Chapter 3 Thermodynamics of biological system → Energy and bioenergetics1

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自然科学基础(全套课件288P)

Ancient times
近代
Ancient times
诞生时期
人类有历史记载的文明时期开始 16世纪— 19世纪欧洲 20世纪开始
古希腊的自然哲学
Natural philosophy in ancient Greece
自然科学与哲学融为一体
Natural science and philosophy merge
The third law: Force and counterforce
两个物体之间的作用力和反作用力总是大小相等，方向相反，作用在同一条直线上。
（2）光的波动理论 Light fluctuation theory • 牛顿的微粒说Newton's light corpuscle theory • 惠更斯的波动说Huygens' light fluctuation theory （3）热力学(thermodynamics )的建立和能量守恒原理 (energy conservation principle )的发现（4）电磁学Electromagnetics •法拉第的电磁感应定律Faraday’s law of electromagnetic
要求：
了解以下三件大事对自然科学发展的影响 •太阳中心说向神学的挑战
Challenge put by heliocentricism for theology
•血液循环学说对神学的打击
Shock put by blood circulation theory on theology
•伽利略为近代自然科学开辟道路
要求：
1、了解物理学、生物学、化学领域的重大成就
Understand the important achievements in the fields of physics, biology, chemistry

材料热力学

Chapter 1 Introduction and
Definition of Terms
4. Properties Quantities which can be used to describe a system,
e.g. density, volume, … (1) Intensive properties
Chapter 1 Introduction and
Definition of Terms
5. State
Microscopic state: If it is possible to know the masses, velocities, positions, and all modes of all of the constituent particles in a system, this mass of knowledge would serve to describe the state of the system, which would determine all of the properties of the system.
Chapter 1 Introduction and
Definition of Terms
6. State Function (State Variable) A variable which depends only on the state of the system.
If a change in the system occurs, the change in such a function depends only on the initial and final state, and is independent of the path of the change. e.g. T, V, P, U, H, S, G. 7. Equation of State

315化学复习指南2025

315化学复习指南2025English Answers:Chapter 1: Stoichiometry.Define stoichiometry and explain its importance in chemical reactions.Calculate the mole ratio between reactants and products using balanced chemical equations.Determine the limiting reactant and calculate the theoretical yield of a reaction.Convert between mass, moles, and volume using stoichiometry.Solve problems involving percent yield and excess reactants.Chapter 2: Gases.Describe the properties of gases and the kinetic molecular theory.Apply the ideal gas law (PV = nRT) to solveproblems involving pressure, volume, temperature, and moles.Explain the concepts of partial pressure andDalton's law.Calculate the molar mass of a gas using its density or effusion rate.Understand the behavior of real gases anddeviations from the ideal gas law.Chapter 3: Solutions.Define solutions and their components.Express solution concentrations in units ofmolarity, molality, and percent composition.Calculate the mass, volume, and molarity ofsolutions using dilution and mixing formulas.Explain colligative properties, including vapor pressure lowering, boiling point elevation, and freezing point depression.Perform calculations involving titration and neutralization reactions.Chapter 4: Chemical Reactions.Classify chemical reactions and predict their products.Balance chemical equations using half-reactions or the oxidation number method.Determine the reaction type (e.g., redox, acid-base, precipitation) and identify the reactants and products.Predict the products of reactions involving ionic compounds, acids, and bases.Calculate the enthalpy change (ΔH) and entropy change (ΔS) of reactions using Hess's law and the third law of thermodynamics.Chapter 5: Equilibrium.Define chemical equilibrium and explain the concept of Le Chatelier's principle.Write equilibrium constant expressions andcalculate equilibrium constants from reaction data.Use equilibrium constants to predict the direction of reactions and the extent of reactions.Explain the effects of concentration, temperature, and pressure on equilibrium.Solve equilibrium problems involving gas reactions, acid-base reactions, and solubility equilibria.Chapter 6: Acids and Bases.Define acids and bases according to the Arrhenius, Brønsted-Lowry, and Lewis theories.Calculate pH and pOH using the pH scale and the autoionization of water.Perform acid-base titrations and calculate the equivalence point and molarity of solutions.Explain the buffer system and its role in maintaining pH.Solve problems involving acid-base reactions, including neutralization, hydrolysis, and salt formation.Chapter 7: Thermodynamics.Define entropy (S) and enthalpy (H) and explain the second law of thermodynamics.Calculate ΔS and ΔH for reactions using standard enthalpies of formation and standard entropies.Predict the spontaneity of reactions using ΔG =ΔH TΔS.Explain the concepts of chemical potential and electrochemical cells.Solve problems involving heat transfer, entropy changes, and electrochemical reactions.Chapter 8: Nuclear Chemistry.Describe the structure and properties of atomic nuclei.Explain radioactive decay and calculate half-lives and decay rates.Classify nuclear reactions, including alpha decay, beta decay, and nuclear fission.Discuss nuclear energy, radiation safety, and applications of radioactive isotopes.Solve problems involving nuclear reactions and radioactive decay.Chapter 9: Organic Chemistry.Name and draw structures of organic molecules, including hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids.Explain the principles of organic reactivity, including nucleophilic substitution and electrophilic addition.Classify organic reactions as addition, elimination, substitution, or rearrangement reactions.Describe the mechanisms and stereochemistry of organic reactions.Solve problems involving organic synthesis and reaction mechanisms.Chapter 10: Biochemistry.Describe the structure and function of biological molecules, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.Explain the principles of metabolism, including glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.Discuss the role of enzymes in biological reactions and their regulation.Describe the processes of DNA replication, transcription, and translation.Solve problems involving biochemical pathways and enzyme kinetics.中文回答：第一章，化学计量。

医学英语综合教程第三单元

Unit3.Biochemistry and Human DevelopmentBiochemistry is the application of chemistry to the study of biological processes at the cellular and molecular level. It emerged as a distinct discipline around the beginning of the20th century when scientists combined chemistry, physiology and biology to investigate the chemistry of living systems. In a sense, biochemistry is both a life science and a chemical science. It uses the methods of chemistry, physics; molecular biology and immunology to study the structure and behavior of the complex molecules found in biological material andthe ways those molecules interact to form cells, tissues and whole organism. It covers a broad range of cellular functions from gene transcription to the structure and function of macromolecules.生物化学是在细胞和分子水平上运用化学技术研究生物过程的科学。

在20世纪初，当科学家联合化学,生理学和生物化学研究的生命系统时，开始出现这门独立学科。

生物化学笔记英文

生物化学笔记英文Biochemistry NotesBiochemistry is a fascinating discipline that explores the chemical processes and substances within living organisms It plays a crucial role in understanding life at the molecular level and has applications in various fields such as medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology In this article, I'll share some important points and concepts from my biochemistry studiesOne of the fundamental concepts in biochemistry is the structure and function of biomolecules Proteins, for example, are essential molecules that perform a wide range of functions in the body They are composed of amino acids linked together in a specific sequence, and their threedimensional structure determines their activity Enzymes, which are a type of protein, act as catalysts to speed up biochemical reactions Understanding the structure and function of enzymes is crucial for explaining metabolic processesAnother important aspect is metabolism Metabolism encompasses all the chemical reactions that occur within an organism to maintain life There are two main types: anabolism, which involves the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones, and catabolism, which is the breakdown of complex molecules to release energy The energy currency of cells, ATP （adenosine triphosphate)， is constantly generated and consumed during metabolic processesCarbohydrates also play significant roles Glucose is a primary source of energy for cells Glycolysis is the first step in the breakdown of glucose toproduce ATP Polysaccharides like starch and glycogen are storage forms of carbohydrates in plants and animals, respectivelyLipids are another class of biomolecules Fats and oils are important for energy storage and insulation Phospholipids form the basis of cell membranes, which separate the internal environment of the cell from the outsideNucleic acids, including DNA and RNA, are responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information DNA contains the instructions for building and maintaining an organism, while RNA is involved in protein synthesisBiochemical pathways are tightly regulated to ensure the proper functioning of cells and organisms Feedback inhibition is a common regulatory mechanism where the end product of a pathway inhibits an earlier step to prevent overproduction Hormones also play a role in regulating metabolism and other biochemical processesBiochemistry is closely linked to medicine Disorders such as diabetes, where insulin regulation of glucose metabolism is disrupted, are studied and treated based on biochemical principles Understanding the biochemistry of drugs and their interactions with biological molecules is essential for developing effective therapeuticsIn agriculture, biochemistry is applied in areas such as pest control and crop improvement Understanding the biochemical processes of plants and pests helps in developing targeted strategies for enhancing crop yields and protecting them from damageIn biotechnology, recombinant DNA technology and genetic engineering rely on our knowledge of biochemistry to manipulate genes and produce desired proteins or organismsIn conclusion, biochemistry provides a deep understanding of the molecular basis of life and has wideranging applications that impact various aspects of our lives It continues to be a field of active research, uncovering new insights and providing solutions to complex problems in health, agriculture, and beyond。

MolecularThermodynamicsPDF：分子热力学的PDF

Molecular ThermodynamicsBy John SimonMolecular Thermodynamics Details:Molecular Thermodynamics: Donald A. McQuarrie, John D. Simon ...Evolved from McQuarrie and Simon's best-selling textbook, Physical Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, this text focuses in on the thermodynamics portion of the course. Thermodynamics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaThermodynamics is a branch of natural science concerned with heat and its relation to energy and work. It defines macroscopic variables (such as temperature, internal energy, entropy, and pressure) that characterize materials and radiation, and explains how they are related and by what laws they ...Molecular Thermodynamics - Johns Hopkins UniversityMolecular Thermodynamics. The explosion in structural data on bio-molecules provides new opportunities to understand their function in terms of their structure. Thermochemistry - Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaThermochemistry is the study of the energy and heat associated with chemical reactions and/or physical transformations. A reaction may release or absorb energy, and a phase change may do the same, such as in melting and boiling. Thermochemistry focuses on these energy changes, particularly on ...Molecular Thermodynamics, Donald A. McQuarrie and John D. SimonMolecular Thermodynamics, by Donald McQuarrie and John Simon, published in 1999 by University Science Books.Statistical Molecular Thermodynamics | CourseraStatistical Molecular Thermodynamics is a free online class taught by Dr. Christopher J. Cramer of University of MinnesotaMolecular Thermodynamics - Donald Allan McQuarrie, John ...Evolved from McQuarrie and Simon's best-selling Physical Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, this text follows a similar path by first covering the principles of quantum mechanics before engaging those ideas in the subsequent development of thermodynamics. Although many of the chapters are similar ...Introduction to Molecular ThermodynamicsIntroduction to Molecular Thermodynamics. by Robert M. Hanson and Susan Green, St. OlafCollege.enquiries:******************.Publisher'swebsiteforthisbookMolecular Thermodynamics (Physical chemistry monograph series ...Molecular Thermodynamics (Physical chemistry monograph series) [Richard E. Dickerson] on . *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers.Molecular Thermodynamics — ITQB - Universidade Nova de LisboaMolecular Thermodynamics of Liquids and Liquid Solutions, in particular, studies of Ionic Liquids and ionic liquid-containing systems constitute the main activity.Molecular thermodynamics of fluid-phase equilibria - J. M ...Molecular Thermodynamics of Fluid-Phase Equilibria, Third Edition is a systematic, practical guide to interpreting, correlating, and predicting thermodynamic properties used in mixture-related phase-equilibrium calculations. Completely updated, this edition reflects the growing maturity of ...Molecular thermodynamics - definition of Molecular ...ther·mo·chem·is·try (thûr m-k m-str) n. The chemistry of heat and heat-associated chemical phenomena. ther mo·chem i·cal (--k l) adj. ther mo·chem ist n.Prausnitz Group Home Page - University of California, BerkeleyMolecular Thermodynamics John M. Prausnitz. Professor, University of California, Berkeley Faculty Senior Scientist, Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratorymThermoWait for more... ... The website is going through major upgrade ,, wait for the new look soon :)Molecular thermodynamics - HmolpediaAn encyclopedia of topics on the thermodynamics, chemistry, and physics of human existence.Molecular Thermodynamics of Fluid-Phase Equilibria / Edition ...The classic guide to mixtures, completely updated with new models, theories, examples, and data. Efficient separation operations and many other chemical processes depend upon a thorough understanding of the properties of gaseous and liquid mixtures. Molecular Thermodynamics of Fluid-Phase ...Molecular Thermodynamics of Fluid-Phase EquilibriaThermodynamics Home - Chemical Engineering - Thermodynamics: Molecular Thermodynamics of Fluid-Phase Equilibria by Rudiger N. Lichtenthaler, Edmundo Gomes De Azevedo, John M. Prausnitz, Edmundo G. De AzevedoMolecular thermodynamics definition of Molecular ...thermochemistry [¦th?r·m??kem·?·str?] (physical chemistry) The measurement, interpretation, and analysis of heat changes accompanying chemical reactions and changes in state.Molecular Thermodynamics by Donald A. McQuarrie — Reviews ...Molecular Thermodynamics has 7 ratings and 1 review. Jacob said: This books is incredible. It's extremely comprehensive. If you love physical chemistry a...Introduction to Molecular Thermodynamics, by Robert M. Hanson ...Introduction to Molecular Thermodynamics, by Robert M. Hanson and Susan Green , University Science Books, copyright 2008Molecular Thermodynamics of Fluid Phase Equilibria - 3rd Edition2Molecular Thermodynamics of Fluid Phase Equilibria - 3rd Edition2 - Free ebook download as PDF File (.pdf), Text file (.txt) or read book online for free.Molecular thermodynamics (Book, 1999) []Get this from a library! Molecular thermodynamics. [Donald A McQuarrie; John D Simon]Molecular Thermodynamics - Download for freeMolecular Thermodynamics download from FileSnail - 3188189138905X pdf, Thermodynamics Processes an rar, FilePost DepositFiles and RapidShare files. Molecular Thermodynamics of Fluid Phase Equilibria (Prausnitz ...Molecular Thermodynamics of Fluid Phase Equilibria (Prausnitz- 2th Edition ) - Free ebook download as Text file (.txt), PDF File (.pdf) or read book online for free. k Molecular thermodynamics (Open Library)Molecular thermodynamics by Richard Earl Dickerson, 1969,W. A. Benjamin edition, in EnglishMolecular thermodynamics - definition of Molecular ...Molecular thermodynamics. Molecular Time Scale Generalized Langevin Equation Molecular Typing by Reverse Dot-Blotting Molecular Typing Working Group Molecular Unit Cell Approximation molecular velocity Molecular vibration Molecular Vibrational SpectrometerCenter for Molecular & Engineering ThermodynamicsThe University of Delaware’s Thomas H. Epps, III, is one of 30 early-career engineers nationwide invited to attend the 2013 European Union-United States Frontiers of Engineering Symposium to be held Nov. 21-23 in Chantilly, France.ChemE | Thermodynamics and Molecular ComputationsThermodynamics and Molecular Computations. Thermodynamics governs processes as diverse as chemical production, bioreaction, creation of advanced materials, protein separation, and environmental treatment.Molecular Thermodynamics Mcquarrie : ?g Rt K Q. Molecular ...pdf document tagged with molecular thermodynamics mcquarrie : ?G RT K Q. user guide pdf categorized in molecular thermodynamics mcquarrieMolecular Thermodynamics of Fluid-Phase Equilibria by John M ...Molecular Thermodynamics of Fluid-Phase Equilibria has 7 ratings and 1 review. Theclassic guide to mixtures, completely updated with new models, theorie...。

能斯特方程英语

能斯特方程英语Earnest's EquationThe study of thermodynamics has long been a cornerstone of scientific understanding, providing insights into the fundamental principles governing the behavior of energy and matter. At the heart of this discipline lies the Earnest equation, a mathematical expression that has profound implications for our comprehension of the universe and the processes that shape it.Developed by the German physicist Walther Nernst in the late 19th century, the Earnest equation is a concise yet powerful relationship that describes the relationship between the change in Gibbs free energy of a system and the changes in its temperature and pressure. This equation is particularly relevant in the context of chemical reactions, where it helps us understand the spontaneity and feasibility of these processes.The Earnest equation can be expressed as followsΔG = ΔH - TΔSWhere ΔG represents the change in Gibbs free energy, ΔH represents the change in enthalpy, T represents the absolute temperature, and ΔS represents the change in entropy.The significance of this equation lies in its ability to predict the spontaneity and direction of a chemical reaction. If the change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG) is negative, the reaction is considered spontaneous an d will occur naturally. Conversely, if ΔG is positive, the reaction is non-spontaneous and will not occur without the input of external energy.The Earnest equation provides a framework for understanding the interplay between the various thermodynamic properties that govern the behavior of a system. Enthalpy, for example, represents the heat energy released or absorbed during a reaction, while entropy reflects the degree of disorder or randomness in the system. The Earnest equation allows us to weigh these factors against each other, providing a comprehensive understanding of the driving forces behind chemical processes.One of the key applications of the Earnest equation is in the field of electrochemistry, where it is used to predict the feasibility and direction of electrochemical reactions. In this context, the Earnest equation can be used to calculate the maximum amount of electrical work that can be extracted from a given electrochemical cell, knownas the cell potential. This information is crucial in the design and optimization of various electrochemical devices, such as batteries, fuel cells, and electrolyzers.Beyond its practical applications, the Earnest equation also has profound implications for our understanding of the universe and the fundamental processes that govern it. By elucidating the relationship between energy, entropy, and the spontaneity of processes, the Earnest equation provides a framework for understanding the evolution of complex systems, from the formation of stars and planets to the emergence of life and the development of civilizations.In the realm of biological systems, the Earnest equation is particularly relevant, as it helps us understand the driving forces behind the various chemical reactions that sustain living organisms. For example, the synthesis of ATP, the primary energy currency of cells, is a process that can be analyzed using the Earnest equation, providing insights into the energetic requirements and the spontaneity of this crucial metabolic pathway.Moreover, the Earnest equation has implications for our understanding of the universe on a cosmological scale. The concept of entropy, as described by the Earnest equation, is closely linked to the second law of thermodynamics, which states that the overall entropy of a closed system must increase over time. This principlehas profound implications for our understanding of the evolution of the universe, as it suggests that the universe is gradually moving towards a state of greater disorder and randomness.In conclusion, the Earnest equation is a fundamental tool in the study of thermodynamics, with far-reaching implications for our understanding of the natural world and the universe as a whole. By elucidating the relationship between energy, entropy, and the spontaneity of processes, this equation provides a framework for understanding the complex and dynamic systems that shape our reality. As we continue to explore the depths of the physical world, the Earnest equation will undoubtedly remain a cornerstone of scientific inquiry, guiding us towards a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of the universe we inhabit.。

荧光光谱法研究橙皮甙与牛血清白蛋白的相互作用

荧光光谱法研究橙皮甙与牛血清白蛋白的相互作用尚永辉;孙家娟;刘静;耿薇【摘要】在pH7.40的Tris-HCl 缓冲体系中,采用荧光光谱技术研究了橙皮甙与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)的相互作用.随着温度升高,橙皮甙与BSA 的猝灭常数逐渐增加.实验表明:橙皮甙对BSA的荧光猝灭为动态猝灭过程.由热力学参数焓变(△H=70.71 kJ/mol)大于零和熵变[△S=316.29J/(mol·K)]大于零,推断出橙皮甙与BSA之间主要靠疏水作用力相结合,生成自由能变(△G)为负值,表明橙皮甙与BSA的作用过程是一个自发过程,并利用同步荧光光谱考察了橙皮甙对BSA 构象的影响.%The interaction behavior between hesperidinum and bovine serumalbumin(BSA) in physiological buffer( pH 7.4) was studied by fluorescence spectroscopy. The quenching constants were obtained at 295K, 303K, 310K and 315K. The results indicated that the fluorescence quenching mechanism for BSA through hesperidinum binding was likely a dynamic quenching process. The thermodynamic parameters, enthalpy change (△H) and entropy change (△S) were calculated to be 70.71 kJ/mol and 316.29J/( mol · K), respectively, which indicated that the interaction of hesperidinum with BSA was driven mainly by hydrophobic interaction. The process of binding was a spontaneous process in which Gibbs free energy change was negative. The effect of hesperidinum on the conformation of BSA was analyzed using synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy.【期刊名称】《化学分析计量》【年(卷),期】2011(020)001【总页数】3页(P32-34)【关键词】橙皮甙;牛血清白蛋白;荧光光谱【作者】尚永辉;孙家娟;刘静;耿薇【作者单位】咸阳师范学院化学与化工学院,咸阳,712000;咸阳师范学院化学与化工学院,咸阳,712000;咸阳师范学院化学与化工学院,咸阳,712000;咸阳师范学院化学与化工学院,咸阳,712000【正文语种】中文药物进入人体后首先与血清白蛋白结合,通过血浆的存储和运输,到达受体部位产生药理作用[1]。

制冷与低温原理

5
Applications of R&C Tech.
6
Refrigerants
• Halocarbon compounds (卤化碳制冷剂：甲、乙、丙烷的衍生物) • Hydrocarbons (甲、乙、丙烷等） • Inorganic compounds (无机化合物：水、氨、 CO2等) • Mixed refrigerant (混合制冷剂) • Cryogenic working fluids (低温工质：CH4, air, fluorin, argon, nitrogen, neon等)
3
Exordium（绪论） • Refrigeration & cryogenic technology The tech. to get a temperature artificially below the temperature of circumstance and to keep it. • Temperature range of refrigeration >120k/-153℃ • Temperature range of cryogenics <120k/-153℃
• Throttling evaporation（闪发、节流气化） • Refrigeration effect （制冷量、制冷效应）
q0 = r (1 − χ )
11
§1.1 Phase Transformation Refrigeration
• Thaw(融化) & sublimation(升华) of solid substances
κ −1 κ
18
§1.2 Refrigeration of gas adiabatic expansion

肌肉收缩力与收缩速度关系

速率常数。（6）式可表示为
RT ln（k k k a a +k k k a a ）+ △G0 2 3 -5 2 3 1 2 3 1 3 d d (11)与 Hill 特性式具有相同的形式 [1]。
2 关于 Hill 特性式的进一步讨论
为了进一步讨论肌肉滑行时力与收缩速度的关系，依肌节的微观结构和生理学特性，提出图 1 所示肌肉收缩力的等效模型。骨骼肌是依靠粗细相对细丝的滑行而引起肌肉收缩的，所以可以把形成横桥的部分看作张力发生器，把粗丝连接蛋白看作与收缩无关的串联弹性部
- 2683 中国医学物理学杂志第 28 卷第 3 期
2011 年 5 月
分，在肌肉收缩时，还考虑了滑行中的粘滞成分。肌肉大致是以一定的速度收缩的，所以在这期间串联弹性部分基本没有伸缩，收缩成分所发生的力是和负载相等的。如果将负载上提或拉伸一段距离 x cm ，所做的功为 Fx ，产热为 ax ，这样释放的总能量为（a+F）x。如果单位时间所释放的能量与（F0-F ）成比例，则（a+F） x =b（F0-F ）
）+
vt RT
[7-10]
在肌球蛋白的单分子动力学实验个肌球蛋白的负载 f 存在如下关系
0
B1 e +B3 中，k4 和单
（9 ）
图 1 肌肉收缩的力学模型
3 △G0 RT
B
（8 ）
-fd/kT
k4=k4 e
=k4 e
0
-Fd/RT
Fig.1The mechanical model of the muscular contraction

胶体与界面化学英文1Colloid and SurfaceInterface Chemistry—Scope and Variables

Principles of Colloid and Surface/Interface Chemistry
1
Contents
Chapter 1: Colloid and Surface/Interface Chemistry—Scope and Variables Chapter 2: Sedimentation and Diffusion and Their Equilibrium Chapter 3: Solution Thermodynamics: Osmotic and Donnan Equilibia Chapter 4: The Rheology of Dispersions
Reverse hexagonal liquid crystal
17
The exchange of main structures of aggregation
vesicle
18
4. Impact of Colloid and Surface Chemistry in Science,Engineering and Technology
5
The linear dimension is size range, rather than particle weight or the number of atoms in a particle.
The properties of colloid system and surface phenomena of colloid system depend mainly on the specific surface area of colloid particle, little or lightly on the colloid structure and density of a particle.

学科之间是互相联系英语作文

The Interconnectedness of Disciplines: A Bridge to Comprehensive UnderstandingIn the realm of education, the traditional silo approach, where subjects are taught in isolation, is gradually giving way to a more integrated and interconnected approach. This shift recognizes the inherent interconnectedness of disciplines and the value of cross-pollination in fostering a deeper, more comprehensive understanding of knowledge. The interconnectedness of disciplines is not just a theoretical concept; it is a practical imperative in today's world, where complex problems often require interdisciplinary solutions.The sciences, for instance, are not just a collection of unrelated facts and theories. Instead, they are an interconnected web of knowledge, with physics, chemistry, and biology influencing and being influenced by each other. The laws of thermodynamics, for example, have profound implications for the study of ecology and the understanding of how energy flows through biological systems. Similarly, the principles of genetics inform our understanding of the chemical reactions that occur within cells.The humanities and social sciences are also deeply interconnected. History, for instance, is not just a record of past events; it is a mirror reflecting the values, beliefs, and social structures of a society. Economics, on the other hand, provides insights into the forces that shape these structures and the distribution of resources within a society. Political science examines theinstitutions and processes that govern a society, while sociology studies the interactions and relationships within that society. Each of these disciplines contributes to our understanding of the world and human experience, and each benefits from the insights provided by the others.The arts, too, are not exempt from this interconnectedness. While they may seem removed from the more "practical" disciplines, the arts provide a unique perspective on human experience and expression. Theyreflect and shape our values, beliefs, and social norms. They also provide a medium for critical thinking and problem-solving, often in ways that are not possible through more traditional academic disciplines.The interconnectedness of disciplines is not just a theoretical concept; it has practical applications in the real world. In today's world, problems are increasingly complex and multifaceted. Climate change, for example, is not just a scientific issue; it has profound social, economic, and political implications. Similarly, issueslike poverty and inequality require a multifaceted approach that draws on insights from across the disciplines.The interconnectedness of disciplines also fosters creativity and innovation. By bringing together ideas and perspectives from different fields, we create new ways of thinking and new solutions to problems. This cross-pollination of ideas is crucial in fostering a culture of innovation and creativity.In conclusion, the interconnectedness of disciplines is a critical aspect of education and understanding. Itfosters a deeper, more comprehensive understanding of knowledge and equips students with the tools and perspectives they need to address the complex problems of today's world. By bridging the gaps between differentfields of study, we create a more interconnected andcomprehensive understanding of the world, one that isbetter prepared to meet the challenges of the future.**学科之间的互联互通：通向全面理解的桥梁**在教育领域，传统的孤立教学方法，即各个学科分别教授，正在逐渐被更加综合和互联的教学方法所取代。

剑桥雅思8阅读解析test3

Passage 1Question 1答案：D关键词：main topic定位原文: 文章标题解题思路: 通过标题知道整篇文章的主旨是“通过激光来回击闪电”，因此答案是D 选项,意思为“一种用于控制闪电袭击的激光技术”，属于对标题的同义替换。

Question 2答案：A关键词：every year lightening定位原文：第1段内容解题思路：本题考查关于每年闪电情况的细节,可定位于第一段。

B 选项可以通过golfer 一词来定位,也在第一段,原文意思是“孤单的高尔夫球手或许将是闪电之箭最为有吸引力的目标”,选项B“在美国主要杀死或者伤害高尔夫球手”改变了原意;C 和D 选项可以分别通过500,100 这两个数字来定位到第一段,但是C 选项中将原文in the United States 偷换成了throughout the world,因此不对;D中将原文的$100 million 偷换成100 companies,也不对。

通过对第一段的概括,可以知道闪电带来的影响是非常大的, 因此答案是A。

Question 3答案：A关键词：University of Florida, University of New Mexico定位原文：第三段和第五段内容解题思路：题目问的是University of Florida 和University of New Mexico 的研究员的关系。

通过University of Florida 和University of New Mexico 分别定位至第三段和第五段。

对两处论述进行对比,不难得出两者共同之处是“从同一来源获得经费”，都是EPRI。

答案是A。

Question 4答案：power companies关键词：EPRI, financial support对应原文：第3段第4句“EPRI, which is funded…”解题思路：用EPRI定位到文章第三段，EPRI第一次出现之后即指出其是由电力公司资助的，原文中的funded 等同于题干中的receives financial support from, 因此答案应该填power companies。

The Thermodynamics of the Earths Atmosphere

The Thermodynamics of the Earths Atmosphere The Earth's atmosphere is a complex system that interacts with the planet's surface, oceans, and biosphere. The study of the thermodynamics of the atmosphere is essential in understanding the behavior of this system and how it affects our planet. Thermodynamics is the study of the relationships between heat, energy, and work. In the context of the Earth's atmosphere, thermodynamics helps us understand the processes that govern the movement of air, the formation of weather patterns, and the distribution of energy throughout the system.One of the key principles of thermodynamics is the conservation of energy. This principle states that energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only be transferred or converted from one form to another. In the Earth's atmosphere, energy is transferred through a variety of processes, including radiation, conduction, and convection. Radiation is the transfer of energy through electromagnetic waves, such as those from the sun. Conduction is the transfer of energy through direct contact, such as when the ground heats the air above it. Convection is the transfer of energy through the movement of fluids, such as when warm air rises and cool air sinks.Another important principle of thermodynamics is the second law of thermodynamics, which states that the total entropy of a closed system always increases over time. Entropy is a measure of the disorder or randomness of a system. In the Earth's atmosphere, entropy increases as energy is transferred from one place to another. This means that the atmosphere tends towards a state of maximum disorder, which can lead to the formation of weather patterns and other complex phenomena.The thermodynamics of the Earth's atmosphere also plays a crucial role in the global climate system. The atmosphere acts as a greenhouse, trapping heat from the sun and regulating the temperature of the planet. This is known as the greenhouse effect, and it is essential for life on Earth. However, human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels have increased the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to an enhanced greenhouse effect and global warming. Understanding the thermodynamics ofthe atmosphere is therefore crucial in addressing the challenges of climate change and developing strategies to mitigate its impacts.From a human perspective, the thermodynamics of the Earth's atmosphere has a profound impact on our daily lives. Weather patterns such as hurricanes, tornadoes, and thunderstorms are all driven by the movement of air and the transfer of energy through the atmosphere. These phenomena can have devastating effects on communities, causing loss of life and property damage. Understanding the thermodynamics of the atmosphere can help us predict and prepare for these events, improving our ability to respond and recover from natural disasters.In conclusion, the study of the thermodynamics of the Earth's atmosphere is essential in understanding the behavior of this complex system and its impact on our planet. Through the principles of conservation of energy and the second law of thermodynamics, we can gain insights into the processes that govern the movement of air, the formation of weather patterns, and the distribution of energy throughout the system. From a human perspective, this knowledge is critical in predicting and preparing for natural disasters and addressing the challenges of climate change. As we continue to explore the mysteries of our planet's atmosphere, the principles of thermodynamics will undoubtedly play a central role in our understanding of this fascinating and complex system.。

Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 习题答案chapter 3

12
11.30 9.60 (IV)
P O
C
NH2
(V)
10
8 5.97
pH
6
(III)
4 2.34 2 (I) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 OH (equivalents) (II)
0
Note: before considering statements (a) through (o), refer to Figure 3–10. The three species involved in the titration of glycine can be considered in terms of a useful physical analogy. Each ionic species can be viewed as a different floor of a building, each with a different net charge:
S-26
2608T_ch03sm_S26-S43
2/1/08
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Chapter 3 Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins
S-27
H3NOCH2OCOOH H3NOCH2OCOO H2NOCH2OCOO
CH3 H3N C H C O O H2N CH3 C H C OH O
Zwitterionic
Uncharged
(a) Why is alanine predominantly zwitterionic rather than completely uncharged at its pI? (b) What fraction of alanine is in the completely uncharged form at its pI? Justify your assumptions. Answer (a) The pI of alanine is well above the pKa of the a-carboxyl group and well below the pKa of the a-amino group. Hence, at pH pI, both groups are present predominantly in their charged (ionized) forms. (b) From Table 3–1, the pI of alanine is 6.01, midway between the two pKa values 2.34 and 9.69. From the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, pH pKa log ([A ]/[HA]). For the carboxyl group: log [A ] [HA] [HA] [A ] 6.01 10

热力学词汇——精选推荐

Part 1-1Thermodynamics 热力学热力学是物理学中力学的分支。

热力学研究热力做功，水力学研究水力做功，风力学研究风力做功，电力学研究电力做功。

相关术语词汇Dynamics 动力学Kinetics 运动学Classical mechanics 经典力学Statistical mechanics 统计力学Classical thermodynamics 经典热力学Statistical thermodynamics 统计热力学Chemical thermodynamics 化学热力学Chemical engineering thermodynamics 化工热力学Engineering thermodynamics 工程热力学Chemical and engineering thermodynamics 化学和工程热力学Molecular thermodynamics 分子热力学Nonequilibrium thermodynamics 非平衡态热力学Chemical engineering thermodynamics 化工热力学化工热力学研究过程的方向和限度。

化工热力学是化学工程的一个分支，是热力学基本定律应用于化学工程领域中而形成的一门学科。

主要研究化工过程中各种形式的能量之间相互转化的规律及过程趋近平衡的极限条件，为有效利用能量和改进实际过程提供理论依据。

Steam engine 蒸汽机蒸汽机是众多热机中的一种，是以蒸汽作为工作介质的热机Heat engine 热机，热力发动机In thermodynamics, a heat engine is a system that performs the conversion of heat or thermal energy to mechanical work. It does this by bringing a working substance from a high temperature state to a lower temperature state. A heat "source" generates thermal energy that brings the working substance in the high temperature state. The working substance generates work in the "working body" of the engine while transferring heat to the colder "sink" until it reaches a low temperature state. During this process some of the thermal energy is converted into work by exploiting the properties of the working substance. The working substance can be any system with a non-zero heat capacity, but it usually is a gas or liquid.In general an engine converts energy to mechanical work. Heat engines distinguish themselves from other types of engines by the fact that their efficiency is fundamentally limited by Carnot's theorem. Although this efficiency limitation can be a drawback, an advantage of heat engines is that most forms of energy can be easily converted to heat by processes like exothermic reactions (such as combustion), absorption of light or energetic particles, friction, dissipation and resistance. Since the heat source that supplies thermal energy to the engine can thus be powered by virtually any kind of energy, heat engines are very versatile and have a wide range of applicability.Heat engines are often confused with the cycles they attempt to mimic. Typicallywhen describing the physical device the term 'engine' is used. When describing the model the term 'cycle' is used.Power developed from heat 热力做功The first law of thermodynamics 热力学第一定律The second law of thermodynamics 热力学第二定律Primitive law 基本定律A network of equations 一整套方程式Physical process 物理过程Chemical process 化学过程相关术语词汇Biological process 生物过程A biological process is a process of a living organism. Biological processesare made up of any number of chemical reactions or other events that results in a transformation.热力学和化工热力学不涉及生物过程Equilibrium conditions 平衡条件Chemical species 化学物种Chemical species are atoms, molecules, molecular fragments, ions, etc., subjected to a chemical process or to a measurement. Generally, a chemical species can be defined as an ensemble of chemically identical molecular entities that can explore the same set of molecular energy levels on a characteristic or delineated time scale. The term may be applied equally to a set of chemically identical atomic or molecular structural units in a solid array.简言之，在热力学里化学物种指纯物质，包括化合物和元素Driving force 驱动力Resistance 阻力Thermodynamic variable 热力学变量描述热力学体系状态的变量称为热力学变量，常见的热力学变量有温度，压力，体积，内能，焓，熵，和吉布斯自由能。

生物化学(英文版)教学大纲

《生物化学》（英文版）教学大纲课程编号：总学时数：86学时（还有实验教学33学时）学分：5学分一、课程性质、目的和要求生物化学是生物科学和生物技术专业的一门重要的必修专业基础课。

学习和掌握生物化学的大体理论和技术对于其它生物学科的学习及此后的相关工作都具有十分重要的意义。

开展生物化学双语教学的目的是使学生在系统学习和掌握生物化学的理论和和实践知识的同时，更好地掌握和应用专业外语，培育成具有国际合作意识、国际交流与竞争能力的外向型人材。

鉴于生物化学是一门知识涉及面广，复杂程度高的学科，所以，咱们将生物化学双语教学分为不同层次开设，即基础生物化学和高级生物化学的双语教学。

在基础生物化学的双语教学中，着重要求学生学习和掌握生物化学的大体理论、大体知识和大体原理；同时也要求了解一些本学科进展前沿的新理论、新动向，使学生打下生物化学大体理论和知识的坚实基础，适应以后的高级生物化学双语教学及相关学科的学习。

同时，采用原版英文生化教材，有利于学生尽快接触生化进展的新知识，扩大知识面，提高学生阅读英文专业文献的能力，适应生物化学的高速进展。

不仅使学生取得较为广博的生物化学大体理论和基础知识，而且使学生初步树立科学的世界观和人生观，学会用辩证唯物主义的正确观点熟悉生命的现象和本质，从而使学生进一步学习和工作打下坚实的基础。

二、教学内容、要点和课时安排本课程的教学内容共分十三章。

Section A Cell organization 5课时A1 ProkaryotesA2 EukaryotesA3 MicroscopyA4 Cellular fractionationSection B Amino acids and proteins 9课时B1 Amino acidsB2 Acids and basesB3 Protein structureB4 Myoglobin and hemoglobinB5 CollagenB6 Protein purificationB7 Chromatography of proteinsB8 Electrophoresis of proteinsB9 Protein sequencing and peptide synthesisSection C Enzymes 6课时C1 Introduction to enzymesC2 ThermodynamicsC3 Enzyme kineticsC4 Enzyme inhibitionC5 Regulation of enzyme activitySection D Antibodies 6课时D1 The immune systemD2 Antibody structureD3 Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodiesD4 Antibody synthesisD5 Antibodies as toolsSection E Membranes 6课时E1 Membrane lipidsE2 Membrane protein and carbohydrateE3 Membrane transport: small moleculesE4 Membrane transport: macromoleculesE5 Signal transudationSection F DNA structure and replication 6课时F1 DNA structureF2 ChromosomesF3 DNA replication in bacteriaF4 DNA replication in eukaryotesSection G RNA synthesis and processing 8课时G1 RNA structureG2 Transcription in prokaryotesG3 The lac operonG4 The trp operonG5 Transcription in eukaryotes: an overviewG6 Transcription of protein-coding genes in eukaryotesG7 Regulation of transcription by RNA Pol ⅡG8 Processing of eukaryotic Pre-mRNAG9 Ribosomal RNAG10 Transfer RNASection H Protein synthesis 6课时H1 The genetic codeH2 Translation in prokaryotesH3 Translation in eukaryotesH4 Protein targetingH5 Protein glycosylationSection I Recombinant DNA technology 6课时I1 Restriction enzymesI2 Nucleic acid hybridizationI3 DNA cloningI4 VirusesI5 DNA sequencingI6 Polymerase chain reactionSection J Carbohydrate metabolism 10课时J1 Monosaccharides and disaccharidesJ2 Polysaccharides and oligosaccharidesJ3 GlycolysisJ4 GluconeogenesisJ5 Pentose Phosphate PathwayJ6 Glycogen MetabolismJ7 Control of glycogen metabolismSection K Lipid metabolism 6课时K1 Structures and roles of fatty acidsK2 Fatty acid breakdownK3 Fatty acid synthesisK4 TriacylglycerolsK5 CholesterolK6 LipoproteinsSection L Respiration and energy 6课时L1 Citric acid cycleL2 Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylationL3 PhotosynthesisSection M Nitrogen metabolism 6课时M1 Nitrogen fixation and assimilationM2 Amino acid metabolismM3 The urea cycleM4 Hemes and chlorophylls三、教学方式采用英文原版教材，实行双语教学，制作PPT课件，利用多媒体技术和适当的板书辅助教学。

科技英语综合教程练习答案

Keys:第一章科技英语阅读第一节科技英语主要特点I.1.The first three sentences in Passage One are all constructed with passive voice while thefirst three sentences in Passage Two are constructed with active voice. Therefore, the language in Passage One sounds more formal and objective than that of Passage Two.2.The words spoken by Sheila in Passage Two are informal. Examples: "There's Ravi atthe home of that American doctor." (Contracted form); "A wonderful guy." (Incomplete sentence); "Ravi looks sweet, doesn 't he?" (Question tag).3.In the second paragraph of Passage One, "it" refers to "to use insecticide regularly, on avery large scale."4.In the second paragraph of Passage Two, "through" means "finish" or "complete."5.Passage One is written for academic purpose and Passage Two mainly for entertainment. II.Passage OneA blast of hot air is sent into the bottom of the furnace to make the coke burn fiercely. It is blown into the furnace through pipes. These pipes are installed around the circumference of the blast furnace eight feet above the bottom.While the coke is burning and iron is melting, gas is formed at the top of the chamber. This is led off from the top of the furnace to be used. It contains carbon monoxide, which is combustible. Part of this gas is used for making the air blast hot. It is led off into stoves.Passage TwoAll elements are composed of discrete units called atoms, which are the smallest particles that exhibit the characteristics of the element. Atoms are tiny units of matter composed of positively charged protons, negatively charged electrons, and electrically neutral neutrons. Protons and neutrons, which have approximately the same mass, are clustered in the nucleus in the center of the atom. Electrons, which are tiny in comparison to the other units, orbit the nucleus at high speed. Atoms that have an equal number of electrons and protons are electrically neutral. Those that have gained or lost electrons, and therefore are positively or negatively charged, are called ions.第二节科技、半科技英语专业术语I.1. D (自动驾驶仪)2. F (生物钟)3. I (热核的)4. G (地热的)5. B (微波)6. J (放射疗法)7. E (光周期)8. A (超导体)9. H (远距离操纵器) 10. C (超显微/滤过性病毒)II.1. 一位从事航空医学研究的医生2. 防止计算机犯罪的措施3. 一种新型除霜器4. 一个用光电池驱动的玩具5. 一辆装有自动报警器的汽车6. 隔音材料7. 一种广泛使用的杀虫剂（农药）8. 用放射性碳做的试验9. 电信业的发展10. 一台通用机床III.1. in-(Inorganic)2. radio- (radioactive)3. hydro- (Hydrotherapy)4. -free (caffeine-free)5. infra- (infrared) / ultra- (ultrared)6. mono- (monorail)7. aero- (Aerodynamics) 8. -fold (33-fold)9. geo- (geocentric) 10. -proof (weatherproof)11. bio- (biotechnology) 12. anti- (antibiotic)IV. 发电站 2. 矿物燃料 3. 太阳黑子 4. 航天探测器 5. 滚珠轴承6. 涡轮7. 航天飞机8. 树木的年轮9. 离心调速器10. 心肌功能V.1. flow2. laws3. law4. conserved5. transferred6. transformed7. bond8. thermodynamics9. work 10. law 11. degraded 12. work13. law 14. state 15. disorder 16. energy17. law 18. biological 19. metabolically 20. cellVI.1.很明显，许多家用电器的加热和照明作用都依靠电阻。

关于选择物理化学生物学科的英语作文

关于选择物理化学生物学科的英语作文Title: Choosing the Path of Physical Chemistry and BiologyIntroduction:When it comes to pursuing a career in the field of science, there are various disciplines to choose from. However, my passion lies in combining the domains of physics, chemistry, and biology. This essay will explore the reasons behind my decision to pursue studies in physical chemistry and biology, highlighting the interdisciplinary nature of these subjects and their potential applications in the real world.Body:1. Fascination with the Fundamental Sciences:Both physics and chemistry form the foundation ofscientific inquiry. Physics offers insights into the fundamental laws of nature, unraveling the mysteries of the universe, while chemistry studies the composition, properties, and interactions of matter. The amalgamation of these disciplines enables us to understand the intricate processes governing living organisms.2. Bridging the Divide: Physics and Biology:Physical biology serves as a bridge between physics and biology, facilitating a deeper understanding of biological systems with the principles of physics. By applying the lawsof thermodynamics, electromagnetism, and mechanics, we can decipher the mechanics of living organisms, ranging from molecular interactions to the behavior of complex biological systems. The pursuit of physical biology provides a unique perspective on life itself.3. Unveiling the Molecular World:Physical chemistry delves into the molecular world, investigating the structure, behavior, and dynamics of molecules. It explores the connection between chemical phenomena and the underlying physical principles. This knowledge is vital for comprehending the intricate mechanisms of biological processes, such as molecular recognition, enzyme kinetics, and protein folding.4. Analyzing Biological Systems:Using the tools and concepts from physical chemistry, we can comprehensively analyze biological systems. Techniques like spectroscopy, microscopy, and imaging methods allow us to probe biological structures, visualize molecular interactions, and investigate cellular processes. This multidisciplinary approach aids in solving real-world problems, such as drug design, bioengineering, and understanding disease mechanisms.5. Advancement in Technology:By studying physical chemistry and biology, I aim to contribute to the development of cutting-edge technologies. Nanotechnology, biophysics, and bioinformatics are some of the emerging fields that rely on a strong foundation in physical chemistry and biology. These areas hold immense potential for revolutionizing healthcare, energy, and materials, improving human lives, and preserving the environment.6. Interdisciplinary Collaboration:The interdisciplinary nature of physical chemistry and biology fosters collaboration among scientists from diverse backgrounds. Engaging with experts from different fields nurtures innovative thinking, broadens perspectives, and generates groundbreaking discoveries. Through teamwork, I aspire to be part of a community that tackles complex scientific challenges and propels advancements in fundamental research and applied sciences.Conclusion:Choosing to pursue studies in physical chemistry and biology allows me to explore the convergence of physics, chemistry, and biology, unlocking the mysteries of thenatural world and offering solutions to pressing global issues. By embracing the multidisciplinary nature of these subjects, I believe I can contribute to scientific knowledge and contribute to advancements that positively impact society.。