浅析《失乐园》中撒旦的性格特征
浅析撒旦在弥尔顿《失乐园》中的形象
龙源期刊网 浅析撒旦在弥尔顿《失乐园》中的形象作者：何其琪来源：《资治文摘》2017年第04期Paradise Lost is an epic poem in blank verse written by British poet John Milton in the17thcentury。
John Milton first shapes a negative character Satan as a hero in the field of literature。
It subverts the conventional concept and integrates social ideals firmly。
Satan is not only an unyielding and rebellious hero but also a degenerate and cunning conspirator。
In this story，the formation of the double images of Satan makes the ideological content of the story sublimated。
Satan and his followers intend to fight against God。
They hold a meeting to discuss whether to have an adventure at the risk of life or not in order to rebuild their paradise。
Satan bravely volunteers to explore the new world race。
He insists on being against God on condition that his followers are begging for forgiveness。
撒旦在《失乐园》中的形象：反叛的英雄和堕落的魔鬼
2021-05文艺生活LITERATURE LIFE撒旦在《失乐园》中的形象：反叛的英雄和堕落的魔鬼曹宸源（对外经济贸易大学，北京100029）摘要:本文将从弥尔顿本人的角度来研究《失乐园》中撒旦的形象。
传统研究将撒旦归类为叛逆的英雄或邪恶的魔鬼。
本文从弥尔顿的视角和他所要表达的内容出发，阐述了撒旦同时作为叛逆的英雄和堕落的魔鬼的形象，而不是把撒旦划分为单一的好的或坏的形象。
关键词:弥尔顿；《失乐园》；撒旦形象中图分类号：I561.072文献标识码：Ａ文章编号：1005-5312（2021）15-0058-02DOI：10.12228/j.issn.1005-5312.2021.15.027一、介绍约翰·弥尔顿是英国诗人和知识分子，曾在英联邦国务委员会，在奥利弗·克伦威尔领导下担任公务员。
他以《失乐园》而闻名，这部作品被广泛认为是英国最伟大的史诗。
弥尔顿的《失乐园》中的撒旦是文学史上最具活力、最复杂的人物之一。
要分析撒旦，关注弥尔顿是至关重要的。
《失乐园》讲述大天使长撒旦因为反抗上帝的权威被打入地狱，他并没有屈服，而是在地狱建起万魔殿，商议推翻上帝的统治。
为了复仇，他决定进入伊甸园，变成一条蛇引诱亚当和夏娃，他们受被撒旦附身的蛇的引诱，偷吃了上帝明令禁吃的知识树上的果子。
最终，亚当与夏娃被逐出了伊甸园，离开了乐园，这也是名称失乐园的由来。
撒旦形象的复杂性使其成为其中主要人物。
与扁平人物不同，撒旦的立体性使其很难被定义为一个正面人物或是负面人物。
他身上的反叛精神构成了他正面形象最有力的支点，像反抗君主制的弥尔顿一样，其笔下的撒旦也反抗着上帝的强权，他坚韧，虽堕入地狱仍不改其志，在万魔殿中鼓舞人心，最终在伊甸园达到了目的。
同时，他是恶魔的本质也是不可忽视的一点。
他没有直接对抗上帝，而是以诱骗的形式侵扰无辜的人类。
研究撒旦的形象已经成为重要的学术话题之一。
二、复杂的撒旦形象弥尔顿的撒旦一直为评论家们所讨论。
试论《失乐园》中撤旦的形象
试论《失乐园》中撤旦的形象作者：肖越来源：《青年文学家》2010年第05期摘要：《失乐园》在英国文学史上占有极其重要的地位，而其中撒旦那复杂的人物性格人们一直尝试从不同的角度去分析或阐释。
大多数人都认为撒旦是《失乐园》中的英雄，是一个革命者，这个观点应该是违背了作者弥尔顿的本意。
本文将尝试从各方面分析撒旦在《失乐园》中的真正形象。
关键词：《失乐园》；撒旦；形象。
[中图分类号]：I206[文献标识码]：A[文章编号]：1002-2139(2010)-03-0017-01在十六世纪晚期，英国资产阶级认为宗教改革仍然不够彻底，于是他们创立了清教来对抗贵族阶级的奢靡生活。
17世纪初，英国议会通过了限制王权的请愿书，次年，斯图亚特王朝的查理一世便解散了议会。
到17世纪30年代末，苏格兰人民起义，查理一世为筹集军费又不得不再次召开11年未召开过的议会，但因为议会拒绝了查理一世的要求，三周后议会再次遭到查理一世的解散。
查理一世的行为引起了众怒，而苏格兰军队的进攻势头又开始加强，查理一世不得不于1640年11月再次召开议会。
而这一次，议会成为了反抗查理一世的领导核心，它也成为了英国资产阶级革命开始的标志。
而英国伟大的诗人约翰·弥尔顿所创作的长诗《失乐园》就是这个时代的产物，同时也是英国资产阶级革命的产物。
在这个背景下，《失乐园》中最受欢迎，刻画得最成功、最有生命力的形象，同时也是最具争议的角色，就是率领众天使反抗上帝的撒旦。
在英国十九世纪的一些浪漫主义批评家的笔下，包括现如今国内学界的主流观点。
都把撒旦看作是一个反抗强权的革命英雄，认为作者弥尔顿也是和撒旦一样的反叛者。
然而这其实是对撒旦这个角色。
对《失乐园》全文，以及对作者弥尔顿的一个误读。
本文将对此展开论述。
一约翰·弥尔顿和他的《失乐园》约翰·弥尔顿(1608-1674)是十七世纪英国著名的诗人、思想家、政治家和政论家。
他出身于伦敦一个富裕的清教徒家庭，从青年时代开始就厌恶封建思想，痛恨教会腐败。
失乐园中撒旦形象
试析《失乐园》中撒旦的形象车家玲（安阳师范学院人文管理学院，河南安阳 455000）摘要：撒旦是《失乐园》中颇具有争议性的人物，他既是一位为了平等和自由敢于向最高权威进行不屈不饶抗争的反叛英雄，又是一个权欲熏心、骄矜狂妄的堕落者同时他还是祢尔顿关于自由意志与理性原则并存的思想观念的艺术载体，即人为了自由和理想而奋斗，但同时人的行为得受到真理的约束。
关键字：撒旦；双重人格；自由与理性一、引言约翰·弥尔顿(1608-1674)是十七世纪英国著名的诗人、思想家、政治家和政论家。
他出身于伦敦一个公证人家庭,青少年时代起思想进步,厌恶封建思想,痛恨教会腐败。
革命爆发后他积极投身革命,参加了革命政府的工作,并撰写政论,先后发表了《论出版自由》、《论国王和官吏的权力》等文章而轰动整个欧洲。
王朝复辟后他虽然遭监禁，著作被焚烧，但仍然坚持革命立场，在双目失明，经济拮据的情况下完成了三大史诗《失乐园》、《复乐园》、《力士参孙》。
1674年诗人与世长辞。
弥尔顿的长篇史诗《失乐园》( Paradise Lost, 1667)深邃、高贵、整饬、优美,一直被誉为“英语中最伟大的诗作”,是英国文学史上不可多得的鸿篇巨制,在世界文学史上可与《神曲》和《浮士德》相媲美。
弥尔顿的长篇史诗《失乐园》，以《圣经·旧约·创世记》第二、三章关于人类始祖亚当、夏娃在撒旦引诱下偷食禁果犯下原罪，被上帝逐出伊甸园的故事为蓝本，成功地将诗人—作为一个清教徒，所相信的人类重返上帝的乐园的回归之路极为完整、生动地展现在读者面前。
这条路发端于人类始祖的原罪，转折于耶稣基督道成肉身的救赎，作结于自由意志选择下的灵魂的忏悔和回归。
诗人满怀豪情的诗意书写，所展现的是诗人的人生理想、人生信念。
就全诗而论，从太初谈起，开天辟地，创造世界，创造人类；借《圣经》故事，虽涉及全人类原罪赎罪的悲剧，但实质上说的是人类求知求生，追求自由人权，反对盲目迷信，反对封建专制，建立人类社会理想的大同世界。
弥尔顿《失乐园》中的撒旦形象及长诗主题
长 诗 主题 的 撒 旦 是 一 个 自 由 的 勇 者 ，透 过 对 上帝 的反叛 ，为 了追逐 自 由 ， 将 这 种 反 叛 进 行 到 底 ，在 他 的 部 是 撒 旦 内 心 不 断 地 扭 曲 ，是 一 个
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自由的不屈精 神 。绝不 屈服 ，就 算永在 地狱 ，也 要斗争 到底 的坚 决意 志 。这样崇 尚 自由 、高 大独
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撒旦形象
（ 一 ） 悲 情 英 雄 ，抗 争 的 反 叛者 ？
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题所 在 。
在 《 失乐 园》 中 ，开篇 撒旦 以革 命失败 后 的悲 情英雄 形象开 始 ，从撒旦反 叛上 帝的故 事情节 来 看 ，不 仅 反映 出撒 旦 的野 心 ，
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浅析《失乐园》中撒旦的形象塑造
浅析《失乐园》中撒旦的形象塑造【摘要】弥尔顿的《失乐园》是一部享有世界级声誉的文学作品。
作品中的撒旦作为与上帝的对抗者是历来受到争议最多的形象之一。
撒旦经历了一个从藐视到反抗到最终无奈的过程，也正是在这个过程中，我们可以分析出撒旦作为反抗者所展示的勇气和魄力，但撒旦毕竟是邪恶的，他一次次挑起了战争。
撒旦可以被看作是英雄，但他又不简单的算英雄，他是一个结合体，一个立体化的魔鬼式英雄。
【关键词】撒旦，魔鬼，英雄，立体化一、引言一直有人认为：撒旦是人类失去乐园的祸根，因为撒旦的的诱惑，人类最终受到上帝的惩罚。
作为一个魔鬼，撒旦不是一个一击即溃、头脑简单的傻瓜，他身上有一种英雄的气魄，撒旦本来就是一位大天使。
撒旦是聪明的，也可以算是狡猾的，对付人类，撒旦一计不成又生一计，所以人类上了他的当，从天使到魔鬼，撒旦最终堕落了。
撒旦是失乐园故事的核心，他推动着整个故事的发展，也体现作者众多的资产阶级革命理念。
二、英雄撒旦弥尔顿笔下的撒旦首先是位伟大的英雄，代表着弥尔顿的资产阶级革命思想，这是毋庸置疑的。
撒旦的英雄气魄体现在他具有敢于向最高权威抗争的精神：为争取自由和平等，推翻上帝的独裁统治，他领导一部分反叛天使与上帝进行斗争。
这种反叛意识正好结合当时资产阶级革命思想的核心，追求社会平等与自由，打破神权和独裁。
在诗中，撒旦敢于首先怀疑毫无道理却非让人盲目服从不可的绝对命令，面对上帝的强大的权力，撒旦毫无畏惧，率部反抗，大闹天堂。
第一次反抗失败了，他不服气，也不认输，不气馁，发挥自己的聪明才智，很像中国传统小说中描绘的那些英雄，面对强大的对手，敢于亮剑，险些儿搞得天兵天将对阵中措手不及，万分狼狈，连上帝在天国也担心撒旦的反叛会成功。
当然，撒旦还是失败了，被打落地狱。
但是他崇尚自由，他让反对者闭口而去，地狱议会上他发扬民主风格，征求大家的意见。
历经千辛万苦在新创造的伊甸乐园中寻找到人类先祖双亲的是他，利用时机促成全诗主题的展现的也是他。
论《失乐园》中撒旦的形象
An Analysis of Satan in Paradise Lost 论《失乐园》中撒旦的形象An analysis of Satan in Paradise Lost摘要约翰·弥尔顿是英语文化历史上非常有名的一位作家。
他的著作—《失乐园》是英语文化史上的一座里程碑。
在约翰·弥尔顿所有的著作中，《失乐园》是最复杂，最难理解的一部作品，并为他赢得了永久的荣誉。
他的史诗使得撒旦的形象更加生动，更加具有人性，并且使其在某些方面成为了一名特殊的英雄。
弥尔顿用了很多的语句来描写撒旦对他的追随者所做的雄辩。
撒旦追求自由，但是却不能用暴力手段得到他想要的。
这就是撒旦在弥尔顿的著作中具有一种矛盾性。
尽管弥尔顿用了一种积极的态度来描写撒旦，但是撒旦邪恶的本性却从未改变。
他的矛盾情感鲜明地遍及整个诗篇。
这种矛盾的情感吸引了众多批评家的目光，引起了几个世纪的争论。
本文通过分析撒旦在《失乐园》中的形象，使得人们获得一种不同的视角来重新审视邪恶的撒旦。
他的字句反映了他毕生所挚爱的自由，同时暗示通过暴力方式所进行的革命终将会失败，这也体现了弥尔顿自己的意志与精神。
关键词：撒旦；自由；英雄；失败AbstractJohn Milton was a very famous writer during the history of English literature. His masterpiece Paradise Lost was undoubtedly a milestone in the history of English literature. Among all of John Milton’s great works,Paradise Lost was the most complicated and most profound one, which won him endless honor. His epic made Satan more vivid more humanized and made him a special hero in some aspects. Milton wrote a lot of sentences to describe Satan’s defense for his followers. Satan sought for freedom, but he couldn’t get what he wanted by violence. That’s why Satan in Milton’s masterpiece had a kind of contradiction. Although Milton adopted a positive attitude to describe Satan, his evil characteristic didn’t change at all. His ambivalence was obviously throughout the whole poem. This kind of ambivalence caught all critics’ eyes and led to centuries’ disputes.By analyzing Satan in Paradise Lost,the author of this paper aims to make people obtain a different angle to revisit the evil one, Satan. His words showed his lifelong love for freedom, and implied that the revolution would be failed by violence, which also reflected Milton’s own idea and spirit.Key Words:Satan; freedom; hero; failure安阳师范学院人文管理学院本科毕业论文Contents摘要 (I)Abstract (II)1. Introduction (1)2. The Realistic Significance of Paradise Lost (1)2.1 The Presentation of Every Image of Different Classes (1)2.2 The Theme of the Whole Book (2)2.3 The Doomed Ending of Satan (2)3. The Changes of Satan (3)3.1 Satan in the Bible (3)3.1.1 The Congregation of All the Sins in Bible (3)3.1.2 Satan’s Wisdom and Emotion (3)3.2 Satan in Paradise Lost (4)3.2.1 Satan as an Independent Image (6)3.2.2 Satan’s Contradiction (7)3.2.3 The Eloquent Satan (7)4. The Reasons of Satan’s Heroic Image (8)4.1 The Heroic Image of Satan (8)4.2 The More Humanized Satan (9)5. Conclusion (10)Bibliography (11)Acknowledgements (12)1. IntroductionWhile Shakespeare was still writing his great plays, another excellent English poet was born in London. He was John Milton. John Milton, one of the greatest poets of the English language, was a political commentator of the English Bourgeois Revolution, whose importance was acknowledged around the world. Although Milton’s father was a puritan, he was a music and book lover. Puritans refer to the people who assert themselves the most rigid believers of God. What’s more he taught little Milton to enjoy music and books. Milton has received humanistic thoughts from 16th century and accepted the great science achievements of the 17th century, at the same time he had a critical attitude towards his life. He thought that science was not everything. Without justice and science, people couldn’t get peace and real happiness. Milton’s literary ambition was to write an epic and he wanted his epic to be read by people in different countries. It took Milton seven years to finish the great epic Paradise Lost. Among all of John Milton’s great works, paradise Lost was the most complex and most impressive one, which won him everlasting honor. This book told the story of how Satan fought against God and how Adam and Eve were banished from the Eden. Satan was the major character in Paradise Lost. His images were impressive and powerful. The main character of this book was intricate and contradictory. After finishing his famous poem, John Milton wrote Paradise Regained and a play telling the story of Samson.2. The Realistic Significance of Paradise Lost2.1 The Presentation of Every Image of Different ClassesIn this epic, Milton gave detailed description of every image, and as we know, the epic reflected the society Milton lived, so each image had its own presentation.Milton was a puritan, who was very loyal to his beliefs. From this book, we can sense the strong will of freedom from Milton. Obviously, God was on behalf of the authority, and he was another best description of Milton’s personalities. Some peopleagreed with Satan and regarded God as a tyrant and egoist. While other people who condemned Satan, took God as a merciful, just and lenient authority. The author also told us something from Abdiel’s mouth that the compliance with God was not servility, but the only way of getting freedom. These people who defied their superiors and stirred up a new rebellion were not servile and inferior. And as to Adam and Eve, they were tempted by Satan and punished by God, like all the common people, all the civilian class, they didn’t have the power or courage to fight against the authority, so they chose to adapt themselves to it. Because of the prominent background, the story in Paradise Lost and the Bible had a lot in common. That’s a very important reason why Paradise Lost became so popular.2.2 The Theme of the Whole BookIf you have known Milton very well, you may find out that before he wrote this epic his life was not that positive. When he lived in this world, he loved freedom very much and tried his best to get freedom. Freedom as a topic is throughout the whole masterpiece.The book has something to do with Milton’s own life experience. He was a tough guy, who never gave up his own belief and would stick to his will forever. Milton didn’t agree with the old way of teaching, which reflected his disobedience to feudalistic force, just as Satan’s rebellion against God and the conflict from heaven. “We may with more successful hope resolve to wage by force or guide eternal war, irreconcilable to our grand foe, who now triumphs, and in the excess of joy. Sole reigning holds the tyranny of heaven.”(Milton, 1667:1608)Instead of withdrawing from society, Milton still played an active role in political affairs. Although he was not going to take part in politics directly, he continued to work with friends and colleagues closely. Satan’s rebellious and heroic images were presented in Milton’s thoughts. He always sought for freedom, like Satan always took some measures to get rid of God’s control.2.3 The Doomed Ending of SatanMilton was a loyal puritan and he knew that freedom was the only way to gethappiness. And revolution was a good way to get freedom. But at last, Milton realized that the revolution at that time couldn’t get real freedom. So, to some degree, the revolution must be a failure in his opinion. What’s more, from this book we can see that Satan was the typical representative of the revolutionary class, so we can say that failure was the doomed ending of Satan. By studying English history, we knew that the puritan revolution was a failure just like Milton implied in Paradise Lost. Violence is not a good way to solve problems. Milton was a puritan. Although he was not satisfied with the Crown, he didn’t agree to use the violence way to solve the conflict, either.Maybe this point of view was not that right in reader’s eyes, but in fact, we all know that war will never bring happiness.3. The Changes of Satan3.1 Satan in the Bible3.1.1 The Congregation of All the Sins in the BibleThere were two major reasons which made Satan a complete monster in Bible. The first reason was that he seduced good people into doing evil things. The second one was his betrayal of God. If we didn’t know something about Satan and his forces, we would not have a clear understanding of basic spiritual realities of the universe. The reason why Satan became the biggest enemy of God was that he was against the foundation of the earth. His main purpose was to get the worship that only belonged to the originator, God. To most people, Satan’s major work was to be against human beings. He would try his best to destroy the mankind. What’s more, he would do it for good and without specific reasons. Fear and pride were the major motivations in Satan’s kingdom. That’s why Bible directed people to regard Satan as a devil in this universe.3.1.2 Satan’s Wisdom and EmotionSatan’s wisdom as an important aspect was worthy to be mentioned. To temptAdam and Eve to eat apple from the tree of knowledge, which was forbidden by god, Satan disguised himself as a snake. He waited silently for a good time. Once Eve worked by herself and Adam wasn’t around her, Satan would come out and approach her. Satan knew what women prefer to hear, so he normally started the conversation with praise for Eve’s beauty. Then he could get what he wanted and made the emotional Eve lose her last line of protection and couldn’t wait to eat the fruit. What’s more, Satan was also emotional. For example, when he found out Adam and Eve were in love, he was moved by their pure feelings. And he would burst into tears at the sight of the suffering of his followers. After reading this epic, we could also sense that Satan had the dream to share happiness and tears together with his beloved followers.3.2 Satan in Paradise LostJohn Milton was a great poet, thinker and political commentator of Englandin the 17th century. His masterpiece Paradise Lost was a long epic with 12 books, written in blank verse. These stories were taken from the Old Testament, such as the making of the earth, the love stories between Adam and Eve, the fallen angelsin hell plotting against God, Satan’s temptation of Eve, and the leasing of Adam and Eve from Eden. Although Satan and his adherents were driven out of heaven into hell, Satan and his followers were not discouraged. The miserable punishment, instead of rubbing off their will, makes them much angrier. The purpose of this poem was to tell people to justify the manner of God towards people. This outstanding work was the product of Puritanism, which has shown Milton’s own will and beliefs of freedom. Satan in his masterpiece was not the same as the one in the Bible and other books.In Paradise Lost, Satan was an independent image which can be studied and be discussed from a different perspective. I think the unique image of Satan was the reflection of the writer, who loved freedom and at the same time, expressed a kind of contradiction, and also the representation of the society at that time. This kind of idea has appeared in lots of articles written by Chen Weihong and professor XiaoMinghan’s two articles. (1999&2011) They both think that:1. The Satan in Paradise Lost was full of heroism, because of his defiant personality and the pursuit of freedom.2. These characteristics made Satan an eclectic image, and made God a little bit pessimistic.Xiao’s two articles showed that the unique image didn’t come from the Bible, but came from Milton himself. The words and actions Satan did in the hell and the main reason of his betrayal were the distinctive characteristics which helped Milton to describe Satan into a personalized image. The most important point in Satan’s characteristic was his strong will. No matter what kind of situation he was in, he had never changed his nature.Another writer’s composition also expressed this kind of idea, which showed that the image of Satan in Paradise Lost was vivid and impressive. Satan’s betrayal, in other words, was the indomitable will to seek for freedom, and rejection of God’s slavery. And the contradiction was also shown by him. His image was the mixture of optimism and pessimism. We all thought that the most evil person in the Bible was Satan or we can say that Satan was the aggregate of all the sins. In the Bible, Satan’s name meant obstruction and separation. He was the public enemy number one of God and he was a pervert in God’s eyes. Something like this has mentioned in Paradise Lost. According to this epic, we knew that Satan wasn’t born with sins. His sins and his resentment were coming from his free choice.Adam and Eve’s betrayal was the result of the wish for knowledge. After the punishment, they realized how to distinguish right from wrong, and started to beg the forgiveness of God. It was after the baptism of evil that the good would be more valuable. The last part was about Milton’s own idea, which has combined with Satan. Every image he had created was a reflection of different classes in the society of that time. In the paper of Huang Delin (2004), he has pointed out that Satan was Milton’s own presentation, and also, in Chen Jinxi’s article (2008), he said that the epic was thereflection of the People’s spiritual condition. Milton combined his epic with thepuritan revolution. God presented the Cromwell government or the dictatorship of England; Satan presented the force of revolution. It was Milton, who was a loyal puritan and had realized that freedom must be the basis to get the freedom, but the revolution couldn’t get the real freedom. From Milton’s point of view, the revolution must be a failure. That’s why Satan had a kind of contradiction, he loved and sought for freedom, but he couldn’t get what he wanted by the means of violence. These opinions have appeared at the beginning of a translation version which was translated by Jin Fashen.Lots of researches have been conducted on the images of Satan in Paradise Lost. It has left a profound and impressive influence on literature history. The author of this thesis will do a lot of stuff to do an analysis on this famous epic.3.2.1 Satan as an Independent ImageIn this masterpiece, the image of Satan was the most controversial image. The disputation about the image of Satan in Paradise Lost related to the inner nature of Satan was whether he was the hero in the epic or not. During all the literature history, tons of people thought Satan in Paradise Lost was a different image. In the first two volumes of Paradise Lost, some of Satan’s words showed he was a hero from time to time. John Milton’s Paradise Lost had a vivid description of a defiant Satan. He was banished from heaven and driven into the hell. Later, the image of Satan in Paradise Lost had been popular among people. The reason Satan could be an independent image in the epic, mostly due to his courage to show his indomitable will. After reading this masterpiece, we felt that Satan was like a hero in the earlier part of the epic. We could sense that through majesty in Satan’s appearance and fearless in his personality. However, with the story developed Satan’s image changed greatly. The most impressive nature of Satan was his contradiction. This element made the image of Satan glitter from the whole book, and became an actual part which is worth being studied.3.2.2 Satan’s ContradictionThere was a very interesting point in the whole personality of Satan, which washis contradiction, combined with wickedness and the strong will of freedom. Although Satan showed the positive character of his image, he still had some intrinsically evil genes. A leopard cannot change his spots. In this epic, although Milton was in favor of some traits of Satan, he had never tried to change Satan from a monster into a real hero: a monster is a monster.To readers, after reading the first several books of Paradise Lost, they could sense that the writer tried to describe Satan into a sympathy and friendly character. On the content of this epic, besides the analysis of God’s and Satan’s personalities, there were also two points from the content of this book, which may reflect the aspects of disagreement in reader’s opinion. In the first two books of Paradise Lost, although Satan has made a good impression of hero on readers, he was still a monster as the initial story had told us. Adam and Eve made a mistake under the seduction Satan, and they suffered a lot from their mistake. The reason made Satan become such a kind of evil angle was his indomitable courage of chasing freedom.3.2.3 The Eloquent SatanIn Paradise Lost, Satan was written as a hero who insisted on his own belief and he had the courage to seek for his beloved freedom. These pro-Satanists admired Satan’s high superior nature and regarded him as the actual hero of this masterpiece.At the beginning of Paradise Lost, Satan made a wonderful speech which attracted many readers for a very long time. “That glory never shall his wrath or might. Extort from me. To bow and sue for grace with supplicant knee, and deify his power who, from the terror of his arm. Doubled his empire: that were low indeed. That was an ignominy and shame beneath. This downfall, since, by fate, the strength of God. And this substance cannot fail.”(Milton, 1667:1608)These words were powerful and clear which made Satan’s ambition became so apparent, and also reflected his fighting spirit and independent personality.Puritanism and the English Revolution were the distinguishing features of the seventeenth century. Milton realized it and he cleverly put political ideas to his pieces of art and also the images he created. Milton’s own life experiences and his pursuit of freedom caused him to endow Satan more or less with revolutionary spirit. Milton’s passion and feelings for revolution were reflected in the description of Satan and his rebellion.4. The Reasons of Satan’s Heroic ImageThe reason why people thought Satan in Paradise Lost as sort of a hero was due to his fearless. What’s more, he dared to fight against God. He always stuck to his own will, just like Milton himself. John Milton was born in a puritan family. What’s more, his childhood and the society that time gave him energy and resistance in his character, which was also easy to find from the words of Satan: “Princes, potentates, the flower of heaven, once yours, now lost. If such astonishment as this can seize eternal spirits! Awake, arise, or be forever fallen.”Though failed, Satan never gave up his unconquerable will. Here, Satan was more than just a leader in military accepting the rebel angles from angelic state, but also a smart politician using the powerful language of resistance as his weapon to fight against God.4.1 The Heroic Image of SatanPeople normally thought Satan in Paradise Lost has given a heroic impression to them. But it was a little bit of misunderstanding because of the words that Satan said in the following epic. “In The Odyssey, Homer lets Odysseus give a speech that would convince anyone they could survive the journey to the strait of Messina. Then we die with our eyes open, if we are going to die, or know what death we baffle if we can.” (Paradise Lost: 1243-1245)“Odysseus again lifts their spirits with this speech, Garcia 2 friends, have we ever been in danger before this? More fearsome, is it now, than when the Cyclops penned us in his cave? What power he had! Did I not keep my nerve, and use my witsto find a way out for us? We must now obey orders as I give them.”( Milton, 1667:1294-1302 ) Here Odysseus expressed the real capability of a hero to lead in the face of adversity.Satan as any other leaders would do, quickly reduced his partners’fear with much more powerful speeches. During the speeches, Satan talked his doubts about God’s supremacy and daringly stated they were better off where they were. “Here at least we shall be free. Here we may reign secure. Better to reign in Hell, than serve in Heaven.’’ (Milton, 1667: 258-263)These were the most powerful nature points of Satan in the whole masterpiece. What’s more he always insisted on his personalities, such as tough bosom, independent spirit, intelligence, and the power of his own. These four points all took effectiveness on Satan, which made Satan look like a hero.4.2 The More Humanized SatanIn Bible, and from most people’s points of view, Satan was the aggregate of all the sins, but in Paradise lost, Satan became a vivid image. What he said or did touched the readers profoundly. Milton wrote Paradise Lost to show people the source of misfortune. He thought the reason why Adam and Eve made a huge mistake and lost their beautiful home was that they were not strong enough to withstand the temptation of strangers. At the end of the story, we could know that, since Adam and Eve were lured into breaking the rules of Eden by Satan and they were all published by God and were driven out of Eden, Satan began to think about what he had done to the people, and he felt so sorry about what he had done. He blamed himself for a very long time. This kind of description made Satan look not that bad, but more humanized than the Bible said.From what we have read or learned in Paradise Lost, Satan may be a devil. But he had ambitious and dreams, even sometimes he was a hero. He was a person with strong will and he delivered some powerful speeches to his followers from time to time. Undoubtedly, the image of Satan in Paradise Lost was more vivid than ever before. To sum up, the image of Satan was of dual personality. By learning from thismasterpiece, Satan’s evil behaviors and heroism were crossed. On the one hand, he tried his best to fight bravely for freedom and liberty with his wisdom and passion. On the other hand, he had a wrong opinion of freedom and power even though he expressed his ambition and satisfaction.5. ConclusionThe words in Milton’s Paradise Lost reflected the Bible not only as a source of literature in western countries, but also influenced Milton greatly. we can learn something through the words of Milton. As a matter of fact, the Bible was often used to back up points of view on controversial things by poets. Since the Bible was studied by most of the people. And they used it as an authoritative source. Milton quoted a lot of things from the Bible and put them into his pamphlets.Through the history, John Milton’s Paradise Lost, particularly his description of the image of Satan has been studied by lots of people and understood in many different ways. Until now, it has been developed into all kinds of new interpretations. On the one hand, some people say that Satan was the true hero of the epic and Milton was on the monster’s side secretly. On the other hand, there are those who said Satan was a monster and Milton showed deep sympathy for God and the angels. There are also some people who interweave the two interpretations.But from the analysis of the above chapters, the changes of Satan’s character were obvious to see. And these changes make us get a much more different and much clearer picture of Milton’s own attitudes toward Satan. Milton spent all his life putting his political purpose into action.From my point of view, although Satan was a heroic image, he was not a hero. The spirit he expressed through the everlasting fighting against God made him a real fighter. And the love for freedom was the main theme which I have learned from this book. It is more than just a passage or a kind of study, but in the end, a sympathetic chord appeared during the reading. To sum up, the image of Satan in Paradise Lost was vivid, ambivalent and complex, overshadowing all the other characters.Bibliography[1] Grant, N. History of literature. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Press, 2004.[2] John, Milton. Paradise Lost. England: Penguin Classics Press, 1667.[3]陈敬玺.论失乐园对西方史诗传统的继承与发展[J].世界文学评论，2008,21(5):58-60.[4]陈薇红.失乐园中撒旦性格的探析[J].北京科技大学学报,1997,5(4):18-23.[5]黄德林.失乐园中撒旦形象的重新审视[J].上海大学外国语学院学报，2004,6(9):33-35.[6]李颖.雄辩与双重撒旦[M].云南:云南师范大学出版社,2006:31-34.[7]刘雯.失乐园中的撒旦形象对圣经原型的变异[J].文学评析，2008,3(12):22-23.[8]陶丹玉.失乐园中的撒旦形象浅析[J].高等函授学报,1997,6(2):52-55.[9]王朝杰.浅析失乐园中撒旦的英雄气概[J].外国文学研究,1999,11(9):13-15.[10] 肖明翰.失乐园中的自由意志与人的堕落与再生[J].外国文学评论1999,5(1):13-15.[11] 朱维之.失乐园译本[M].上海:上海译文出版社,1984:57-59.AcknowledgementsI would like to express my gratitude to all those who helped me during the writing of this thesis. I gratefully acknowledge the help of my supervisor, XXX, who has offered me valuable suggestions in the academic studies. In the preparation of the thesis, she has spent much time reading through each draft and provided me with inspiring advice. Without her patient instruction, insightful criticism and expert guidance, the completion of this thesis would not have been possible.I also owe a special debt of gratitude to all the teachers in Foreign Languages Institute, from whose devoted teaching and enlightening lectures I have benefited a lot and academically prepared for the thesis.I would finally like to express my gratitude to my beloved parents who have always been helping me out of difficulties and supporting me without a word of complaint.。
弥尔顿的失乐园
弥尔顿的《失乐园》中撒旦形象分析约翰·弥尔顿是17世纪英国最著名的诗人、思想家、政治家和政论家，是欧洲17世纪进步文化的基石。
他从小受人文主义的教育，反对封建礼教，反对不彻底的英国宗教改革，同时他又鼓吹自由、平等、博爱，强调弑君无罪论，被称为启蒙思想的先驱者。
在新旧思想的搏斗中，在困苦艰难中写出诗作《失乐园》。
全部诗长达万行，分十二卷，是一部以圣经为题材的史诗。
通过《失乐园》一诗作者从作品思想内容出发，赋予这个古老的故事以新的内容。
艺术再现了英国资产阶级革命的进程。
同时弥尔顿通过对主宰宇宙的上帝、魔鬼撒旦和人类始祖亚当、夏娃等不同人物的塑造以及对他们的褒贬毁誉，体现了诗人创造史诗的深邃寓意。
值得我们从各个角度去研究、去讨论。
有关《失乐园》的长期争论几乎都集中在对于撒旦这一人物的看法上。
因此，对于撒旦这个人物的正确理解是如何欣赏弥尔顿这部史诗的关键。
现在我们就探索一下撒旦这个人物性格的不同侧面。
人们一直以来从不同的角度对撒旦的艺术形象进行阐释，认为撒旦是一个非常复杂的人物形象。
所以关于撒旦的形象研究在西方有“撒旦主义派”、“正统派”和“调和派”。
他们有的研究撒旦形象的革命性，有的研究撒旦形象的宗教性。
首先，撒旦是魔鬼的化身，教唆人类堕落的元凶。
因为在诗中撒旦是神的对立者，他嫉妒神子在天上的地位，要求凌驾于一切法律和权利之上，享受绝对自由，于是率同叛逆的天使反抗上帝，战败被打入地狱之后仍设计报复。
当他意识到自己不是上帝的对手后，转而偷入上帝创造的伊甸园百般引诱亚当、夏娃违背神的旨意，偷食禁果使其开始沉沦，把人类作为报复的工具。
阴谋得逞之后得意而去，留下灾难和痛苦让人类的先祖独自承受，他为了自私的目的毁灭了他人。
在弥尔顿看来谁侵犯了他人的自由，那个人便首先失去自由，变成一个奴隶。
撒旦正是这样的人，因此他将是自己罪恶的奴隶，必定要坠入罪恶的深渊。
从这个意义上说，撒旦的失败与堕落体现的不是上帝的万能，而是弥尔顿的思想。
约翰·弥尔顿《失乐园》中撒旦人物性格分析
２ ０ １ ４年 ９月 第２ ４ 卷 第 ５期
榆 林 学 院 学 报
Ｊ ＯＵ Ｒ Ｎ ＡＬ ＯＦ Ｙ Ｕ Ｌ １ Ｎ Ｕ Ｎ Ｉ Ｖ Ｅ Ｒ Ｓ Ｉ Ｔ Ｙ
在云雾中初开 的太 阳， 光 芒被遮掩， 或如 昏暗的 日 蚀， 在月后 映出可怕的阴影 ， 君王把它视为不详的景
象， 预示 着会 发生变 乱 。 ” 弥 尔 顿 把撒 旦塑 造 成一 个 黯淡 却 雄伟 的形 象 。
难道你们准备永远就这样颓废安逸着 ， 仿佛这
是 片乐 土吗？ 难道 你们甘 心 永远 就这样 低头 屈服 吗？ 难道 以往 的失 败 ， 就令 你们不 懂得反 抗 了吗 ？
进 的思想家和真正 的革命者。弥尔顿 于 １ ６ ０ ８年 出 生于一个清教徒家庭。他十六岁进入学校 ， 二十三 岁拿到硕士学位 ， 紧接着去霍顿进修。二 十九岁 又
去意大 利旅 游 。 十三 年 的时 间 ， 让 弥 尔顿 越 来 越 多 的向往 并 渴望着 人 文主义 。所 谓人 文 主义就 是反 对
能的上帝抗争， 不断联合同伴找机会报复， 他引诱人
类 堕落 ， 达 到毁掉 上帝 杰作 的 目的 ， 亚 当和夏 娃违 背
在王朝复辟的前一天 ， 他依然奋不顾身 ， 坚持 不懈 ，
写 了《 简 化 方 法 建 立共 和 国》 来 完 成 自己对 理 想 的 最 后一 份 执着 。经 过 ２ Ｏ年 的不懈 努力 ， 终 于让 弥尔 顿成 为 了一个 强 大 的资产 阶级共 和 战士 。
撒旦人物性格
弥尔顿在《失乐园》中把人类之母巅这一基督教史诗人物描绘成了一个极富人性的形象。
研究弥尔顿的学者们普遍认为,诗人笔下的夏娃反映出他不但同意,并且还成功地采用了宗教上历来将人类之母人格化的传统。
然而,在夏娃身上,弥尔顿除了令人信服地塑造了人类之母,他还写出了作为女人和妻子的夏娃的复杂特性,使她成为一个有着分裂且自相矛盾的性格特点的人物。
研究弥尔顿的学者们在评论《失乐园》时曾指出夏娃的双重身份即是伊甸园的女王,又是丈夫的仆从。
这种双重身份导致了她那庄严而又恭顺、神圣而又脆弱的对立心态和个性。
正如汉密尔顿所指出的,夏娃钠形象通常依赖于许多显然是很微小的细节。
他视夏娃为“捉摸不定、躁动不安的造物”,是个矛盾的、潜在不安定的因素,因此又称她为“人类的破坏者和保护者,蛊惑的荡妇和纯洁献母亲”。
谈到夏娃在故事中的双重角色,汉密尔顿是这样写的危险和弱点所在,是分散并引诱他的坏影响,使他执迷、远离了真理。
①夏娃是造就男人所必需的因紊,缺了她,男人就不成其为男人·旦她又是男人的在她完善亚当,使他幸福的同时,她也给亚当带来了毁灭的可能而一旦通过她使亚当毁灭以后,她又必然地成了亚当赎罪的一种手段。
··德迈特卡普鲁斯则着重探讨夏娃作为女人的原始模式的特点,称她为“决定命运的女人”。
他认为弥尔顿笔下的夏娃身上既显现出恭顺谦虚又包苦着妖妇的特点,她“富有邪恶的魅力和隐秘神奇的强烈情欲”。
他指出,在弥尔顿笔下,我们人类的母亲也许是第一次被完整地、但肯定是被最壮观地用文学体现为一个命中注定要引导人类犯错误的女人②。
然而在夏娃的个性中最重要、也是最普遍地表现出来的冲突就是,她有着既依赖亚当又寻求自我独立的双重欲望。
在她与亚当关系的最初阶段,夏娃处于完全依赖的地位,她自己也在许多场合直言不讳地承认过这种依赖性。
但早在他刚从亚当的身体分离出来的时候,她的行为和言谈就已经显示出她作为一个女人,在坚持不懈地寻找自我。
解析《失乐园》中撒旦人性特征
解析《失乐园》中撒旦的人性特征摘要：长时期以来，《失乐园》中的撒旦一直是人们关注的焦点，其形象的复杂性激发人们从不同角度进行阐释。
在初步了解约翰弥尔顿的基础上，本文逐步对撒旦的人性色彩进行分析。
从而给人以一个有着人的特性，但却是一个为了自己私欲而引诱人类始祖犯罪的卑鄙形象。
关键词：撒旦《失乐园》约翰·弥尔顿人性一、简介约翰·弥尔顿（1608-1674）是十七世纪英国最著名的诗人、思想家、政治家和政论家，是欧洲十七世纪进步文化的基石，是文艺复兴和启蒙思想的最初启发者。
《失乐园》是他的主要作品。
《失乐园》的争论由来己久，其焦点几乎都集中在这部史诗的一位主人公撒旦身上，他被不同的评论家们阐释成罪恶的化身或史诗英雄，典型的清教徒革命家或是对被处以绞形的英国查理一世的影射。
威廉·布莱克甚至于说弥尔顿“成为魔鬼的同党而不自觉”。
哈兹里特也说：“撒旦是诗歌作品中最具有英雄主义的题材，不仅他的性格刻画完美无缺，而且其整个构思也崇高无比。
”且不论作者意欲将撒旦刻画成反抗暴政的英雄或是背叛上帝又引诱我们人类始祖犯罪的卑鄙小人，作者将这个人物刻画的却是非常成功。
让人看到了属于撒旦的人性。
二、基督自由和人类理性弥尔顿受文艺复兴的影响，他从小接了受人文主义的教育，反对封建礼教。
捍卫民主，肯定人的价值，推崇自由。
基督教人文主义是在对柏拉图主义和中世纪的基督教新教义的综合下形成的。
以人为衡量一切事物的标准，注重人对于真和善的追求，启发人们认识自身的价值，以人性反对神权，用个性解放反对禁欲主义，用理性反对蒙昧。
弥尔顿的《失乐园》中表现出了基督教人文主义：基督自由和人类理性。
诗中的撒旦毫无疑问是一个悲剧的角色，但也不失为一个另类英雄，他宣称自己是自由的捍卫者，反抗上帝的绝对权力，他认为上帝是：“独揽大权，在天上掌握虐政呢。
”于是同自己的生存环境中做斗争，敢于反抗。
当撒旦为了其自由从高高在上的天使坠落成地狱的恶魔，在反抗上帝时，他说：“你们必也自知都是天上的子民，本来不从属于谁，即使不完全平等，却都自由，平等的自由，因为地位和等级，跟自由不相予盾，可以和谐地共存。
《失乐园》中撒旦形象分析
2021-06文艺生活LITERATURE LIFE世界文艺《失乐园》中撒旦形象分析王宁（河南师范大学，河南新乡453007）摘要:作为一部宏伟史诗，弥尔顿的《失乐园》主要是对恶魔撒旦堕落史的讲述，其所描写的就是堕天使带领反叛天使来对抗上帝，希望能够获取自由。
这一部史诗所表现的是激进革命者与清教徒之间的一种冲突，其本身也是表达了对于独裁统治的厌恶，对于自由平等的一种渴望，以此来产生无限启迪与思考，其本身的研究价值非常可观。
本文主要就《失乐园》中的撒旦形象进行分析，希望能进一步加深对《失乐园》的理解和认识。
关键词:《失乐园》；撒旦；形象中图分类号：I561.072文献标识码：Ａ文章编号：1005-5312（2021）18-0052-02DOI：10.12228/j.issn.1005-5312.2021.18.026一、前言阅读弥尔顿《失乐园》时发现撒旦这一人物形象仿佛与之前人们对于撒旦形象的认知有一定差异，主要是因为对于撒旦的感情存在一定的变化。
所以，本文重点分析撒旦的形象，从英雄与恶魔两个层面阐述，对弥尔顿笔下的撒旦形成更清晰的认识。
二、《失乐园》和撒旦不管是在学术界还是在读者心目中，弥尔顿的《失乐园》的地位是其他作品无法超越的，无论是刻画人物方面，还是对于情节的具体安排，都是让后人难以企及的。
整部作品之中对于上帝、撒旦、亚当夏娃等人物的塑造，让人们对此产生了浓郁的兴趣。
在这几个人物之中，对撒旦的争议是最大的。
撒旦的文学形象主要包含了两个方面：一个是评价的悲剧英雄，另一个是评价的恶魔形象①。
《失乐园》最后的结局是亚当夏娃失去了伊甸园，很多人都认为这属于一个喜剧结局，主要是因为虽然他们失去了伊甸园，但是心中却已经发到了自己希望的伊甸园。
如果基于撒旦的角度来进行分析，那么可以将其看成悲剧，原本一个单纯的、善良的天使，因为各种因素的影响，最终变成了恶魔，导致最后被上帝直接贬为一条蛇。
作为一个悲剧人物，撒旦的经历与结局是让读者同情的，这也使得撒旦形象具有悲剧英雄的色彩。
浅谈《失乐园》中撒旦形象
浅谈《失乐园》中撒旦形象【摘要】约翰·弥尔顿（1608-1674）是英国伟大的诗人和思想家，是继莎士比亚后最杰出的诗人，活跃于被暴力与激情所充斥的动荡的17世纪。
他本出生于伦敦一个富裕的清教徒家庭，由于目睹当时国教日趋反动，放弃了当教会牧师的念头，一心攻读文学，想写出能传世的伟大诗篇。
【关键词】失乐园撒旦形象弥尔顿在这部伟大的史诗中对魔鬼撒旦一改前人所描述的那种恶魔的化身的形象，而赋予撒旦有史以来最崇高和辉煌的地位，使撒旦的形象具有了积极的意义。
弥尔顿对撒旦形象的刻画与当时的社会背景、宗教政治等是密切相关的，我们把撒旦称为弥尔顿本人的代言人，是弥尔顿在英国资产阶级革命中反抗暴政、不公平以及权威的具体表现，弥尔顿对于革命的热情，造就了撒旦的英雄形象。
这一形象根植于英格兰社会和文化，以其独到的方式反映了英国历史和文化的变迁，挑战了当时统治地位的社会、道德、宗教秩序和权威信仰体系。
但是由于弥尔顿是一个虔诚的基督教徒，使得他在根本上对于反抗上帝、诱骗亚当和夏娃的撒旦持否定态度，撒旦本质上恶的一面在史诗后面部分得以体现，于是在整部诗作中形成了撒旦矛盾冲突的、鲜明复杂的人物形象。
说起基督，我们可以发现这样一句话：“别人打你的左脸，你把右脸也伸给他”。
以此断定，宗教意味着忍受无条件的屈辱。
但他们却不曾留意《马太福音》第二十一章及《路加福音》第十九章都记载过这样一个“沾净圣殿”的故事：耶稣进了神殿，看见人们在那里做生意，兑换银币，非常愤怒。
于是推倒他们的桌子、凳子，驱赶他们出殿。
并对他们说：“我的殿比称为祈祷的殿，你们倒使它成为贼窝啦。
”看来，耶稣并不是对任何事情都能无限容忍和顺从的。
更何况，《旧约》中的上帝更是一个威力无比、嫉恶如仇的形象，其程度常常到了极其残酷的程度。
自基督教被确立为西方权威宗教后，它就统治着西方的意识形态和道德体系。
撒旦式的人物正是挑战基督这样的“权利意志”的支配，超越所谓的“奴隶道德”，旨在保护基督统治下弱者的道德违反和权力意志，打击让欧洲人堕落的根源。
【撒旦形象下的艺术：谈《失乐园》】 失乐园撒旦形象分析
17世纪英国伟大的诗人约翰·弥尔顿的代表作《失乐园》经常被人们拿来与鸿篇巨制《荷马史诗》相提并论。
在《失乐园》这部作品中，有一个饱受人们关注与争议的人物形象——撒旦。
很多人都觉得撒旦形象是反抗专制强权与追求自由独立的化身，但不少人也认为作者结合了圣经中的一些形象——堕落和高贵这两种贯穿了整部作品的情感，塑造出了撒旦复杂的性格。
本文探讨的主要话题是撒旦形象艺术之下的艺术——《失乐园》。
一、撒旦形象的复杂性产生的历史背景《失乐园》是作者弥尔顿借用了圣经里面的故事，利用史诗一般的形式将人类最初的演变以及历史上出现的各种变革斗争刻画得淋漓尽致，相当精彩。
作者弥尔顿是一个虔诚的基督教徒，基督教所信仰的就是上帝的绝对权威，因此在弥尔顿的意识里是不会允许有任何亵渎上帝的语言和行为的，他们始终认为上帝是公平而且正义的。
可是，与此同时弥尔顿又是一个主张民主自由的革命者，他倡导民主共和，最终等来的却是王政复辟，这对他内心是很大的打击。
他需要用文字的形式去寄托自己对现实的愤怒，去宣泄内心的愤慨。
可在17世纪的英国，由于长期受到基督教文化的熏陶与渲染，人们是不能很好地接受将撒旦纯粹地刻画成一个反对上帝的英雄这样一个社会现实。
因而，在一定程度上这也为撒旦这样一个形象的悲剧结尾埋下了伏笔。
与此同时，对于中国的不少读者而言，由于受到传统文化的影响，我们一般都会把撒旦这样一个形象比喻成反对专制独裁的英雄。
虽然撒旦这样一个形象有太多的不确定性与争议性，但是拨开层层迷雾，弥尔顿刻画的这样一个形象始终是魔鬼的化身。
二、结合《失乐园》浅谈撒旦形象之下的艺术（一）撒旦艺术形象的本质上文已经有所涉及，尽管世界各国对撒旦这样一个形象存在着不同的理解，而这各种各样的观点也间接导致了其形象的复杂性。
但是，从本质上讲，撒旦这样一个形象依旧是魔鬼。
《失乐园》作品开篇不久，作者就描述了撒旦向所有的魔鬼宣布不管是做事还是受苦，但有一条我们是相当明确的，那就是行善绝对不是我们的任务，作恶才是我们唯一的乐事。
《失乐园》中的撒旦形象
2014.11英国诗人弥尔顿(John Mil-ton,1608-1674)的长篇史诗《失乐园》(Paradise Lost,1667)深邃、高贵、整饬、优美,一直被誉为“英语中最伟大的诗作”，是英国文学史上不可多得的鸿篇巨制，在世界文学史上可与《神曲》、《浮士德》相媲美。
对于其作品中的撒旦形象，国内学界一直以来也较为关注，且一般认同《失乐园》中的撒旦是作为一个悲情英雄形象出现；也有学者认为《失乐园》中的撒旦拥有双重性性格，一方面是一位悲情英雄，另一方面是丑恶恶魔；除此之外，也有学者认为，弥尔顿笔下不同面的撒旦的描写，是为了用前文的崇高来衬托出后文中撒旦的猥琐，即揭露撒旦在其坚强高大的外衣下，隐藏的那一个虚伪、狡诈的恶魔形象，从而达到更深层次的批判，借此来彰显上帝的权威。
本文将用发展的眼光来看待《失乐园》中的撒旦形象，审视撒旦的形象是如何从悲情英雄堕落为猥琐恶魔，将撒旦形象融入到不同的时空环境当中去考虑、分析。
撒旦在西方传统文化中是地狱的君王和主宰，但他最初却是上帝座前的六翼天使，负责在人间放置诱惑，以检验地上的人对于上帝的信仰是否忠诚且坚定。
直到后来他在野心的驱使下，率领天堂中三分之一的天使反叛上帝，失败后被放逐地狱，堕落成为魔鬼，被看作与光明力量相对的邪恶、黑暗之源，并且逐渐演变成了“魔鬼”的代名词。
在《圣经·旧约》当中，撒旦曾与上帝约赌，检验信徒约伯对神的信仰是否真的那么坚定且忠诚。
质疑上帝，这是撒旦最终敢于起兵反叛上帝的原因之一。
同时，撒旦在《圣经》还有着“古蛇”的形象，“古蛇”的形象出现于“蛇引诱夏娃吃智慧树的果子”一段中，普遍的研究都认为，《旧约》这里出现的蛇的形象，也即寓意着堕落为魔鬼后的撒旦。
撒旦从天使堕落为恶魔，具有不同的表现形象，《圣经·旧约》中的撒旦形象也由此化身在弥尔顿的《失乐园》中。
如果说《圣经》中的撒旦形象还是典型化的，那么在《失乐园》中，撒旦形象经历了一个发展变化的过程。
浅析_失乐园_中反抗者撒旦的英雄气概
责任感的每一个层面。作为叙述者，弥尔顿这样对圣子说： “我如今又大胆地鼓翼重来寻访你，我虽然久被拘留在幽暗 里面，歌咏‘混沌’和‘永恒的夜’，翱翔着，先向下方幽 冥界降落，再向上方返航升起，冒险飞进。”（３：３－２０）弥尔 顿将他这种寓言式的在天国和地球上的跋涉描述为跟阿涅俄 斯，奥德赛或阿溪里的旅行十分相识的“模糊的逗留”。虽 然他双目失明，他以叙述者的身份像其他盲人预言家那样解 释说他被赐予了别的天赋可以弥补他的身体缺陷。
理，那么，任何幻想或虚构都必须切近真实。
注释：
贺拉斯文艺创作的三原则，是对亚里士多德思想的定型 ①多米尼克·塞克里坦．艾小明译．古典主义［Ｍ］．北京：昆
化和系统化，不但传播了亚里士多德的古典现实主义理论， 仑出版社，１９８９．
而且他所表达的古典艺术理想和制定的一套古典艺术原则， ②王焕生．古罗马文学批评史纲［ Ｍ ］ ．南京：译林出版社，
不着形迹到井然有序的演变过程。 尽管这一描述刻画了世界 隽语更好的总结了这一点：“我们最终的希望就是彻底的绝
的构造，但其终点似乎在于魔鬼的现身，因为弥尔顿将他视 望” （ＩＩ：１４２－１４３）。
６０ 为一个自由，有理性的、完全的意识主体。从这一点上说，
人和撒旦的不同随着情节的铺开而逐渐显露出来。亚当
是一套１２卷本的素体无韵诗，大概写于１６５８—１６６３，１６５７年 方的迷失是永恒的。随着对于他的堕落了解的深入，亚当对
出版，它以史诗一般的磅礴气势揭示了人的原罪与堕落并评 夏娃的安慰深表哀叹并予以摒弃。 夏娃没有放弃并最终让他
约翰·弥尔顿《失乐园》中撒旦人物性格分析
约翰弥尔顿《失乐园》中撒旦人物性格分析
张小瑞
【期刊名称】《榆林学院学报》
【年(卷),期】2014(024)005
【摘要】圣经神话中的人物撒旦由于他的骄傲与野心被赶出了天庭,打入地狱,他偷偷的来到人间,诱使人类为恶.而约翰·弥尔顿以这一神话为题材,在他的代表作《失乐园》中将撒旦塑造成一个反对专制和暴动的革命者.通过对《失乐园》人物撒旦的性格形象分析,提出撒旦的性格体现了弥尔顿的根深蒂固的人文主义精神及坚定不移的革命精神.
【总页数】4页(P95-98)
【作者】张小瑞
【作者单位】吕梁学院外语系,山西吕梁033000
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】I206
【相关文献】
1.撒旦的门徒——弥尔顿与《失乐园》撒旦形象的辩证统一探析 [J], 王成军;朱莹
2.撒旦:丑恶的魔鬼与叛逆的英雄——从《圣经》到弥尔顿的《失乐园》 [J], 李进超
3.从弥尔顿《失乐园》中的撒旦形象看长诗主题 [J], 王小华
4.《失乐园·第一卷》中的撒旦和上帝的人物塑造分析 [J], 刘衍
5.《失乐园》中撒旦的英雄与恶魔人物形象 [J], 朱丽
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性
芳 学作品和宗教体系中出现的
次数成倍增长。撒旦的文学
格
形象在数十部作品中发展进
化，弥尔顿受到了这些作品
特
的深刻影响，他笔下的撒旦
不是单纯展现了恶魔性，而
征
是一个多面的形象。
传统的撒旦形象包括了
撒旦不同的三个时期—天使
长；地狱中的魔鬼；伊甸园
中的魔鬼蛇。撒旦在第一部
中还是非常接近他的原始形
象—上帝造出的最美丽的天
三、勇气 现在回到诗中来探寻撒旦的矛盾。在第 一部中撒旦的矛盾性已经开始体现出来了。 在反叛被投入地狱后，他抬着头，高傲地边 走边看着这个他失去天堂后来到的丑恶的监 狱。上帝创造了撒旦，他的眼中充满怜悯。 在尽力把恶从善中带出来的时候，上帝认为 不论发生什么事，这些堕落的天使多不会遵 从他的意愿。撒旦体会到了原罪的苦涩结果， 他的意识状态让我们感受到了矛盾 下面的讲话时表现撒旦矛盾性的又一个 要素。 “What though the field be lost? All is not lost, the unconquerable hate, And study of revenge, immortal hate, ……………………………………… ……………………………………… Who now triumphs, and in th’excess of joy Sole reigning holds the tyranny of Heaven” 这段话是撒旦鼓励他的伙伴反抗上帝是 说的，从中我们能感受到他与生俱来的威严。 他的形象就像异教徒神话当中的巨人一样庞 大。另一方面，他的原罪的后果开始显现。 他在要求清空天堂时撒谎。并宣扬统治天堂 的上帝是暴君。实际上他是在试图达到与上 帝同等的地位。 另外一个可以体现撒旦矛盾性性格的 是他在第四部开始部分的一段独白。他一会 望向天堂，一会看向耀眼的正午阳光，独白 一开始，撒旦就表达出对太阳的恨，因为在 阳光下他不得不正视事实。他自愿选择了邪 恶。他承认自己的罪行并对自己的堕落负责， 也承认上帝是爱他的，并毫无原因地用自己 的原罪来对抗爱。在独白的结尾他解释说即 使自己忏悔并通过规范行为回到天堂对他也 是没有任何好处的。一旦回到那，骄傲的心 会日渐膨胀导致再度堕落。撒旦能够面对事 实承认自己的过错，认识到自己的原罪。但 是他不肯忏悔，不能离开自己的原罪，他也 是不能被原谅的。他怎样能给自己找到内心 的平静呢？通过破坏自己身上一切美好的东 西，他成功地让自己比以前更加不开心了。 所以他是矛盾的。 四、掩饰与争议 对于弥尔顿笔下的撒旦的判断不应该是 固定的，撒旦崇拜和反撒旦崇拜从一定角度 来说都是正确的。撒旦的本质是高贵且聪明 的，这种平衡被他盲目而且毫无目的的复仇 怒火给打破了，最终摧毁了他自己。总之， 撒旦是一个多面的角色，魔鬼或是天使都不 能很恰当地诠释他，如果可以的话—矛盾是 比较贴切的。 参考文献： [1]郭群英,毛卓亮.《英美文学教程》. [2]Lewis, C.S A Preface to paradise lost. [3]John Milton Paradise lost.
撒旦的文学形象在数十部作品中发展进化弥尔顿受到了这些作品的深刻影响他笔下的撒旦不是单纯展现了恶魔性而是一个多面的形象
艺术教育
【摘 要】诗人约翰·弥尔顿是 17 世 纪最伟大的作家之一。长诗《失乐园》是他 众多优秀作品之中流传较广，影响深远的一 部。撒旦，作为其中最值得注意的角色，是 学术界的专家 反撒旦崇拜主义的阵营中，趋向于强调撒旦 的魔鬼属性，他是作为反派存在的。本文在 原著基础上尝试探究撒旦的性格特征，结果 表明从任何一个单一的角度去定义撒旦都是 不准确的。撒旦行为的多样性体现了他是一 个矛盾而多面的形象。
【摘 要】本文通过翻阅大量的文献资
料，并结合本人多年的基层音乐教学经验，
就视觉思维与音乐教学问题进行了较为深入
的探讨，首先，本人先对低龄段儿童及视觉
思维的概念进行了阐述，另外，大致分析了
视觉思维理念在音乐教学活动中的应用优势， 最后我们围绕视觉思维主要的几种表现形式
在音乐教学活动中的应用，结合部分实例展
开论述，希望可以就此问题对基层音乐教师
有所助益， 【关键词】视觉思维；
低龄段儿童；音乐创想；触 发点
让
一、 低 龄 段 儿 童 及 视
视
觉思维的概念 （一）低龄段儿童的概
觉
念及特征 做为一名基层小学教
【关键词】矛盾；多面；勇气；掩饰； 争议
一、矛盾
浅
撒旦是长诗《失乐园》
中最重要的形象，留下评记
析
的那些读者几乎都不认同撒
旦是一个纯粹的魔鬼。巴克
《
尔发现 18 世纪的人们对撒
旦的优秀品质极为推崇。并
失
与 宣 布 撒 旦 演 讲“big with
absurdity” 的 埃 德 森 和 约 翰
乐
逊发生了争执。浪漫主义作
使。但是到了第三部中，撒旦把自己伪装成
小天使。在进入伊甸园后，坐在生命之树上，
变成了一只动物。为了近距离地观察亚当和
夏娃，他一时变成狮子，一时扮作老虎。这
些四足动物只能在地面活动，但是人们仍然
认为它们是高尚的，尽管它们很危险。当撒
旦在熟睡的夏娃耳边低声细语时，他把自己
变成了一只蟾蜍，令人恶心的感觉远远大于
050000
家布莱克和拜伦比较推崇撒
园
旦，湖畔诗人柯勒律治定认
为他是拿破仑的骄傲和感官
》 中
石 享受。20 世纪时，反撒旦崇
家 庄 工
拜主义者查尔斯·威廉姆斯 和斯坦利·费希被斯托尔等
撒
程 人反对。
职
二、多面
业
正如卡斯特指出的直到
旦
学 院
公元 200 年犹太教官方才开
的
始吸收流行的撒旦的概念。 戴 为了解释世界上有魔鬼的存 在，从那时开始，撒旦在文
他的危险性。当他在地狱向恶魔同伴吹嘘自
己的成就时，他的堕落到达了最后阶段。他
听到的只有嘘嘘声，在努力想使自己的声誉
跟上帝平等的时候，他变成了一条蛇。如果
一个人试图飞的更高，他会发现自己也会降
得更低。
与撒旦相比，《失乐园》中的其他形象— 亚当、夏娃甚至上帝的形象只是简单存在于 他们说的话语水平。而撒旦不是，一部分由 于他的习惯模式是虚假的，另一部分由于他 的存在贯穿于诗歌所跨越的历史范围，以三 种不同的模式存在的。如果我们想用一个词 来概括撒旦的存在，那么最恰当的可能就是 “矛盾”了。