语法专题十五 定语从句【考点精讲精练】-2023年中考语法一点通(教师版)

语法专题十五、定语从句

考点精讲

1.概念理解

定语从句：在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句，又称形容词性从句。

先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。定语从句在先行词后面，但二者并不一定紧挨着。

关系词（引导词）：连接先行词和从句的词叫引导词，也可叫关系词或连接词。连接词有that，who，which 等。

I like the movie that/which is funny.

先行词引导词

I like the singer who is beautiful.

先行词引导词

【特别注意】先行词和引导词是等量关系

①引导词（关系词）在定语从句中充当成分，代替先行词，意思就是先行词的意义。所以，在定语从句中不能重复其意。

✧正There are many places that we can visit in China.

✧误There are many places that we can visit them in China.

②先行词在从句中做主语时，定语从句中的谓语动词单复数形式由先行词决定。

This is the place that is famous for pandas.

John reads books which are fun.

2.如何把两个简单句合并成一个含定语从句的复合句

✧He is the thief. 他是那个小偷。

✧The thief stole my wallet. 那个小偷偷了我的钱包。（两个简单句）

✧He is the thief who/ that stole my wallet.

他是那个偷了我钱包的小偷。（一个复合句）

通过观察，我们可以总结出以下合并规律：

（1）把两个简单句合在一起。

He is the thief The thief stole my wallet.

（2）合并同类项，去掉一个多余的。

He is the thief stole my wallet.

（3）根据先行词来选择引导词来代替这个多余项。

He is the thief who/that stole my wallet.

3.引导词的选择

（1）关系代词：who(人-主格), whom(人-宾客), whose(人-所有格), which(物), that(人/物)。（2）关系副词：where(地点), when(时间), why(原因)。

初中阶段要求掌握关系代词。一般who 用于指代人的先行词，which 用来指代物的先行词，that既可指人又可指物。关系代词在从句中作主语、宾语；关系副词在从句中作状语。4. 引导词只能用that的情况：

（1）先行词本身是all , everything , something, nothing , anything等不定代词时；

（2）先行词已有序数词或形容词的最高级或the last, the first, the same, the only,等作定语时；

（3）先行词既有人又有物时。

1. He is the first person ______ comes to school every day.

A. that

B. who

C. whom

D. which

【答案】A

【解析】定语从句的先行词有序数词first修饰，故只能用that引导。故选A。

2. This is the most beautiful picture _____I have ever seen.

A. which

B. that

C. whom

D. whose

【答案】B

【解析】定语从句中有形容词最高级修饰，故只能用that引导。故选B。

3. He is the only person _______passed the exam in his class.

A. who

B. which

C. whom

D. that

【答案】D

【解析】先行词前有the only修饰，应用关系代词that引导定语从句。故选D。

4. They talked about the people and things _____ they can remember.

A. that

B. where

C. who

D. which

【答案】A

【解析】先行词是the people and things，既有人又有物，所以用关系代词that。故选A。

5. There is nothing in the world ________ can make him give up his dream.

A. what

B. that

C. which

D. who

【答案】B

【解析】句意：世界上没有什么能让他放弃梦想。先行词是不定代词nothing，故其定语从句引导词用that，在定语从句中是主语。故选B。

5.引导词只能用which的情况

（1）关系代词前有介词。This is the house in which we lived last year.

（2）先行词本身是that。The clock is that which I bought yesterday.

（3）非限制性定语从句。His English, which used to be very poor, is now excellent.

The hotel in we stayed last week is right on Bondi Beach.

A. that

B. which

C. who

D. whom

【答案】B

【解析】句意：上周我们住的旅馆正好位于邦迪海滩上。本句是定语从句，先行词hotel是物，从句缺少宾语，所以用关系代词which或that引，又因为这个关系代词前面有介词in，只能用which。故选B。

6.定语从句中引导词的省略

不管定语从句修饰的先行词是人还是物，如果引导词在从句中作宾语，引导词可以省略。不过在正式文体中，引导词不省略。但是引导词在从句中作主语时就不能省略。

—What are you doing?

—I'm reading the novel ______ you lent me yesterday.

A. what

B. who

C. when

D. /

【答案】D

【解析】句意：——你正在干什么？——我正在看你昨天借我的那本小说。分析句子结构，______ you lent me yesterday是定语从句，先行词是the novel，指物，在从句中作宾语，可用关系代词that或which引导定语从句，这两个引导词选项中都没有。再分析句子结构，引