Court Sight Translation From Text-Linguistic Approach
法律英语常用词汇汇总
法律英语常用词汇汇总Legal English Vocabulary CompilationIntroduction:In the field of law, having a strong grasp of legal English vocabulary is crucial. It provides a foundation for effective communication, allowing lawyers, judges, and legal professionals to articulate their ideas accurately and precisely. This article aims to provide a comprehensive compilation of commonly used legal terms in English. By familiarizing yourself with these terms, you will enhance your understanding of legal documents, contracts, and discussions.1. Contractual Terms:- Offer: A proposal made by one party to another, indicating a willingness to enter into a legally binding agreement.- Acceptance: The expression of agreement to the terms outlined in an offer, creating a legally enforceable contract.- Consideration: Something of value exchanged between parties to a contract, usually money or a promise to perform specific actions.- Breach: A violation of the terms of a contract, resulting in a legal dispute between the parties involved.- Termination: The act of ending or canceling a contract, either through mutual agreement or due to a breach.2. Criminal Law Terms:- Defendant: An individual who has been accused of committing a crime and is on trial for that offense.- Prosecution: The party responsible for presenting the case in a criminal trial, aiming to prove the guilt of the accused.- Evidence: Facts or information presented in court to establish the truth or falsehood of an alleged fact.- Verdict: The decision made by a judge or jury at the conclusion of a criminal trial, determining the guilt or innocence of the defendant.- Sentencing: The process of determining the appropriate punishment for a convicted individual.3. Civil Law Terms:- Plaintiff: The party initiating a lawsuit, seeking a resolution or compensation for harm or damages suffered.- Defendant: The party against whom a lawsuit is filed, required to defend themselves against the allegations made.- Litigation: The process of resolving disputes or disagreements through the court system.- Damages: Monetary compensation awarded to a plaintiff in a civil case to compensate for losses or injuries suffered.- Injunction: A court order requiring a person or entity to refrain from certain activities or to perform specific actions.4. Intellectual Property Terms:- Copyright: Legal protection provided to original creative works, such as books, music, art, or software, preventing unauthorized copying or use.- Trademark: A symbol or phrase used to identify and distinguish goods or services from those of others, protected by law against unauthorized use.- Patent: A government-granted right that allows inventors to exclude others from making, using, or selling their invention for a limited time.- Trade Secret: Confidential and valuable business information, such as formulas, techniques, or customer lists, protected from disclosure or unauthorized use.5. Corporate Law Terms:- Incorporation: The process of forming a legal entity, such as a company or corporation, separate from its owners.- Shareholder: An individual or entity that owns shares or stock in a corporation, representing ownership and potentially receiving dividends.- Merger: The combination of two or more companies into a single entity, often for reasons of efficiency or expansion.- Acquisition: The purchase of a controlling interest in a company by another, resulting in one entity gaining control over the other.- Board of Directors: A group of elected or appointed individuals responsible for overseeing the management and direction of a company.Conclusion:A solid understanding of legal English vocabulary is indispensable for anyone involved in the legal field. By familiarizing yourself with the terms outlined in this article, you will be better equipped to navigate legal documents, contracts, and discussions. Remember, language is a powerful tool, and precision in legal matters is of utmost importance. Continuously expanding your legal English vocabulary will undoubtedly contribute to your professional growth and effectiveness in your legal career.。
法律英语典型句型的翻译
Intense presence structure
Summary
Expressing the purpose relationship
Detailed description
In legal English, the purpose sentence structure is commonly used to express measures or regulations taken to achieve a certain purpose. Common expressions include "for the purpose of", "in order to", "so that", etc.
Ensuring legal implementation
Legal English translation is an important means of ensuring international legal implementation, which helps to accurately understand and enforce legal documents between countries and regions with different languages.
04
The Practical Application of Typical Sentence
Patterns in Legal English
It involves removing unnecessary or redundant information from the source text to make the translation more complex and targeted This can involve simplifying complex senses, removing redundancies, or streaming the text
飞花令作文800字
飞花令作文800字英文回答：In the realm of literary competitions, "fei hua ling" (flying flower order) stands as a testament to the beauty and ingenuity of Chinese language. This captivating game requires participants to recite lines of poetry in a rapid-fire exchange, where the last character of each line spoken must match the first character of the following line. The contest demands not only a deep understanding of poetry but also quick wit and improvisational skills.The origins of "fei hua ling" can be traced back to the Tang Dynasty, a period known for its cultural and artistic achievements. During imperial banquets, poets and scholars would engage in this verbal jousting, showcasing their erudition and vying for the admiration of the court. Over time, "fei hua ling" evolved into a popular pastime enjoyed by people from all walks of life.中文回答：飞花令。
[VIP专享]法条中“条、款、项、目”的翻译方法
![[VIP专享]法条中“条、款、项、目”的翻译方法](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/0dd37e5914791711cd791715.png)
法条中“条、款、项、目”的翻译方法法律翻译同时涉足三个领域，即法律学界、语言学界和翻译界。
因此，法律翻译对译者要求十分苛刻。
例如，在英汉、汉英翻译中，译者除了要掌握一定程度的中国法律以及普通法知识之外，还要擅长法律英语这一特殊用途英语（ESP）。
与所有的翻译一样，法律翻译的译文要忠实原文的实质内容，还要尽量流畅通顺。
法律翻译通常包括的内容很多，如立法性文件的翻译，合同翻译，诉讼类文书翻译，法庭口译，法学论文翻译，涉外公证文书翻译，判例翻译等等。
法律翻译者在翻译立法条文、法学论文、法院判决等法律文件时，常常会碰到诸如“条”、“款”、“项”、“目”等词的翻译，参阅国内一些法律翻译（英汉、汉英）工具书，我们发现，各工具书对上述四个词的翻译或者没有涉及，或者十分混乱。
这些翻译之中，不乏十分正确的翻译，但是有些翻译则值得商榷。
本文作者旨在探讨这一组词的译法，为法律英语词典编纂及法律条文的翻译提供借鉴。
本文从英译汉、汉译英两个方面来说明这一问题。
一、英汉法律翻译中的“条”、“款”、“项”、“目” 在英汉法律翻译中，上述词条的翻译不可一概而论。
我们知道，一般意义上而言，在英文中能够表达法律中“条款”之类的词汇大概有：article; section; subsection; paragraph; subparagraph; item; clause; rule; regulation; provision，以及stipulation等等。
（1）关于“article”一词的翻译。
将article一词译为“条”，争议不大。
例如，《美利坚合众国宪法》（THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA，1789）共有“7条”（seven articles）。
再如，世界贸易组织《中华人民共和国加入议定书》（Protocol on the Accession of People's Republic of China）中文译本也将“article”译为“条”。
庭住宅的指定”。在翻译中遇到词汇...
作 者 姓 名： 指 导 教 师：
王维思 黄春芳
西南政法大学 Southwest University of Political Science and Law
论文独创性的声明
本人郑重声明：所呈交的学位论文是本人在导师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的 研究成果。尽我所知，除了文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外，论文不包含其他人已经 发表或撰写过的研究成果，也不包含为获得 西南政法大学 或其他教育机构的学位或 证书而使用过的材料。对于与我一同工作的同志对本研究所做的任何贡献，均已在论文 中作了明确的说明并表示谢意。
第 2 章词汇空缺简介........................................................ 3 2.1 词汇空缺的定义及原因 ................................................ 3
第 3 章《爱德华王子岛省婚姻法》中词汇空缺的翻译方法........................ 5 3.1 直译法 .............................................................. 5 3.2 释义法 .............................................................. 6 3.3 意译法 .............................................................. 7 3.4 替代法加注释 ........................................................ 8
法律英语词汇
法律英语常用词汇大全一、律师部分案件受理费 court acceptance fee案情重大、复杂 important and complicated case案由 cause of action案子 case包揽诉讼 monopolize lawsuits被告 defendant(用于民事、行政案件); the accused (用于刑事案件) 被上诉人 appellee被诉人 respondent; defendant本案律师 councel pro hac vice本地律师 local counsel毕业证 diploma; graduation certificate辩护词 defense; pleadings辩护律师 defense lawyer辩护要点 point of defense辩护意见 submission 财产租赁 property tenancy裁定书 order; ruling; determination（指终审裁定）裁决书 award（用于仲裁）裁决书 verdict（用于陪审团）采信的证据 admitted evidence; established evidence草拟股权转让协议 drafting agreement of assignment of equity interests 查阅法条 source legal provisions产权转让 conveyancing出差 go on errand; go on a business trip出国深造 further study abroad出具律师意见书 providing legal opinion出示的证据 exhibit出庭 appear in court传票 summons; subpoena答辩状 answer; reply代理词 representation代理房地产买卖与转让 agency for sale and transfer of real estate代理公证、商标、专利、版权、房地产、工商登记 agency for notarization, trademark,patent, copyright, and registration of real estate and incorporations 代理仲裁 agency for arbitration代写文书 drafting of legal instruments待决案件 pending case当事人陈述 statement of the parties第三人 third party吊销执业证 revocation of lawyer license调查笔录 investigative record调查取证 investigation and gathering for evidence调解 mediation调解书 mediation二审案件 case of trial of second instance发送电子邮件 send e-mail法律顾问 legal consultants法律意见书 legal opinions法律援助 legal aid法律咨询 legal counseling 法庭 division; tribunal法学博士学位 LL.D (Doctor of Laws)法学会 law society法学课程 legal courses法学硕士学位 LL.M (Master of Laws)法学系 faculty of law; department of law法学学士学位 LL.B (Bachelor of Laws)J.D ( juris doctor缩写，美国法学学士)法学院 law school法院公告 court announcement反诉状 counterclaim房地产律师 real estate lawyer; real property lawyer 非合伙律师 associate lawyer非诉讼业务 non-litigation practice高级合伙人 senior partner高级律师 senior lawyer各类协议和合同 agreements and contracts公安局 Public Security Bureau公司上市 company listing公诉案件 public-prosecuting case公证书 notarial certificate国办律师事务所 state-run law office国际贸易 international trade国际诉讼 international litigation国内诉讼 domestic litigation合伙律师 partner lawyer合伙制律师事务所 law office in partner-ship; cooperating law ofice 合同审查、草拟、修改 contract review, drafting and revision会见当事人 interview a client会见犯罪嫌疑人 interview a criminal suspect兼职律师 part-time lawyer监狱 prison; jail鉴定结论 expert conclusion缴纳会费 membership dues 举证责任 burden of proof; onus probandi决定书 decision勘验笔录 record of request看守所 detention house抗诉书 protest控告人 accuser; complainant跨国诉讼 transnational litigation劳动争议 labor disputes劳动争议仲裁委员会 arbitration committee for labor disputes 劳改场 reform-through-labor farm; prison farm利害关系人 interested party; party in interest律管处处长 director of lawyer control department律师 lawyer attorney; attorney at law律师惩戒 lawyer discipline律师法 Lawyer Law律师费 lawyer fee律师函lawyer’s letter律师见证 lawyer attestation/authentication律师见证书 lawyer certification/authentication/witness律师卷宗lawyer’s docile; file律师刊物lawyer’s journal律师联系电话 contact phone number of a lawyer律师事务所 law office; law firm律师收费 billing by lawyer律师网站 lawyer website律师协会 National Bar (Lawyer) Association律师协会会员 member of Lawyer Association律师协会秘书长 secretary general of Bar (Lawyer) Association 律师协会章程 Articles of Lawyer Assocition律师业务室lawyer’s office律师执业证 lawyer license律师助理 assistant lawyer律师资格考试 bar exam; lawyer qualification exam律师资格证 lawyer qualification certificate 民事案件 civil case民事调解 civil mediation民事诉讼 civil litigation派出所 local police station; police substation判决 judgement(用于民事、行政案件);determination(用于终审);sentence(用于刑事案);verdict(由陪审团作出)旁证 circumstantial evidence企业章程 articles of association; articles of incorporation; bylaw 企业重组 corporate restructure起诉状 information; indictment取消律师资格 disbar全国律师代表大会 National Lawyer Congress缺席宣判 pronounce judgement or determination by default人民法院People’s Court人民检察院People’s Procuratorate认定事实 determine facts上诉案件 case of trial of second instance; appellate case上诉人 appellant上诉状 petition for appeal涉外律师 lawyers specially handling foreign-related matters 申请复议 administrative reconsideration petition申请加入律师协会 application for admission to Law Association 申请人 petitioner; claimant申诉案件 appeal case申诉人（仲裁） claimant; plaintiff申诉书 appeal for revision, petition for revision实习律师 apprentice lawyer; lawyer in probation period实习律师证 certificate of apprentice lawyer视听证据 audio-visual reference material适用法律 apply law to facts受害人 victim书证 documentary evidence 司法部 Ministry of Justice司法建议书 judicial advise司法局 Judicial Bureau司法局副局长 deputy director of Judicial Bureau司法局局长 director of Judicial Bureau司法统一考试 uniform judicial exam送达 service of process诉讼 litigation; action; lawsuit诉讼当事人 litigation party; litigious party诉讼业务 litigation practice诉状 complaint; bill of complaint; statement of claim 推销法律服务 promote/market legal service外国律师事务所 foreign law office委托代理合同 authorized representation contract委托代理人 agent ad litem; entrusted agent委托授权书 power of attorney物证 material evidence嫌疑人 criminal suspect项目融资 project financing项目谈判 project negotiating刑事案件 criminal case刑事诉讼 criminal litigation行政诉讼 administrative litigation休庭 adjourn the court; recess宣判 pronounce judgement; determination宣誓书 affidavit业务进修 attendance in advanced studies一审案件 case of trial of first instance与国外律师事务所交流 communicate with foreign law firms 原告 plaintiff证券律师 securities lawyer证人证言 testimony of witness; affidavit执行笔录 execution record执业登记 registration for practice 执业范围 scope of practice; sphere of practice; practice area 执业申请 practice application执业证年检 annual inspection of lawyer license仲裁 arbitration仲裁案件 arbitration case仲裁机构 arbitration agency专门律师 specialized lawyer专职律师 professional lawyer; full-time lawyer撰写法律文章 write legal thesis资信调查 credit standing investigation自诉案件 private prosecuting case二、诉讼法律案件 case案件发回 remand/rimit a case (to a low court)案件名称 title of a case案卷材料 materials in the case案情陈述书 statement of case案外人 person other than involved in the case案值 total value involved in the case败诉方 losing party办案人员 personnel handling a case保全措施申请书 application for protective measures 报案 report a case (to security authorities)被告 defendant; the accused被告人最后陈述 final statement of the accused被告向原告第二次答辩 rejoinder被害人 victim被害人的诉讼代理人victim’s agent ad lit em被上诉人 respondent; the appellee被申请人 respondent被申请执行人 party against whom execution is filed 被执行人 person subject to enforcement本诉 principal action必要共同诉讼人 party in necessary co-litigation 变通管辖 jurisdiction by accord辩护 defense辩护律师 defense attorney/lawyer辩护人 defender辩护证据 exculpatory evidence; defense evidence辩论阶段 stage of court debate驳回反诉 dismiss a counterclaim; reject a counterclaim驳回请求 deny/dismiss a motion驳回上诉、维持原判 reject/dismiss the appeal and sustain the original judgement/ruling驳回诉讼 dismiss an action/suit驳回通知书 notice of dismissal驳回自诉 dismiss/reject a private prosecution驳回自诉裁定书 ruling of dismissing private-prosecuting case补充答辩 supplementary answer补充判决 supplementary judgement补充侦查 supplementary investigation不公开审理 trial in camera不立案决定书 written decision of no case-filing不批准逮捕决定书 written decision of disapproving an arrest不起诉 nol pros不予受理起诉通知书 notice of dismissal of accusation by the court财产保全申请书application for attachment; application for property preservation裁定 order; determination (指最终裁定)裁定管辖 jurisdiction by order裁定书 order; ruling裁决书 award采信的证据 admitted evidence查封 seal up撤回上诉 withdraw appeal撤诉 withdraw a lawsuit撤销立案 revoke a case placed on file撤销原判，发回重审 rescind the original judgement and remand the case ro the original court for retrial 出示的证据 exhibit除权判决 invalidating judgement (for negotiable instruments)传唤 summon; call传闻证据 hearsay答辩 answer; reply答辩陈述书 statement of defence答辩状 answer; reply大法官 associate justices; justice大检察官 deputy chief procurator代理控告 agency for accusation代理申诉 agency for appeal代理审判员 acting judge代为申请取保候审 agency for application of the bail pending trial with restricted liberty of moving弹劾式诉讼 accusatory procedure当事人陈述 statement of the parties当庭宣判 pronouncement of judgement or sentence in court地区管辖 territorial jurisdiction地区检察分院 inter-mediate People’s Procuratorate第三人 third party调查笔录 record of investigation定期宣判 pronouncement of judgement or sentence later on a fixed date定罪证据 incriminating evidence; inculpatory evidence冻结 freeze督促程序 procedure of supervision and urge独任庭 sole-judge bench独任仲裁员 sole arbitrator对妨碍民事诉讼的强制措施 compulsory measures against impairment of civil action对席判决 judgement inter parties二审 trial of second instance二审案件 case of trial of second insurance罚款 impose a fine法定证据 statutory legal evidence法定证据制度 system of legal evidence 法官 judges法警 bailiff; court police法律文书 legal instruments/papers法律援助 legal aid法律咨询 legal consulting法庭辩论 court debate法庭调查 court investigation法庭审理笔录 court record法庭审理方式 mode of court trial法庭庭长 chief judge of a tribunal法院 court法院公告 court announcement反诉 counterclaim反诉答辩状 answer with counterclaim反诉状 counterclaim犯罪嫌疑人 criminal suspect附带民事诉讼案件 a collateral civil action附带民事诉讼被告 defendant of collateral civil action复查 reexamination; recheck复验 reinspect高级法官 senior judge高级检察官 senior procurator高级人民法院Higher People’s C ourt告诉案件 case of complaint告诉才处理的案件 case accepted at complaint告诉申诉庭 complaint and petition division工读学校 work-study school for delinquent children公安部 Ministry of Public Security公安分局 public security sub-bureau公安厅 public security bureau at the levels of provinces, autonomous regions and cities under direct jurisdiction of central government公开审理 trial in public公开审判制度 open trial system公示催告程序 procedure of public summons for exhortation公诉案件 public-prosecuting case 公诉词 statement of public prosecution公证机关 public notary office共同管辖 concurrent jurisdiction管辖 jurisdiction国际司法协助 international judicial assistance海事法院 maritime court合议庭 collegial panel合议庭评议笔录 record of deliberating by the collegiate bench和解 composition; compromise核对诉讼当事人身份 check identity of litigious parties恢复执行 resumption of execution回避 withdrawal混合式诉讼 mixed action基层人民法院basic People’s Court羁押期限 term in custody级别管辖 subject matter jurisdiction of courts at different levels 监视居住 living at home under surveillance监狱 prison检察官 procurator检察权 prosecutorial power检察委员会 procuratorial/prosecutorial committee检察院 procuratorate检察院派出机构 outpost tribunal of procuratorate简易程序 summary procedure鉴定结论 expert conclusion经济审判庭 economic tribunal径行判决 direct adjudication without sessions; judgement without notice 纠问式诉讼 inquisitional proceedings拘传 summon by force; summon by warrant拘留所 detention house举报 information/report of an offence举证责任 burden of proof; onus probandi决定书 decision 开庭审理 open a court session开庭通知 notice of court session勘验笔录 record of inquest看守所 detention house可执行财产 executable property控告式诉讼 accusatory proceedings控诉证据 incriminating evidence控诉职能 accusation function扣押 distrain on; attachment扣押物 distress/distraint宽限期 period of grace劳动争议仲裁申请书 petition for labor dispute arbitration劳改场 reform-through-labor farm劳教所 reeducation-through-labor office类推判决的核准程序 procedure for examination and approval of analogical sentence累积证据 cumulative evidence立案报告 place a case on file立案管辖 functional jurisdiction立案决定书 written decision of case-filing立案侦查 report of placing a case on file利害关系人 interested party临时裁决书 interim award律师见证书 lawy er’s written attestation; lawyer’s written authentication 律师事务所 law office; law firm律师提前介入 prior intervention by lawyer免于刑事处分 exemption from criminal penalty民事案件 civil case民事审判庭 civil tribunal民事诉讼 civil action民事诉讼法 Civil Procedural Law扭送 seize and deliver a suspect to the police派出法庭 detached tribunal派出所 police station 判决 judgement; determination判决书 judgement; determination; verdict (指陪审团作出的)旁证 circumstantial evidence陪审员 juror批准逮捕 approval of arrest破案 clear up a criminal case; solve a criminal case破产 bankruptcy; insolvency普通程序 general/ordinary procedure普通管辖 general jurisdiction企业法人破产还债程序 procedure of bankruptcy and liquidation of a business corporation起诉 filing of a lawsuit起诉 sue; litigate; prosecute; institution of proceedings起诉状 indictment; information区县检察院grassroots People’s Procuratorate取保候审 the bail pending trial with restricted liberty of moving缺席判决 default judgement认定财产无主案件 cases concerning determination of property as qwnerless认定公民无民事行为能力、限制民事行为能力案件cases concerning determination of a citizen as incompetent or with limited disposing capacity上诉 appeal上诉人 appellant上诉状 petition for appeal少管所 juvenile prison社会治安综合治理 comprehensive treatment of social security涉外案件 cases involving foreign interests涉外民事诉讼 foreign civil proceedings涉外刑事诉讼 foreign criminal proceedings申请人 applicant; petitioner申请书 petition; application for arbitration申请执行人 execution applicant申诉人宣誓书claimant’s affidavit of authenticity申诉书 appeal for revision; petition for revision神示证据制度 system of divinity evidence 神示制度 ordeal system审查案件 case review审查并决定逮捕 examine and decide arrest审查起诉阶段 stage of review and prosecution审理通知书 notice of hearing审判长 presiding judge审判长宣布开庭 presiding judge announce court in session 审判管辖 adjudgement/trial jurisdiction审判监督程序 procedure for trial supervision审判委员会 judicial committee审判员 judge审问式诉讼 inquisitional proceedings生效判决裁定 legally effective judgement/order胜诉方 winning party省市自治区检察院higher People’s Procuratorate失踪和死亡宣告 declaration of disappearance and death实（质）体证据 substantial evidence实物证据 tangible evidence实在证据 real evidence示意证据 demonstrative evidence视听证据 audio-visual evidence收容所 collecting post; safe retreat首席大法官 chief justice首席检察官 chief procurator受害人的近亲属victim’s immediate family受理 acceptance受理刑事案件审批表 registration form of acceptance of criminal case 受送达人 the addressee书记员 court clerk书记员宣读法庭纪律 court clerk reads court rules书证 documentary evidence司法部 Ministry of Justice司法机关 judicial organizatons司法警察 judicial police 司法局 judicial bureau司法厅 judicial bureau at the levels of provinces, autonomous regions, and cities under direct jurisdiction of central government司法协助 judicial assistance死缓的复核 judicial review of death sentence with a retrieve死刑复核程序 procedure for judicial review of death sentence死刑复核权 competence for judicial review of death sentence送达 service of process送达传票 service of summons/subpoena送达诉状 service of bill of complaint搜查 search诉 sue; suit; action; lawsuit诉前财产保全 property attachment prior to lawsuit诉讼 litigation; lawsuit; sue; action诉讼保全 attachment诉讼参加人 litigious participants诉讼代理人 agent ad litem特别程序 special procedures提起公诉 institute a public prosecution铁路法院 railway court铁路检察院 railroad transport procuratorate庭审程序 procedure of court trial通缉 wanted for arrest投案 appearance退回补充侦查 return of a case for supplementary investigation 委托辩护 entrusted defense未成年人法庭 juvenile court无行政职务的法官 associate judge无正当理由拒不到庭 refuse to appear in court without due cause 无罪判决acquittal, finding of “ not guilty ”物证 material evidence先予执行申请书 application for advanced execution先予执行 advanced execution 刑事拘留 criminal detention刑事强制拘留 criminal coercive/compulsory measures刑事审判庭 criminal tribunal刑事诉讼 criminal proceedings刑事诉讼法 Criminal Procedural Law刑事自诉状 self-incriminating criminal complaint行政案件 administrative case行政审判庭 administrative tribunal行政诉讼 administrative proceedings行政诉讼法 Administrative Procedural Law宣告失踪、宣告死亡案件 cases concerning the declaration of disappearance and death宣判笔录 record of rendition of judgement选民资格案件 cases concerning qualifications of voters询问证人 inquire/question a witness训诫 reprimand讯问笔录 record of interrogation询问犯罪嫌疑人 interrogate criminal suspect言词证据 verbal evidence要求传唤证人申请书 application for subpoena一裁终局 arbitration award shall be final and binding 一审 trial of first instance一审案件 case of trial of first instance应诉通知书 notice of respondence to action有罪判决sentence; finding of “guilty”予审 preliminary examinantion; pretrial原告 plaintiff院长 court president阅卷笔录 record of file review (by lawyers)再审案件 case of retrial再审申请书 petition for retrial责令具结悔过 order to sign a statement of repentance 债权人会议creditors’ meeting侦查阶段 investigation stage 侦查终结 conclusion of investigation征询原、被告最后意见 consulting final opinion of the plaintiff and defendant 证据 evidence证据保全 preserve evidence证据保全申请书 application for evidence preservation证人证言 testimony of witness; affidavit支付令 payment order/warrant知识产权庭 intellectual property tribunal执行程序 procedure execution执行逮捕 execution of arrest执行和解 conciliation of execution执行回转 recovery of execution执行庭 executive tribunal执行异议 objection to execution执行员 executor执行中止 discontinuance of execution执行终结 conclusion of execution指定辩护 appointed defense指定仲裁员声明 statement of appointing arbitrator中级人民法院intermediate People’s Court中途退庭 retreat during court session without permission 仲裁 arbitration仲裁被诉人 respondent; defendant仲裁裁决 award仲裁申请书 arbitration仲裁申诉人 claimant; plaintiff仲裁庭 arbitration tribunal仲裁委员会 arbitration committee仲裁协议 arbitration agreement; clauses of arbitration 仲裁员 arbitrator主诉检察官 principal procurator助理检察官 assistant procurator助理审判员 assistant judge专门法院 special court 专门管辖 specific jurisdiction专属管辖 exclusive jurisdiction追究刑事责任 investigate for criminal responsibility自首 confession to justice自诉案件 private-prosecuting case自行辩护 self-defense自由心证制度 doctrine of discretional evaluation of evidence 自侦案件 self-investigating case最高人民法院the Supreme People’s Court最高人民检察院the Supreme People’s Procuratorate最后裁决书 final award三、民事法律法律渊源 source of law制定法 statute判例法 case law; precedent普通法 common law特别法 special law固有法 native law; indigenous law继受法 adopted law实体法 substantial law程序法 procedural law原则法 fundamental law例外法 exception law司法解释 judicial interpretation习惯法 customary law公序良俗 public order and moral自然法 natural law罗马法 Roman Law私法 private law公法 public law市民法 jus civile万民法 jus gentium民法法系 civil law system英美法系 system of Anglo-American law 大陆法系 civil law system普通法 common law大陆法 continental law罗马法系 Roman law system英吉利法 English law衡平法 equity; law of equity日尔曼法 Germantic law教会法 ecclesiastical law寺院法 canon law伊斯兰法 Islamic law民法法律规范 norm of civil law授权规范 authorization norm禁止规范 forbidding norm义务性规范 obligatory norm命令性规范 commanding norm民法基本原则 fundamental principles of civil law 平等原则 principle of equality自愿原则 principle of free will公平原则 principle of justice等价有偿原则 principle of equal value exchange 诚实信用原则 principle of good faith行为 act作为 act不作为 omission合法行为 lawful act违法行为 unlawful act民事权利权利能力 civil right绝对权 absolute right相对权 relative right优先权 right of priority先买权 preemption原权 antecedent right救济权 right of relief支配权 right of dominion 请求权 right of claim物上请求权 right of claim for real thing形成权 right of formation撤销权 right of claiming cancellation否认权 right of claiming cancellation解除权 right of renouncement代位权 subrogated right选择权 right of choice承认权 right of admission终止权 right of termination抗辩权 right of defense一时性抗辩权 momentary right of defense永久性抗辩权 permanent counter-argument right不安抗辩权 unstable counter-argument right同时履行抗辩权 defense right of simultaneous performance 既得权 tested right期待权 expectant right专属权 exclusive right非专属权 non-exclusive right人身权利 personal right人权 human right人格权 right of personality生命健康权 right of life and health 姓名权 right of name名称权 right of name肖像权 right of portraiture自由权 right of freedom名誉权 right reputation隐私权 right of privacy私生活秘密权 right of privacy贞操权 virginity right身份权 right of status亲权 parental power; parental right 亲属权 right of relative 探视权 visitation right配偶权 right of spouse荣誉权 right of honor权利的保护 protection of right公力救济 public protection私力救济 self-protection权利本位 standard of right社会本位 standard of society无责任行为 irresponsible right正当防卫 justifiable right; ligitimate defence 防卫行为 act of defence自为行为 self-conducting act紧急避险 act of rescue; necessity自助行为 act of self-help不可抗力 force majeure意外事件 accident行为能力 capacity for act意思能力 capacity of will民事行为 civil act意思表示 declaration of intention意思表示一致 meeting of minds; consensus完全行为能力 perfect capacity for act限制行为能力 restrictive capacity for act准禁治产人 quasi-interdicted person保佐 protection自治产人 minor who is capable of administering his own capacity 无行为能力 incapacity for act禁治产人 interdicted person自然人 natural person公民 citizen住所 domicile居所 residence经常居住地 frequently dwelling place户籍 census register 监护 guardianship个体工商户 individual business农村承包经营户 leaseholding rural household 合伙 partnership合伙人 partner合伙协议 partnership agreement合伙财产 property of partnership合伙债务 debt of partnership入伙 join partnership退伙 withdrawal from partnership合伙企业 partnership business establishment 个人合伙 partnership法人合伙 partnership of legal person特别合伙 special partnership普通合伙 general partnership有限合伙 limited partnership民事合伙 civil partnership隐名合伙 sleeping partnership; dormant partnership 私营企业 private enterprise; proprietorship法人 legal person企业法人 legal body of enterprise企业集团 group of enterprise关联企业 affiliate enterprise个人独资企业 individual business establishment国有独资企业 solely state-owned enterprise中外合资企业 Sino-foreign joint venture enterprise 中外合作企业 Sino-foreign contractual enterprise 社团法人 legal body of mass organization财团法人 legal body of financial group联营 joint venture法人型联营 association of legal persons合伙型联营 coordinated management in partnership 协作型联营 cooperation-type coordinated management 合作社 cooperative 民事法律行为 civil legal act单方民事法律行为 unilateral civil legal act双方民事法律行为 bilateral civil legal act多方民事法律行为 joint act civil legal act有偿民事法律行为 civil legal act with consideration无偿民事法律行为 civil legal act without consideration; civil legal act without award实践性民事法律行为 practical civil legal act诺成性民事法律行为 consental civil legal act要式民事法律行为 formal civil legal act不要式民事法律行为 informal civil legal act要因民事法律行为 causative civil legal act不要因民事法律行为 noncausative civil legal act主民事法律行为 principal civil legal act从民事法律行为 accessory civil legal act附条件民事法律行为 conditional civil legal act附期限民事法律行为 civil legal act with term死后民事法律行为 civil legal act after death准民事法律行为 quasi-civil legal act无效行为 ineffective act可撤销民事行为 revocable civil act违法行为 illegal act; unlawful act侵权行为 tort欺诈 fraud胁迫 duress乘人之危taking advantage of others’ precarious position以合法形式掩盖非法目的 legal form concealing illegal intention 恶意串通 malicious collaboration重大误解 gross misunderstanding显失公平 obvious unjust误传 misrepresentation代理 agency本人 principal 受托人 trustee代理人 agent本代理人 original agent法定代理人 statutory agent; legal agent 委托代理人 agent by mandate指定代理人 designated agent复代理人 subagent再代理人 subagent转代理人 subagent代理权 right of agency授权行为 act of authorization授权委托书 power of attorney代理行为 act of agency委托代理 agency by mandate本代理 original agency复代理 subagency有权代理 authorized agency表见代理 agency by estoppel; apparent agency律师代理 agency by lawyer普通代理 general agency全权代理 general agency全权代理委托书 general power of attorney共同代理 joint agency独家代理 sole agency居间 brokerage居间人 broker行纪 commission; broker house信托 trust时效 time limit; prescription; limitation时效中止 suspension of prescription/limitation 时效中断 interruption of limitation/prescription 时效延长 extension of limitation 时效终止 lapse of time; termination of prescription 期日 date期间 term涉外民事关系 civil relations with foreign elements 冲突规范 rule of conflict准据法 applicable law; governing law反致 renvoi; remission转致 transmission识别 identification公共秩序保留 reserve of public order法律规避 evasion of law国籍 nationality国有化 nationalization法律责任 legal liability民事责任 civil liability/responsibility行政责任 administrative liability/responsibility违约责任 liability of breach of contract; responsibility of default 有限责任 limited liability无限责任 unlimited liability按份责任 shared/several liability连带责任 joint and several liability过失责任 liability for negligence; negligent liability过错责任 fault liability; liability for fault单独过错 sole fault共同过错 joint fault混合过错 mixed fault被害人过错victim’s fault第三人过错third party’s fault推定过错 presumptive fault恶意 bad faith; malice故意 deliberate intention; intention; willfulness过失 negligence 疏忽大意的过失 careless and inadvertent negligence 过于自信的过失 negligence with undue assumption损害事实 facts of damage有形损失 tangible damage/loss无形损失 intangible damage/loss财产损失 property damage/loss人身损失 personal damage/loss精神损失 spiritual damage/loss民事责任承担方式 methods of bearing civil liability 停止侵害 cease the infringing act排除妨碍 exclusion of hindrance; removal of obstacle 消除危险 elimination of danger返还财产 restitution of property恢复原状 restitution; restitution of original state 赔偿损失 compensate for a loss; indemnify for a loss 支付违约金 payment of liquidated damage恢复名誉rehabilitate one’s reputation赔礼道歉 extend a formal apology物权 jus ad rem; right in rem; real right物权制度 real right system; right in rem system一物一权原则 the principal of One thing, One Right物权法定主义 principal of legality of right in rem物权公示原则 principal of public summons of right in rem 物权法 jus rerem物 property生产资料 raw material for production生活资料 means of livelihood; means of subsistence流通物 res in commercium; a thing in commerce限制流通物 limited merchantable thing禁止流通物 res extra commercium; a thing out of commerce 资产 asset固定资产 fixed asset 动产 movables; chattel不动产 immovable; real estate特定物 res certae; a certain thing种类物 genus; indefinite thing可分物 res divisibiles; divisible things不可分物 res indivisibiles; indivisible things主物 res capitalis; a principal thing从物 res accessoria; an accessory thing原物 original thing孳息 fruits天然孳息 natural fruits法定孳息 legal fruits无主物 bona vacatia; vacant goods; ownerless goods 遗失物 lost property漂流物 drifting object埋藏物 fortuna; hidden property证券 securities债券 bond物权分类 classification of right in rem/real right 自物权 jus in re propria; right of full ownership 所有权 dominium; ownership; title所有权凭证 document of title; title of ownership 占有权 dominium utile; equitable ownership使用权 right of use; right to use of收益权 right to earnings; right to yields处分权 right of disposing; jus dispodendi善意占有 possession in good faith恶意占有 malicious possession按份共有 several possession共同共有 joint possession他物权 jus in re aliena用益物权 real right for usufruct 土地使用权 right to the use of land林权 forest ownership采矿权 mining ownership经营权 managerial authority; power of management承包经营权 right to contracted management相邻权 neighboring right; relatedright地上权 superficies永佃权 jus emphyteuticum; right to landed estate granted in perpetuity through a contract地役权 servitude; easement人役权 servitus personarum; personal servitude担保物权 real right for security物的担保 security for thing物的瑕疵担保 warranty against defect of a thing抵押权 hypotheca; hypothecation; right to mortgage抵押权的设定 creation of right to mortgage抵押人 mortgagor。
公示语翻译中英差异
译 赏 析 ---
赏析：本译文转化了句子视角， 赏析：本译文转化了句子视角，虽然字面意思大相 径庭，但基本内涵保持一致， 径庭，但基本内涵保持一致，同样能起到很好的宣 传提示效果。 传an!
心触一块净土，爱博一片蓝天！ 心触一块净土，爱博一片蓝天！ .
Shijiazhuang is our home，so each of us should keep it clean. ， 逐字逐句的翻译显得拖沓冗长，口吻强硬，应译为 Please keep Shijiazhuang clean and clear.加上 Please口吻显得温和，并且带有亲切自然的感觉。
禁止篇： 禁止篇：
禁止吸烟！ 禁止吸烟！ Smoking free! ！ 游客止步！ 游客止步！ Staff only！
英语语言表达比较强调客观意识，表达间接委婉， 英语语言表达比较强调客观意识，表达间接委婉，更 顾及礼貌原则，比起No Smoking和 顾及礼貌原则，比起No Smoking和Visitors go no further.来看 上述两条译文要显得更具人情味， 来看， further.来看，上述两条译文要显得更具人情味，礼 貌和委婉，语气不那么强硬，并且符合公示语标准， 貌和委婉，语气不那么强硬，并且符合公示语标准， 简洁明了，警示作用大。 简洁明了，警示作用大。
赏析：本译文充分体现了汉语独特的整 赏析：本译文充分体现了汉语独特的整 饰美，而这是英语句式无法模拟的。 饰美，而这是英语句式无法模拟的。如 如直译为： 如直译为：Heart concerned with clean ground and love win us a blue sky就显得不伦不类 就显得不伦不类
如图所示，此处翻译用词不当，显 得非常粗俗，干货实质上指的是没 有多余水分的货物，应翻译为Dry goods.
英语阅读：到美国法庭看一看(双语)
美联英语提供：英语阅读：到美国法庭看一看（双语）A Visit to an American Court到美国法庭看一看两分钟做个小测试，看看你的英语水平/test/kuaisu.aspx?tid=16-73675-0In America, courtroom proceedings are generally open to the public and can, within strict guidelines, be reported on in newspapers and on radio and television. We use the word "allegation" and its verb form "allege" to indicate that charges brought against a person have not been proven. Cameras are also generally barred from courtrooms to protect the identities of the jurors, unless special permission is given by the judge. A jury, by the way, consists of from six to twelve ordinary citizens who are chosen by lottery to hear a case and decide, under instructions from the judge, on whether the persons being tried are guilty or innocent. In some cases which attract widespread public interest, permission is given to televise the proceedings if and only if the television cameras never photograph the members of the jury.在美国，法庭的诉讼程序一般是公之于众的，并且依照严格的规定，可以让报纸、广播和电视等传媒进行报道。
中国古诗名英文翻译对照
中国古诗名英文翻译对照中国古诗中英文翻译对照2009-12-16 19:57来自《英译唐诗名作选》作者：龚景浩爱国华侨龚景浩先生数年前曾在商务印书馆出版《英译中国古词精选》，受到读者的欣赏和欢迎。
他虽超过古稀之年，体力渐衰，但仍坚持诗歌翻译的爱好。
夜间常失眠，默诵唐诗，译成英文诗来消遣。
静夜思李白Musings on a Quiet Night Li Bai游子吟孟郊For Her Son Who'll Be Away for a While Meng Jiao春晓孟浩然Spring Morn Meng Haoran登鹳雀楼王之涣Going up the Stork Tower Wang Zhihuan相思王维Love's Yearnings Wang Wei悯农二首(一) 李绅Sympathy for the Peasants ( I ) Li Shen 悯农二首(二) 李绅Parting from a Friend at Yangzhou Zheng Gu 送杜少府之任蜀川王勃Sending off a Friend Who Has Been Appointed a County-Level Official in Far-Away Sichuan Wang Bo望月怀远张九龄Gazing at the Moon and Thinking of Someone FarawayZhang J iuling白石滩王维White Stone Beach Wang Wei鸟鸣涧王维Birds Chirping over the Hill Creek Wang Wei 春夜喜雨杜甫Propitious Rain Falling at Midnight Du Fu 宿建德江孟浩然Staying Overnight on Jiande River Meng Haoran滁州西涧韦应物Chuzhou's West Brook Wei Yingwu题破山寺后禅院常建Meditation Rooms at the Back of theCleft-BoulderHill Temple Chang Jian绝句杜甫A Heptasyllabic Quatrain Du Fu阙题刘脊虚A Poem Lacking a Title Liu Shenxu送元二使安西王维Sending off a Friend， Who Has Been Appointed Envoyto the West Lands Wang Wei凉州词王之涣Liangzhou Song Wang Zhihuan凉州词王翰Liangzhou Song Wang Hah夜宿山寺李白Staying Overnight in a Mountain Temple Li Bai杂诗(其二) 王维Miscellaneous Poems (Second in a Series) Wang Wei问刘十九自居易Asking a Friend Bai Juyi风李峤Wind Li Qiao马诗李贺A Horse Poem Li He秋浦歌李白Autumn Waterside Songs Li Bai剑客贾岛Jianke Jia Dao于易水送人骆宾王Sending off a Warrior By the Yishui River LuG Binwang春怨金昌绪Complaint Against Spring lin Changxu竹枝词刘禹锡The Bamboo Song Liu Yuxi城东早春杨巨源Early Spring in East City Yang Juyuan晚春韩愈Late Spring Han Yu山亭夏日高骈A Summer's Day in a Hill Garden Gao Pian 秋日耿讳An Autumn Day Geng Wei白雪歌送武判官归京岑参Snow (For Chief of Secretarial Staff Wu，Who Was B&ng Called Back to the Capital) Cen Shen过故人庄孟浩然Visiting an Old Friend's Country Place Meng Haoran江村即事司空曙Scene from a Riverside Village Sikong Shu 社日王驾Community Day Wang Jia送人游吴杜荀鹤Seeing off a Friend， Who Was Going to Tour Suzhou Du Xunhe枫桥夜泊张继Night Boat Call at Maple Bridge， Suzhou Zhang Ji早发白帝城李白Sailing Early from Baidi Town Li Bai黄鹤楼送孟浩然之广陵李白Seeing off Fellow Poet Meng Haoran， Who WasLeaving the Yellow Crane Tower for Yangzhou Li Bai黄鹤楼崔颢The Yellow Crane Tower Cui Hao夜雨寄北李商隐A Letter Sent North about These Nightly Rainsin Bashan Mountains Li Shangyin无题李商隐Poem Without a Title Li Shangyin登幽州台歌陈子昂Ascending Youzhou Terrace Chen Zi'ang与诸子登岘首孟浩然Climbing Mount Xianshou with Scholarly Friends Meng Haoran滕王阁王勃Prince of Teng's Pavilion-House Wang Bo 洛阳道储光羲The Luoyang Highway Chu Guangxi遣悲怀元稹Venting My Sorrow Yuan Zhen赠卖松人于武陵To a Tree Vendor Yu Wuling乌衣巷刘禹锡Black Robe Lane Liu Yuxi清明杜牧The Day of Clear and Bright Du Mu江南春杜牧Spring Comes to Jiangnan Du Mu泊秦淮杜牧Overnight Stay on Qinhuai River， Nanjing Du Mu山行杜牧Driving by the Mountain Du Mu金缕衣杜秋娘Garment Stitched with Gold Threads Du Qiuniang自遣罗隐Self Consolation Luo Yin题都城南庄崔护South Side of the Capital City Cui Hu月下独酌李白Drinking Alone Underneath a Moon Li Bai 将进酒李白Drink Your Fill! Li Bai春日忆李白杜甫Remembering Li Bai on a Spring Day Du Fu 春望杜甫Spring Outlook Du Fu前出塞杜甫Song of the Fortified Town (One from a First Group of"Fortified Town" Poems) Du Fu石壕吏杜甫A Village Official Du Fu陪诸贵公子丈八沟携妓纳凉晚际遇雨杜甫A Cruise on Long-Ditch Creek in the Company of Some Young Gentlemen and Their "Hired" Ladies， and Got Caught in a Shower Along the Twilight Hour Du Fu与朱山人杜甫To Zhu—the Mountain Person Du Fu赠卫八处士杜甫To a Younger Friend， Who Is a Retiring Sort of Person Du Fu李白篇送友人青山横北郭白水绕东城此地一为别孤蓬万里征浮云游子意落日故人情挥手自兹去萧萧班马鸣Farewell To A FriendGreen mountains bar the northern sky; White water girds the eastern town. Here is the place to say good-bye;You'll drift like lonely thisledown. With floating cloud you'll float away; Like parting day I'll part from you. We wave as you start on your way;Our steeds still neigh, "Adieu, adieu!"登金陵凤凰台凤凰台上凤凰游凤去台空江自流吴宫花草埋幽径晋代衣冠成古丘三山半落青天外二水中分白鹭洲总为浮云能蔽日长安不见使人愁On Phoenix Terrace At JinlingOn Phoenix Terrace once phoenixes came to sing;The birds are gone, but still roll on the river's waves.The ruined palace's buried 'neath the weeds in spring;The ancient sages in caps and gowns all lie in graves.The three-peak'd mountain is half lost in azure sky;The two-fork'd stream by Egret Isle is kept apart.As floating clouds can veil the bright sun from the eye,Imperial Court, now out of sight, saddens my heart.宣州谢眺楼饯别校书叔云弃我去者昨日之日不可留乱我心者今日之日多烦忧长风万里送秋雁对此可以酣高楼蓬莱文章建安骨中间小谢又清发俱怀逸兴壮思飞欲上青天览明月抽刀断水水更流举杯销愁愁更愁人生在世不称意明朝散发弄扁舟Farewell To Uncle Yun, The Imperial Librarian, At The Xie Tiao Pavilion In XuanzhouWhat left me yesterdayCan be retained no more;What worries me todayAre the times for which I feel sore.In autumn wind for miles and miles the wild geese fly.Let's follow them with eyes and drink in tower high.Your writing's forcible, like ancient poets, whileMine is in Junior Xie's direct and easy style.Both of us have ambitions high;We'd bring the moon down from the sky. Cut running water with a sword, it will faster flow;Drink wine to drown your sorrow, it will heavier grow.If we despair in our lifetime of all affairs, Tomorrow let us sail away with loosened hairs.赠汪伦李白乘舟将欲行忽闻岸上踏歌声桃花潭水深千尺不及汪伦送我情To Wang LunI, Li Bai, sit aboard a ship about to go When suddenly on shore your farewell songs o'erflow.However deep the Lake of Peach Blossom maybe,It's not so deep, O Wang Lun! as your love for me.早发白帝城朝辞白帝彩云间千里江陵一日还两岸猿声啼不住轻舟已过万重山Leaving White Emperor Town At Dawn Leaving at dawn the White Emperor crowned with cloud,I've sailed a thousand li through canyons in a day.With monkeys' sad adieus the riverbanks are loud;My skiff has left ten thousand mountains faraway.月下独酌花间一壶酒独酌无相亲举杯邀明月对影成三人月既不解饮影徒随我身暂伴月将影行乐须及春我歌月徘徊我舞影零乱醒时同交欢醉后各分散永结无情游相期邈云汉Drinking Alone Under The MoonAmong the flowers from a pot of wineI drink alone beneath the bright moonshine.I raise my cup to invite the moon, who blends Her light with my shadow and we're three friends.The moon does not know how to drink her share; In vain my shadow follows me here and there. Together with them for the time I stayAnd make merry before spring's spend away.I sing the moon to linger with my song;My shadow disperses as I dance along. Sober, we three remain cheerful and gay; Drunken, we part and each goes his way. Our friendship will outshine all earthly love;Next time we'll meet beyond the stars above. 杜甫篇望岳岱宗夫如何齐鲁青未了造化钟神秀阴阳割昏晓荡胸生层云决眦入归鸟会当凌绝顶一览众山小Gazing At Mount TaiO, peak of peaks, how high it stands! One boundless green o'erspreads two states.A marvel done by nature's hands,O'er light ang shade it dominates.Clouds rise therefrom and lave my breast;I strain my eyes and see birds fleet.I must ascend the mountain's crest;It dwarfs all peaks under my feet.赠李白秋来相顾尚飘蓬未就丹砂愧葛洪痛饮狂歌空度日飞扬跋扈为谁雄To Li BaiWhen autumn comes, you're drifting still like thistledown.You try to find the way to heaven, but you fail.In singing mad and drinking dead your days you drown.For whom will fly the roc? For whom will leap the whale?兵车行车辚辚马萧萧行人弓箭各在腰耶娘妻子走相送尘埃不见咸阳桥牵衣顿足拦道哭哭声直上干云霄道旁过者问行人行人但云点行频或从十五北防河便至四十西营田去时里正与裹头归来头白还戍边边廷流血成海水武皇开边意未已君不闻汉家山东二百州千村万落生荆杞纵有健妇把锄犁禾生陇亩无东西况复秦兵耐苦战被驱不异犬与鸡长者虽有问役夫敢伸恨且如今年冬未休关西卒县官急索租租税从何出信知生男恶反是生女好生女犹得嫁比邻生男埋没随百草君不见青海头古来白骨无人收新鬼烦冤旧鬼哭天阴雨湿声啾啾Song Of The ConscriptsChariots rumbleand horses grumble.The conscripts march with bow and arrows at the waist.Their fathers, mothers, wives and children come in hasteTo see them off; the bridge is shrouded in dust they've raised.They clutch at the men's coats and stamp and bar the way;Their grief cries loud and strikes the cloud straight, straightaway.Another onlooker by roadside asks an enrollee,"The conscription is frequent," only answers he."Some went north at fifteen to guard the rivershoreAnd were sent west to till the land at forty-four.The elder bound their young heads when they went away;Just home, they're sent to the frontier though their hair's grey.The field on borderland becomes a sea of blood;The emperor's greed for land is still at high blood.Have you not heard two hundred districts east of the Hua Mountain lieWhere briers and brambles grow in villages far and night?Although stout women can wield the plough and the hoe,They know not east from west where thorns and weeds o'ergrow.The enemy are used to hard and stubborn fight: Our men are driven just like dogs or fowls in flight.You are kind to ask me.To complain I'm not free.In winter of this yearConscription goes on here.The magistrates for taxes press;How can we pay them in distress!If we had known sons bring no joy,We'd have preferred girl to boy.A daughter can be married to a neighbour, alas!A son can only be buried under the grass! Have you not seenOn borders greenBleached bones since olden days unburied on the plain?The old ghosts weep and cry, while the new ghosts complain;The air is loud with screech and scream in gloomy rain."将进酒 ----李白君不见，黄河之水天上来，奔流到海不复回？君不见，高堂明镜悲白发，朝如青丝暮成雪？人生得意须尽欢，莫使金樽空对月，天生我材必有用，千金散尽还复来。
合同法官网译文(3篇)
第1篇IntroductionThe Contract Law Official Website serves as a comprehensive resource for individuals, businesses, and legal professionals seeking information on contract law. Below is a translated version of the website’s introduction, which outlines the purpose, scope, and key features of the website.---合同法官方网站引言合同法官方网站旨在为个人、企业和法律专业人士提供一个全面的信息平台，关于合同法的相关内容。
以下是对该网站引言的翻译，其中包括了网站的目的、范围和主要功能。
---Purpose of the WebsiteThe Contract Law Official Website is designed to provide a comprehensive and accessible source of information on contract law. It aims to facilitate understanding and compliance with the provisions of the Contract Law of the People's Republic of China, which came into effect on October 1, 1999. The website is intended to serve as a reference tool for all those involved in the drafting, execution, and enforcement of contracts.网站目的合同法官方网站旨在提供一个全面且易于获取的合同法信息资源。
旅游英语 意译( free translation)
Huangguoshu Falls 避暑山庄 the Imperial Mountain Summer Resort 龙门石窟 Longmen Stone Cave 苏州园林 Suzhou Gardens 庐山 Lushan Mountain
峨嵋山
Emei Mountain
大运河 Grand Canal 滇池 Dianchi Lake 杜甫草堂 Du Fu Cottage
鼓浪屿
Gulangyu Islet
甘露寺
Sweet Dew Temple
黄花岗七十二烈士墓
Mausoleum of the 72 Martyrs
华清池 Huaqing Hot Spring 昭君墓 Zhaojun's Tomb
光孝寺: Guangxiao temple, 能仁寺:
佛山祖庙: Foshan Ancestral
Nengren Temple
五仙观: Wuxianguan (Five-
Immortal) Temple
Temple 九龙十八滩: Jiulong Shiba Shoals 惠州西湖: West Lake in Huizhou。
人文景观的种类名称一般包括寺( temple)、
塔(pagoda)、楼(tower)、宫(palace)、庙 ( temple)、陵( tomb, mausoleum)、祠 (shrine)、园(garden)、山庄(villa)、亭 (pavilion)、庵(convent, nunnery)、阁(hall pavilion)、斋(house, hall study, room)、故 居( former residence)、石窟(grotto)、园林 (ga
美国法律术语翻译参考
美国法律术语翻译参考二、在不会造成歧解的情况下，译文尽可能使用通俗语言（例如套用国内法律术语），例如statutes and laws只译作“法律”，而不是“成文法和惯例法”，也并不逐字逐句直译，例如file an application for a Court order (“application”)中括号内的文字，又如对法律条文的引用（50 U.S.C. § 1803(g)译成《美国法典》第几章第几节第几条对普通读者毫无意义，反而不方便有兴趣的读者查阅有关法律条文、专业人员引用），同理1806(k)连用时不处理为第1806条第11款，甚至保留(a)等美式序号而不是处理为汉语序号（比如说第一款）。
三、美国法律术语并没有完整而权威的译文，为此，译者将可能存在不同译法的术语汇编如下，不在正文中第一次出现时附原文，以便阅读和检索。
需要加以注释才能防止歧解的术语，包括表面上可能是普通语言实际上却是术语的措辞，如“美国人”（a United States person）；未在此处汇报的部分专有名词和术语在第一次出现会附上原文（包括绝大多数人名）。
容易望文生义或错误理解但不影响专业人员的术语不进行通俗处理，也不加解释，如“救济”（relief，不处理为比如说“赔偿”，司法救济在国内已是通用术语）。
adversary proceeding 对质式诉讼；在大多数普通法国家中，双方当事人在这种诉讼中承担发现并展示证据的主要责任，独立的法官不调查事实（参见《朗文法律词典》第六版）adversary hearing 对质听证会，指双方当事人出庭辩论affirm 维持（原判决或裁定、原命令、原指示）affirmation 不以宣誓方式表述的确认（证词）；on oath or affirmation以宣誓或郑重保证的方式affidavit 誓书；在公证人或其他获得授权的官员面前宣誓，从而提供的书面证词a foreign power：外国势力（通译就是外国），在《对外情报侦察法》中具有特定含义：外国政府；外国政府的外交官、其他代表或雇员；主要不由美国人构成的某个外国的一部分；外国政府公开承认受其指导和控制的某个实体；参与国际恐怖主义或为此而准备的活动的团体。
大雁塔英语导游词3篇
大雁塔英语导游词3篇大雁塔自唐朝以来，由玄奘法师修建，用来存放经书的佛塔。
下面是为大家带来的大雁塔英语导游词，希望可以帮助大家。
大雁塔英语导游词范文1："See China in five hundred, please come to Beijing, want to see China in five thousand, please go to xi 'an", see this you should know the history of the xi 'an long, xi 'an was the capital of 13 dynasties, is also one of the seven ancient capitals in China, together with Athens, Cairo, Rome more is known as the "world's four major ancient civilization". Xian, called chang 'an. Around xian imperial mausoleum, palace ruins, ancient temple of acquainting and garden scenic spots, is a treasure trove of xi 'an became a history and culture, numerous cultural relics to reveal it once had the brilliant and deep rich historical and cultural charm. Is in such a city, in this you can feel the Chinese for thousands of years of vicissitudes of life change, and the development of the Chinese civilization and the greatest of the Chinese nation.In Beijing on January 14, 2011, the national 5 a-class tourist scenic spot of opening ceremony, the xi 'an qujiang wild goose pagoda? Datang furong garden scenic spot success promotion national 5 a grade scenic spot, become after the Terra Cotta Warriors, huaqing pool and runs in our province, the fourth national 5 a-class tourist scenic spot, is the first company in xi 'an city 5 a level scenic area, is the first regional, many attractions whole packaging promotion national 5 a grade scenic spot.Xi 'an qujiang wild goose pagoda? Datang lotus park scenic area is located in the core region of xi 'an qujiang newly developed area, with a total area of 3.8 square kilometers, isChina's only journal theme scenic spots. There are tang changan xuan zang translated by land, day - the temple of Buddhism; Xi 'an landmarks, one thousand sites - wild goose pagoda; Architectural landscape, nature, save big tang temple Ursa major temple tang big temple ruins park base sites; China's first comprehensive display of tang style park - datang furong garden; In the tang dynasty QuJiangChi site for dating, followed the open cultural experience of landscape pattern of the park - park QuJiangChi sites; After 1400 years of wind and rain of the tang dynasty city wall ruins, restore reproduce the character of the tang dynasty and the tang dynasty as the theme of the artistic conception of tang dynasty city wall ruins park; There is Asia's largest matrix water dance music square, leisure culture of great wild goose pagoda scenic area, dazzle beautiful tang Yin and datang city that never sleeps.Cultural and historical resources of the scenic spot, beautiful scenery and pleasant environment, everywhere embodies the concept of environmental protection and humanistic care, has become a new card in xian city, the ancient capital tourism new brand. Visitors enter the scenic area, every footprint walk on site, every journey to complete the dialogue with history.大雁塔英语导游词范文2：Welcome to here, let me to introduce for everybody!In northwest China, the beautiful city of xi 'an is a famous ten dynasties ancient capital. A landmark tower, Ming Great Wall ruins, huaqing pool and so on. Can be the most magnificent, the most famous is the wild goose pagoda.Since the tang dynasty of great wild goose pagoda, built by master xuan zang, used to store the scriptures pagoda. Day it was built in the temple, historically, intact, for visitors to visit and tour,and now is the famous tourist attractions in our country, the symbol of the famous ancient city of xi 'an. Xi 'an ever central is printed on the wild goose pagoda, the wild goose pagoda is a sign of worthy of xi 'an.The origin of the wild goose pagoda magic the occult. According to legend, in India the ogre tuo, a temple monks believe in hinayana, eats three net (that is, the wild goose, deer, calf meat). One day, a group of geese fly sky. A monk saw group of geese, letter said: "everybody not to eat today, bodhisattvas should know we are hungry!" Taking a wild geese fell dead in his word, the monk in front, he was pleasantly surprised, all times against temple monks, all think that this is the tathagata in educating them. Hence in the place where wild goose fell to the solemn ceremony was buried goose a tower, and called the wild goose pagoda. Xuan zang in the allusions, built the wild goose pagoda.The earliest due to insufficient financial resources, wild goose pagoda is a building five floors, afterwards because of wu zetian believe in Buddhism, it built the ten layers. Unfortunately, five generations of war and down to seven layers, today is the seven layers of the blue brick flies in the tower. 64.5 meters high tower, each have a door on the ground, modelling concise, magnificence, is a rare masterpiece of buddhist art in our country.From a distance, you will find that the wild goose pagoda is slightly tilted, this but there is a lot of. Xian a few times in the past, earthquake, earthquake tower like side slightly tilted, later, the tower body part for soil and groundwater is not uniform, the settlement of wild goose pagoda accelerated the tilt, now gradually recover the groundwater, the wild goose pagoda "right".Wild goose pagoda is the first batch of national key protected cultural relics, after repeated repairs, the seven layers of blue bricks tower become solid, wild goose pagoda in the protection of cultural relics, social construction in the future, don't reduce the beauty of the classical past, this layer charming, mysterious veil. Attracts the world search for buddhist culture and the ancient Oriental civilization.大雁塔英语导游词范文3：Wild goose pagoda scenic area is a buddhist holy land, is the national AAAA level scenic area, and the tang dynasty monk xuan zang mages have close relations, tang's monk buddhist scriptures translated by the story is taking place. All buddhist temple, are monks worship Buddha, proving, chanting dojo, and large temple, pagoda compared with other temple what is special about? Monk as a cloud, ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign monk countless, tang's monk xuan zang who? Why the story of tang's monk scriptures widely circulated, today visited the scenic spot, will find answers to these questions. Believe that everyone knows the story of "journey to the west" tang's monk scriptures? In this scenic spot, however, there is no "journey to the west" myth "tang's monk teacher", also can not find decline demon in addition to the magic of "sun wukong, pig eight quit, sand monk". But you will feel a living and true tang's monk xuan zang to obtain buddhist scriptures. Xuan zang to say who? We say that he is an indomitable spirit of the Chinese people, is a have feelings of the Chinese national spirit and patriotism. He is a famous monk, taizong your respectful name he is "leader" of practice, the emperor tang said he is the crown of the "reality".Dear visitors, now we move to the south wild goose pagoda square. This big temple scenic area by the main scenic spot, thewild goose pagoda and the north and the south square, things of two yuan, covers an area of about 500 mu. At the center of the square stands a statue of tang's monk xuan zang to obtain buddhist scriptures tall statue. See his eaves, Khmer, hand-held tin staff, with a firm pace, as if is travelling in the journey of the experiences of the west. Behind him is that he pioneered jion cradle, is hosted by his translation of the temple, and he has built the wild goose pagoda.Xuan zang (602-664), common family name is Chen yi, henan yanshi, have been super intelligent, industrious. 13 was abnormality admits, ranked in luoyang pureland temple tonsure a monk. Xuan zang has toured the country ten Yu Sheng, visited more than 10 senior monk MingXian, learn the classic, end doctrine, reputation capital, is known as the "door shi wei and buddhist li colt." Travel all over the country, after he review incomplete, Buddhism was introduced into China since 600, a buddhist doctrinal differences, the status of the faction disputes. Xuan zang in buddhist studies, buddhist scriptures the question of the article up to hundred. The origin - tianzhu country he was determined to Buddhism, which is today's India, to explore the essence of Buddhism aggregates, to solve the doubt, carry forward the dharma. He in 627 AD, the table together, apply for to print, not approved by the court. Someone else have quit, but he refused, to don't change, and use three years before going abroad, from the buddhist studies, both material and spiritual aspects of language Sanskrit and are fully prepared. Hence illegal customs, namely illegal smuggling exit, the day fu night, go alone, began his hardships of India to obtain buddhist scriptures and legend. Now, please continue to visit.Now we went to the temple, the temple of the main entranceis called the gate, also called three, respectively called gate, door, door, a symbol of the three free of Buddhism. You see, the tablet is comrade jiang zemin personally inscribed on the door of "big temple" several characters of the shining. Temple was founded in sui huang nine years (AD 589), the early name "no leakage temple". In 648 AD, the emperor tang Li Zhi make prince, commend to chase the ghost fu for his mother to build temple, so the name "temple". Temple have to its parent after the prince Li Zhi built, also expressed his father emperor taizong miss weld the queen's wish. Emperor taizong and DE queen grew up loving, eternal friendship, at the age of 13 namely "wives by emperor taizong", emperor taizong account was only 17 years old at the time. Emperor taizong acceded to the throne, made the queen. Weld queen good upright, the tail from wagging the dog, strict in law already, she to datang shrines, avoid nepotism, she insisted that don't let his brother sons and nephews in court. For Wei Zheng, fang xuanling brave LiangChen, but all about love. Of the queen's sense of honor, just virtuous, become the tang dynasty heyday LiangZuo beams. At last words also stressed that "no lights, waste thin death". So virtuous cheerful, it deserves to be a female politicians have courage, have heart. On the death of 33 queen, emperor taizong very grief, XiangJinChen confession: "I not know destiny but not of sadness, but no longer smell the suggestion of speech into the palace, a LiangZuo, so can't forget the ear!" So big temple created, actual it is taizong blessing of the father and son to weld the queen, and after the tang dynasty to the generation of xian memorial.Big in the tang dynasty temple is located in the eastern half of chang an city JinChang fang, about 398 acres, a total of 1897 rooms, 300 monks, as one of the buddhist temple of changangrand scale. At the beginning of the temple was built, the court specially to meet please return from India to changan, is a hong fu temple by xuan zang as temple abbot attendance, big temple became the highest institution of higher learning and the flourishing of Chinese Buddhism. Continuously by war after tang dynasty, the temple gradually deserted, experience and repair for many times, until 1446 AD, is laid the temple size today.Now the scope of the temple width of 160 meters, north and south long 318 meters, a total of 93 acres, the main building the temple, from south to north lined the entrance, drum tower, things peidian peidian, dharma scripture-stored tower, the wild goose pagoda and the monk xuan zang. Things on both sides, respectively, the monastery, temple abbot yuan pipe, tube institute, etc.We walked into the entrance, you can see on the second floor of the bell and drum, in the east tower suspension with a cast iron back "wild goose pagoda". Casting in the clock l548 AD, cast with the clock back "wild goose pagoda" four strong characters, the wild goose pagoda mouth back from cause to enable to today, have been as great temple do instrument specifications, is BenSi buddhist activities and the other part of the monks live. As Buddhism large multiplier, morning bell is called his monks to make. The temple monks WenZhong every day, to smell drum but sleep. Back when the dawn, the loud sounds of ding lacerate morning sunrise, wrap over south, a total of 3 array, each array 36 ring, struck a chord with 108 ring, said 108 kinds of renouncing earthly life troubles, prayer times peace, and all the peoples happiness, good harvest.The west side of the drum tower hang a big drum, temple called MuGu, to tap the drum tower, bell and drum are largemultiplier for the monastery. Things peidian peidian former east guanyin hall, now the guest room, west to hid in the house.Now we come to visit Ursa major. High on the stage of Ursa major for the center of the temple building, Ursa plaques glittering, is the late President Mr. At the beginning of the buddhist association of China book. Incense before the prosperity, the main hall of the temple to worship the Buddha within three body of Buddha, for indicating the Buddha which he covered the Buddha, west for indicating the Buddha luo that Buddha, east to Buddha shakyamuni Buddha. Buddha flanked by a disciple of the Buddha, east to kasyapa, west to the difficult, on both sides and samantabhadra bodhisattva statues and like manjusri bodhisattva, are the Ming dynasty sculpture, the symbol of truth and wisdom, respectively. Double-box lined with other things, including xuan zang, 18 arhats, such arrangement is to the Buddha's 16 their honour person with speaker friends celebrate, the translators were listed as 18 arhats, xuan zang for 18 arhats earlier arrangement in our country, there are other arrangement in the future. Lohan is theravada Buddhism, the highest realm of practice refers to eliminate all the troubles to enter nirvana, death and rebirth, no longer is a provider. Ocean's three righteousness is: kill, cut off is greed, hatred, and delusion, etc. All the worry; Should be for. Should be by outsiders to support; Not born, enter nirvana, forever no longer into the cycle of life and death. Behind the hall of worship Lord Buddha plastic is standing on the top of the south China sea guanyin bodhisattva as as well as the bodhisattva, dragon lady, wooden fork 150 characters, and the good fortune the lad 53 and seek legal way story, lively and interesting, vivid display of the south China sea avalokitesvara putuo lo ng mountain dojo penglai fairyland.On the west side of Ursa walls inlaid with a few "wild goose pagoda title" tablet, wild goose pagoda title like this tablet in the scenic spot I have dozens of tong. "Wild goose pagoda title" began in the tang dynasty, refers to the top of is in changan exceeded otherregions HeJinShi, gathered wild goose pagoda, and Wu Ju cultural activities, on the small wild goose pagoda title jiajing nineteen years (1540), after having obtained title metropolitan examinations of shaanxi inscription is: "name the topic wild goose pagoda between heaven and earth first things first." After the tang dynasty poet bai juyi in A.D. 800 exceeded otherregions jinshi spring-and-autumn way: "jion tower under the title, 17 of the boy." Implemented at the moment. Said "poor Meng Fuzi" meng jiao, jinshi in only 46 years old, he spring-and-autumn yue: "old dirty not kua, debauchery is long, life is short. Today percussion horseshoe disease, a day to see changan flowers." After he receive government degrees "" spring in his famous poem, become popular 美谈.In the ancient capital of chang 'an activity is a continuation of more than one thousand years, wild goose pagoda title and title jinshi just continue to the tang dynasty. Because each in each generation, since the tang dynasty chang 'an is no longer a capital city, but so do dungans followed a provinces after having obtained juren Tang Jinshi jas have title activity on the wild goose pagoda. He in the temples and the wild goose pagoda, is still a deposit of the Ming and qing dynasties after having obtained juren title tablet in 73. In the jianfu temple, the small wild goose pagoda has also kept a Wu Ju title title 17 tong Ming and qing dynasties, also known as the "wild goose pagoda title". Because the size of wild goose pagoda emulate title in the tower, considerable tang tang dynasty life, then gradually formed astitle wild goose pagoda, the small wild goose pagoda. These are historical data in the system of our country's scientific research.North of the hall for the two-story dharma scripture-stored tower, the upper with xuan zang had translated books, the dharma, dedicated to a statue of amitabha Buddha, is the Ming dynasty bronze figure of Buddha of fine gold. Xuan zang consecrate Buddha dharma is also on display, xuan zang institution and peek at base, round BeiTa portraits, etc. Round city ghost kingdom prince, by year after becoming a monk came to China, given up to xuan zang and door; Snapshot of the base is xuan zang ambitions, this is the founding fathers WeiChi ready and nephew, every time go out with three car, so has the nickname "three monks". Thus it can be seen at the time of xuan zang, fame and position.Now, at the foot of the people came to the wild goose pagoda, formerly known as temple of great wild goose pagoda FuTu. Master xuan zang to keep from India brought back a large number of buddhist scriptures and the Buddha sarira, in AD 652, the attached chart, approved by the court, in BenSi west courtyard pagoda built five layer. Each layer of all remaining sarira, a total of more than ten thousand grains. Master xuan zang to attend a tower labor, carrying bricks, took two years to build.As for the "wild goose pagoda" the name of the origin, the dialects. And xuan zang own compilation of the datang western region "described in the buddhist story of the most credible. In history, according to "the datang western xuan zang mahayana and theravada Buddhism in early points two, mahayana precepts carnivorous, theravada don't quit. Ancient Indian magadha tuo state city, a king outside indra the mountain have a temple, thetemple monks believe in theravada teaching, one day, at will, the monk hungry, not landing, lunch is complaining. There is a monk suddenly see a group of geese fly through the air, freely a joke: I've been waiting all the monk for many days without eating meat, if bodhisattvas have spirit, should know our difficulties! See the words sound just fell, the leading wild goose to fly back, arrived before the monk was broken wings fell down, and all the monks frightened, understand what is Buddha to education them, the monk hurriedly bowed down, and buried the courts to the goose. Built on a tower, named wild goose pagoda, to believe in mahayana from now on, no longer eat meat. This is the origin of the name of the wild goose pagoda. The word "wild goose pagoda" plus one "big" word, before it is due to architectural grandeur of the tower, the second is built in the jianfu temple tower is as known as the wild goose pagoda, to distinguish, hence respectively referred to as the wild goose pagoda and small wild goose pagoda. Of Buddhism in India, also went to join the ritual of the famous wild goose pagoda.Master xuan zang organization construction of the stupa in person, because of the brick surface soil, wind and rain erosion, gradually destroyed after more than 40 years. Wu zetian changan years (AD 701-704) the empress wu zetian and tombs which adheres to give money to rebuild. Hence converted into seven layers of the pagoda pagoda, said 7 class floor, more majestic earlier. People often say: "save people's life, made 7 class floor", almost.One thousand years, has been of great wild goose pagoda is the symbol of the ancient city of xi 'an and landmark buildings. Towering pagoda, a symbol of master xuan zang spirit of high quality and great personality.A castle in the wild goose pagoda is a typical imitation wooden type 2-foot-tall tower, more well-known Chinese and foreign with "personality" story. Wild goose pagoda is composed of tower, tower, DaCha Lao, 64.7 meters, carved on the lintel frame has a line in the tang dynasty. Four bar with fluency vivid shade is engraved line carve Buddha, bodhisattva, king kong lux portrait. Especially XiMenMei line in characterization, the lecture is the Buddha, look dignified kind, 30 honour bodhisattva poses of all stripes, lifelike. Today we research building in tang dynasty, buddhist art and history and culture of precious materials.Embedded at the bottom of great wild goose pagoda south on both sides of the gate put the emperor taizong of the "tang monk SAN teaching sequence", and when the prince of the tang dynasty the emperor "tang monk SAN teaching sequence", two second "st" monument, all by the head of the secretariat (prime minister) book by b. Like this both tablet inscription and the relative arrangement, left and right sides is symmetrical. Set in pagodas, it is unique. Engraved inscription and below are their elegant, dancing began flying dance lotte, scan "sequence" tablet musicians of instrument for wind, monuments, and "remember" instruments for string. So tianle dance is a buddhist fairyland.Some say wild goose pagoda SAN teaching sequence memorial tablet "quiet" two st. One is two st imperial emperor taizong account from - from "sequence", taizi Li Zhi from "remember" the name, the second is the experiences of xuan zang - praise xuan zang to obtain buddhist scriptures preach Buddhism, the contents of three is everyone calligraphy calligraphy masterpieces of - b, four is in huang, changan solemn sacred big buddhist temple in the city. Therefore this monument as a national treasure, the treasure of the name is more famousmonuments.Now, we came to a layer in the wild goose pagoda. First look at the two stone tablets, on the wall on both sides is a xuan zang institution, one is translated by the figure xuan zang. The two tablet is the vivid reflection of xuan zang mage glorious life.Look at pillar hang four long, is by the emperor taizong, tang dynasty the emperor and the words of the master xuan zang.First, from emperor taizong drive makes tang monk SAN teaching sequence, the effect is: master xuan zang is a buddhist leader, he risked his government rules and life, overcome all difficulties and obstacles and single ride of expedition alone, visited college, explore and study the buddhist scriptures, the buddhist truth widely carry forward, with the sun, with heaven and earth.Second picture: from tang dynasty the emperor drive makes big temple monument, the effect is: master xuan zang can be called is a crown of Buddhism, the buddhist scriptures, reject, he make the Buddha's light shining, to promote Buddhism, he represents an era, he surpassed the xiyu buttocho, dove moro, ZhuDaoSheng and shen this monk, master xuan zang's achievements and spirit is unprecedented, after.The third picture means: create big temple in troublesome, and the capital translate sutras, I sincerely hope that the dharma hui flow to carry forward, settle can bless usually long, holy teaching to promote, illumination of Chinese history, wisdom the feelings of the world can jian, fukuda, reflected in the Buddha dharma forever.The fourth picture means: we cherish esteeming mood, built a pagoda, with resettlement from the buddhist monk buddhist paradise to classical, magnificent pagoda thousand buddhasbless, and to pay close attention to; We also need to establish the monument, engraved two precious holy wrote inscriptions, stupa st mark will be with heaven and earth, stand in changan resort.Now we began to climb up the visit. Please step light tower, pay attention to safety. Is rich in every layer of display, respectively consecrate figure of Buddha of fine gold of Ming dynasty, the Indian buddhist monk of the Buddha sarira, display has Buddha footprint stele, department of xuan zang in his later years of print consecrate Buddha replica of stone, and xuan zang poems calligraphy, poetry, yu, qi baishi. The sixth layer suspension has several great poets in tang dynasty poetry calligraphy.In the autumn of 752, when the wild goose pagoda to create the 100th anniversary of the poet du fu in conjunction with the ts 'en-ts 'an, cross, xue according to, ChuGuangXi five great poets, reach the wild goose pagoda, held a special poets gathering wild goose pagoda. They lean on, to see the pagoda wei, autumn scenery picturesque scene, inspired each poet's feelings and young. Famous frontier fortress poet ts 'en-ts 'an cheerful poison sings: "potential Wells such as tower, solitary towering temple. Step into the world, pedal plate of vanity. Four corners in the day, the seven layers of the sky. The glimpse into high bird, prone to present concern.charlotte heard." Everyone please du fu chanting songs, see his feelings, a poem, a appears once asking it, manhood, he sing a way: "high across the sky, heavy wind all. Since the kuang, belonged to the philistines, we turn the sorrow. The seven stars in the north, west flow galaxy. Xihe whip the day, and less HaoHang clear autumn. Qinshan suddenly broken, there. Looking down but, how can distinguishes the imperial state." These poems are rare song.We got to the top of the stupa, I have a kind of "step into the world," superb wonderful feeling, all the trapped, the magnificent scenery of the ancient city of panoramic view, the ghost town.Tourists friends, let us now slowly down the tower, pay attention to safety. Behind the monk xuan zang to continue to visit.Now, everybody came to the gate of monk xuan zang homes. Is a set of imitation tang monk xuan zang court buildings, by then the great times hall, eastern hospital prajna hall, west courtyard bright hall, the research and it covers an area of 3224 square meters.If you would like to ask: xi 'an big temple temple treasure? That is the parietal andother master xuan zang and Buddha sarira, because xuan zang sarira and Buddha sarira is a precious cultural relics.Tourists friends, great times in monk xuan zang homes don, honours xuan zang's statue and a parietal andother master xuan zang. Xuan zang, meanwhile, the six other spirit has been spreading around the world, is a symbol of and spread the spirit of xuan zang, will work with the sun, with heaven and earth.Monk xuan zang hospital has nearly 400 square meters large murals, beautiful st reflects the buddhist circle and xuan zang's life story. From birth, becoming a monk xuan zang and abroad religion began his brilliant life.Xuan zang in 629 from changan, travel and study in the western regions. The lanzhou, dunhuang and gaochang, by way of kyrgyzstan, kazakhstan, uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Nepal and other countries. Along the "silk road", with amazing perseverance, through "account", overcome numerousdifficulties and obstacles, to buddhist India. The experiences of long west road, full of dangerous and numerous difficulties and obstacles. But in front of xuan zang, could not the volcano, did not pass the tongtian river. In the most inaccessible desert orphan. When water sac capsized, five days and four nights into the water, a few degrees fainted in the dunes, in front of the dangerous corner, xuan zang by "not the west, not east to step" pledge and conviction, rescue, out of the woods yet.Trek through a full three years and more than 50000 in solitary, xuan zang buddhist holy land - tianzhu finally arrived in India, to learn from the famous temple of nalanda. Back in 645 AD, xuan zang west scriptures and carries a lot of Buddha sarira, 8 statue of Buddha and buddhist scriptures, 657 have returned home, was welcomed by taizong in one's hand, and the people. Arrived at changan, character, the whole city of millions of rushing out, pomp. In 648 AD, at the beginning of the great temple was built up, xuan zang to serve is too troublesome, please to the abbot temple served as the first, continue to turn. He successively in changan hong fu temple, temple, west temple, tongchuan YuHua palace and organized translation for 19 years, until he died.Sums up the translation of xuan zang, quantity, quality, contents and way new four distinctive features. First of all, no matter from quality or quantity, xuan zang is far more than the previous. Xuan zang one person alone out 1335 rolls of buddhist scriptures. Because of Buddhism translation accurate and reliable, and he is based on the original Indian FanBen lost a lot, so translation is regarded as "quasi FanBen" xuan zang. So just had the heyday of Buddhism in the tang dynasty, as well as many overseas monk tang method to a new situation.。
Courts (2)
Courtswhat is Courts• A court is a form of tribunal, often a governmental institution, with the authority to adjudicate legal disputes between parties and carry out the administration ofjustice in civil, criminal, and administrative matters inaccordance with the rule of law.•In both common law and civil law legal systems, courts are the central means for dispute resolution, and it is generally understood that all persons have an ability to bring their claims before a court. Similarly, the rights of those accused of a crime include the right to present a defense before a court.The American Court System 美国法院系统•Unlike most countries in the world, actually, there are fifty-two court systems in America—one for each of the fifty states, one for the District of Columbia, plus a federal system—similarities abound. The state court systems are established according to the constitution of each state. The federal courts are not superior to the state courts; they are simply independent systems of courts, which derives its authority from Article 3, Section2, of the U.S. Constitution.•与世界上大多数的国家不同，事实上，美国拥有52个法院系统——50个州每州一个，还有一个是哥伦比亚特区，再加上一个联邦法院系统——它们都是相似的。
历年考研阅读必备短语大集合
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竞争的环境political leaders 政治领袖colonial America 殖民时期的美国attach importance to 重视intellectual pursuit 知识追求Puritan tradition 清教徒传统start with 以…开始theological innovations 神学创新important subject 重要主题in keeping with 与…一致the original Puritans 最初的清教徒adjust to 适应in the pursuit of 追求an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness 热衷知识的氛围crafts men 工匠let alone 更不用说literary compositions 文学作品a traditional superstition quality 传统迷信的性质religious hope 宗教希望a decisive moment 决定性时刻careful sermons 细致的布道religious commitments 宗教信奉main end 主要目的benefit from 从…获益a liberal environment 自由的环境be obsessed with 为…着迷religious innovations 宗教创新2008年catch up 追赶modern life 现代生活at least 至少compared to 与…相比sex hormones 性激素stress response 压力反应chemical response 化学反应wear out 疲倦耗尽in domestic situations 在家庭环境中wear-and-tear 磨损毁坏give birth to 产生生育be determined to do 决定a single mother 单身母亲pay the rent 付房租pay the debt 还债chronic stress 长期压力diffuse stress 消除压力different inclinations 不同的倾向be faced with 面对household expenses 家庭开支gender difference 性别差异journal editor 期刊编辑subscribe to the journal 订购期刊commercial publisher 商业出版商government-funded 政府资助的far-reaching consequence 深远影响handsome profit 高额利润scholarly journal 学术论文business model 商业模式hybrid of …的混合体peer-review 同行评审background information 背景信息pose a threat to 对…构成威胁online service 在线服务team uniform 队服an unrecognized reality 一个未被认识的事实reach the limit 达到极限general population 总体人口all over the world 全世界calorie and nutrient 热量和营养under nutrition 营养不良on average 平均的secular trend 长期趋势birth canal 产道genetic architecture 遗传结构be known as 被认为是… 以…知名even though 尽管military uniform 军装in the near future 在不远的将来by and large 总体来说大体上body growth 身体成长living standards 生活水平daily exercise 日常锻炼cherry-tree-chopping 砍樱桃树的the founding generation 建立者的一代in part 部分地moral compromise 道德妥协fragile nature 脆弱的本性be hampered by 被…阻碍the political and economic bedrock 政治和经济基石bank account 银行账户presidential election 总统大选legislative approval 法律上的允许unknown aspect 不为人知的方面be applied to 被应用于be confronted with 面临moral consideration 道德考虑military experience 从军经验2007年birth certificate 出生证明soccer player 足球运动员national youth team 国家青年队strange phenomenon 奇怪的现象psychology professor 心理学教授grow up 成长长大conduct one’s research 做研究switch to psychology 转向心理学a random series of numbers 一系列随机数字the first subject 第一名被试couple with 加上later research 随后的研究be genetically determined 由遗传决定in born differences 先天差异ability to memorize 记忆能力be swamped by 被…掩盖encode the information 解码信息repeat a task 重复任务specific goals 特定目标immediate 直接反馈performance statistics 表现数据laboratory experiment 实验室实验high achievers 高成就者a startling assertion 惊人的论断highly overrate 极大地高估stress the importance 强调重要性professional training 职业训练introduce the topic 引出主题meaningful processing of information 对信息的有意义加工be determined by 由…决定psychological factor 心理因素a high degree of 高等级的…dominating factor 主导因素newspaper supplement 报纸增刊mental level 智力水平highest score 最高分数verbal and visual analogy 文字和视觉类比分析fold and cut 折叠和裁剪numerical sequence 数列figure out 指出adult and children’s version 成人和儿童版population distribution 人口分布standardized tests 标准化测验capture the main aspects of 抓住…的主要方面be correlated with 与…相关test-taking skill 应试技巧important elements 重要元素philosophical questions 哲学问题middle-class family 中产阶级家庭count on 依赖于取决于fair play 公平竞争economic risk 经济风险pink slip 解雇通知书the social implication 社会意义side effect 副作用get laid off 被解雇unemployment insurance 失业保险disability insurance 伤残保险weather bad times 度过困难时期extra income 额外收入retirement income 退休金auto industry 汽车业stock market fluctuation 股市震荡harsh reality 严酷的现实social security 社会保障a saving-account model 储蓄账户模式investment returns 投资回报absolute cost of healthcare 医疗护理的绝对成本the odds of …的机会…的可能a frightening acceleration 可怕的加速double-income families 双收入家庭in that 因为be deprived of 被剥夺sense of security 安全感compensate for 补偿political status 政治地位sort out 挑出分类corporation governance 公司管理information protection 信息保护intricate systems 复杂的系统in search of 寻找market value 市场价值data leakage 数据泄漏on behalf of 为了代表legal penalty 法律惩罚take the lead 领先2006年in spite of 尽管a culture of consumption 消费文化dress and discourse 衣着和服饰department store 百货商店cater to 迎合…的需求regardless of 不管… 不顾…mass media 大众传媒fit into 适应common culture 大众文化indices of assimilation 同化指数resistant to 抵抗prior to 先于优于a majority of 大多数immigrant family 移民家庭home ownership rate 住房拥有率rate of intermarriage 通婚率remote village 遥远的村庄immune to 不受…影响turbulent past 动荡的过去social indices 社会指数social environment 社会环境exert a great influence on 对…有很大影响as we all know 众所周知distinctly separate 泾渭分明increasingly hostile 越来越敌对live off 依靠…生活on the side 另外take in 参观sight-seeing 观光playgoer 戏迷sightseer 观光者attendance record 上座率in a row 连续drive away 赶走short of 缺乏on and off stage 台上台下on good terms 关系好short of 缺乏ticket price 票价a detached attitude 超然的态度prehistoric man 史前人类become extinct 灭绝actual biomass 实际生物量long-fished areas 长期捕鱼的区域fishing technology 捕鱼技术satellites and sonar 卫星和声纳a higher proportion 更大的比例a correct baseline 一个正确的基准take into account 考虑marine biologist 海洋生物学家fail to do 无法作未能作the massive changes 巨大的变化a relatively short time 一个相对短暂的时间sustainable yield 可持续产量be vulnerable to 易受…伤害out of date 过时的focus on 聚焦于集中注意于forms of art 艺术形式be suited for 适合于after all 毕竟dedicate to 献身于… 致力于…commercial culture 商业文化mass communication 大众通讯in danger 处于危险中be surround with 被…围绕skeptical of 对…怀疑in the wake of 随…而来a major source of information 主要信息来源an illusion of happiness 幸福的错觉be inclined to 倾向于2005年a reputation for … 一个…的名声all too human 人之常情underlying assumption 潜在假设be capable of 有…能力的可以…的good-natured 性情温和的goods and services 物品与服务exchange … for… 把…换成…in return for 作为…的交换markedly different 明显不同luxury goods 奢侈品be reluctant to 不情愿…social emotion 社会情感in the wild 在野外stem from 源于common ancestor 共同祖先an unanswered question 一个尚未解答的问题pose a contrast 提出一个对比justify an assumption 证明一个假设是合理的make a comparison 作出比较explain a phenomenon 解释一个现象be jealous of 嫉妒be inclined to 倾向于for sure 毫无疑问way of life 生活方式out to do 决定做某事upsetting parallels 令人心烦的类似情况in one wave after another 一阵一阵地global warming 全球变暖get moving 采取行动a prudent people 一个谨慎的民族nsurance policy 保险措施a majority of 大多数take … seriously 认真对待…a classic case of 一个…的典型案例paralysis by analysis 分析性瘫痪take the initiative 采取主动conservation measures 保护措施financial incentives 经济刺激政策private industry 私营企业a promising start 一个有前景的开端power plant 发电厂meet a need 满足需求scientific evidence 科学证据careful investigations 仔细的调查raise public awareness of 提高公众的…意识be applicable to 应用于take some legislative measures 采取法律措施the component of 构成…的因素within our control 处于我们的控制之中revolutionary theory 革命性的理论unconscious desires and fears 潜意识的欲望和恐惧switch to 转向random byproduct 随机的副产品neural-repair work 神经修复工作off-line 离线bring … under control 控制…brain imaging 脑成像rapid eye movement sleep 快速眼动睡眠vivid dreams 生动的梦境limbic system 边缘系统prefrontal cortex 前额皮层wake up 醒来be occupied with 被…占据daily life 日常生活exercise control over 对…进行控制pay attention to 关注集中注意于persistent nightmares 持续的噩梦seek help 寻求帮助be susceptible to 易受…影响的the relation of …的关系belong to 属于avoid anxiety 避免焦虑no longer 不再public figure 公众人物skill and gift 技巧和天赋aspire to 渴望well regarded 受到推崇的since then 从此之后triumph over 战胜think straight 正确思考talk proper 讲话得体grieve over 为…伤痛2004年hunt for a job 找工作job database 求职数据库personal search agent 个人搜索代理key in 输入job criteria 求职标准a matching position 匹配的职位intellectual property 知识产权notification of an opening 空缺职位的通知in-house counsel 内部顾问time-consuming and inefficient 耗时和低效work against 对…不利eliminate a possibility 排除一种可能career counseling 求职咨询tip service 提示性服务rely on 依赖于取决于job hunter 求职者keep a close watch on 密切关注gather information 收集信息be indispensable to 对…必不可缺lack of counseling 缺乏咨询refer to 提到指的是a taxi firm 出租车公司have a big advantage over 远胜过…thumb through 翻阅查阅phone directory 电话号码簿even if 即使dream up 虚构空想set in 开始infant school 幼儿学校the improving question 有助提高的问题university graduation ceremony 大学毕业典礼job interview 求职面试draw up 起草lose interest 失去兴趣plough through 艰难通过overlooked inequality 被忽视的不公平conspicuous bias 明显的歧视personal prejudice 个人偏见doze off 打盹word puzzle 字谜unintentional bias 无意的歧视bite one’s nails 咬指甲longtime customer 长期顾客the softening economy 疲软的经济be concerned about 关心department store 百货商店sound alarms 拉响警报long-term prospect 长期前景bet-tightening 紧缩开支in despair 处于绝望own fortune 个人财富home price 房价hold steady 保持稳定real-estate broker 房产经纪人silver lining 一线希望potential home buyer 潜在购房者stock-market swings 股市波动engage in 参加从事stock exchange 股票交易venture investment 风险投资purchasing power 购买力place a high value on 对…给予高度评价practical education 实用教育for the sake of 为…起见为了…的利益intellectual pursuit 对才智的追求be vulnerable to 易受…伤害participate in 参加a second-rate county 二流国家unnatural restraint 不自然的限制innate goodness 内在的优秀品质educational system 教育体系education reform 教育改革in favor of 支持赞同2003年be fascinated with 对…着迷electronic spying 电子间谍活动give birth to 产生point-and-click spying 点击谍报open source intelligence 开放资源的情报hold a contest 举办竞赛mastery of the electronic world 对电子世界的把握private intelligence-analysis firm 私营情报分析公司energy-services firm 能源服务公司mutually reinforce 相互增强information collection and distribution 信息收集和发布earn one’s keep 谋生military intelligence background 军事情报背景outsider status 局外人的地位back and forth 来来回回含糊其辞take pride in 为…而自豪reliable information 可靠的信息official status 官方的地位efficient staff高效的员工a misguided cause 一个被误导的事业biomedical research 生物医学研究rule out 排除…可能性animal right advocate 动物权利提倡者confuse the public 迷惑大众public funding 公共基金the process of health care research 健康护理研究的过程cruelty to animals 对动物的残忍molecular biology 分子生物学call on 号召ignorance about medical science 对医学的无知indifference to epidemics 对流行病漠不关心employ hi-tech means 使用高科技首段combine with 联合结合cause heightened concerns 引起极大关注substantial cost reduction 大幅降低成本better coordinated service 更好的协调服务threat of monopoly 垄断的威胁fierce competition 激烈竞争heavy bulk commodity 大宗货物rail industry 铁路运输行业rail company 铁路公司have the right to 有权利…appeal to 向…上诉federal government 联邦政府rate relief 降低费率in truly extreme cases 在极端情况下rate discrimination 费率歧视on the ground that 以…为理由in the long run 长期来看average rate 平均费率in practice 实际上as a whole 作为整体operating income 运营收入cost of the transaction 交易成本be based on ... 基于…fair play 公平竞争supervise transactions 监管交易life expectancy 预期寿命clinical depression 临床抑郁症the aging population 老年人healthcare system 医疗卫生体系under ideal conditions 在理想状况下at some level 在某种程度上medical consumer 医疗消费者third-party payer 第三方支付者late-stage cancer care 晚期癌症的治疗cure the disease 治愈疾病loss of hope 失去希望aggressive treatment 大胆的治疗手段realize one’s potential 发挥潜能living proof 鲜活的证据medical care 医疗护理a higher life quality 更高的生活质量medical technology 医疗技术fatal disease 致命疾病strong disapproval 强烈反对reserved consent 有保留的接受slight contempt 轻微的蔑视enthusiastic support 狂热的支持excessive demand 过多的要求2002年be relevant to 与…有关help to 有助于be in sympathy with 赞同point of view 观点refer to 提到comment on 评论push aside 推到一边be in a position 设身处地attempt to do 试着…cut in 插话off-the-cuff 即兴的give up 放弃make fun of 拿…开玩笑laughing stock 笑料human ingenuity 人类创造力cope with 应对处理result in 导致science fiction 科幻小说universal existence 广泛存在human labor 人类劳动力pose a challenge 提出挑战handle a specific error 解决特定错误common sense 尝试a dynamic world 动态世界artificial intelligence 人工智能initial optimism 最初的乐观transistor circuit 晶体管电路extend the forecast 推迟预期nerve cell 神经细胞focus on 聚焦于集中注意于suspicious face 可疑的面孔computer system 电脑系统manufacturing industry 制造业brain surgery 脑部手术internal structure 内在结构relevant information 相关信息economic decline 经济衰退crude oil 原油call up 唤起oil shock 石油危机double-digit inflation 两位数的通货膨胀suspend oil export 暂停石油出口in the short term 在短期内account for 解释；占…比例the price of petrol 汽油价格retail price 零售价rich economies 富裕国家energy conservation 能源储备heavy, energy-intensive industry 能源密集型重工业oil import 石油进口lose sleep 失眠commodity price index 商品价格指数supreme court 最高法院physician-assisted suicide 医生协助病人自杀carry important implication 有重要含义constitutional right 宪法赋予的权利medical principle 医学准则hasten death 加速死亡prescribe a drug 开药a legitimate medical purpose 合法的医疗目的medical community 医学界end-of-life care 临终护理systematic patient abuse 蓄意虐待病人2001年a response to 对…的回应accumulation of scientific knowledge 科学知识的积累split up 分开a series of 一系列scientific activity 科研活动be integrated into 融入…之中scientific community 科学界in particular 尤其是特别是in terms of 按照依据research paper 研究报告only if 只有…时候geological journal 地质学期刊compete with 同…竞争a great deal of 大量许多digital divide 数字鸿沟数字分化potential consumer 潜在消费者defeat poverty 对抗贫困get over 克服解决with respect to 关于foreign investment 国外投资industrial infrastructure 工业基础设施better off 好起来富裕起来guard against 防范attach importance to 重视wipe out 消灭擦净financial support 财政支持foreign capital 国外资本industrial pattern 工业模式deep into 深入turn out to be 结果是证实是factual error 事实误差combine with 联合结合standard template 标准模式alien to 与…相反at random 随机地compared with … 与…相比be likely to do 可能…put down roots in 扎根于定居于conventional value 传统价值观world view 世界观dedicate to 献身于… 致力于…get around to do 抽空做focus on 聚焦于集中注意于all over the world 全世界working attitude 工作态度educational background 教育背景owing to 由于go through 经历；仔细研究mergers and acquisitions 合并与兼并emerging country 新兴国家with unsurpassed might 以不可超越的力量business concentration 商业集中anticompetitive force 反竞争力量multinational corporation 跨国公司account for 解释占…比例international trade 国际贸易the ultimate stability of the world economy 世界经济的最终稳定the globalization process 全球化进程be capable of 可以…meet customers’ demand 满足顾客需求the current concentration wave 当前集中的浪潮break up 打碎终止technical progress 工业进步on the contrary 相反地the banking industry 银行业take in 接受吸收be certain to do 必定…decide to do 决定…a new international trend 新的国际趋势a passionate advocate 热情的支持者social status 社会地位economic decline 经济衰退link to 与…联系at least 至少organic vegetable 有机蔬菜be eager to 渴望…realize one’s dream 实现梦想adventurous spirit 冒险精神economic situation 经济形势2000driving force 驱动力at a loss 茫然不知所措in the face of 在…面前the domestic market 国内市场on the ropes 岌岌可危as though 似乎好像take … for granted 认为…理所当然be filled with 充满self doubt 自我怀疑blind pride 盲目自豪yield to 屈服于think tank 智囊brain drain 人才流失golden age 黄金时期potential competitor 潜在的竞争对手take over 代替接管suicidal action 自杀行为human nature 人性intense competition 激烈竞争pave the way 铺路depend on 依赖于取决于search for 搜索寻找natural selection 自然选择due to 由于commit suicide 自杀take advantage of 利用beyond comprehension 无法理解beyond dispute 无可争议beyond control 失控defective gene 有缺陷的基因tend to 往往birth rate 出生率technological advance 技术进步human evolution 人类进化find out 查明发现aim at 目标在于be regarded as 被作为speed up 加速modern stress 现代压力essential word 实词qualifying adjective 修饰性形容词finite verb 限定性动词at will 随意地fall into the river 掉进水中consist of 由…组成be based on 基于…ordinary people 普通人a transient phenomenon 一个暂时的现象primary reason 主要原因postwar baby boom 战后婴儿潮personal sacrifice 个人牺牲test taking 应试mechanical learning 机械学习creativity and self-expression 创造力与自我表达show up 出现露面lead to 导致drop out 辍学school violence 校园暴力moral education 道德教育occupation authority 占领当局in favor of 喜欢crowded living condition 拥挤的生活环境divorce rate 离婚率a positive example 一个积极的例子social activity 社会活动be responsible for 为…负责participate in 参加be dissatisfied with 对…不满意the cultivation of creativity 培养创造力give up 放弃benefit from 得益于…participatory democracy 参与民主制all phases of life 生命的每个阶段private school 私立学校enroll in 成为…的一员at an end 结束no longer 不再…compensate for 补偿the fulfillment of the goal 完成目标2011music director 音乐总监he classical-music world 古典音乐界announcement of appointment 委任通知be comparatively little known 相对不知名an unpretentious musician 谦逊的音乐家for my part 就我而言have no idea 不知道a great conductor 伟大的指挥家orchestral music 管弦乐boot up 启动miss the point 没有抓住要领classical instrumentalist 古典器乐演奏家compete with 与…竞争artistic quality 艺术价值live performance 现场演出the widespread availability 普遍可得be widely noted 被广泛关注overestimate the value of 高估…的价值inferior to 不如general public 公众straight up 真实的直率的vague excuse 模糊的借口pur sue one’s goal 追求目标run a company 经营公司reflect on 思考succession plan 继任计划shareholder pressure 股东压力get the nod 得到认可被选中cloud one’s reputation 玷污名声take hold 固定deputy chiefs 副局长aspiring leader 有抱负的领导者a senior position 高级职务adhere to a rule 坚持一个原则financial institution 金融机构financial crisis 金融危机financial status 财政状况traditional paid media 传统付费媒体alternative forms of media 可选择的媒体形式beyond conventional paid media 穿越传统付费媒体act as 充当in some cases 某些情况下，有时候e-commerce retailer 电子商务零售商in infancy 处于萌芽technological change 技术改变voice one’s opinion 表达观点make negative allegation 发表负面言论persuade sb. to do 说服某人…target company 目标企业recall crisis 召回危机be obsessed with 痴迷于…random competition 随机竞争constant conflict 持续的冲突fierce competition 激烈的竞争negative comment 负面评论magazine cover story 杂志封面故事child rearing 抚养子女redefine happiness 重新定义幸福even though 虽然即使dampen one’s moods 抑制情绪be equivalent to 等同于相当予be a direct result of 是…的直接结果be hugely unrealistic 是非常不真实的raise a kid 抚养孩子lean on 依赖temporary delight 暂时的高兴pregnant celebrity 怀孕的名人fulfill one’s social responsibility 履行某人的社会职责。
旅游英语意译(freetransla)
举世闻名的九寨沟自然保护区位于我国四川省境 内，是一片纵深达35公里的自然风景区。区内有 终年积雪的山峰、苍翠繁茂的森林、宁静悠远的 湖泊。人们常常将九寨沟比作世外桃源。
Located in Sichuan Province, the World-famous Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve covers an area of natural beauty 35 kilometers long. In the reserve there are perennially snow-topped mountain peaks, verdant and lush forests and stretches of serene lakes. Jiuzhaigou is often compared to a heaven of peace, leaving behind nothing but earthly troubles and worries.
West Lake in Huizhou。
音译加解释
中和殿: Zhong He Dian(Hall of Complete Harmony) 乾清门: Qian Qing Men ( Gate of Heavenly Purity) 白龙潭: Bai Long Tan (The White Dragon Pool) 卢沟桥: Lu Gou Qiao (The Marco Polo Bridge) 大观园: Da Guang Yuan (The Grand View Garden) 龙庆峡: Longqing Xia (Longqing Gorge known as
光孝寺: Guangxiao temple, 能仁寺: Nengren Temple 五仙观: Wuxianguan (Five-
TranslationofTexts1解读
应用翻译包括政府文件、告示、科技论 文、新闻报道、法律文书、商贸信函、产 品说明书、使用手册、广告、技术文本、 科普读物、旅游指南等各类文本。应用翻 译的服务面广，原本主要由专家、编辑、 记者写给外行看的 (specialist/editor/journalist to layman) 。
(方梦之，“我国的应用翻译：定位与 学术研究”，中国翻译，2003/6)
1.4 广告正文的英译
• 例：
•
有些人穿时髦服装以引人注目，有些
人驾驶亮闪闪的车招摇过市，但一杯卡地
沙克酒决不会叫你忘乎所以。你也想潇洒
风流吗？自己到酒吧来尝尝吧。
苏格兰威士忌 口感滋润 非同凡响
•
• 译文： CUTTY SARK SCOTS WHISKY
Some people wear trendy clothes to attract attention.Others drive flashy cars. A glass of Cutty Sark won't turn any heads. But if you insisit on creating a stir,you can always ask the bartender for one of them.
Public Lock To use
1.Press the “deposit” key 2.Take the barcode and the door opens 3.Place articles inside and close the door To remove contents 1.Press the barcode against the scanner 2.Remove the things and close the door
汉译英短习语
军事法庭：Court Martial秘书长：Secretary General (of the U.N.)总干事：Director-General (of the WHO)当选总统：the president elect眼疾手快quick of eye and deft of hand敌我矛盾：contradictions between ourselves and the enemy 衣食住行：food, clothing shelter and transportation南北：north and south活到老，学到老。
We live and learn清明节：the Brightness Day大家庭”和“小家庭”extended family和nuclear family1. 副教授：associate professor2. 副编辑：subeditor3.大学校长：president4.中小学校长；headmaster5.不良贷款；bad loans6.出口信贷；export credit7.扩大内需；expand domestic demand“霸王别姬”：Farewell to My Concubine“再别康桥”：Saying Goodbye to Cambridge Again禁止赌博：Gambling is prohibited.请勿吸烟！No Smoking!单亲家庭：single-parent family单身母亲：single mother工薪族：wage/salary-earner追星族：star-fan刷卡族：card-user环保型汽车：environment friendly automobile外向型经济：export-oriented economy无烟城市：smoke-free city防伪标志：fake-proof mark防皱霜：crease-proof cream防水：water-proof花钱如流水Waste/spend money like water水中捞月fish in the air另有要事have other fish to fly牛饮drink like a fish一个冷漠的人 a cold fish沽名钓誉to fish compliments浑水摸鱼fish in troubled waters缘木求鱼to milk the bull掌上明珠an apple of one’s eyeknow the ropes( 懂得诀窍)a lucky dog (幸运儿)”,Love me, love my dog .(爱屋及乌。
基于《梦溪笔谈》汉英平行语料库的语义显化翻译策略研究
Modern Linguistics 现代语言学, 2023, 11(10), 4570-4579Published Online October 2023 in Hans. https:///journal/mlhttps:///10.12677/ml.2023.1110613基于《梦溪笔谈》汉英平行语料库的语义显化翻译策略研究何欣妍，谢建玲华东理工大学外国语学院，上海收稿日期：2023年9月6日；录用日期：2023年10月11日；发布日期：2023年10月23日摘要《梦溪笔谈》是中国古代重要科技典籍，王宏主持翻译的《梦溪笔谈》英文全译本成为中国科技典籍外译的重大突破。
本研究将《梦溪笔谈》源文本与王宏英译本逐句对应，自建汉英平行语料库，并通过文本细读和实例具体分析，从语义显化翻译的程度、内容和方式等方面考查科技典籍的语义显化翻译策略。
研究发现，王宏译本显化程度高；显化内容以文本建构显化为主，文化内容显化为辅；显化方式以隐形显化为主，显性显化为辅。
此研究有助于拓展科技典籍英译研究，助力中国文化走出去。
关键词科技典籍，《梦溪笔谈》，语义显化，翻译策略A Parallel Corpus-Based Study of SemanticExplicitation Strategy in C-E Translation ofBrush Talks from Dream BrookXinyan He, Jianling XieSchool of Foreign Languages, East China University of Science and Technology, ShanghaiReceived: Sep. 6th, 2023; accepted: Oct. 11th, 2023; published: Oct. 23rd, 2023AbstractThe complete English translation of Brush Talks from Dream Brook, an important ancient Chinese scientific and technological classic, presided by Professor Wang Hong, has become a major break-through in the translation field. This study manages to correspond the source text of Brush Talks何欣妍，谢建玲from Dream Brook with Wang Hong’s English translation version sentence by sentence, and builds its own Chinese-English parallel corpus. Through a close reading of the text and specific analysis of examples, it examines the semantic explicitation strategy in terms of its degree, content and mode. It is found that Wang Hong’s translation has a high degree of explicitation; the content of explicita-tion is mainly textual construction, supplemented by cultural content; and the mode is mainly co-vert explicitation, supplemented by overt explicitation. This study is conducive to the enrichment of studies on translation of ancient Chinese scientific and technological classics, and the interna-tional dissemination of Chinese culture.KeywordsAncient Chinese Scientific and Technological Classic, Brush Talks from Dream Brook, Semantic Explicitation, Translation StrategyThis work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0)./licenses/by/4.0/1. 前言显化(explicitness/explicitation)是译者在翻译过程中选择明示源文中隐含的信息或给译文适当添加内容的一种翻译策略。