基于Nida理论探讨科技英语中句子的翻译与写作
简析纽马克的语义翻译和交际翻译理论
简析纽马克的语义翻译和交际翻译理论一、本文概述本文旨在深入简析纽马克（Nida Eugene Albert Nida）的语义翻译和交际翻译理论，探讨其在翻译实践中的应用与影响。
纽马克是西方翻译理论界的杰出代表，其提出的语义翻译和交际翻译理论对翻译学研究产生了深远影响。
本文首先将对纽马克的理论进行概述，介绍其基本概念和核心思想。
随后，文章将详细分析语义翻译和交际翻译的特点、优势与局限，以及两者在实际翻译操作中的平衡与选择。
本文还将通过具体案例，探讨纽马克理论在文学、商务、法律等领域翻译实践中的应用，以期对翻译实践提供有益指导。
文章将总结纽马克理论对翻译学的贡献，并展望其未来的发展趋势。
通过本文的论述，读者将能够更全面地了解纽马克的语义翻译和交际翻译理论，为翻译实践提供理论支持和实践指导。
二、纽马克的翻译理论背景纽马克（Eugene A. Nida）是20世纪最著名的翻译理论家和实践者之一，他以其独特的翻译理论和方法在翻译界产生了深远的影响。
他的翻译理论主要基于两个核心概念：语义翻译（semantictranslation）和交际翻译（communicative translation）。
这两个概念不仅为翻译实践提供了指导，也为翻译理论研究开辟了新的路径。
纽马克的翻译理论背景可以追溯到他对语言学、语用学和跨文化交际学的深入研究。
他认为，翻译不仅仅是语言之间的转换，更是一种跨文化交际行为。
因此，翻译者不仅要关注语言的准确性，还要考虑读者的文化背景和接受能力。
在这一思想指导下，他提出了语义翻译和交际翻译两种翻译方法。
语义翻译强调保持原文的语义内容和句法结构，尽可能传达原文的语境意义。
这种翻译方法适用于那些重视原文形式、结构和修辞的文本，如文学作品、科技论文等。
而交际翻译则更注重译文的可读性和可接受性，旨在使译文读者能够像原文读者一样理解和欣赏原文。
这种翻译方法适用于那些以信息传递和沟通为主要目的的文本，如新闻报道、广告、公文等。
功能对等理论指导下的学术英语翻译
功能对等理论指导下的学术英语翻译1. 本文概述本文主要探讨了功能对等理论在学术英语翻译中的指导作用。
文章概述了学术英语的含义及其词汇、句法特点。
以尤金A奈达（Eugene Nida）的功能对等理论为基础，从学术英语文本的词汇和句法两个角度，深入研究了学术英语的翻译策略。
在词汇翻译方面，文章提出了针对专业术语的翻译方法，如增译法和注释法，以确保术语的准确传达。
对于名词化结构的翻译，文章建议采用意译、语义扩展和词性转换等策略，以保持原文的信息含量和表达效果。
在句法翻译方面，文章重点讨论了被动语态的处理方法，包括意译法、主动语态转换和汉语特殊被动句翻译等。
文章还介绍了非限定分句、长句和难句的翻译技巧，如重组法和分译法，以提高译文的可读性和准确性。
通过综合运用功能对等理论的指导原则，本文旨在为学术英语翻译提供一套实用且有效的方法，以促进学术交流和文化传播。
2. 功能对等理论概述功能对等理论（Functional Equivalence Theory）是在翻译研究领域中具有深远影响的一种理念，由美国翻译理论家尤金奈达（Eugene A. Nida）于20世纪50年代提出。
该理论强调在翻译过程中不仅要关注原文的形式和词汇层面的对应，更要追求源语与译入语之间的意义和功能上的对等。
奈达认为，理想的翻译应当使目标语言读者在阅读译文时能获得与原文读者阅读原文时相同或相近的理解效果和反应。
功能对等理论的核心原则是动态对等（Dynamic Equivalence），它要求译者在保留原文信息内容的同时，充分考虑文化背景、语境以及接受者的认知习惯等因素，力求在目的语中找到最自然、最贴切的表达方式，使译文既忠实于原文的精神实质，又符合目的语的语言规范和社会交际习惯。
具体来说，在学术英语翻译中，功能对等理论倡导的是深入理解原文的学术概念、逻辑结构和论证方式，并在此基础上寻找能够准确传递这些复杂内涵且易于目标语言读者接受的翻译策略。
科技英语中长句的译法
科技英语中长句的译法专业：飞行器制造(航空维修工程与技术)班级：0511305姓名：吴巧云学号：051130502科技英语中长句的译法051130502 吴巧云摘要本文所探讨的是：科技英语中长句的分类与分析，以及长句的运用，此涉及其高频使用的原因及其使用优势。
另外，本文还谈到在科技英语领域内长句翻译时应注意的问题以及科技英语长句翻译基本步骤与方法。
关键词：科技英语长句运用优势分类分析注意的问题步骤与方法On the translation of long sentences in ESTAbstractWhat is argued here: The classification and analysis of long and complex sentences in EST ;and the application of long sentences,meanwhile the points which need more attention in long sentences translationin EST.What is the most important here isthe basic steps and methods of translating long English sentences in EST and what is in question here is how to properly use themto convey the original ideas that the passage or discourse in original expresses.Keywords:English for science and technology; Long sentences;Application;Advantages;Classification;Analysis;Points;Steps and Methods1、科技英语中长句的分类与分析（Classification and Analysis of long and complex sentences in EST）：a) Sentence with a number of subordinate clause of different levels.eg: Perhaps the factor that makes a positive outcome most likelyt he national interest required that major effort be concentrated in this area.创新和国家利益要求需在该领域投入更多的努力的认知。
尤金·奈达EugeneNida翻译理论
尤金·奈达EugeneNida翻译理论E u g e n e N i d aDynamic Equivalence and Formal EquivalenceEugene A. Nida (1914-- ) is a distinguished American translation theorist as well as a linguist. His translation theory has exerted a great influence on translation studies in Western countries. His work on translatoin set off the study of modern translation as an academic field, and he is regareded as “the patriarch of translation study and a founder of the discipline”（Snell-Hornby 1988:1; Baker 1998:277）Nida’s theory of dynamic equivalence is his major contribution to translation studies. The concept is first mentioned in his article “Principles of Translation as Exemplified by Bible Translating”(1959) （《从圣经翻译看翻译原则》）as he attempts to define translating. In his influential work Toward a Science of Translating (1964) （《翻译原则科学探索》）, he postulates dynamic equivalent translation as follows: In such a translation (dynamic equivalent translation) one is not so concerned with matching the receptor-language message with the source-language message, but with the dynamic relationship, that the relationship between receptor and message should be substantially the same as that existed between the original receptors and the message (1964:159) However, he does not give a clear definition of dynamic equivalence untill 1969. In his 1969 textbook The Thoery and Practice of Translation（《翻译理论与实践》）, dynamic equivalence is defined “ in terms of the degree to which the receptors of the messages in the receptor language respond to it in substantially the same manner as the receptores in the source language”(1969:24)The expression “dynamic equivalence” is superseded by “functional equivalencev” in his work From One Language to Another (1986, with De Waard)（《从一种语言到另一种语言》）. However, there is essentially not much difference between the two concepts. The substitution of “functional equivalence” is just to stress the concept of function and to avoid misunderstandings of the term “dynamic”, which is mistaken by some persons for something in the sense of impact ( Nida 1993:124). In Language, Culture andTranslating(1993)（《语言与文化：翻译中的语境》, “functional equivalence” is further divided into categories on two levels: the minimal level and the maximal level. The minimal level of “functional equivalence” is defined as “The readers of a translated text should be able to comprehend it to the point that they can conceive of how the original readers of the text must have understood and appreciated it”. T he maximal level is stated as “The readers of a translated text should be able to understand and aprreciate it in essentially the same manner as the original readers did” (Nida 1993:118; 1995:224). The two definitions of equivalence reveal that the minimal level is realistic, whereas the maximal level is ieal. For Nida, good translations always lie somewhere between the two levels (Nida 19954:224). It can be noted that “functional equivalence” is a flexible concept with different degrees of adequacy.Dynamic EquivalenceA term introduced by Nida(1964) in the context of Bible translation to describe one of two basic orientations found in the process of translation (see also Formal Equivalence). Dynamic equivalence is the quality which characterizes a translation inwhich “the message of the original text has been so transported into the receptor language that the response of the receptor is essentially like that of the original receptors”(Nida & Taber 1969/1982:200, emphasis removed). In other words, a dynamically equivalent translation is one which has been produced in accordance with the threefold process of Analysis, Transfer and Restructuring (Nida & Taber 1969/1982:200); formulating such a translation will entail such procedures as substituting TL items which are more culturally appropriate for obscure ST items, making lingguistically implicit ST information explicit, and building in a certain amount of REDUNDANCY(1964:131) to aid comprehension. In a translation of this kind one is therefor not so concerned with “matching the receptor-language message with the source-laguage”; the aim is more to “relate the receptor to modes of behavior relevant within the context of his own culture” (Nida 1964:159). Possibly the best known example of a dynamically equivalent solution to a translation problem is seen in the decision to translate the Biblical phrase “Lamb of God” into and Eskimo language as “Seal of God”: the fact that lambs are unkown in polar regions has here led to the substitution of a culturally meaningful item which shares at least some of the important features of the SL expression (see Snell-Hornby 1988/1955:15). Nida and Taber argue that a “high degree” of equivalence of response is needed for the translation to achieve its purpose, although they point out that this response can never be identical with that elicited by the original(1969/1982:24). However, they also issue a warning about the limits within which the processes associated with producing dynamic equivalence remain valid: fore example, a comparison with the broadly simialr category of LinguisticTranslaton reveals that only elements which are linguistically implict in TT-rather than any additional contextual information which might benecessary to a new audience—may legitimately be made explicit in TT. The notion of dynamic equivalence is of course especially relevant to Bible translation, given the particular need of Biblical translations not only to inform readers but also to present a relevant message to them and hopefully elicit a response(1969/1982:24). However, it can clearly also be applied to other genres, and indeed in many areas ( such as literary translation) it has arguably come to hold sway over other approaches (Nida 1964:160). See also Fuctional Equivalence. Further reading: Gut 1991; Nida 1964,1995: Nida & Taber 1969/1982.奈达（Nida）（1964）在《圣经》翻译中所采用的术语，用来描述翻译过程的两个基本趋向之一（另见Formal Equivalence[形式对等]）。
变译理论在科技英语翻译中的应用探索
变译理论在科技英语翻译中的应用探索随着科技的不断发展和全球化趋势的加强，科技英语翻译变得越来越重要。
然而，科技英语翻译涉及到技术性和专业性问题，不同于普通的语言翻译，需要翻译人员掌握专业知识，具备多项技能和能力。
为了解决这些问题，变译理论被应用于科技英语翻译中。
本文将探讨变译理论在科技英语翻译中的应用，以及这种应用对提高翻译质量和准确性的作用。
变译理论的基本概念变译理论是由德国语言学家约瑟夫·尼达谱尔（Joseph Nida）提出的。
在翻译界，变译理论被广泛应用于不同类型的翻译任务，包括科技英语翻译。
变译理论认为，翻译不是简单的语言替换，而是需要对内容进行重新组织和重构，以使其更好地适应目标语言和目标文化的交际需要。
在变译理论中，有两个重要的概念，即动态等效和意志等效。
动态等效指的是翻译者应根据目标语言和目标文化的特点，重新组织原始语言的内容。
这样做的目的是为了使翻译的文本能够被本地的读者所接受和理解。
意志等效则是指翻译者需要在考虑源语言的同时，应该将目标语言和目标文化的交际需要放在首位。
这种方法能够避免过多的注重原始语言的细节，而忽略了目标语言和目标文化的交际要求。
由于科技英语翻译涉及到专业性和技术性问题，翻译人员需要掌握相应领域的知识，并根据目标语言和目标文化的交际需求，进行内容的重新组织和重构。
变译理论能够帮助翻译人员在科技英语翻译中实现动态等效和意志等效。
在动态等效方面，翻译人员需要将原始语言的内容进行重新组织和重构，以适应目标文化和目标语言的交际需求。
例如，在翻译科技文档时，需要避免使用太多的专业术语和缩略语，以免阅读者和用户难以理解。
因此，翻译人员需要动态等效地重新组织和重构内容，以便更好地适应目标文化和目标语言的交际需求。
变译理论的应用对提高翻译质量和准确性的作用变译理论对于提高翻译质量和准确性起着重要的作用。
首先，变译理论能够帮助翻译人员更好地理解源语言和目标语言之间的差异，并重新组织和重构内容，以适应目标文化和目标语言的交际需求。
Eugene_Nida翻译理论
Formal Equivalence (F-E) & Dynamic Equivalence(D-E)
3. Nida’s theoretical contributions
A
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1. Brief introduction of Eugene Nida
an American linguist, translation theorist
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Example:
to teach one’s grandmother to suck eggs; to teach fish to swim
教祖母吸吃鸡蛋；教鱼游泳（direct formal equivalence）
班门弄斧；关公面前舞大刀（functional equivalence）
A
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2. Four Levels of Functional Equivalence
1. Lexical Equivalence 2. Sentence Equivalence 3. Passage Equivalence 4. Style Equivalence
▲ Meaning is the most important, followed by form. (意义是最重要的，其次形式)
3. Formal Equivalence (F-E) and Dynamic Equivalence (D-E)
纽马克论交际翻译与语义翻译
纽马克论交际翻译与语义翻译一、本文概述《纽马克论交际翻译与语义翻译》这篇文章主要探讨了纽马克提出的两种翻译方法：交际翻译和语义翻译。
纽马克是20世纪著名的翻译理论家和实践家，他在其著作《翻译问题探讨》中详细阐述了这两种翻译方法的核心思想和应用。
本文旨在概述纽马克的交际翻译与语义翻译理论，分析它们的定义、特点、应用及其在翻译实践中的意义。
本文将介绍纽马克的翻译理论背景及其在翻译领域的贡献。
然后，详细阐述交际翻译和语义翻译的定义和特点，包括它们的区别和联系。
接着，通过具体案例分析，探讨这两种翻译方法在实际翻译过程中的应用，以及它们在处理不同文本类型和语言风格时的优势和局限性。
总结纽马克的交际翻译与语义翻译理论对翻译实践和翻译研究的启示和影响。
通过对纽马克的交际翻译与语义翻译理论的深入剖析，本文旨在帮助读者更好地理解这两种翻译方法的内涵和应用，提高翻译实践的质量和效率。
本文也旨在为翻译研究和教学提供有益的参考和启示，推动翻译学科的发展和进步。
二、交际翻译与语义翻译的定义与特点纽马克（Nida）的交际翻译和语义翻译理论是翻译研究中的重要理论之一。
这两种翻译方法各有其独特的定义和特点，对于理解和处理不同类型的文本具有重要的指导意义。
交际翻译，顾名思义，强调的是翻译过程中的交际效果。
纽马克认为，交际翻译的主要目标是使译文读者能够像原文读者一样理解和欣赏原文，即实现原文的交际功能。
因此，在交际翻译中，译者需要充分考虑到译文读者的文化背景、语言习惯等因素，对原文进行适当的调整和改写，以确保译文的流畅性和自然性。
这种翻译方法通常适用于那些以信息传递为主要功能的文本，如新闻报道、科技论文、广告等。
与交际翻译不同，语义翻译则更加注重原文的语义内容和形式。
纽马克认为，语义翻译的主要目标是尽可能保留原文的语义信息，包括词汇、语法、修辞等方面的特点。
在语义翻译中，译者需要尽可能准确地传达原文的语义内涵，而不是追求译文的流畅性和自然性。
科技英语的词汇翻译与写作
科技英语的词汇翻译与写作摘要：文章运用nida的翻译理论，来分析和讨论科技英语的词汇翻译与写作。
文章从词汇的表层对等翻译，词汇的修辞对等翻译和词汇的深成对等翻译三个层面讨论了科技英语的词汇翻译与写作。
关键词：nida的对等翻译理论词汇表层对等词汇的修辞对等词汇的深层对等中图分类号:g642.0 文献标识码:a 文章编号:1004-4914（2012）07-105-02一、科技论文的写作和翻译的关系科技英语论文的翻译和写作是密不可分的，我们只有了解英语科技论文的写作特点，我们才能更加准确的翻译。
同时只有了解了科技英语的翻译特点和难点，我们才能更好地运用到科技英语的论文写作中去。
翻译学既要看到语言之间的相似性，又要看到他们之间的非相相似性。
因此，我们只有了解了这些相似性和非相似性才能更好的进行科技英语的翻译与写作的工作。
二、nida的翻译理论翻译涉及两种语言和两种文化的互动与交流。
不同的语言和文化的观点决定了所持翻译理论的观点。
nida认为一种语言能够表达的事物，那么另一种语言也可以表达。
除了形式是信息的必要元素外。
根据nida的理论，从本质上来说，不同的语言在所表诉内容上是没有什么区别的，不同的地方是在于各种语言的表达形式是有区别的。
我们在翻译的时候，不能把每一种语言的语言特点强加到另一种语言的身上。
例如构词，短语顺序的排列和语篇结构等等。
我们不能把一种语言中的正式的结构强加到另一种而又缺乏这一特点语言的身上。
因为所有的语言在形式上是不同的，在翻译的过程中为了保持内容的一致，变换形式是不可避免的。
根据nida的观点，一个忠实原文的翻译并不是原语言和目标语言之间词和语法结构之间的配对而是从新构造作者所表达的含义并且强调在翻译过程中意义分析的重要性。
在翻译圣经的过程中，nida 意识到文化因素的重要性。
因为nida发现在翻译过程中最严重的错误不是词汇用的不准确，而是错误的文化假设。
他解释到语言反映文化，提供了接触文化的机会，在很多方面构成了文化的模型。
科技英语的词汇翻译与写作
科技英语的词汇翻译与写作作者：张云玲关丽来源：《经济师》2012年第07期摘要：文章运用Nida的翻译理论，来分析和讨论科技英语的词汇翻译与写作。
文章从词汇的表层对等翻译，词汇的修辞对等翻译和词汇的深成对等翻译三个层面讨论了科技英语的词汇翻译与写作。
关键词：Nida的对等翻译理论词汇表层对等词汇的修辞对等词汇的深层对等中图分类号:G642.0 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1004-4914（2012）07-105-02一、科技论文的写作和翻译的关系科技英语论文的翻译和写作是密不可分的，我们只有了解英语科技论文的写作特点，我们才能更加准确的翻译。
同时只有了解了科技英语的翻译特点和难点，我们才能更好地运用到科技英语的论文写作中去。
翻译学既要看到语言之间的相似性，又要看到他们之间的非相相似性。
因此，我们只有了解了这些相似性和非相似性才能更好的进行科技英语的翻译与写作的工作。
二、Nida的翻译理论翻译涉及两种语言和两种文化的互动与交流。
不同的语言和文化的观点决定了所持翻译理论的观点。
Nida认为一种语言能够表达的事物，那么另一种语言也可以表达。
除了形式是信息的必要元素外。
根据Nida的理论，从本质上来说，不同的语言在所表诉内容上是没有什么区别的，不同的地方是在于各种语言的表达形式是有区别的。
我们在翻译的时候，不能把每一种语言的语言特点强加到另一种语言的身上。
例如构词，短语顺序的排列和语篇结构等等。
我们不能把一种语言中的正式的结构强加到另一种而又缺乏这一特点语言的身上。
因为所有的语言在形式上是不同的，在翻译的过程中为了保持内容的一致，变换形式是不可避免的。
根据Nida的观点，一个忠实原文的翻译并不是原语言和目标语言之间词和语法结构之间的配对而是从新构造作者所表达的含义并且强调在翻译过程中意义分析的重要性。
在翻译圣经的过程中，Nida 意识到文化因素的重要性。
因为Nida发现在翻译过程中最严重的错误不是词汇用的不准确，而是错误的文化假设。
《奈达功能对等理论在俄汉翻译实践中的应用》
《奈达功能对等理论在俄汉翻译实践中的应用》一、引言奈达功能对等理论（Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory）是翻译理论中的一种重要理论，对于俄汉翻译实践具有重要的指导意义。
本文旨在探讨奈达功能对等理论在俄汉翻译实践中的应用，通过分析具体实例，阐述该理论在翻译过程中的作用和价值。
二、奈达功能对等理论概述奈达功能对等理论强调翻译过程中的“对等”思想，即原文与译文在功能、信息、文体等方面应达到一定的对等。
该理论认为翻译不仅仅是语言的转换，更是文化的传递和交流。
在俄汉翻译中，奈达功能对等理论要求译者关注两种语言的文化背景、语言习惯和表达方式，力求使译文在功能上与原文保持一致。
三、奈达功能对等理论在俄汉翻译中的应用1. 词汇层面的应用在词汇层面，奈达功能对等理论要求译者寻找两种语言中对应的近义词或表达方式。
在俄汉翻译中，由于两种语言的文化背景和语言习惯差异较大，词汇的对应关系并不总是直接的。
因此，译者需要根据上下文和语境，灵活选择合适的词汇，使译文在功能上与原文保持一致。
例如，在翻译俄罗斯文学作品时，译者需要关注俄罗斯文化中的一些独特表达方式，如“посолить вечером”在汉语中可译为“夜晚降临的安宁”，而不是简单地翻译为“晚上撒点东西”。
这种处理方式使译文在词汇层面上与原文保持了功能对等。
2. 句子层面的应用在句子层面，奈达功能对等理论要求译者关注原文与译文之间的语法结构和句式特点。
在俄汉翻译中，由于两种语言的语法结构和句式特点存在较大差异，因此需要译者进行适当的调整和转换。
例如，在翻译长句时，译者需要根据汉语的表达习惯，将原文的复杂结构进行拆分和重组，使译文更加流畅自然。
同时，还需要注意两种语言中的语序、时态、语气等语法特点，力求使译文在语法结构和句式特点上与原文保持一致。
3. 文本层面的应用在文本层面，奈达功能对等理论要求译者关注原文与译文之间的整体意义和文化内涵。
nida (1982)translating meaning
nida (1982)translating meaning《Nida (1982) Translating Meaning》是一本译作理论的经典著作，作者是美国翻译学家尼達（Eugene A. Nida）。
该书以一种批判性的、综合性的方法来研究翻译的意义传递过程，对于研究翻译的理论和实践都具有重要的指导作用。
下面将对该书的主要内容进行简要介绍。
《Nida (1982) Translating Meaning》书的主要内容包括：翻译的定义和目的、意义传递与目的文化、翻译的语境和意义、词汇和短语的翻译、句子和句子结构的翻译，以及文化差异对翻译的影响等。
在第一章中，尼达对翻译进行了界定，并探讨了翻译的目的。
他认为，翻译的最基本目的是将源语言的意义传递给目标语言的读者。
然而，翻译不仅仅是简单地将词语互相替换，而应该根据不同的语言和文化背景，采取恰当的翻译策略来确保意义的准确传递。
第二章中，尼达强调了翻译与目的文化之间的关系。
他认为，翻译必须根据目的文化的习惯、价值观和语言习惯来进行，以确保翻译结果在目的语中能够产生与源语相似的效果。
这涉及到对不同文化之间的差异进行研究和理解，以避免文化误解和信息失真。
在第三章中，尼达强调了翻译的语境和意义之间的密切关系。
他指出，源语文本和目的语文本都受到其所处语境的影响，因此翻译者在进行意义传递时必须充分考虑语境的因素。
翻译者需要借助于语境中的信息来理解和表达源语文本的意义，并将其转化为目的语文本。
在第四章中，尼达讨论了词汇和短语的翻译问题。
他认为，翻译者在翻译词汇时，不仅需要考虑其表面意义，还需要了解并传达其语义、语用和文化方面的意义。
此外，尼达还指出了翻译中遇到的困难，如词汇错配、意义缺失等，以及解决这些困难的策略。
在第五章中，尼达探讨了句子和句子结构的翻译问题。
他认为，句子的意义不仅仅来源于其单词的意义，还受到其内在结构的影响。
因此，在翻译句子时，翻译者需要了解和传达句子的整体意义，并适应目的语的语法和句子结构。
《奈达功能对等理论在俄汉翻译实践中的应用》
《奈达功能对等理论在俄汉翻译实践中的应用》一、引言奈达功能对等理论（Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory）是翻译理论中的一种重要理论，其强调翻译应以读者为中心，追求译文与原文在功能上的对等。
这一理论在俄汉翻译实践中具有重要的指导意义。
本文将探讨奈达功能对等理论在俄汉翻译中的应用，并结合实际案例，分析其在实际操作中的效果和意义。
二、奈达功能对等理论概述奈达功能对等理论主张翻译应实现原文与译文在信息内容、表达方式、语言风格等方面的对等。
这一理论强调翻译的目的是使译文读者获得与原文读者相似的理解和感受。
在俄汉翻译中，这一理论要求译者充分理解原文，同时考虑文化背景、语言习惯等因素，使译文在语义、语用和风格上与原文达到对等。
三、奈达功能对等理论在俄汉翻译中的应用1. 语义对等在俄汉翻译中，语义对等是实现功能对等的基础。
译者需要准确理解原文的含义，并找到与之相对应的汉语表达。
这要求译者具备扎实的语言功底和广泛的文化知识，以便在翻译过程中准确传达原文的含义。
2. 语用对等语用对等是指译文在语境、语调和语气等方面与原文保持一致。
在俄汉翻译中，译者需要注意原文的语用含义，如委婉、幽默、讽刺等语气，以及特定的表达习惯，使译文在语用上与原文保持一致。
3. 文化因素的处理文化因素是影响翻译的重要因素之一。
在俄汉翻译中，译者需要关注两国文化的差异，如价值观、习俗、宗教等，以便准确理解原文的内涵，并在译文中加以体现。
这有助于实现原文与译文在文化上的对等。
四、案例分析以一篇俄汉翻译实践为例，原文描述了一个俄罗斯家庭的日常生活场景。
在翻译过程中，译者遵循奈达功能对等理论，注重语义、语用和文化因素的处理。
例如，在翻译过程中，译者注意到了原文中一些具有俄罗斯特色的表达方式，如亲切的称呼、家庭习俗等，并在译文中加以体现。
此外，译者还关注了原文的语境和语气，使译文在语用上与原文保持一致。
最终，译文成功地传达了原文的含义，使中文读者能够获得与原文读者相似的理解和感受。
课 程 论 文 翻译 nida
河海大学课程论文奈达的“功能对等”理论—对英汉翻译的可译性研究姓名：余兴园学号：1031701022方向：翻译学导师：孙宁宁HoHai UniversityThesis of Course of the Theory and Practice ofT ranslationFunctional Equivalence of Dr. Nid a—A Study on the Translatability inE—C TranslationBy YU XingyuanNO: 1031701022Supervisor: Prof. Sun Ningning内容摘要可译性及不可译性的问题一直是翻译界争论的话题。
随着翻译的发展，二者争论的焦点也不断由翻译的可能性转化为可译性的程度问题。
笔者认为文章在总体上是可译的。
可译性及不可译性只是一个相对的概念，没有绝对的不可译性。
可译性及不可译性事实上只是可译的程度问题。
美国著名的翻译家，语言学家尤金·奈达也是语言的共性论者，他坚持认为：一种语言所能表达的事情，必然能用另一种语言来表达。
尤其是二十世纪六十年代，他提出了“功能对等”理论，并以此为理论原则指导圣经翻译工作，翻译出更适合现代读者的圣经版本，为翻译的研究开辟了新的视野。
本文基于奈达的“功能对等”理论，对英汉翻译的可译性进行研究。
这项研究有助于更好的了解翻译的本质及一些翻译方法。
对于这些概念的了解会有助于指导翻译实践。
论文可以分为四个部分。
第一部分主要介绍了奈达及他的翻译理论；第二部分重点阐述了论文中翻译可译性的理论基础—“功能对等”；第三部分中笔者将理论转化为实践，探讨实践中可译程度较低的实例并找出其更好的可译性方法。
第四部分是论文的总结部分。
得出结论—文章在总体上是可译的，只是可译性程度高低问题；并以此提出译者的任务问题。
关键词：可译性；尤金·奈达；“功能对等”；译者的任务AbstractThe topic of translatability and untranslatability is a long-debated issue in translation field. Its history has accompanied the development of translation theory and practice. With the development of translation theory, the focus of the debate has shifted from the possibility of translation to the degree of the translatability. The study maintains that the writings are translatable as a whole. Translatability and untranslatability are relative concepts and there is no absolute translatability and untranslatability. The matter of translatability and untranslatability is actually the matter of the degree of translatability rather than the possibility of translation.Nida, a distinguished contemporary translation theorist and linguist in the west, is also a language universalist. In 1960’s he proposed a translation principle called “Dynamic(Functional) Equival ence” and guided his Bible translation works in the American Bible society. This version soon became popular in the world because of its clear, simple and natural language. Ni da’s translation theory exerted a tremendous influence on translation studies and boarded a new horizon on the studies of translation theory.The whole studies help us get more about the essence, the criteria and methods of translating which undoubtedly benefit our translation practice. The thesis includes four parts .The first part mainly introduces the life of Nida and his theory on translatability. The second part discusses translatability based on the criteria of “Functional Equivalence”. The third part shifts from the theory to the practice and find some ways to translate the low- degree translatability writings more perfectly. The last part of the thesis is the conclusion that translatability is absolute and the task of translator is also mentioned.Key W ords: translatability; Nida; “Functional Equivalence”; the task of translatorContents0.Introduction.........................................................................................................1. Nida and His Theory of Translatability to Translation. ...........1.1 Brief-introduction to Nida…………………………………1.2 Nida's Theory of Translatability to Translation………………2. The Criteria of Translating—Functional Equivalence …2.1 The Criteria of Translating……………………………………..2.2 The Development Steps of Functional Equivalence………………2.3 The Essence of Functional Equivalence…………………………..3. Application of the Criteria of Translating to Solve the Problems of Translating Practice ...................................................3.1 Pun…………………………………………………….3.2 Nonce Words………………………………………………….3.3 Word Play………………………………………………………..3.4 Word Riddle………………………………………………………3.5 Rhyming Scheme………………………………………………4. Conclusion ...................................................................................... Bibliography .......................................................................................0. IntroductionThe topic of translatability and untranslatability is a long-debated issue in translation field. Its history has accompanied the development of translation theory and practice. The early period of the debate is mainly focused on whether writings are translatable or untranslatable. As the central and basic issue in translation，it has attracted much attention and has aroused much interest in translation circles in China and abroad because of the many different opinions upon it. These opinions can be divided as two contrary sides: one supports translatability while the other favors untranslatability. Almost all the Translation scholars have proposed their opinions on this issue，whether for translatability or for untranslaiability.Lin Yutang in his On Translation once quoted Croce’s words“All the pure artistic works are untranslatable ,”and he also added“The top poems(especially the lyric poems) are untranslatable，be it Chinese or western，ancient or modern. The reason is that it is the load of the elite words of a specific language，and if it acts as the instinct connection between the authors’ ideals and words, the translation from，its original language to another one amounts to the loss of the Poem’s original taste，so the translation version can not be called as Poem.”(Zhou Yi. Luo Ping,1999:68) Wang Yizhu said in his Untranslaiability of Poems“frankly speaking，in my opinion，poems are untranslatable for the reason are simple: its taste，context or more popularly speaking，its flavor while makes a Poem is dissolved in the language Poets use to a large degree and it is difficult to convey through another language or dialect.”(Zhou Yi, Luo Ping,1999:69).To sum up the opinions of preceding scholars，we can find something in common in their opinion s—some writings are untranslatable such as poems，1iterary style and some rhetorical forms.The theorists who favor the view of translatability say the opposite. They think writings are translatable，even those such as poems，literary style and specific rhetorical forms that are considered as untranslatable by theorists favoring untranslatability. For the untranslatability of poems, Cheng Fangwu once opposed as “translation of poems is not an impossible task, according to my experience，some poems firstly seeming difficult to translate can also be completely translated through deep consideration. Therefore the translatability of poems depend on the translating ability and efforts. Something that is expressed in language of one country can always be translated into that of another country by using some proper methods.” (Zhou Yi. Luo Ping, 1998:70).For the untranslatability of special rhetorical forms Xu Yuanchong Said “even the context of allusion or pun are not absolutely untranslatable if methods aresuitable.” (Zhou Yi. Luo Ping,1999:71).Of all the views of translatability in abroad，Nida proposed the most typical one from the point of internal structure of Language. Through a detailed study of the nature of meaning Nida founds that language can prove to be an adequate tool to express all and any aspects of human experience. It is a fact that the mapping of experience by language is limited to specific cultures and People do not talk about things of which they are no aware，however，when some Part of their experience arises forma level to an overt level，they are able to speak it just as can describe new objects that enter into their experience. (Nida, 1964:50) This gives us that the language has the potential to describe new objects and concepts that arise in the evolution of their experience and concepts that come from other culture. This paves up the foundation of translatability rather than untranslatability.With the development of the theory of translation studies, a growing number of theorists who have a more reasonable and complete views on the translatability and untranslatability is applied. First, translatability and untranslatability are relative concepts and there is no absolute translatability and untranslatability. The matter of translatability and untranslatability is actually the matter of the degree of translatability rather than the possibility of translation. Second, with the globalization of the world, translatability is the main trend.As mentioned above, we should grape more about the essence, the criteria and methods of translating that will guide our practice more perfectly. I hope this study will help us know more about translation theory and grope a new respect on translation practice.1. Nida and His Theory of Translatability to TranslationEugene A. Nida, a distinguished American translation theorist and translator whose important position in the study of translation is established in the1960s, influences the whole western translation theory field. His translation theory began to be introduced into China in the early 1980s and quickly accepted by many Chinese translators and Chinese translation theorists.From1945 to 1997，he authored or co-authored more than 40 books and 250 articles on linguistics, semantics and translation. He is praised as the ever-green scholar by translators and critics.1.1Brief-introduction to NidaNida,Eugene Albert Nida in full, was born on November 11, 1914, in Oklahoma City of the U.S. His family moved to Long Beach, California when he was 5 years old. He began studying Latin in high school and was already looking forward to being able to translate scripture as a missionary. By the time he received his Bachelor degree in 1936 from the University of California at Los Angeles, he was well on his way. Having earned his degree in Greek, summa cum laude, he enrolled in the Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL). Nida then pursued a Master's degree in Greek New Testament at the University of Southern California. In 1941 he began a Ph.D. in Linguistics at the University of Michigan and completed it in two years. His dissertation, A Synopsis of English Syntax under the academic guidance of the distinguished Professors Charles C. Fries，Leonard Bloomfield and Edgar H. Sturtevant,was at that time, the only full-scale analysis of a major language according to the “immediate constituent” theory.After Nida got his Ph.D. in linguistics，he was soon employed in1943 by the American Bible Society to check and value the publication of Bibles. He actively took part in academic research concerning translation theory and modern linguistics. Then he was determined to produce a theory that would foster effective communication of the Good News across all kinds of cultural and linguistics barriers. His book Toward a Science of Translating (1964)，and later The Theory and Practice of Translation (1969) helped him achieve this object. Nida has exerted great influence on modern linguistics and translation theory. We will discuss one of his most important theory on translation—Functional Equivalence on Chapter Two in detail.1.2Nida's Theory of Translatability to TranslationIn the history of translation theory, one of the central problems is the question of translatability and untranslatability of a text. Nida states that anything said in one language can be said in another.Through a detailed study of the nature of meaning，Nida finds that language can prove to be an adequate tool to express all and any aspects of human experience. It is a fact that the mapping of experience by language is limited to specific cultures and people do not talk about things of which they are not ware.However，when some of their experience arises from a covert lever an overtlevel，they are able to speak it just as they can describe new objects that enter into their experience(Nida,1964:50).This means that any language has the potential to describe new objects and concepts that come from other cultures.Nida’s translatability theory is based upon his two premises:the freedom of languages as symbols and the existence of the universal human experience. To Nida,“Linguistic symbols are semantically free to expand，to contract，to shift their contents，to die，and to be revived. This freedom is of inestimable value，for only through such freedom can persons employ symbols in new combinations or use them to describe objects which are new to the experience of speech community”(Nida,1964:49) This freedom of symbols means not only that a language can be used to describe new objects which come into the culture，but also that a person can introduce new concept into a speech community by using verb symbols with certain contextual restrictions and amplifications.For Nida,what makes human communication possible is that all human beings share common cultural experience which transcends the seeming difference that exists between people speaking different language s and living in different cultural backgrounds. This universal human experience is the underlying base that makes human communication possible.Moreover, the freedom of language also enables it to express new concepts from other culture.Nida gives an example to illustrate how people who have no snow can understand a passage in the Bible that speaks about “white as snow”.If the people do not know snow，how can they have a word for it?And if they do not have a word for it，then how can the Bible be translated?Nida answers these questions as follows:In the first Place，many people have a word for snow，even if they have not themselves experienced it，for they have heard about this phenomenon. Secondly, in other instances，people do not know snow but they do have “frost”and they speak about the two with the same term. Thirdly, many languages have the same idioms, e.g., “white as egret feathers”or“white as fungus”or they may use a no metaphor to express the concept“white as snow”such as“very white”(Nida and Taber, 1982:4) This common or universal human experience is the crucial concept in Nida，translation theory.Nida’s concept of“universal”is pragmatic and functional which sees language in a larger context of culture.This kind of perspective enriches the traditional concept of universality of language，and offers new insights into the nature of translation. With this universal human experience，a high degree of effective translatability between languagesand cultures is made possible.2. The Criteria of Translating—Functional EquivalenceTo find the criteria of translating, we should know the definition of translation first. Translation may be defined as follows: the replacement of textual material in one language (SL.) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL.).”and “Translation consists in the reproduction in the receptor language of the source language understood the original message.”(Nida, 1985, quoted in Liu Miqing, 1990:33) According to Liu Miqing, in fact, the essence of translating is the interlingual transmission of meaning. To grape the meaning correctly, the criteria of translating is very important. Actually the criteria of translating are directly influenced by the understanding of the essence of translation and the methods using in translation practice.2.1 The Criteria of TranslatingChinese and western criteria focus respectively on the text and on the readship, though this division is not absolute. Many Chinese hold views of “Equivalence of Effects”, such as Ma Jianzhong, Qu Qiubai, Zhao Yuanren and Mao Dun.Among the criteria put forward by scholars at home and abroad, the famous ones in China are “Faithfulness, Intelligibility and Elegance”by Y an Fu. “Likeness in Spirit” by Fu Lei, “Sublimation” by Qian Zhongshu, etc. In the west, John Dryden’s idea of translating criteria is well known, and he regards: “I have endeavored to make Vigil speak such English as he would himself have spoken, if he had been born in England, and in this present age.”( Quoted in Bassnett·McGuir,1980:447). The most important famous one is “Functional Equivalence” by Nida.2.2 The Development Steps of Functional Equivalence“Translation Equivalence”has been an essential issue in modern western translation studies. The term “Equivalence”in translation first appears in Rieu’s writing, which was called “the principle of equivalent effect”.（Rieu 1953:554）.Nida’s translation theory has been regarded as “equivalence theory”, “equivalent effect theory” or “functional equivalence” in China.Nida argued that there are two different types of equivalence, namely formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence, which later advanced to “functional equivalence”. We should know Nida first puts forward “dynamic equivalence”in opposition to “formal equivalence”in 1964. In 1990s, Nida said that the real issue was in defining the nature of equivalence, and stressed more than once that it was impossible to achieve absolute “‘equivalence’in translating.(Nida,1995). Later on, he said emphatically, “equivalence”can not be understood in its mathematical meaning of identity, but in terms of proximity, i.e. on the basis of degrees of closeness to functional identity”, then he proposed “functional equivalence”(Nida 1993:117).2.3 The Essence of Functional EquivalenceTo get complete understanding of the essence of “functional equivalence”, we should pay attention to the following points: first, Nida put forward “dynamic equivalence”in opposition to “formal equivalence”in the beginning. Second, “equivalence”in Nida’s theory never means absolute sameness. Third, “equivalence”can not be understood in its mathematical meaning of identity, but in terms of proximity.In translation theory, “formal equivalence”refers to translating by finding reasonably equivalent words and phrases while following the forms of the source language as closely as possible. It is often referred to as "literal translation." While Nida’s “functional equivalence”is a translation method in which the translator attempts to reflect the thought of the writer in the source language rather than the words and forms. The translator will read a sentence or other unit of thought, try to understand it as well as possible, and then write that thought in the target language. The forms of the source language are not important, because they are not the same as the forms of the target language.The theory of “functional equivalence” makes the point that the translator should make his audience understand the version in the original receptors to the original text. The acceptability of a version depends on the translator’s reproducing of the original functions. Ida generalizes language functions as: related to the source- expressive and cognitive functions; related to receptors-informative, imperative, performative and emotive; related to the source to receptor-interpersonal.(Nida, 1988:145).We know that translation practice is complicated. In order to come to achieve functional equivalence, methods of translating have to be pluralized according to various conditions. Nida points out that the two basic conflicts in translation history are literal vs. free translating and emphasis on form vs. concentration on content (Nida, 1986:74.).It also indicates the problem of literal translating or free translating. The two methods in fact have their own advantages and limitations. Methods of adaptation must be adopted flexibly according to the environment of each practical problem.Then we can use two methods in cooperation .All methods and adaptation are aiming at equivalence, and they should be flexibly adopted in accordance with each specific condition in practice. The next part can help you understand this part.3. Application of the Criteria of Translating to Solve theProblems of Translating Practice.This section includes two parts: first, list some problems in translating practice in E-C translation and its specific translation technique. Second, provide five basic principles in the solution to the problems deriving from specific translation technique.Since problems in practice of translation mainly from the unique feature in language and culture such as pun, nonce word, alliteration and word play etc.All these cases will be briefly introduced and some valuable techniques in translation are expected be found.3.1 PunPun refers to an amusing use of a word or phrase that has two meanings, or of word with the same sound but different meanings. For example “separate pear, separate pair”“分梨, 分离”fully shows the universals between languages.Pun can be divided into consonation pun and meaning pun.As their meaning indicate，the former refers to words of two meaning and the later refers to words of the same sound but different meanings. For meaning pun, the example is as follows:Romeo: What have thou found?Mercutio: No hare, Sir.译文：罗：你发现了什么？墨：倒不是野鸡，先生。
从句法层面论科技英语长句汉译
从句法层面论科技英语长句汉译本文基于奈达的功能对等理论，对英汉语言及科技文本的句法特点进行了对比和分析，阐述了科技英语长句汉译的四种翻译技巧，即保留原文语序、语序调换、拆分、合并。
标签：科技英语长句；句法特点；功能对等理论一、前言随着中国经济的发展，中国与世界各国在科技领域的互动日益频繁，科技英语翻译的重要性由此凸显。
科技英语文本有其自身的特点，如：信息量丰富，一个长句中有多个从句和修饰语，对译者提出了挑战。
本文概述了科技英语文本的句法特点，并对英汉句子在句法层面作了对比，提出了科技英语长句汉译的翻译方法。
二、功能对等理论尤金·奈达最先提出了翻译对等理论。
其最知名的翻译理论就是20世纪50年代提出的动态对等理论，要求译文对目的语读者产生的影响与原文对原语读者产生的影响要一样。
到了80年代，动态对等理论演化为功能对等理论。
奈达认为意义对等是最首要的，其次才是形式。
本文主要从句法层面探讨英汉科技文本。
三、科技文本的句法特点科技文本专业性很强，兼具精确性及技术性，主要特点是：词义范围扩大；句子结构拓展；句子成分内部关系复杂；用词精简准确。
相关数据表明现代科技文本句子的平均长度在20-30词。
由于科技文本表述很复杂的事情、概念或理论，通常需要拓展修饰、定义和添加成分，使用非谓语结构，平行结构，并列复合句及从属复合句等等，句子结构非常复杂。
科技文本的句法特点加大了读者的理解难度和译者的翻译难度。
四、英汉句子的主要差异英汉语言的主要差别在于汉语是意合的，句子结构松散，由一些小句、短语、语块等组成，不必严格遵照语法规则。
而英语是形合的，句子结构和语义并重，句子结构必须完整而正确，方能达意。
其次，英语思维模式呈直线型，重心常位于句首。
汉语思维模式呈螺旋形，句子重心常置于句末，逻辑思维模式表现为先列出背景，再给出新信息、先因后果、先陈述后表态。
英汉思维模式的不同导致句子表达方式有差异。
五、科技英语长句翻译策略在了解科技文本句法特点及英汉句子差异的基础上，采用适当的翻译技巧可以更好地理解、重组、准确地翻译科技英语长句。
eugenenida的翻译理论
eugenenida的翻译理论1.请问尤金奈达一句话的出处和翻译,谢谢出处：语2113言与文化5261：翻译中的语境尤金奈4102达上海外语1653教育出版版社；Chapter 7,Language and Culture，第82页，权第一句For truly successful translating,bilingualism is even more important than bicuturalism,since words only have meanings in terms of the cultures in which they function.2.谁知道eugene nida的这句话的原文啊Brief Biography of Eugene NidaA look at the proliferation of Christian scriptures over the last fifty years of the 20th century reveals that millions of people worldwide gained access to the scriptures in ways that would previously not have been thought possible.?In large measure, this came as a result of an increase in the number of languages where translation was carried out and the revolution that was taking place in the field of Bible translation. As new resources became available, new methods of translating were taught, and translators were better trained, Bible readers across the globe benefited from translations that were clear, understandable, and faithful to the original texts.While the Bible translation revolution used several great minds to attain the prominence it now receives, one name stands out as a pioneer and champion in the development of?theory and praxis, that of Eugene A. Nida.Born on November 11, 1914, in Oklahoma City, OK, Eugene Nida and his family moved to Long Beach, California when he was 5 years old. He began studying Latin in high school and was already looking forward to being able to translate scripture as a missionary. By the time he received his Bachelor抯degree in 1936 from the University of California at Los Angeles,he was well on his way. Having earned his degree in Greek, summa cum laude, he enrolled in the Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL) and discovered the works of such linguists as Edward Sapir and Leonard Bloomfield.?Nida then pursued a Master's degree in Greek New Testament at the University of Southern California. In 1941 he began a Ph.D. in Linguistics at the University of Michigan and completed it in two years.?His dissertation, A Synopsis of English Syntax?was, at that time, the only full-scale analysis of a major language according to the 搃mmediate constituent?theory.?The year 1943 was a busy爋ne for Eugene Nida. In addition to completing his Ph.D., he was?ordained in the Northern Baptist Convention. He married Althea Nida, nee Sprague, and joined the staff of the American Bible Society (ABS) as a linguist. Although his initial hiring was experimental, Nida was made Associate Secretary for Versions from 1944-46, and from then until he retired in the 1980抯， he was Executive Secretary for Translations.?Upon joining the ABS staff, Dr. Nida immediately set out on a series of extended field trips in Africa and Latin America. On these visits he worked with missionary translators on linguistic problems, and searched for potential indigenous translators, often using his SIL connections.?These site visits led him to see that his most important role for ABS Translations' interests would not be limited to checking translations for publication, but of educating translators, and providing them with better models, resources, training, and organization for efficiency.?This he managed to do through on-site visits, teaching and training workshops, and through building a translations network and organizational structure that became the global United Bible Societies Translations Program through which work in hundreds ofindigenous languages is constantly in process around the world.Nida was determined to produce a theory that would foster effective communication of the Good News across all kinds of cultural and linguistics barriers. A prolific writer, his book Toward a Science of Translating (Brill, 1964), and later The Theory and Practice of Translation (Brill, 1969, with C.R. Taber) helped him achieve this objective.These two very influential books were his first book-length efforts to expound his theory on what he called dynamic equivalence translation, later to be called functional equivalence.?How significant, revolutionary, and convincing this new approach proved to be can be seen in the fact that hundreds of Bible translations have now been effectively carried out with this methodology.?In essence, this approach enables the translator to capture the meaning and spirit of the original language text without being bound to its linguistic structure. His 1986 publication, with Jan de Waard, From One Language to Another (Nelson) is the summative explication of functional equivalence translation.?Over the years his many other books and articles covered such important subjects as exegesis, semantics and discourse structure, and a thorough semantic analysis of the vocabulary of the Greek New Testament ?Nida and Louw, The Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament based on Semantic Domains (UBS, 1988).Nida抯work with indigenous language translations had shown that in order to reach people who bring no 。
从句法层面论科技英语长句汉译
从句法层面论科技英语长句汉译作者：严雪梅来源：《丝路视野》2018年第18期【摘要】本文基于奈达的功能对等理论，对英汉语言及科技文本的句法特点进行了对比和分析，阐述了科技英语长句汉译的四种翻译技巧，即保留原文语序、语序调换、拆分、合并。
【关键词】科技英语长句；句法特点；功能对等理论一、前言随着中国经济的发展，中国与世界各国在科技领域的互动日益频繁，科技英语翻译的重要性由此凸显。
科技英语文本有其自身的特点，如：信息量丰富，一个长句中有多个从句和修饰语，对译者提出了挑战。
本文概述了科技英语文本的句法特点，并对英汉句子在句法层面作了对比，提出了科技英语长句汉译的翻译方法。
二、功能对等理论尤金·奈达最先提出了翻译对等理论。
其最知名的翻译理论就是20世纪50年代提出的动态对等理论，要求译文对目的语读者产生的影响与原文对原语读者产生的影响要一样。
到了80年代，动态对等理论演化为功能对等理论。
奈达认为意义对等是最首要的，其次才是形式。
本文主要从句法层面探讨英汉科技文本。
三、科技文本的句法特点科技文本专业性很强，兼具精确性及技术性，主要特点是：词义范围扩大；句子结构拓展；句子成分内部关系复杂；用词精简准确。
相关数据表明现代科技文本句子的平均长度在20-30词。
由于科技文本表述很复杂的事情、概念或理论，通常需要拓展修饰、定义和添加成分，使用非谓语结构，平行结构，并列复合句及从属复合句等等，句子结构非常复杂。
科技文本的句法特点加大了读者的理解难度和译者的翻译难度。
四、英汉句子的主要差异英汉语言的主要差别在于汉语是意合的，句子结构松散，由一些小句、短语、语块等组成，不必严格遵照语法规则。
而英语是形合的，句子结构和语义并重，句子结构必须完整而正确，方能达意。
其次，英语思维模式呈直线型，重心常位于句首。
汉语思维模式呈螺旋形，句子重心常置于句末，逻辑思维模式表现为先列出背景，再给出新信息、先因后果、先陈述后表态。
功能对等理论视角下的科技术语翻译
功能对等理论视角下的科技术语翻译郭树林;郭剑【摘要】近年来，在科技术语翻译中，奈达( Nida )的“功能对等”理论涵盖了对语言学、语义学、人类学、通信科学技术等方面的研究。
他以众多的翻译理论为基础，为人们提供了时效性更强的翻译理论准则，中和了直译、意译、不可译等理论纠纷，探索出了一条在不同的语言中可获得最大层面相同点的翻译途径。
%Functional equivalency theory covers research on linguistics, semantics, anthropology, and communication engineering. Based on the multiple translation theories, Nida offered more effective theory, which neutralizes the debating of“literal translation”,“free translation”and“untranslatability”, and explores a different way in t ranslation at the maximum level.【期刊名称】《中国科技术语》【年(卷),期】2015(000)003【总页数】4页(P28-31)【关键词】功能对等;形式对等;对等的相对性【作者】郭树林;郭剑【作者单位】北京印刷学院外语部，北京 102600;中国传媒大学传播研究院，北京 100024; 全国科学技术名词审定委员会，北京 100717【正文语种】中文【中图分类】H083;N04;H159随着科学技术的迅速发展，科技术语翻译受到了人们越来越多的关注和研究。
1988年，中国制定了《确立术语的一般原则与方法》和《术语标准编写规定》等国家标准，在这些标准基础上，全国科学技术名词审定委员会(以下简称“全国科技名词委”)科学有效地规范着越来越庞大的科技术语规范体系，其功能和实效已在各个领域凸显。
科技英语中句子的翻译和写作研究
科技英语中句子的翻译和写作研究
张云玲
【期刊名称】《佳木斯大学社会科学学报》
【年(卷),期】2013(000)002
【摘要】本文运用Nida的功能对等翻译理论，从三个方面分析和讨论科技英语的句子翻译与写作。
这三个方面分别是科技英语句子的表层对等、修辞性对等和深层性对等。
【总页数】2页(P172-173)
【作者】张云玲
【作者单位】黑龙江科技学院外语系，黑龙江哈尔滨 150027
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】H059;H05
【相关文献】
1.多角度解析科技英语句子结构探讨科技文体翻译的技巧
2.句子转换在翻译科技英语定语从句时的作用
3.从逻辑推理角度处理科技英语中的句子翻译
4.从逻辑推理角度处理科技英语中的句子翻译
5.科技英语句子结构特点及翻译
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基于Nida理论探讨科技英语中句子的翻译与写作科技英语的翻译和写作是相通的，适用于科技英语的翻译技巧和理论，同样是适用于科技英语的写作。
科技英语的写作技巧和理论，同样也适用于科技英语的翻译。
它们之间是相辅相成，互为支撑的。
科技英语的翻译和写作中表达的特点是准确、客观的，并且逻辑性强。
下面，蓝译编译基于Nida的理论，讨论科技英语中句子的翻译与写作。
Nida是著名的美国翻译理论家和语言学家，他的功能对等翻译理论核心分为两个部分，一个是最小层面的功能对等，而另一个是最高层面的功能对等最小层面的功能对等被定义为翻译文本的读者应该能够理解它到这一程度，也就是他们能够构想出原文本读者是怎样能够理解和欣赏这个文本的。
最高层面的功能对等被定义为翻译文本的读者必须以原文本读者同样的方式能够去理解和欣赏译文。
科技英语中的句子是整个科技语篇当中语义相对完整的命题。
科技英语当中的句子翻译和写作对整个科技语篇的翻译和写作来说意义很大，甚至起到了决定性的作用。
以下的论述将从Nida翻译理论的三个层面来讨论科技英语翻译中句子的翻译和写作，即表层性句子功能对等翻译和写作，修辞性句子对等翻译和写作，深层性句子的对等翻译和写作。
一、表层性句子功能对等翻译和写作。
表层性句子功能对等翻译和写作是指基于科技英语的单词或短语的基本意思翻译成对等的汉语的词汇或词语的基本含义或反之亦然。
而单词或短语的基本含义是
根据英汉字典或牛津双解等字典中获得的。
当然字典当中的词汇和短语的含义有多种，这要根据科技语篇文章的语篇含义所决定。
二、修辞性句子对等翻译和写作。
修辞性句子对等翻译，也是指功能性的对等翻译。
功能性的句子对等翻译，也叫做句子的语用对等翻译。
在修辞性句子对等翻译这一层面上，并不是完全的字对字或词组对词组的翻译，而是从语用的层面上寻求英汉翻译的语义对等。
例如，汉语的表述习惯通常是把过程放在前面，结果或目的放在后面。
而英语的表达习惯是把结果或目的放在前面，这是英汉翻译和写作中的不同之处。
三、深层性句子的对等翻译。
科技英语当中有大量的长难句子，是我们通过表层对等翻译和修辞性对等翻译这两种翻译手段所不能够达到科技英语的翻译要求的。
因此，我们需要进行深层性句子的对等翻译。
深层次性句子的对等翻译，是指要分析长难句的复杂结构和逻辑关系。
在科技文章的翻译和写作中，我们常常会碰到长难句，只有我们真正了解长难句中的结构和逻辑关系，才能翻译的准确。