information about the approach)A4 conclusion (one sentence or more if necessary)A5 significance (one sentence)3. Likely mistakes and common errors:1). Informal writing style非正式的写作风格written language书面语; avoid colloquial style避免口语2). Incompetent content内容不充分Basic elements included; avoid being too simple3). Monotonous language语言单调lack of variety leading to monotonous language4). Imbalance of informationbackground, topic, approach, conclusion and significance should be balanced.※V. IntroductionI. General functions1. introducing the background(content) what2. showing the research scope where3. stating the general purpose why4. explaining the content arrangement(process) howII. Structural featuresa funnel-shape漏斗形Starting with the research background(what has been done)Narrowing down tothe existing problem(what has notbeen done)Focusing onthe presentresearch(what amI goingto do)Background in the abstract and introduction•Abstract: may not have background;or if there is, it should be very short,just one or two sentences.•Introduction: the background should be much longer and more informative, and to take all these previous studies as the background of the present work.III. Expressions:1. Introducing the backgroundRecent experiments by…have suggested…Several researchers have theoretically investigated…There have been a few studies highlighting…In most studies of…has been emphasized with attention being given to…2. Presenting existing problemsGreat progress has been made in this field, however…3. Focusing on the present researchLimiting the scope of workThe problem I ha ve referred to falls within the field of…Introducing the present workIn this paper, …is investigated/studied/discussed/presentedPresenting research methods and proceduresThe method/approach used in the present study is…Indicating the organization of the paperThis paper is divided into five major sections as follows…Tips for writing an introduction:In contrast to an abstract, in this part, one is not encouraged to provide detailed information on the approach and conclusion of one’s study※VI. Main TextI. The structure of the main bodyIt varies from paper to paper and may depend on whether it is theoretical or experimental. Generally, it covers the 8 items(especially for papers of experimental nature):Materials usedEquipments, devices, or instruments仪器及设备Methods(steps, procedures, operation操作, conditions, etc)Calculations计算Surveys or investigations调查(data collection and analysis数据收集及分析)ResultsDiscussionsRecommendations建议Experimental VS Theoretical•Papers of the experimental nature: experiments,investigations, analysis of the results.•Papers of the theoretical nature: Description描述, logical development逻辑展开,etc. II. Language use at the lexical level词汇层面1.Words with specific meanings2. Words with specific meaningsreplacing verb phrases by a single word of a specific meaning；replacing informal words and phrases by formal onesverb phrases verbs Informal formalspeed up accelerate without in the absence ofput in add do a sum calculatebreathe in inhale do/act behavethink about consider about/more or less approximatelytake away remove upside down invertedincrease in amount accumulate sometimes occasionallyjoin together combine a little slightlypush away repel better(than) superior (to)get together concentrate give providepush into insert in the end eventuallynot natural artificialInformal formalmake less/become less decreaseget bigger expandnot as good (as) inferior (to)before this previouslyall right for/enough for suitable forwithout stopping unceasinglycarry transportstay alive survive句子改写6. Noun clusters and nominalizationNoun cluster are structures in which nouns are modified by other nouns instead of attributive clauses or prepositional phrases.用名词群代替定语从句或介词短语High precision instrument（better）---instrument of high precisionNearby engine noise---noise of the engine that is nearbyNominalization refers to the process or result of forming a noun phrase from a clause.it is first of all required that you accept what we propose here---the acceptance of this proposal is the first requirement.we noticed that the dog was really astonishingly clever---we noticed the dog’s really astonishing cleverness.练习 1 choose from column B phrases similar in meaning to verbs in column A. Some phrases may be matched with more than one verb.•ColumnA Column B•1) transmit 传播，发送，传达，传递b a. use up用完，耗尽•2) assimilate 同化，吸收f b. pass on传递•3) consume 消耗，耗尽a c. get rid of 摆脱，除去•4) diffuse 扩散，散开，传播e d. put off推迟，延期，阻止,扔掉•5) transfer 转移，转让,传递b e. spread out展开，铺展•6) eliminate 消除，排除c f. take in and use接受和使用Make the following sentences more concise and academic with nominalization.•If we know the forces on the gear齿轮, we can determine its size.-----1) Knowledge of the forces on the gear makes possible the determination of its size.（better）•The rocket has been developed. For this reason, men can enter space.----2) The development of the rocket makes it possible for man to enter space.•If we add or remove heat, the state of matter may change.----3) The addition or removal of heat may change the state of matter.•We can improve its performance when we use super-heated steam.---4) On using super-heated steam, its performance can be improved.•We analysed the experiment and what we found made us realize that the technique was quite complex.---5) The experimental analysis showed the technical complexity.•Non-finites: The research that is now being carried out in this area is extensive and meaningful.----The research now being carried out in this area is extensive and meaningful.•Attributive words: The precision of the experiment was affected by the noise of the engine nearby.---The experimental precision was affected by the nearby engine noise.•Verbs: The analysis of this method will be undertaken in the following sections.----The method will be analysed in the following sections.•Prepositional phrases: Because the weight of the rope and the sand was lost, the balloon rose suddenly into the sky.----Without the weight of the rope and the sand, the balloon rose suddenly into the sky.•Elliptical forms: Some motions appear to be very simple; others appear very complicated.---Some motions appear to be very simple; others very complicated.•Deleting redundant expressions: The best time for learning is the time of youth.---Youth is the best time for learning.•Less Concise Expressions More Concise Expressions•In spite of the fact that although•Provide an opportunity to allow•After this has been done then•In view of the fact that seeing that•Owing to the fact that since•In order to to•For the purpose of for•In a hasty manner hastily•On a regular basis regularly•Take into account consider• A number of several•In all cases always•In most cases usually• A small number of a few•In the foreseeable future soon• A great deal of much•With the exception of except•Less Concise Sentence Patterns More Concise Forms•It may well be that perhaps•It is evident that evidently•It is clear that clearly•There is no doubt that undoubtedly•It would be apparent that apparently•It would thus seem that seemingly•1) The density of water at 4 ℃is the greatest.---Water has its greatest density at 4 ℃•2) What he has investigated in the lab is encouraging.---His investigation in the lab is encouraging.•3) Heat energy can be converted into mechanical energy, and in turn, mechanical energy can be converted into electrical energy.---Heat energy can be converted into mechanical energy, and in turn, mechanical energy into electrical energy.•4) Though he was a successful industrialist, Alfred Nobel was an idealist.---Though a succesful industrialist, Alfred Nobel was an idealist.III. Eight ways of giving definitions1. Dictionary definitions (词典定义法)2. Authoritative definitions (权威定义法)3. Negative definitions (反面定义法)4. Etymological definitions （词源定义法）5. Analogical definitions （类比定义法）6. Exemplar definitions (举例定义法)7. Contextual definitions (语境定义法) 8. Operational definitions (操作性定义法)Write more concretely•1)Using concrete words具体的•The reflected light was( taken in) absorbed by the transducer传感器•2)Using specific expressions.•Among all these Internet nodes节点，（only a few）fewer than one percent of them belong to Mbone network.★Rewrite the following sentences by making them more concrete•1) The cross section is measured.•2) It goes without saying that the most important thing in microeconomics is the market.•3) The bridge has been declared unsafe for trucks with excessive loaded weight.•4) Sales were down quite a bit for December because of a number of days of heavy snow.•5) We plan to present a proposal covering all important aspects of the problem.•6) The result seems to be satisfactory.※VII Language Techniques at the Discourse Level•I Develop the text logically• 1 Chronological Sequence 时间顺序• 2 Procedure 步骤顺序• 3 from Abstract to Concrete抽象到具体• 4 from Concrete to Abstract具体到抽象• 5 Comparing or Contrasting 比较，对比• 6 Cause and Effect因果II Achieve coherence in writing1)Organizing arguments logically有逻辑的组织参数2)Transitional words/phrases appropriately适当的过渡词和短语3)Repeating keywords or key phrases4)Synonyms for key words /key ideas关键词或关键理念的同义词III Achieve variety in writing•1) Different sentence structures2)Different sentences openings※VIII Results, Discussion and conclusionI Section of Results结论部分•Functions:•1) The summary of the survey, investigation, calculation, experiments, etc.•2)One of the most important elements•3) the value of a study lies here•Contents:•1) Essential facts•2) summarizing the significant results•3) list the meaningful data.4) corresponding analysis• 2 Writing Requirements•Any data should be meaningful;•Sorting out data and selecting data•The presentation of results should be short and clear.II Section of Discussion• 1 General Functions and Main Components of Discussion•General Functions:•Summarize the important facts observed by the researcher.•1) Expounding详细说明the interrelations among the observed facts.•2) showing the underlying 潜在的，根本的causes, the effects, and the theoretical implications of the facts.•3) Leading to the conclusion•Main Components•1) Analyzing the data•2) Expounding viewpoints详细说明观点:•3) Pointing out doubts指出疑点•4) Stating the significance说明意义•5) Arriving at a conclusion得出结论• 2 Writing Requirements1) Sufficiently analyze the presented data and point out the relationship•2) Admit limitations承认局限性•3) Brief and forceful expressions to state the conclusion•To sum up:the writer is supposed to present:• 1 a contrast or comparison between the most important findings in the present study with the original hypothesis（原始假设）• 2 claims of the limitations and implications of the study阐明本研究的局限性及意义• 3 a suggestion of further study or possible applications of the most important results.对进一步研究的建议或主要结论可能的应用•Things should be avoided写结论是应该注意的事项•1) using general terms rather than the names of variables•2) showing no relationship between the results and the literature review•3) lacking a discussion of the limitations of the research.•P.S Never write more words than necessary.III Section of Conclusion• 1 General Functions and Main Elements•Summing up•Presenting statement of conclusions•Providing statement of recommendations• 2 Writing Requirements:•Conclusion accords with the original research design•According to the results and discussion, conclusion is made•Accords with those of other researchers•Suggestion for further study•Practical application of the results结果的实际应用※X Acknowledgements, Illustrations, Appendices附件, and referencesIllustrations: Tables, Graphs, Diagrams, Pictures, etcWriting Requirements ：1.Numbered consecutively 连贯的；连续不断的2.Must have a heading-a concise statement describing its content必须有表头来简要描述其内容3.If it is necessary to include footnotes, they are put below the bottom of the illustration列出参考文献的作用：•Showing respect to the previous works•Facilitating the Literature Research。
英语科技论文写作(一)
2008.3.
由于文化的差异和英语语言本身的特 点，英语科技论文写作虽然在目的性上与 用其它语言形式的科技论文写作是相同的， 但是还有其自己的语言特征、文体要求和 格式变化。
科技论文体例
因学科不同、研究项目、过程和结果不同，科技论文 可以有多种写作方法和体例结构。从20世纪20年代开始， 科技工作者从大量的论文中，总结出了其表达方式的共同 规律，逐步形成了一种较为严密而又符合逻辑的惯用格式； 从此，虽然各种论文所涉及的内容各不相同，论证的方法 各有差异，实验的方法与手段相差很大，但是论文由哪些 部分组成已有规范可循；其常见的构成格式有：标题、署 名、作者单位(通常在第一页底端的黑线下还要简要介绍 作者的姓名、年龄、职称、学位等内容）、摘要、关键词、 引言、正文，结论、致谢、脚注、参考文献和附录等。
标题_注意事项(4) 标题 注意事项
2 .一般采用名词短语作标题 不使用一个句子或不定式短语，一 一般采用名词短语作标题。不使用一个句子或不定式短语 一般采用名词短语作标题 不使用一个句子或不定式短语， 般也不使用介词短语，不出现从句。 般也不使用介词短语，不出现从句。 An exploration and study of the production methods of industrial cupric sulfate （繁琐） Introduce the exploration and study of the production methods of industrial cupric sulfate （祈使句） Methods of producing of industrial cupric sulfate
1
Department of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China, 110000
如何写一篇高质量的科技论文(英文版)
What is a scientific paper? A paper is an organized description of hypotheses, data and conclusions, intended to instruct the reader. Papers are a central part of research. If your research does not generate papers, it might just as well not have been done. “Interesting and unpublished” is equivalent to “non-existent.”什么是科技论文？科技论文是集假说、数据和结论为一体的概括性描述，以此向读者论述。
论文是研究工作的中心部分。
如果你的研究没有写成论文，也就等同于没有做研究。
有意义但没有发表，等同于不存在。
Realize that your objective in research is to formulate and test hypotheses, to draw conclusions from these tests, and to teach these conclusions to others. Your objective is not to “collect data.”要意识到研究的目的是为了形成并证实假说，从一些测试中得出结论，并把结论传授给别人。
你的研究目的不是简单的收集数据。
A paper is not just an archival device for storing a completed research program, it is also a structure for planning your research in progress. If you clearly understand the purpose and form of a paper, it can be immensely useful to you in organizing and conducting your research. A good outline for the paper is also a good plan for the research program. You should write and rewrite these plans/outlines throughout the course of the research. At the beginning, you will have mostly plan; at the end, mostly outline. The continuous effort to understand, analyze, summarize, and reformulate hypotheses on paper will be immensely more efficient for you than a process in which you collect data and only start to organize them when their collection is“complete.”一篇论文并不仅仅是收集已经得到的研究结果，它也有助于形成进一步的研究工作的框架。
科技论文写作(英文)
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For the first four types of writing, the writers are saying
Here’s how I feel Here’s what I think Here’s what I believe It is up to the readers to do with
要能突破英语撰写上的障碍则在专业出 版物上发表文章并非难事
一位来自越南的博班生，于了解撰写专
业英语文章之特定方式，在近三年内发
表21篇学术论文；而硕班陆生于半年内
即发表1篇顶级学术CHE论NLI 文
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02182013 学用落差 大学生 也要负责
2013-02-18 01:01中国时报【苏宜成】
correctly, 3. Know the English usage, 4. Know the typical sentence patterns 5. Know how to write a report and a technical article
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Outline
Session 1: 9月9日晚上
我们从业界得到一致的看法是，大学生要符 合产业界需求的两个基本条件，一是要具备 「多功能」，二是要加强英文。
两点要求看似简单，但是在实际落实于教学 上却窒碍难行，而且阻力完全是来自于学生 本身；
要达到具备多功能，教学与学习难免就要跨 领域，但是多数学生觉得跨领域太难，不想 修这种课程
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以英语撰写文章须注意事项
1.拼字精进(一般字、专有名词) 2.用词精进 3.文法精进(标点符号、惯用法、主词受词
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SOME INVESTIGATIONAL CATEGORIES
Descriptions of problems required for planning interventions
Follow them to the letter
SELECT A TOPIC
Relevance Avoidance of duplication; originality Feasibility Ethical acceptability Applicability of possible results and recommendations Urgency of data needed The “Big So-What”
Research Answer finds
?
Research Problem
Research Question defines
Booth, Columb, & Williams, 1995
SIX STEPS TO DEVELOP A COMPELLING NOVEL IDEA
Identify the niche area
• Candidacy of neurologically impaired children for tonsillectomy
Develop questions within the topic
“What do I want to know?”
• Any difference between normal & impaired children in complications, recovery rate, outcomes?
Preliminary steps
Read guidelines Clear with proposers Submit application to Trio Topic Idea Necessary components Submit IRB, IACUC application
Develop the thesis plan
SUCCESSFUL THESES
Topic Areas
2001 – 2014 (n = 333)
SUCCESSFUL THESES Project Approach 2009 – 2014 (n = 154)
7
4.5%
11
7.1%
31
20.1%
74
(48.05%)
31
20.1%
STEPS TO BUILDING A THESIS
FOUR TESTS OF THESIS TOPIC
Is it new? Is it true? So what?
Who cares?
Fontanarosa, 2008
INTERESTS, TOPICS, QUESTIONS, & PROBLEMS
Find an interest in a broad subject area
Collect and critically analyze background information related to the problem
Develop a preliminary idea (don’t force it)
Assess the idea’s potential for success and modify it, if necessary Seek constructive criticism from colleagues Refine the idea to maximize its potential for impact on your field
Conduct the thesis project Analyze the data Write the paper
THE MOST IMPORTANT RULE
Read the guidelines for thesis format and submission Read them again
“What am I interested/expert in?”
• Pediatric otolaryngology with impaired children
Narrow the interest to a plausible topic
பைடு நூலகம்
“What are unsolved gaps or inconsistencies in this area?”
Develop a rationale for the project
“Why is it important to know this?”
• Demonstrate candidacy, secondary benefits
Practical Problem
helps to solve
motivates
DEVELOPING AND WRITING YOUR TRIOLOGICAL THESIS
Maureen Hannley, PhD
THE ROAD TO TRIO
Board-certified otolaryngologist In practice > 3 years Published > 2 papers & attended 3 national meetings Be proposed by 2 active members & approved by Council
Write a thesis for review & approval
THE MYTHOLOGY OF THE TRIOLOGICAL THESIS
(or more Urban Legends Debunked)
COMMON MYTHS
Must be a production equivalent to a doctoral dissertation Cannot have been used for any other purpose Cannot have multiple authors