2019年考研英语一翻译解析
2019考研英语一翻译题答案及解析
2019考研英语一翻译题答案及解析——跨考教育英语教研室46. There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.【解析】1. 本句主干为There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals(在医学杂志上有很多这样的无稽之谈)2. which引导定语从句，修饰this kind of nonsense(1) which指代this kind of nonsense，在定语从句中做主语①则定语从句为“这些无稽之谈引起健康恐慌和短暂的饮食狂热”② when引导状语从句，可以理解为条件，从句省略this kind of nonsense is，则为“如果广播公司和非专业媒体报道这些无稽之谈”【参考译文】在医学杂志上有很多这样的无稽之谈，如果广播公司和非专业媒体报道这些无稽之谈，那么就会引起健康恐慌和短暂的饮食狂热。
47. Nowadays，anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago. 【解析】1. 本句主干为anyone has to have published twice the number of papers (任何人都必须已经发表了两倍的论文数量)2. applying for a research post修饰anyone，则意思为“任何申请研究职位的人”3. that引导定语从句，修饰the number，意思为“这样的数量要求只有十年前申请同一职位时才是如此”【参考译文】如今，任何想申请研究职位的人都必须已经发表了两倍的论文数量，这样的数量要求只有十年前申请同一职位时才是如此。
2019考研英语一真题翻译参考答案及解析
2019考研英语一真题翻译参考答案及解析考研历年真题一定要用好，研究好。
结合大纲和真题来选择辅导用书是最明智的。
本文带大家回顾2019考研英语一真题翻译参考答案及解析：Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals, and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end, that I realised just how bad much of the medical literature frequently was. I came to recognise various signs of a bad paper: the kind of paper that purports to show that people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia. (46) There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.Why is so much bad science published? A recent paper, titled “The Natural Selection of Bad Science”, published on the Royal Society’s open science website, attempts to answer this intriguing and important question. It says that the problem is not merely that people do bad science, but that our current system of career advancement positively encourages it. What is important is not truth, but publication, which has become almost an end in itself. There has been a kind of inflationary process at work: (47) nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago. Never mind the quality, then, count the number.(48) Attempts have been made to curb this tendency, for example, by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity int o the assessment of an applicant’s papers. This is the famed citation index, that is to say the number of times a paper has been quoted elsewhere in the scientific literature, the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account. (49) This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favours.Boiling down an individual’s o utput to simple metrics, such as number of publications or journal impacts, entails considerable savings in time, energy and ambiguity. Unfortunately, thelong-term costs of using simple quantitative metrics to assess researcher merit are likely to be quite great. (50) If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of science.46-50参考答案及解析：(46) There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.考点：there be句型、定语从句、状语从句、词义选择结构分析：含有定语从句和状语从句的复合句。
2019年考研英语一真题及答案解析完整版
2019年考研英语⼀真题及答案解析完整版2019年考研已经结束，为⽅便考⽣备考，特整理2019年全国硕⼠研究⽣考试真题，供各位考⽣复习使⽤，以下是2019年英语（⼀）考研真题及答案解析。
Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smart phones. 1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 can’t find north, a few tricks to help you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land...When you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area And where is the nearest water source Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. 9 , if you head downhill, and follow any H2O you find, you should 10 see signs of people.If you’ve explored th e area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights—you may be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another 12 : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 , even in dense forest, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18 , assuming you’re lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we leave onthe landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20 you to civilization.1. [A]Some [B]Most [C]Few [D]All2. [A]put[B]take[C]run [D]come3. [A]Since [B] If [C] Though [D]Until4. [A]formally [B] relatively [C] gradually [D] literally5. [A] back [B] next [C] around [D] away6. [A]onto [B]off[C]across [D]alone7. [A]unattractive[B] uncrowded [C]unchanged [D]unfamiliar8. [A] site[B]point [C]way [D]place9. [A] So [B] Yet [C]Instead [D]Besides10. [A]immediately [B] intentionally [C]unexpectedly [D] eventually11. [A]surprised [B]annoyed [C]frightened [D]confused12. [A] problem [B]option [C]view [D]result13. [A] Above all [B]In contrast [C] On average [D] For example14. [A]bridge [B]avoid [C]spot [D]separate15. [A] from [B] through [C]beyond [D] under16. [A] posts [B]links [C]shades [D]breaks17. [A] artificial [B] mysterious [C] hidden [D] limited18. [A] Finally [B] Consequently [C] incidentally [D] Generally19. [A] memories [B] marks [C] notes [D] belongings20. [A] restrict [B] adopt [C] lead [D] expose1-20参考答案及解析：1. ⽣活在⼀个GPS系统，数字地图和其他导航应⽤程序都在我们的智能⼿机上轻易获取”。
2019考研英语(一)真题及答案解析(完整版).doc
2019考研英语真题及答案解析(-)(完整版)参考答案在最后Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smart phones・ _L of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone・ But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize・ _3_ you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you _4_ can^t find north, a few tricks to help you navigate _5_ to civilization, one of which is to follow the land...When you find yourself well _6_ a trail, but not in a completely J_ area, you have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water, 9 , if you head downhill, and follow any H2O you find, you should 10 see signs of people.If you、e explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights一you may be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another 12 : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 , even in dense forest, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollutio n.18 , assuming you're lost inan area humans tend to,tire tracks, and other features can 20 you to civilization.frequent, look for the 19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes \. [A]Some [BJMost [CJFew [DJA112.[A]put[B]take[C]run [DJcome3.[AJSince [B] If [C] Though [DJUntil4.[AJformally [B] relatively [C] gradually [D] literally5.[A] back [B| next [C] around [D] away6.[A]onto [B]off[C]across IDJalone7.[A]unattractive[B] uncrowded [C]unchanged [D]unfamiliar8.[A] site[B]point [C]way [D]place9.[AJ So [B] Yet [CJInstead [DJBesides10.[A]immediately [B] intentionally [C]unexpectedly [D] eventually11.[Alsurprised [B]annoyed [C]frightened [Djconfused12.[A] problem [BJoption [CJview [D]result13.[A] Above all [BJIn contrast ICJ On average [D] For example14.[A]bridge [BJavoid [C]spot |D]separate15.[A] from [B] through [CJbeyond [D] under16.[A] posts [B]links [C]shades [D]breaks17. [A] artificial [B] mysterious [C] hidden [D] limited18. [A] Finally |B] Consequently [C] incidentally |D] Generally19.[A] memories [B] marks [C] notes |D] belongings20.[A] restrict [B] adopt [C] lead [D] exposeSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A. B, C or D. Mark your answers on theANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1Financial regulations in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing・The main purpose of this “clawback^ rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institution. Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long term decision-making not only by banks but also bu all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations."Short-termism" or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies, says theBank of England's top economist. Andrew Haldane・He quotes a giant of classical economics, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like "Children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once" rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm's efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed "quarterly capitalism^.In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities, quicker use of information, and thus shortens attention spans in financial markers. "There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing/9said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in speech this week・In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer performanee bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce “shorMcrmismJTn its latest survey of CEO pay, The Wall Street Journal finds that “ a substantial part^ of executive pay is now tied to performance.Much more could be done to encourage 'Mong-termism/5 such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company・Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders. Britain^ new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance, not just for the short term but for the long term.21.According to Paragraph I, one motive in imposing the new rule is the ___________ .A.enhance banker^ sense of responsibilityB.help corporations achieve larger profitsC.build a new system of financial regulationD.guarantee the bonuses of top executives22.Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicate __________ ・A.the conditions for generating quick profitsernmentsimpatience in decision-makingC・ the solid structure of publicly traded companiesD. "short-termism^ in economics activities23.It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies canbe __________ .A.indirectB.adverseC.minimalD.temporary24.The US and France examples are used to illustrate _____________ .A.the obstacles to preventing "short-termism n.B.the significance of long-term thinking.C.the approaches to promoting "long-termism^.D.the prevalence of short-term thinking.25・ Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A.Failure of Quarterly CapitalismB.Patiencc as a Corporate VirtueC- Decisiveness Required of Top ExecutivesD. Frustration of Risk-taking BankersText 2Grade inflation—the gradual increase in average GPAs(grade-point averages) over the past few decades—is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased. But another, related force一a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called "grade forgiveness^—is helping raise GPAs.Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student's overall GPA.The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their graduation rates. When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a secondchance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses. But now most colleges save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven・College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation without incurring a big penalty. "Untimely/9said Jack Miner, Ohio State University's registrarJwe see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent contents or master the content that allows them to graduate on time."That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges，own needs as well. For public institutions, state funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention一so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money. And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students一who, at the end of the day, are paying the bill—feel they've gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big concern for colleges.Indeed, grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers expectations for higher education. Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead a job, it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible一or at least appear to be. On this, studentsand colleges' incentives seem to be aligned ・26.What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?A.The change of course catalogs.B.Students, indifference to GPAS.C.Colleges, neglect of GPAS.D.The influence of consumer culture.27.What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness?A.To help freshmen adapt to college learning・B.To maintain colleges' graduation rates.C.To prepare graduates for a challenging future.D・ To increase universities9 income from tuition.28.According to Paragraph 5,grade forgiveness enable colleges to ___________ .A.obtain more financial supportB.boost their student enrollmentsC.improve their teachi ng qualityD.meet local governmentsneeds29.What does the phrase “to be aligned M(Line 5, Para.6) most probably mean?A・ To counterbalance each other.B.To complement each other.C.To be identical with each other.D.To be contradictory to each other.30.The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness by __________ ・A.assessing its feasibilityB.analyzing the causes behind itparing different views on itD.listing its long-run effectsText 3This year marks exactly two countries since the publication of Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, by Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by tech no logies yet to come.Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (Al) raises fundamental questionsf'What is intelligence, identify, orconsciousness? What makes humans humans?"What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the way humans think, continues to evade scientists. Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look, move, and respond like humans, similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-fi TV series such as "Westworld^ and "Humans^.Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood, let alone reproduced, says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist. u We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousnesss actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there?"But that doesn't mean crucial ethical issues involving Al aren^t at hand. The coming use of autonomous vehicles, for example, poses thorny ethical questions・ Human drivers sometimes must make split-sec ond decisi ons. Their reactions may be a complex combi nation of instant reflexes, input from past driving experiences, and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment. Al "vision” today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans・ And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.Whenever decisions are based on masses of data, “you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions/' notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Singapore-based agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of AL Along with Singapore, other governments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines・ Britain is setting up a data ethics center .India released its Al ethics strategy this spring ・On June 7 Google pledged not to "design or deploy AF" that would cause "overall harm/* or to develop Al-directed weapons or use Al for surveillance that would violate international norms- It also pledged not to deploy Al whose use would violate international laws or human rights.While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point. So does the idea that decisions made by Al systems should be explainable, transparent, and fair.To put it another way: How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanity's highest values? Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein's out-of-control monster.31.Mary Shelley^s novel Frankenstein is mentioned because itA.fascinates Al scientists all over the world.B.has remained popular for as long as 200 years・C.involves some concerns raised by Al today.D.has sparked serious ethical controversies.32.In David Eagleman^s opinion, our current knowledge of consciousnessA.helps explain artificial intelligence・B.can be misleading to robot making.C.inspires popular sci-fi TV series.D.is too limited for us to reproduce it.33.The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehiclesA.can hardly ever be found.B.is still beyond our capacity・C.causes little public concern・D・ has aroused much curiosity.34.The author's attitude toward Googlc^s pledge is one ofA.affirmation.B.skepticism.C.contempt.D・ respect.35- Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A.AFs Future: In the Hands of Tech GiantsB・ Frankenstein, the Novel Predicting the Age of AlC.The Conscience of Al: Complex But InevitableD.Al Shall Be Killers Once Out of ControlText 4States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.The Supreme Courtis opinion Thursday oveiTuled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases・The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customer's purchase to a state where the business didn't have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didn't have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers were generally responsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they weren't charged it, but most didn't realize they owed it and few paid.Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed. “Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue losses to the States J he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices. Kennedy wrote that the rule "limited states，ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants fromcompeting on an even playing field/'The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they usually collect sales tax on online purchases already. Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where they hadn't before. Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to. , with its network of warehouses, also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though third-party sellers who use the site don5t have to.Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those states. Sellers that use eBay and Etsy, which provide platforms for smaller sellers, also haven51 been collecting sales tax nationwidc. Under the ruling Thursday, states can pass laws requiring out-of-statc sellers to collect the staters sales tax from customers and send it to the state.Retail trade groups praised the ruling, saying it levels the playing field for local and online businesses. The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailers, especially smaller ones. Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws. TheSmall Business & Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a a statement, "Small businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by this decision."36.The Supreme Court decision Thursday willA.Dette business' relutions with statesB.put most online business in a dilemmaC.make more online shoppers pay sales taxD.forces some states to cut sales tax37.It can be learned from paragraphs 2 and 3 that the overruled decisionsA.have led to the dominance of e-commerceB.have cost consumers a lot over the yearsC.were widely criticized by online purchasesD.were considered up favorable by states38.According to Justice Anthony Kennedy, the physical presence rule hasA.hindered economic developmentB.brought prosperity to the countryC.harmed fair market competitionD・boosted growth in states revenue39- Who are most likely to welcome the Supreme Court rulingA.Internet entrepreneursB. Big-chair ownersC.Third-party sellersD. Small retailers40. In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday, the authorA・ gives a factual acco unt of it and discusses its con sequencesB.describes the long and complicated process of its makingC.presents its main points with conflicting views on themD.cities some saces related to it and analyzes their implicationsPart BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes・Paragraph C and F have been correctly placed・ Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A・These tools can help you win every argument-not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues that divide people. Learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them・If we readjust our view of arguments——from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain mutual respect, and understanding——then we change the very nature of what it means to “wirT an argument.B.Of course, many discussions are not so successful. Still, we need to be careful not to accuse opponents of bad arguments too quickly. We need to learn how to evaluate them properly. A large part of evaluation is calling out bad arguments, but we also need to admit good arguments by opponents and to apply the same critical standards to ourselves. Humility requires you to recognize weakness in your own arguments and sometimes also to accept reasons on the opposite side.C.None of these will be easy but you can start even if others refuse to. Next time you state your position, formulate an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good・ Next time you talk with someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view. Spell out their argument fully and charitably. Assess its strength impartially. Raiseobjections and listen carefully to their replies.D・ Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often think of them. Like physical fights, verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied・ Even when you win, you end up no better off. Your prospects would be almost as dismal if arguments were even just competitions-like, say, tennis games. Paris of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner emerges from all who entered・ Everybody else loses・ This kind of thinking is why so many people try to avoid arguments, especially about politics and religion.E.In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People, Dale Carnegie wrote: "there is only one way...to get thebest of an argument-and that is to avoid it. "This aversion to arguments is common, but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes profound problems for our personal and social lives- and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.F.These views of arguments also undermine reason• If you see a conversation as a fight or competition, you can win by cheating as long as you dorTt get caught. You will be happy to convince people with bad arguments・ You can call their views stupid, or joke about how ignorant they are. None of these tricks will help you understand them, their positions or the issues that divide you, but they can help you win-in one way.G.There is a better way to win arguments・ Imagine that you favor increasing the minimum wage in our state, and I do not. If you yell, "yesj and I yell. "No,” neither of us learns anything・ We neither understand nor respect each other, and we have no basis for compromise or cooperation. In contrast, suppose you give a reasonable argument: that full-time workers should not have to live in poverty. Then I counter with another reasonable argument: that a higher minimum wage will force businesses to employ fewer people for less time. Now we can understand each other's positions and recognize our shared values, since we both care about needy workers・41 T42T F T43T44I C—45PartCDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals, and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end, that I realised just how bad much of the medical literature frequently was. I came to recognise various signs of a bad paper: the kind of paper that purports to show that people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia. (46) There is a greal deal of this kind of nonsense in lhe medical journals which, when laken up by broadcasters and the lay press、genenites both health scaws and short-lived dietary en thusiasms.Why is so much bad science published? A recent paper, titled “The Natural Selection of B ad Science，：published on the Royal Society，s open science website, attempts to answer this intriguing and important question. It says that the problem is not merely that people do bad science, but that our current system of career advancement positively encourages 让・What is important is not truth, but publication, which has become almost an end in itself. There has been a kind of inflationary process at work: (47)nowadays anyone applying for a research Dost has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago. Never mind the quality, then, count the number.(48) Attempts have been made to curb this tendency, for example、by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicants papers. This is the famed citation index, that is to say the number of times a paper has been quoted elsewhere in the scientific literature, the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account. (49) This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arninge to cite themselves in their future publications、or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favours・Boiling down an individuaPs output to simple metrics, such as number of publications or journal impacts, entails considerable savings in time, energy and ambiguity・ Unfortunately, the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metrics to assess researcher merit are likely to be quite great. (50) If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure (hat our institutions encourage that kind of science・Section DI WritingPart A51.Directions:Suppse you are working for the “Aiding rurd Primary Sch oo厂project of your university. Write an email to answer the inquiry from an international student volunteer, specifying detail s of the project.Do not sign your own name at the end of the email. Use "Li Ming" instead/10 points)PartB52.Directions:Write an essay of 160—200 words based on the following pictures. In your essay, you should1)describe the pictures briefly,2)interpret the meaning, and3)give your comments・You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)途中参考答案Section I Use of EnglishL C few2. C run3. B If4. D literally5. A back6. B off7. D unfamiliar8. C way9. A so10- D eventually11.A surprised12.B option13.D For example14.C spot15.B through16.D breaks17.A artificial18.A Finally19.B mark20.C leadSection II Reading ComprehensionPart AText 121. A enhance banker's sense of responsibility22. D n short-termism n in economic activities23. B adverse24. C the approaches to promoting n long-termism n25. B Patience as a Corporate VirtueText 226. D The influence of consumer culture27. A To help freshmen adapt to college learning28. A obtain more financial support29- C to be identical with each other30. C analyzing the causes behind itText 331. C invoIves some concerns raised by Al today32. D is too limited for us to reproduce it33. B is still beyond our capacity34. A affirmation35. C The conscience of AI:Complex But Inevitable Text 436. C make more online shopper pay sale tax37. D were considered unfavorable by stales38. C harmed fair market competition39- B big-chain owners40. A gives a factual account of it and discuss its consequences Part B新题型41.E42.D43.G44.B45.APartCTranslation46.医学期刊中存在大量由广播公司和新闻媒体报道的这种无稽之谈,这会导致健康恐慌和短暂的饮食狂热。
2019年考研英语一真题及答案
2019 年英语（一）考研真题Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smart phones. 1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 can’t find north, a few tricks to help you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land...When you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. 9 , if you head downhill, and follow any H2O you find, you should 10 see signs of people.If you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights—you may be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another 12 : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 , even in dense forest, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18 , assuming you’re lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20 you to c ivilization.1.[A]Some [B]Most [C]Few [D]All2.[A]put [B]take [C]run [D]come3.[A]Since [B]If [C] Though [D]Until4.[A]formally [B]relatively [C]gradually [D]literally5.[A]back [B]next [C]around [D]away6.[A]onto [B]off [C]across [D]alone7.[A]unattractive [B]uncrowded [C]unchanged [D]unfamiliar8.[A]site [B]point [C]way [D]place9.[A]So [B]Yet [C]Instead [D]Besides10.[A]immediately [B]intentionally [C]unexpectedly [D]eventually11.[A]surprised [B]annoyed [C]frightened [D]confused12.[A] problem [B]option [C]view [D]result13.[A] Above all [B]In contrast [C]On average [D]For example14.[A]bridge [B]avoid [C]spot [D]separate15.[A]from [B]through [C]beyond [D]under16.[A]posts [B]links [C]shades [D]breaks17.[A]artificial [B]mysterious [C]hidden [D]limited18.[A]Finally [B]Consequently [C]incidentally [D]Generally19.[A]memories [B]marks [C]notes [D]belongings20.[A]restrict [B]adopt [C]lead [D]exposeSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1Financial regulations in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this “clawback” rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institution. Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long term decision-making not only by banks but also bu all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.“Short-termism” or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies, says the Bank of England’s top economist. Andrew Haldane. He quotes a giant of classical economies, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like “Children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once” rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm’s efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed “quarterly capitalism”.In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities, quicker use of information, and thus shortens attention spans in financial markers. “There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,”said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in speech this week.In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce“short-termism.”In its latest survey of CEO pay, The Wall Street Journal finds that “a substantial part” of executive pay is now tied to performance.Much more could be done to encourage “long-termism,” such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company.Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders. Britain’s new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance, not just for the short term but for the long term.21.According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is the.A.enhance banker’s sense of responsibilityB.help corporations achieve larger profitsC.build a new system of financial regulationD.guarantee the bonuses of top executives22.Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicate.A.the conditions for generating quick profitsernments’ impatience in decision-makingC.the solid structure of publicly traded companiesD.“short-termism” in economics activities23.It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can be.A.indirectB.adverseC.minimalD.temporary24.The US and France examples are used to illustrate.A.the obstacles to preventing “short-termism”.B.the significance of long-term thinking.C.the approaches to promoting “long-termism”.D.the prevalence of short-term thinking.25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A.Failure of Quarterly CapitalismB.Patience as a Corporate VirtueC.Decisiveness Required of Top ExecutivesD.Frustration of Risk-taking BankersText 2Grade inflation--the gradual increase in average GPAs(grade-point averages) over the past few decades—is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased. But another, related force—a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called “grade forgiveness”—is helping raise GPAs.Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student’s overall GPA.The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their graduation rates. When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses. But now most colleges save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation without incurring a big penalty. “Untimely,” said Jack Miner, Ohio State University’s registrar,“we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent contents or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.”That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges’ own needs as well. For public institutions, state funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention—so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money. And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students—who, at the end of the day, are paying the bill—feel they’ve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big concern for colleges.Indeed, grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers’ expectations for higher education. Since students and parents e xpect a college degree to lead a job, it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible—or at least appear to be. On this, students’ and colleges’ incentives seem to be aligned.26.What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?A.The change of course catalogs.B.Students’ indifference to GPAS.C.Colleges’ neglect of GPAS.D.The influence of consumer culture.27.What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness?A.To help freshmen adapt to college learning.B.To maintain colleges’ graduation rates.C.To prepare graduates for a challenging future.D.To increase universities’ income from tuition.28.According to Paragraph 5,grade forgiveness enable colleges to.A.obtain more financial supportB.boost their student enrollmentsC.improve their teaching qualityD.meet local governments’ needs29.What does the phrase “to be aligned”(Line 5, Para.6) most probably mean?A.To counterbalance each other.B.To complement each other.C.To be identical with each other.D.To be contradictory to each other.30.The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness by.A.assessing its feasibilityB.analyzing the causes behind itparing different views on itD.listing its long-run effectsText 3This year marks exactly two countries since the publication of Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, by Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) raises fundamental questions:”What is intelligence, identify, or consciousness? What makes humans h umans?”What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the way humans think, continues to evade scientists. Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look, move, and respond like humans, similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-fi TV series such as “Westworld” and “Humans”.Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood, let alone reproduced, says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist. “We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousnesss actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there.”But that doesn’t mean crucial ethical issues involving AI aren’t at hand. The coming use of autonomous vehicles, for example, poses thorny ethical questions. Human drivers sometimes must make split-second decisions. Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes, input from past driving experiences, and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment. AI “vision”today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans. And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.Whenever decisions are based on masses of data, “you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions,” notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Singapore-based agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of AI. Along with Singapore, other governments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines. Britain is setting up a data ethics center. India released its AI ethics strategy this spring.On June 7 Google pledged not to “design or deploy AI” that would cause “overall harm,”or to develop AI-directed weapons or use AI for surveillance that would violate international norms. It also pledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights.While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point. So does the idea that decisions made by AI systems should be explainable, transparent, and fair.To put it another way: How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanity’s highest values? Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein’s out-of-control monster.31.Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein is mentioned because itA.fascinates AI scientists all over the world.B.has remained popular for as long as 200 years.C.involves some concerns raised by AI today.D.has sparked serious ethical controversies.32.In David Eagleman’s opinion, our current knowledge of consciousnessA.helps explain artificial intelligence.B.can be misleading to robot making.C.inspires popular sci-fi TV series.D.is too limited for us to reproduce it.33.The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehiclesA.can hardly ever be found.B.is still beyond our capacity.C.causes little public concern.D.has aroused much curiosity.34.The author’s attitude toward Google’s pledge is one ofA.affirmation.B.skepticism.C.contempt.D.respect.35.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A.AI’s Future: In the Hands of Tech GiantsB.Frankenstein, the Novel Predicting the Age of A IC.The Conscience of AI: Complex But InevitableD.AI Shall Be Killers Once Out of ControlText 4States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.The Supreme Court’s opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customer’s purchase to a state where the business didn’t have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didn’t have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers were generally responsible for paying the sa les tax to the state themselves if they weren’t charged it, but most didn’t realize they owed it and few paid.Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed. “Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue losses to the States,” he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices. Kennedy wrote that the rule “limited states’ ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field.”The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they usually collect sales tax on online purchases already. Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where they hadn’t before. Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to. , with its network of warehouses, also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though third-party sellers who use the site don’t have to.Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those states. Sellers that use eBay and Etsy, which provide platforms for smaller sellers, also haven’t been collecting sales tax nationwide. Under the ruling Thursday, states can pass laws requiring out-of-state sellers to collect the state’s sales tax from customers and send it to the state.Retail trade groups praised the ruling, saying it levels the playing field for local and online businesses. The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailers, especially smaller ones. Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws. The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a a statement, “Small businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by thisdecision.”36.The Supreme Court decision Thursday willA.Dette business’ relutions with statesB.put most online business in a dilemmaC.make more online shoppers pay sales taxD.forces some states to cut sales tax37.It can be learned from paragraphs 2 and 3 that the overruled decisionsA.have led to the dominance of e-commerceB.have cost consumers a lot over the yearsC.were widely criticized by online purchasesD.were considered up favorable by states38.According to Justice Anthony Kennedy, the physical presence rule hasA.hindered economic developmentB.brought prosperity to the countryC.harmed fair market competitionD.boosted growth in states revenue39.Who are most likely to welcome the Supreme Court rulingA.Internet entrepreneursB.Big-chair ownersC.Third-party sellersD.Small retailers40.In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday, the authorA.gives a factual account of it and discusses its consequencesB.describes the long and complicated process of its makingC.presents its main points with conflicting views on themD.cities some saces related to it and analyzes their implicationsPart BDirections: The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosingfrom the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraph C and Fhave been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A.These tools can help you win every argument-not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues that divide people. Learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them. If we readjust our view of arguments—from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain mutual respect, and understanding—then we change the very nature of what it means to “win” an argument.B.Of course, many discussions are not so successful. Still, we need to be careful not to accuse opponents of bad arguments too quickly. We need to learn how to evaluate them properly. A large part of evaluation is calling out bad arguments, but we also need to admit good arguments by opponents and to apply the same critical standards to ourselves. Humility requires you to recognize weakness in your own arguments and sometimes also to acceptreasons on the opposite side.C.None of these will be easy but you can start even if others refuse to. Next time you state your position, formulate an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good. Next time you talk with someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view. Spell out their argument fully and charitably. Assess its strength impartially. Raise objections and listen carefully to their replies.D.Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often think of them. Like physical fights, verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied. Even when you win, you end up no better off. Your prospects would be almost as dismal if arguments were even just competitions-like, say, tennis games. Paris of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner emerges from all who entered. Everybody else loses. This kind of thinking is why so many people try to avoid arguments, especially about politics and religion.E.In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People , Dale Carnegie wrote:“there is only one way…to get thebest of an argument-and that is to avoid it. “This aversion to arguments is common, but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes profound problems for our personal and social lives- and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.F.These views of arguments also undermine reason. If you see a conversation as a fight or competition, you can win by cheating as long as you don’t get caught. You will be happy to convince people with bad arguments. You can call their views stupid, or joke about how ignorant they are. None of these tricks will help you understand them, their positions or the issues that divide you, but they can help you win-in one way.G.There is a better way to win arguments. Imagine that you favor increasing the minimum wage in our state, and I do not. If you yell, “yes,” and I yell. “No,” neither of us learns anything. We neither understand nor respect each other, and we have no basis for compromise or cooperation. In contrast, suppose you give a reasonable argument: that full-time workers should not have to live in poverty. Then I counter with another reasonable argument: that a higher minimum wage will force businesses to employ fewer people for less time. Now we can understand each other’s positions and recognize our shared values, since we both care about needy workers.41→42→F→43→44→C→45Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10points)It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals, and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end, that I realised just how bad much of the medical literature frequently was. I came to recognise various signs of a bad paper: the kind of paper that purports to show that people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia.(46) There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietaryenthusiasms.Why is so much bad science published? A recent paper, titled “The Natural Selection of Bad Science”, published on the Royal Society’s open science website, attempts to answer this intriguing and important question. It says that the problem is not merely that people do bad science, but that our current system of career advancement positively encourages it. What is important is not truth, but publication, which has become almost an end in itself. There has been a kind of inflationary process at work: (47) nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago. Never mind the quality, then, count the number.(48) Attempts have been made to curb this tendency, for example, by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s papers. This is the famed citation index, that is to say the number of times a paper has been quoted elsewhere in the scientific literature, the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account. (49) This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favours.Boiling down an individual’s output to simple metrics, such as number of publications or journal impacts, entails considerable savings in time, energy and ambiguity. Unfortunately, the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metrics to assess researcher merit are likely to be quite great. (50) If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of science.Section ⅢWritingPart A51.Directions: Suppose you are working for the “Aiding rurd Primary School” project ofyour university. Write an email to answer the inquiry from an internationalstudent volunteer, specifying details of the project.Do not sign your own name at the end of the email. Use “Li Ming”instead.(10 points)Part B52.Directions: Write an essay of 160—200 words based on the following pictures. In youressay, you should1)describe the pictures briefly,2)interpret the meaning, and3)give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)【参考答案】【1-5】CCBAD 【6-10】BDCAD 【11-15】ABDCB 【16-20】DAABC【21-25】ADBCB 【26-30】DAACB 【31-35】CDBAC 【36-40】CDCBD 【41-45】EDGBA【参考译文】46. 在医学杂志上有很多这样的无稽之谈，如果广播公司和非专业媒体报道这些无稽之谈，那么就会引起健康恐慌和短暂的饮食狂热。
2019年考研英语(一)真题解析
2019年考研英语一真题答案解析（完整版）Section I Use of English1、【答案】C. Few 【试题考点】词义辨析和上下文语境【解析】此题词义辨析和上下文语境。
首句为主题句：今天，我们生活在一个GPS系统，数字地图和其他导航应用程序都在我们的智能手机上唾手可得的世界。
空格所在句指出：我们中_____在没有电话，个人GPS或其他导航工具的情况下直接走进树林。
本句有without与few构成双重否定表肯定，根据语义应该填入few(几乎没有人)，符合文意。
2、【答案】C. run 【试题考点】词组搭配【解析】此题考查词组搭配。
run on battery表示手机用电池发动，运行。
其他选项：Put on (穿上;使运转);take on (承担;呈现);come on (快点;开始)，语义不通顺。
故正确答案为[C] run。
3、【答案】B. If 【试题考点】逻辑关系【解析】此题考查逻辑关系。
空格所在句译文：____你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路，____找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航____文明。
此处为假设的情况，故填入if(如果)符合上下文的表达。
其余选项：Since (因为;自从), though (虽然), until (直到)带入后，语义不通顺。
故正确答案为[B] If。
4、【答案】D. literally 【试题考点】词义辨析【解析】空格所在句译文：____你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路，____找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航____文明。
此处literally表示确实地，真正地，带入原文语义通顺：你的确找不到北方。
其余选项：Formally (正式地)，relatively(相对地)，gradually(逐渐地)带入后，语义不通顺。
故正确答案为[D] literally.5、【答案】A. back 【试题考点】词义辨析和上下文语境【解析】空格所在句译文：____你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路，____找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航____文明。
2019年考研英语一阅读理解全文翻译
2019年考研英语一阅读理解全文翻译一、概述在我国，考研英语一是每年很多本科毕业生梦寐以求的考试科目之一。
作为考研英语一的重要部分，阅读理解部分的全文翻译是许多考生备考过程中的难点之一。
本文旨在为考生提供2019年考研英语一阅读理解部分的全文翻译，帮助考生更好地准备考试。
二、全文翻译下面，我们将为大家呈现2019年考研英语一阅读理解部分的全文翻译，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
Passage One译文：赫尔曼·梅尔维尔是美国文学的一位杰出代表，他最著名的作品莫过于《白鲸》。
在这部作品中，梅尔维尔运用了丰富的象征手法，讲述了一个普遍而又深刻的故事。
在小说的主角白约翰中尉的身上，梅尔维尔创造了一个充满了复杂矛盾的形象，他不仅代表了美国传统的英雄形象，同时也是神秘和复杂的象征。
这部作品融合了古代和现代的元素，艺术性和象征性都达到了极高的水平。
分析：本文第一篇阅读文章是关于美国文学作家赫尔曼·梅尔维尔及其作品《白鲸》的介绍。
通过对这部作品的主要情节和象征手法的分析，读者可以对这部作品有一个初步的了解。
Passage Two译文：文艺复兴是欧洲历史上的一个重要时期，它标志着欧洲从中世纪的黑暗走向了文明。
文艺复兴的艺术家们追求真理和美的境界，他们创作出了许多杰出的作品，为欧洲文化的繁荣和发展做出了重要贡献。
文艺复兴艺术在文学、绘画、音乐等方面都有着巨大的成就，受到了后世文化的深刻影响。
分析：本文第二篇阅读文章是关于欧洲文艺复兴的总体介绍，内容包括文艺复兴的历史背景、艺术家们的追求和作品的影响等方面。
这篇文章的翻译对于了解欧洲文艺复兴的重要意义和影响具有重要的参考价值。
Passage Three译文：科技的快速发展给人类社会带来了许多便利和改变，然而，也伴随着一些问题和挑战。
虚拟现实技术是当今科技领域的一个热门话题，它可以带来沉浸式的视听体验，为人们的生活和工作带来了新的可能性。
然而，虚拟现实技术也存在着隐私安全、伦理道德等方面的问题，需要社会和法律的共同关注和规范。
2019考研英语一真题翻译解析
倚窗远眺，目光目光尽处必有一座山，那影影绰绰的黛绿色的影，是春天的颜色。
周遭流岚升腾，没露出那真实的面孔。
面对那流转的薄雾，我会幻想，那里有一个世外桃源。
在天阶夜色凉如水的夏夜，我会静静地，静静地，等待一场流星雨的来临…许下一个愿望，不乞求去实现，至少，曾经，有那么一刻，我那还未枯萎的，青春的，诗意的心，在我最美的年华里，同星空做了一次灵魂的交流…秋日里，阳光并不刺眼，天空是一碧如洗的蓝，点缀着飘逸的流云。
偶尔，一片飞舞的落叶，会飘到我的窗前。
斑驳的印迹里，携刻着深秋的颜色。
在一个落雪的晨，这纷纷扬扬的雪，飘落着一如千年前的洁白。
窗外，是未被污染的银白色世界。
我会去迎接，这人间的圣洁。
在这流转的岁月里，有着流转的四季，还有一颗流转的心，亘古不变的心。
2019考研英语已于2018年12月22日落下帷幕，2019英语一的翻译文章选自《观察家》(The Spectator)，出题人对原文略有改编。
从整体上看，英语一的翻译题型在难度考查和设计方面与2018年基本持平。
下面就具体内容进行深度解析。
首先，在题型设计方面，2019年的英语一翻译在数量考查上与往年一致，同样考查的是对五个英语长难句进行翻译。
在字数上，46题32个单词;47题29个单词;48题29个单词;49题25个单词;50题25个单词，每个长难句的单词量大概控制在30个左右，与往年英语一的句子在长度上是一致的，这反映了历经十几年的考研英语一翻译在题型命制上的趋于稳定性和规范化的事实。
当然，这对于备考2020届考研的考生来说，也无疑是一剂定心丸，明年的翻译题型基本不会脱离这种考查形式。
所以，同学们可以根据长难句拆分和理解的方法继续操练和攻克考研英语的长难句。
其次，在知识点考查上，综合今年英语一的翻译，在考查知识点上主要涉及定语从句，状语从句省略结构，并列结构，被动结构，分词结构，条件状语从句，宾语从句，插入语等，相信只要同学们平时认真理解并操练不同知识点的应对策略，科学地遵循长难句拆分和理解的流程和步骤，肯定都能够轻松处理今年的英语一翻译。
2019考研英语一翻译真题逐题详解
46. It is alsothe reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself.【句型分析】本句主句主干为it is the reason，why引导定语从句，修饰thereason。
定语从句的主干是all we can do is articulateourreactions and not grasp music itself，其表语是不定式短语，由于主语中含有do，不定式符号to省略：articulateour reactions and not grasp music itself。
our reactions之后toit为其定语，it指代music。
定语从句中还包含when引导的时间状语从句。
【翻译要点】①本句主干的主句是主系表结构，reason后why引导的定语从句较长，翻译时可以与主干部分结合，调整表达为：这也就是为什么….。
②定语从句中，when引导时间状语从句，其中withwords做状语，翻译时需调整语序到其修饰的to describe之前，可以表达为“当我们尝试用语言来描述音乐时”。
定语从句的主干顺译即可，其中reaction根据语境，可以翻译为“感受”，其定语toit在表达时前置，it指代还原为“音乐”，则可以翻译为“所有我们能做的，就是明确表达我们对于音乐的感受”，或者调整表达为“我们只能明确表达我们对于音乐的感受”。
and之后，grasp依据语境，需要翻译为“理解”。
【译文总结】这也是为什么当我们试图用语言来描述音乐时，我们只能明确表达我们对于音乐的感受，而不能完全理解音乐本身。
47. By all accounts hewas a freethinking person, and a courageous one, and I find courage an essential quality for the understanding,let alone the performance, of his works。
2019年全国研究生考试英语(一)真题及答案解析
2019年全国研究生考试英语（一）真题及答案解析Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smart phones. 1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 can’t find north, a few tricks to help you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land...When you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. 9 , if you head downhill, and follow any H2O you find, you should 10 see signs of people.If you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights—you may be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another 12 : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 , even in dense forest, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due toroads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18 , assuming you’re lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20 you to civilization.1. [A]Some [B]Most [C]Few [D]All2. [A]put[B]take[C]run [D]come3. [A]Since [B] If [C] Though [D]Until4. [A]formally [B] relatively [C] gradually [D] literally5. [A] back [B] next [C] around [D] away6. [A]onto [B]off[C]across [D]alone7. [A]unattractive[B] uncrowded [C]unchanged [D]unfamiliar8. [A] site[B]point [C]way [D]place9. [A] So [B] Yet [C]Instead [D]Besides10. [A]immediately [B] intentionally [C]unexpectedly [D] eventually11. [A]surprised [B]annoyed [C]frightened [D]confused12. [A] problem [B]option [C]view [D]result13. [A] Above all [B]In contrast [C] On average [D] For example14. [A]bridge [B]avoid [C]spot [D]separate15. [A] from [B] through [C]beyond [D] under16. [A] posts [B]links [C]shades [D]breaks17. [A] artificial [B] mysterious [C] hidden [D] limited18. [A] Finally [B] Consequently [C] incidentally [D] Generally19. [A] memories [B] marks [C] notes [D] belongings20. [A] restrict [B] adopt [C] lead [D] expose1-20参考答案及解析：1. 生活在一个GPS系统，数字地图和其他导航应用程序都在我们的智能手机上轻易获取”。
2019年考研英语一真题及答案详解完整版
【答案】C【解析】首句为主题句：今天，我们生活在一个GPS系统，数字地图和其他导航应用程序都在我们的智能手机上唾手可得的世界。
空格所在句指出：我们中在没有电话，个人GPS 或其他导航工具的情况下直接走进树林。
本句有without与few构成双重否定表肯定，根据语义应该填入few（几乎没有人），符合文意。
2.[A]put [B]take [C]run [D]come【答案】C【解析】run on battery表示手机用电池发动，运行。
其他选项：Put on （穿上；使运转）；take on （承担；呈现）；come on （快点；开始），语义不通顺。
故正确答案为[C] run。
3.[A]Since [B] If [C]Though [D]Until【答案】B【解析】空格所在句译文：你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路，找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航文明。
此处为假设的情况，故填入if（如果）符合上下文的表达。
其余选项：Since （因为；自从）， though （虽然）， until （直到）带入后，语义不通顺。
故正确答案为[B] If。
4.[A]formally [B] relatively [C] gradually [D] literally【答案】D【解析】空格所在句译文：你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路，找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航文明。
此处literally表示确实地，真正地，带入原文语义通顺：你的确找不到北方。
其余选项：Formally （正式地），relatively（相对地），gradually（逐渐地）带入后，语义不通顺。
故正确答案为[D] literally.5.[A] back [B] next [C] around [D] away【答案】A【解析】空格所在句译文：你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路，找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航文明。
前文讲lost（迷路），此处填入back（回到）文明之地相互呼应，故正确答案为[A] back。
2019年考研英语真题答案及解析
但又……时，你必须回答两个问题：在这片区域内哪一……是下坡路？最近的水源在哪里？可见，上
段末与本句构成“概说（迷路后的对策） 细说”的语义场，故本句 When you find yourself________a
trail 实际在重申上述假设前提（When 表示“条件”），即“如果迷路”，off 作介词课表“偏离”，由程
表示“（机器/设备依靠某种能源）运转”。
3. [A] Since 自……以来；因为，既然
[B] If 如果；是否；即使
[C] Though 尽管；不过
[D] Until 直到……为止
【答案】B
【考点】句内语义逻辑。
【解析】本题考查句内逻辑，从句、主句大意分别为“在没有导航工具的情况下迷路”、“我们有一
帮助迷路者重返文明社会，one of which 引导定于从句，引出其中一个技巧：沿着陆地走。
6. [A] onto 到……上，朝……上
[B] off 离开；不在（某地）上
[C] across 穿过，越过；朝，向
[D] alone 单独，独自；孤身一人
【答案】B
【考点】介词搭配。
【解析】上段末句指出，迷路后的对策之一是沿着陆地走。本句指出，当发现自己_____小路/路线，
意为“助你找回/明确方向”，故________to civilization 应体现“返回文明社会”之意，[A] back 正确。
词汇注释与难句分析
GPS 全球定位系统（Global Positioning System） die 停止运转
navigation 导航；领航
Straight 径直；笔直地
探索过区域迷路后的对策“寻找熟悉景物”。第四段 1 句冒号后内容“登高并寻找人类居住的迹象”在
2019考研英语一阅读理解译文
2019考研英语一阅读理解译文随着我国经济的快速发展和国际地位的提升，越来越多的人选择参加研究生入学考试（以下简称考研）。
考研英语作为研究生入学考试的一项重要科目，一直备受考生关注。
其中，阅读理解部分是考研英语中的难点，也是考生们普遍认为需要下大力气准备的部分。
在这篇文章中，笔者将共享2019年考研英语一阅读理解题目的译文及相关内容分析，希望能够帮助考生更好地理解和应对这一部分的考试内容。
一、 2019考研英语一阅读理解原文2019考研英语一阅读理解部分共包括5个题目，其中每个题目都包含一篇英文文章及相关的题目。
以下是其中一篇文章的原文：As high art forms go, cooking has never been quite respectable. "No wonder," says one British critic, "it has long been dismissed as mere woman's work, akin to minding the carriage or beating the carpets." Even when it moved into the parlor, it f本人led to win approval; the Victorian mistress of the house who supervised from the drawing room never presumed to know anything of consequence about the kitchen. Policymakers, too, have tended to ignore cooking; home economics was taught to girls in school primarily as a means of keeping future husbandsin line.The despisal of cooking is all the odder in that it is surely the most widespread art: every single person must eat, and most must do it every day. Moreover, few people are untouched by food beyond the physiological it is a crucial element within almost every culture's expressive traditions. From the aging sophisticates of Qui Rousseau's time, who could not expl本人n what went on in the kitchen, down to the manipulated longing of a child's hunger, every time hunger is satisfied it helps to shape family and national allegiance.二、 2019考研英语一阅读理解译文以下是笔者根据上述原文进行的译文：烹饪作为一种高雅艺术形式，一直未能获得充分的尊重。
2019考研英语一真题及答案解析
2019考研英语一真题及答案解析IntroductionThe 2019 Graduate Entrance Examination in English (GEE) is an important test for students who wish to pursue postgraduate studies in China. This article aims to provide an analysis of the GEE English Paper 1, including the questions and their corresponding answers.Section 1: Listening ComprehensionThe Listening Comprehension section in the 2019 GEE English Paper 1 consisted of multiple-choice questions based on different audio clips. The topics covered a wide range of subjects such as academic lectures, interviews, and casual conversations. The purpose of this section was to evaluate candidates' ability to understand spoken English in various contexts.Section 2: Reading ComprehensionThe Reading Comprehension section included a total of four passages, each followed by several questions. The passages covered different topics, including social sciences, humanities, and natural sciences. The questions required candidates to demonstrate their understanding of the main ideas, supporting details, and logical structures of the passages.Section 3: TranslationThe Translation section aimed to test candidates' ability to accurately translate English sentences into Chinese. It required a good command of both English and Chinese languages, as well as the ability to comprehend and convey the meanings and intentions of the original texts.Section 4: WritingThe Writing section required candidates to compose an essay on a given topic within a limited time frame. In the 2019 GEE English Paper 1, the essay prompt was centered around the impacts of technological advancements on society. Candidates were expected to present a clear argument, provide supporting evidence, and demonstrate their ability to express ideas coherently and concisely.Answer Analysis1. Listening ComprehensionThe listening section contained various audio clips with different speakers and contexts. To excel in this section, candidates needed to practice active listening and familiarize themselves with different English accents and intonations. Additionally, paying attention to keywords and understanding the relationships between different ideas in the audio clips would greatly help in selecting the correct answers.2. Reading ComprehensionThe reading section required candidates to read and comprehend complex passages efficiently. To succeed in this section, using skimming and scanning techniques to identify the main ideas and key details was crucial. Furthermore, understanding the logical structure of the passages and recognizing the writer's tone and attitude helped in answering questions accurately.3. TranslationThe translation section aimed to evaluate candidates' language proficiency in both English and Chinese. To excel in translation, candidates needed to have a solid understanding of grammar, vocabulary, idiomatic expressions, and cultural nuances of both languages. Practicing translation exercises and being familiar with common translation pitfalls would also contribute to achieving a high score in this section.4. WritingIn the writing section, candidates were required to develop a well-organized and coherent argumentative essay. To excel in this section, candidates needed to carefully analyze the essay prompt, develop a clear thesis statement, and provide relevant supporting evidence. It was important to structure the essay logically, use appropriate transitions, and proofread the final draft to ensure accuracy and fluency in writing.ConclusionThe 2019 GEE English Paper 1 was a comprehensive test that evaluated candidates' listening comprehension, reading comprehension, translation, and writing skills. Succeeding in each section required different strategies such as active listening, efficient reading, accurate translation, and effective writing techniques. By understanding the examination format and dedicating sufficient time for practice and preparation, candidates could improve their chances of achieving a favorable outcome in the GEE.。
2019年考研英语一真题及答案解析完整版
2019 年考研已经结束，为方便考生备考，特整理2019 年全国硕士研究生考试真题，供各位考生复习使用，以下是2019 年英语(一)考研真题及答案解析。
Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smart phones. 1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 can ' t find north, a few tricks to help you navigate 5 tocivilization, one of which is to follow the land...When you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area And where is the nearest water source Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. 9 , if you head downhill, and follow any H2O you find, you should 10 see signs of people.If you ' ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights —you may be 11how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another 12 : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 , even in dense forest, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.re lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we leave on the landscape.18 , assuming youTrail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20 you to civilization.1. [A]Some [B]Most [C]Few [D]All2. [A]put[B]take[C]run [D]come3. [A]Since [B] If [C] Though [D]Until4. [A]formally [B] relatively [C] gradually [D] literally5. [A] back [B] next [C] around [D] away6. [A]onto [B]off[C]across [D]alone7. [A]unattractive[B] uncrowded [C]unchanged [D]unfamiliar8. [A] site[B]point [C]way [D]place9. [A] So [B] Yet [C]Instead [D]Besides10. [A]immediately [B] intentionally [C]unexpectedly [D] eventually11. [A]surprised [B]annoyed [C]frightened [D]confused12. [A] problem [B]option [C]view [D]result13. [A] Above all [B]In contrast [C] On average [D] For example14. [A]bridge [B]avoid [C]spot [D]separate15. [A] from [B] through [C]beyond [D] under16. [A] posts [B]links [C]shades [D]breaks17. [A] artificial [B] mysterious [C] hidden [D] limited18. [A] Finally [B] Consequently [C] incidentally [D] Generally19. [A] memories [B] marks [C] notes [D] belongings20. [A] restrict [B] adopt [C] lead [D] expose1-20 参考答案及解析：1. 生活在一个GPS 系统，数字地图和其他导航应用程序都在我们的智能手机上轻易获取”。
2019年考研英语一真题原文及答案解析
2019年考研英语（一）真题及答案解析Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word（s）for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. （10 points）Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigationapps are available on our smart phones. 1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 can't find north, a few tricks to help you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land…When you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. 9 , if you head downhill, and follow any H2O you find, you should 10 see signs of people.If you've explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights—you maybe 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings. Another 12 : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 , even in dense forest, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, andto find a way out. At16 the woods. Head toward these other paths people carve 15night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18 , assuming you're lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 weleave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20 you to civilization.1. [A]Some [B]Most [C]Few [D]All【答案】C【解析】首句为主题句：今天，我们生活在一个GPS系统，数字地图和其他导航应用程序都在我们的智能手机上唾手可得的世界。
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2019年考研英语一翻译
Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)
It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals,and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end,that I realised just how bad much of the medical literature frequently was.I came to recognise various signs of a bad paper:the kind of paper that purports to show that people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were1.17times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia.(46)There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which,when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press,generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.
我是在开始撰写有关医学期刊的每周专栏评论文章，并因此而从头到尾阅读相关科学论文之后，才意识到医学文献常常是多么糟糕。
我逐渐摸索出了识别拙劣论文的种种方法：这类文章宣称，一周吃一公斤花椰菜的人晚年患恶性贫血的概率要增加1.17倍。
（46）这种无稽之谈充斥各类医学期刊，某些广播公司和非专业出版物一宣传，便制造出健康恐慌，掀起短暂的所谓健康饮食狂澜。
Why is so much bad science published?A recent paper,titled“The Natural Selection of Bad Science”,published on the Royal Society’s open science website,attempts to answer this intriguing and important question.It says that the problem is not merely that people do bad science,but that our current system of career advancement positively encourages it.What is important is not truth,but publication,which has become almost an end in itself.There has been a kind of inflationary process at work: (47)nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only10years ago.Never mind the quality,then,count the number.
为何如此多的劣质文章能得以发表呢？英国皇家学会的官方网站最近刊载了一篇题为《劣质科研论文的自然选择》的文章，试图回答这一让人百思不得其解的重要问题。
文章称，问题不在于人们要写这种质量低下的文章，而是我们现今的职称晋升评价体系鼓励人们这样做。
重要的不是文章是否探讨真理，而是文章能否发表，发表文章本身成了写文章的目的。
一股文章高产之风业已形成：（47）现如今，要想申请一个研究岗位，就必须发表两倍于十年前申请同一岗位的文章。
文章质量就不用操心了，数量才是重要的。
(48)Attempts have been made to curb this tendency,for example,by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s papers.This is the famed citation index,that is to say,the number of
times a paper has been quoted elsewhere in the scientific literature,the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account.
(49)This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications,or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favours.
（48）为了抑制这种风气，也进行了种种尝试，例如，将质量和数量双重标准纳入论文考核体系。
这就是著名的论文引用率系数，即论文在其他科学文献中被引用的次数，该系数的设定依据是文章被引用率越高，质量就越高。
（49）如果科学家们不会在其以后发表的文章中刻意地自我引用，或者和其他同事“互利互惠”相互引用，那倒也算合情合理。
Boiling down an individual’s output to simple metrics,such as number of publications or journal impacts,entails considerable savings in time,energy and ambiguity.Unfortunately,the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metrics to assess researcher merit are likely to be quite great.(50)If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible,we must ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of science.
用论文数量和刊物影响力这种简单指标去衡量一个人的论文，的确省时省力，也不至于模棱两可。
但不幸的是，从长远来看，这种唯数量论的简单标准代价将是巨大的。
（50）如果真的想让我们的科研论文既有意义，又能持续发表，就必须确保我们的科研机构能鼓励此类科研创作。