6西格玛标准培训教材ppt

PPM
{ IRS Tax Advice
2
308,537
{ Restaurant Bills Airline Baggage Doctor’s Prescription
3
66,807
{ GE Average Company
4
6,210
5
233
6
3.4
{ Best Companies Airline Safety
Sigma Level
2 3 4 5 6
Defects per Million of Opportunity
PPM
308,537 66,807 6,210 233 3.4
Convert DPMO to Sigma
• Use the SIGMA TABLE
Arrive at DPMO
• Defects Per Million Opportunities
2 1/2 Days per Century
5
1 Misspelled Word in
a set of Encyclopedias
$570 Indebtedness per $1 Billion in Assets
30 Minutes per Century
6
1 Misspelled WoБайду номын сангаасd in all
Time
Average Value
Many Data Sets Have a Normal or Bell Shape
6 Overview
Problem Solving Approach
Off-Target
XXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Center Process
On-Target
XXXXXXXXXXXXXX
A Rigorous Method for Measuring & Controlling Our Quality
6 Overview
What Does “Sigma” Mean?
Sigma is a Measure of the Consistency of a Process
It (is Also the 18th Letter in the Greek Alphabet!
6 Overview
Problem Solving Approach
Off-Target
Target
Unpredictable
Target
LSL Defects
USL
Center Process
On-Target
Target
LSL
USL
Reduce Spread
“Lower Specification Limit”
6 Overview
Why Does GE Need A Quality Initiative?
GE Raising The Bar • New Goal to be “Best in the World” vs. #1 or #2 • Customers are Expecting More, we Must Deliver • “Ship-and-fix” Approach no Longer Tolerated in the Market • Aim to Speed Past Traditional Competitors in 5 Years • Goal Consistent with Reduced Total Costs
• Proven Method to Reduce Costs • Highly Quantitative Method – Science and Logic Instead of Gut Feel • Includes Manufacturing & Service (close to customer) and Provides Bridge
• Six Sigma Structure
• Key Concepts & Tools
• A Practical Example
An Overview....Not a lot of Details!!
6 Overview
“Six Sigma”
• If we can’t express what we know in the form of numbers, we really don’t know much about it.
4
1 Misspelled Word
per 30 Pages in a Book
Money
$2.7 Million Indebtedness per $1 Billion in Assets
Time
3 1/2 Months per Century
$63,000 Indebtedness per $1 Billion in Assets
6 Overview
• Six Sigma: - A Definition - Applied to GE - GE Quality Initiative - Why This Approach? - Origin of Six Sigma - The “Breakthrough Strategy” - Arriving at Sigma
So...What is Six Sigma?
• A Measurement System • A Problem-Solving Approach • A Disciplined Change Process
Measure
Analyze
Improve
Control
“THE SIX SIGMA BREAKTHROUGH STRATEGY”
LSL
USL
“Upper Specification Limit”
Less Variation Means Fewer Defects & Higher Process Yields
6 Overview
Problem Solving Approach
Deployment and Application of Six Sigma Concepts & Tools
Learning from Those Who Have had Success With 6Will Accelerate its Implementation at GE
6 Overview
We Must Acknowledge Our Vulnerabilities • Poor Quality That Impacts Customers • Problems with NPI • Too High Internal Costs
We Need a Major Initiative to Move From Where we Are to Where we Want to be
to Design for Quality Concepts • Has Support and Commitment of Top Management
It Works!!!
6 Overview
Sigma: A Measure of Quality
Sigma 3
Spelling
1.5 Misspelled Words per Page in a Book
Define Defect Opportunities
• Any step in the process where a Defect could occur in a CTQ
Look for Defects in Products or Services
• Count Defects or failures to meet CTQ requirements in all process steps
• Mikel J. Harry one of the Original Architects • Previously Headed Quality Function at ABB and Motorola • Now President/CEO of Six Sigma Academy in Phoenix, Arizona • Has Consulted for Texas Instruments, Allied Signal (and others) • Currently Retained by GE to Teach the Implementation,
• If we don’t know much about it, we can’t control it.
• If we can’t control it, we are at the mercy of chance.
Mikel J. Harry President & CEO Six Sigma Academy, Inc.
5
4
3
2
1
Estimated Cost of Failure in US Industry is 15% of Sales; Taking GE From a 3 to a 6 Company Will Save ~ $10.5 Billion per Year!
Why “Six Sigma”?
• Proven Successful in “Quality-Demanding” Industries e.g., Motorola, Texas Instruments (many process steps in series)
Measuring & Eliminating Defects is the “Core” of Six Sigma