商务英语名词解释

Hostile takeover

An acquisition of a firm despite resistance by the target firm's management and board of directors.

Total quality control

A philosophy and set of guiding concepts that provides a comprehensive means of improving total organization performance and quality by examining each process through which work is done in a systematic, integrated, consistent, organization-wide manner. Abbreviated TQM.

Motivation theory/need hierarchy theory Psychological discipline that attempts to describe why people or animals behave as they do solely in terms of internal needs that drive behavior, rather than attributing any influence to external stimuli. theory X and theory Y assumption

T h e o r y X

With Theory X assumptions, management's role is to coerce and control employees.

o People have an

inherent dislike for

work and will avoid it

whenever possible.

o People must be

coerced, controlled,

directed, or

threatened with

punishment in order

to get them to

achieve the

organizational

objectives.

o People prefer to

be directed, do not

want responsibility,

and have little or no

ambition.

o People seek

security above all

else.

T h e o r y Y

With Theory Y

assumptions,

management's role is to

develop the potential in

employees and help

them to release that

potential towards

common goals.

o Work is as

natural as play and

rest.

o People will

exercise

self-direction if they

are committed to the

objectives (they are

NOT lazy).

o Commitment to

objectives is a

function of the

rewards associated

with their

achievement.

o People learn to

accept and seek

responsibility.

o Creativity,

ingenuity, and

imagination are

widely distributed

among the

population. People

are capable of using

these abilities to

solve an

organizational

problem.

o People have

potential.

The path-goal theory The theory states that a leader's behavior is contingent to the satisfaction, motivation and performance of his subordinates. The revised version also argues that the leader engages in behaviors that complement subordinate's abilities and compensate for deficiencies.

Lean production

A production system consisting of manufacturing cells linked together with a functionally integrated system for inventory and production control that uses less of the key resources needed to make goods.

Corporate restructuring Restructuring is the corporate management term for the act of reorganizing the legal, ownership, operational, or other structures of a company for the purpose of making it more profitable, or better organized for its present needs.

Business process reengineering the fundamental

rethinking and radical

redesign of business

processes to achieve

dramatic improvements

in critical contemporary

measures of

performance, such as

cost, quality, service,

and speed."[

Emerging market

A foreign economy that

is developing in

response to the spread

of capitalism and has

created its own stock

market. emerging

markets have high

potential as well as high

risk.

Corporate social

responsibility is

commonly described by

its promoters as

aligning a company's

activities with the social,

economic and

environmental

expectations of its

"stakeholders."

Start-Up Costs

Expenditures incurred

after the decision has

been made to establish

a particular business

but before business

operations begin.

Consumer behavior

involves the

psychological

processes that

consumers go through

in recognizing needs,

finding ways to solve

these needs, making

purchase decisions ,

interpret information,

make plans, and

implement these plans .

Soft economy

The soft economy

means a form of

development of

economy that based on

human resources and

information resources

which include the

tertiary Industry and

Quaternary sector of

industry.

A capital market is a

market for securities

(debt or equity), where

business enterprises

(companies) and

governments can raise

long-term funds. It is

defined as a market in

which money is

provided for periods

longer than a year[1], as

the raising of short-term

funds takes place on

other markets .

Yield management is the

process of

understanding,

anticipating and

influencing consumer

behavior in order to

maximize yield or profits

from a fixed, perishable

resource .As a specific,

Yield Management