自考国际商务英语短语
自考国际商务英语课文必考词汇短语
Transaction 交易customs area 关税区in compliance with 遵从conversion 货币兑换visible trade 有形贸易resale 转售gross domestic product国内生产总值invisible trade 无形贸易for short 缩写为account for 占…比例headquarters总部trap 陷阱，圈套portfolio investment 证券投资stocks 股票bonds 债券maturity （票据等）到期，到期日certificate of deposit 大额存单licensing许可经营franchising 特许经营trademark 商标advisable 可行的patent 专利royalty 专利使用费；copyright 版税licensor 给予许可的人licensee 接受许可的人franchiser 给予特许的人franchisee 接受特许的人logo 标志；标记management contract 管理合同expertise 专门知识bonus 红利；津贴；奖金flat 一律的，无变动的value chain 价值链contract manufacturing 承包工程turnkey project “交钥匙”工程clue 线索BOT（Build，Operate，Transfer）建设经营移交stand for 代表variant 变形/体potential 潜力national income 国民收入bulk 大量的；大宗的GNP 国民生产总值per capita income 人均收入PPP 购买力平价consumerism 消费，消费主义incomedistribution 收入分布Organization of Economic Cooperation andDevelopment 经济合作与发展组织infra structure 基础设施Commonwealth ofIndependent States 独立国家联合体staple goods 大路货tap 开发hemisphere 半球observation（经观察而得到的）看法haven避风港；安全之地spur 促进creditorcountry 债权国proximity 临近ASEAN 东南亚国家联盟witness 亲历economicintegration 经济一体化liberalize 使自由put up barriers 设置障碍fall under分成几部分free trade area自由贸易区tariffrates 关税税率NAFTA北美自由贸易协定customs union 关税同盟detour 迂回；绕行common market 共同市场adoption 使用，采用euro 欧元erode 侵蚀autonomy 自治sovereign state 主权国家political entity政治实体set the stage of 为、、做准备；促成monumental 重要的，有纪念意义的landmark 地标；里程碑signatory 签字国；签字人settlement 结算banknotes 纸币；钞票circulation货币流通executive body 行政机构，执行机构European Commission欧盟委员会veto 否决commissioner 委员，特派员，专员council of ministers 部长理事会empower 授予权力multi-polarization 多极化tenet 原则；宗旨Dual-Ministerial Meeting双部长会议cartel 卡特尔，联盟OPEC 石油输出国组织globalization 全球化frequency 频繁，频率interactive 相互作用的element要素；组成成分；元素value 价值观acclaim 欢呼；欢迎；喝彩adverse 不利的；反对的controversial 引起争议的instrumental 有作用的internationalization 国际化facilities 设施；设备；工具label 把称为；把归类employ 用；使用assets 资产incorporate 吸收；合并purpot 声称；自称headquarters总部international economic environment国际经济环境double digit 两位数字survival 继续生存embark（on）开始；从事gigantic 庞大的；巨大的intervene干预；干涉technical improvements 技术进步derivation 获得day-to-day running 日常管理decentralize 分散；放下（权利）wield操控；控制jurisdiction 权利；管理范围vehicle 工具；手段delegate power to…对、、、授权affiliate 分支机构；附属机构mover原动力，推动力define 下定义services 劳务distri natural resources 自然资源abundant 丰富的scarce缺少，缺乏primarycommodities 初级产品incentive 刺激specialization 专业化constitute 构成，形成remainder 剩余的，余数hold 认为interms of 在…方面illustrate 说明table表格，图表assume 假设efficient 有效的，效率高的occur 发生，产生law 规则，法则even if 即使disadvantage 不利withrespect to 关exploit 利用，开发static 静止的endowment of nature 自然的赋予up-to-date 现代的，新式的intuitive 直觉的，直观的appeal 吸引力absolute adantage 绝对利益comparative advantage 比较利益strategic 战略的reduce 减少bulky 笨重的，庞大的perishable 易碎的protectionist保护主义的barrier障碍typical 典型的tariffs 关税quota 配额levy 征收，收取coincide 巧合；偶合customs union关税联盟import duties 进口关税export duties 出口关税ad valorem 按价；从价specific 从量的compound duties 复税，混合关税drawback 退税refund 偿还；退还most-favoured-nation（MFN）treatment 最惠国待遇signatory 签字国concession让步tariff schedule 税率表；税则non-tariff barrier 非关税壁垒impose 加强unilaterally 单方面地label 标签，标记，标号voluntary 自动的，主动的forthcoming 即将到来的meaning of transport 运输工具inland water vessels 内河船只maritime 海洋的cargo compartment 货仓charter租fleet 舰队insurance保险vulnerable 脆弱的collision 碰撞pilferage偷窃explosion 爆炸place of historical interest 古迹accommodations 膳宿供应immigrant 移民remittance 汇款undertake 承担climate 环境气氛；风气degenerate 变坏；衰退deal 交易draw up 制定；拟就respective 各自的；分别的subsequent 随后的，后来的interpretation 解释；说明trade terms 贸易术语；交易条件trading practices 贸易惯例litigation 诉讼，诉争entail 使人承担；使成为必要amendment 修正案；修正条款addition 增加部分revise 修正；修改unitization 使成为一个单位maritime 海的；海上的consolidate 统一，合并render 使得；使成为negotiable 可转让的；可流通的vital 极其重要的，必不可少的whereby 凭借那个，借以premises 生产场所；经营场所disposal 处理departure 离开，启程，出发quay 码头substantive 实质性的set forth 陈述；阐明binding 有约束力的enforceable可实施的sue起诉trade fairs商品交易会trunk call 长途电话enquiry 询盘；询价quotation 报价voluntarily 主动地，自愿地indispensable 必不可少的validity period 有效期offer还盘unbinding 无约束力的invalid 无效的sales contract销售合同sales （purchase）confirmation 售货（购货）确认书setting up 构成，结构，格式consignment 寄售contracting parties 缔约方force majeure不可抗力arbitration 仲裁cotton piece good 棉布cottonyarns 棉纱hereby 于此hereunder 于下article number 货号yard 码overleaf 反面bleached 漂白的counter trade 对销贸易；反对贸易allegedly被说成；据说phenomenon 现象terminology 术语generic 总称的net positions 实际寸头adduce 引证empirical 以经验为根据的reciprocal 互惠的；互相hyperinflation极度通货膨胀literally照字地disarray 混乱conceptually 概念上地European Payment Union 欧洲支付联盟pre-specify 预先说明competitive devaluation 竞争性贬值inessence 实质上的intertemporal 不同时的betied to 固定于photocopyingmachine 复印机intriguing引起兴趣的，有迷惑力的concurrently 同时发生的 a fraction of一点儿；一部分verify 一部分sophisticated 经验丰富的bypass 避开；置、、、于不顾expertise 专门知识leverage 杠杆作用tap 开发；开辟conceal 掩盖；隐藏perpetuate 使永久存在processing trade 加工贸易consignment 寄售赁agency 代理domestic国内的status 状况remittance 汇款debtor 债务人debit 借方；记入借方的款financial standing 财务状况default 违约；不履行职责ban禁止fluctuation波动hesitant 犹豫，不情愿dubious 可疑integrity 正直；诚实periodicpayment 分期付款cash in advance预付现金draft 汇票（bill of exchange）drawer 出票人drawee受票人payee受款人usance draft（tenor draft，term draft）远期汇票documentary draft 跟单汇票clean draft 光票bill oflading 提单title to the goods 货物所有权insurance policy 保险单documentary collection 跟单托收documents against payment （D/P）付款交单documents against acceptance（D/A）承兑交单sound 健全；良好withdiscretion 慎重地；审慎地release 放开gain control over得到对…的控制objective 目的，目标impeccable 无缺点的bilateral 双边的credit-worthiness 资信unique 独特的security 安全，保障presentation 呈交；提示undertaking 承担applicant 开证申请人opening bank 开证银行beneficiary 受益人correspondent bank 往来行；关系行advising bank 通知行amendment 修改discrepancy 不符confirming bank 保兑行reimburse 付款nominate 指定insufficient 不足的submit提交stipulation 规定expire 满期；到期unit price 单价partial shipment 分批装运transshipment 转船seal 印章underlying作为基础的obligation责任，义务ultimately 最终category 种类fall under 归为…类mechanism 机制clean credit 光票信用证non-trade settlement非贸易结算revocable credit 可撤销信用证irrevocable credit 不可撤销信用证certainty 确定程度，肯定程度alter 改变commitment 承担的责任cancel 取消，作废consult with 与、、、协商revoke 撤销consent 同意extensively 广泛地indication 指明，表明confirmed credit 保兑信用证leading bank 主要银行double assurance 双重保障involve 牵涉；涉及sight credit 即期信用证usance credit 远期信用证impeccable正确无误的capital turnover 资金周转maturity 到期discount 贴现face value 面值transferable credit 可转让信用证non-transferable credit 不可转让信用证middleman 中间人non-draft credit 无汇票信用证deferredpayment 推迟付款revolving credit 循环信用证renew 恢复reinstate 使复原contracting parties 合同各方，缔约各方sustain 遭受，蒙受insolvent 无支付能力的bankrupt 破产的documents 单据take deliveryof 提（货）delay 延误，迟延discrepancy 不符conformity一致，相符description 描述commission 佣金discount 折扣shipping marks 唛头seal 印章；图章signature 签字comply with 符合in general terms 用概括性的词语，用一般性词语表达exceed 超过memos 备忘录，便笺bill of lading 提单carrier 承运人shipper 货主，托运人carriage 运输consignee收货人notify party 被通知人payable 应支付的，可支付的devoid of 没有，缺少liability 责任；义务airway bill 空运提单cargo receipt铁路运单，货运收据insurance policy 保险单function 功能；作用the insured 被保险人currency 货币settle 清算；结算fundamental 极其重要的efficiency 效率primitive 原始的in a broad sense 从广义上讲grocery 食品；杂货distinct 与其他明显不同的；独特的natural product provinces 产品自然领域urgency 紧迫；急迫perform 执行；完成carrier 承运人。
自考国际商务英语考试必备-自己整理
自考国际商务英语考试必备-自己整理英译汉1.Domestic business国内商务2.economic globalization经济全球化3.host country东道国 intellectual4.property知识产权5.non-tariff barriers非关税壁垒6.national product国民产值7.per capita GDP人均国内生产总值8.Durable equipment耐用设备9.Staple goods大路货10.Creditor country债权国11.Customs union关税同盟12.Dual-Ministerial meetings 双部长会议13.European Commission欧盟委员会anization of Petroleum Exporting Countries(OPEC)石油输出国组织15.North American Free Trade Agreement(NAFTA)北美自由贸易协定16.Board of directors董事会17.day to day running日常管理18.the parent MNE 多国公司目公司19.national economic welfare国家经济利益20.the legal jurisdiction法律经管范围21.self-sufficient 自给自足的22.farm produce农农品23.the endowments of nature自然禀赋24.perfect competition完全竞争25.output per many-year of labour人均年产量26.production capability生产能力27.consumption preference消费偏好28.cost advantage成本优势rge-scale production大规模生产30.tariff barrier关税壁垒31.International Chamber of Commerce国际商会32.customs clearance结关33.EDI电子数据交换34.Incoterms国际贸易术语解释通则35.destination port目的港36.binding obligation有约束力的义务37.international trunk call国际长途38.the business line业务范围39.force majeure不可抗力40.cross-border contract进出口合同41.clearing system清算系统42.leverage杠杆作用43.trade credit account贸易信贷往来账户44.centrally planned economy中央计划经济45.financial status财务状况46.to open account开立账户47.Consignment transaction寄售交易48.a usance draft远期汇票49.documentary collection跟单托收50.impeccable documents正确无误单据51.correspondent bank往来行52.confirming bank保兑行53.transportation clause运输条款54.clean credit即期信用证55.deferred payment credit不可转让信用证56.freight prepaid运费预付57.prepare documents缮制单据58.consignor托运人59.consular invoice领事发票60.notify party被通知人61.contract carriers契约承运人62.intermediate product半成品63.ultimate consumers最终消费者64.natural product province产品自然领域65.time lag时差66.claim on goods对货物的索赔67.premium保险费68.insurer承保人69.insurable interest可保利益70.settlement of a claim理赔71.freight forwarder货运代理行72.utmost good faith最大诚信原则73.valued policies有价保单74.exchange rate买入价75.balance of payment收支平衡76.direct quote直接标价77.buying rate买入价78.financial policies金融政策79.financial policies资金80.retained capital预留资金81.grace period优惠期82.a specialized mandate特殊使命83.direct investment直接投资84.tax holiday免税期85.greenfield strategy绿地战略86.customer mobility客户流动87.investment return投资回报88.start from scratch政府债券89.market maker股票经营商90.standing committee常务委员会91.underlying securities基础证券92.global trade rules世界贸易规则93.the reciprocal tariff concession list互惠关税减让表94.a uniform tariff system统一关税体系95.the non-discrimination principle非歧视原则96.escape clause豁免条款97.a new economic order新经济秩序98.trade concession贸易减让99.Special Drawing Rights特别提款权100.maturity 到期日101.certificate of deposit 大额102. cartel 卡特尔汉译英1.国际商务international business2.无形贸易invisible trade3.国内生产总值gross domestic products4.证券投资portfolio investment5.交钥匙工程turnkey project6.国民生产总值Gross National product（GNP）7.收入分配income distribution8.经济合作与发展组织the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development9.基础储备infrastructure10.外汇储备foreign currency reserves11.区域经济一体化regional economic integration12.自由贸易区free trade area13.欧盟European Union14.亚太经合组织Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation(APEC)16.部长理事会Council of Ministers17.经济全球化Economic Globalization18.跨国企业multinational economic environment19.生产设施manufacturing facilities20.自然资源分配the distribution of nature resources21.初级产品the primary commodities22.比较优势论the theory of comparative advantage23.互利贸易the mutual beneficial trade24.资源储备 the reserves of natural resources25.技术创新technology innovation26.贸易方式patterns of trade27.关税区customs area28.自动出口限制voluntary export restraint29.名胜古迹places of historical interest30.贸易条款trade terms31.修改信用证amendment to the letter of credit32.集装箱运输container transport33.运费付至CPT34.报价quotation35.有效期the validity period36.付款方式modeOf payment37.仲裁arbitration38.对销贸易cunter trade39.实际头寸net positions40.双边协议bilateral agreement41.易货贸易barter42.垂直合并，纵向组合vertical combination43.汇率浮动变化exchange rate fluctuation44.资信状况credit standing45.分期付款payment by installments46.即期汇票sight draft47.付款交单document against payment（D/P）48.商业信用证commercial letter of credit49.开证行the opening bank50.受益人the beneficiary51.统一惯例the uniform customs and practice52.循环信用证revolving credit53.保兑信用证confirmed credit54.远期信用证usance credit55.票面价值face value56.资金周转capital turnover57.空运提单airway bill58.产地证书certificate of origin59.运输标记shipping marks60.装运港port of shipment61.原始的生产方式primitive mode of production62.竞争机制competition system63.运输体系transportation system64.公共承运人common carriers65.保证金margin66.股票投资investment in stocks67.货物保险cargo insurance68.外汇储备foreign exchange services69.共同基金the common pool70.代位追偿subrogation71.近因原则the doctrine of proximate cause72.预约保单open policy73.平安险F.P.A74.水渍险W.P.A75.金本位制gold standard76.平价par value77.布雷顿森会议the Bretton Woods Conference78.间接标价indirect quote79.储备货币reserve currency80.世界资本市场World capital market81.借贷成本the cost of borrowing82.产权(股票)投资equity investment83.经济结构调整economic restructuring84.合资公司joint venture85.并购acquisition86.生物遗传学biogenetics87.自动出口限制Voluntary Export Restriction（VER）88.证券交易所the Stock Exchange Market89.普通股ordinary share90.补偿基金compensation fund91.金边债券gilt92.期权option93.协商机制a consultative mechanism94.双边谈判bilateral negotiation95.签约国the signatory countries96.充分就业full employment97.多边贸易体制multilateral trade system98.国际组织international organizations99.技术转让technology transfer100.商品协议commodity agreement101.国际货币体系international monetary system 102.优惠关税preferential（customs）tariff103.承包生产Contract manufacturing104. tariff rates关税率105. settlement 协议106.Shareholders股东107.board of directors董事会108.parent company母公司109.affiliate子公司110.day-to-day running日常管理101.multinational corporation跨国公司102.home country母公司所在国103.host country东道国术语解释1.affiliate MNC: a MNC which is associated or controlled by its parent MNC without losing its own identity.2.Absolute advantage: an advantage possessed by a country engaged in international trade when, using a given resource input, it is able to produce more output than other countries possessing the same resource input.3.Arbitration: the setting of a dispute by means of a neutral third party rather than by a court of law.4.A correspondent bank: a bank which acts as an agent for another bank.5.All risks: extensive insurance coverage of cargo, including coverage due to external causes such as fire, collision, pilferage etc., but usually excluding ”special” risk such as those resulting from acts of war, labor strikes and the perishing of good, and from internal damage due to faulty packaging, decay or loss of market.Buyback: an agreement by an export of plant and equipment to take back in the future part of the output produced by these goods as full or partial payment.Bill of exchange: a signed document that orders a person or an organization, such as a bank, to pay a fixed sum of money on demand or on a certain date to the person specified. Capital: the contribution to productive activity made by investment in physical capital and in human capital. Customs clearance: the formalities necessary to satisfy the customs officers before they will allow goods to the cleared from customs for dispatch or delay elsewhere.Banknotes circulation: movement of the printed paper money issued by a bank, usually the country’s central ban k. Contract: a legally binding agreement made between two or more people.Clause: part of a legal document that deals with a particular item or condition in it.Confirmed credit: a letter of credit to which a number of other document such as shipping documents have been joined by the exporter to obtain payment from the bank.Commission: the amount paid to an agent, which may be an individual, a broker, or a financial institution, for consummating a transaction involving sale or purchase of assets or services.Commercial invoice: a document identifying numbers such as invoice number, date, shipping date, mode of transport, delivery and payment terms, and a complete listing and description of the goods or services being sold including prices, discounts and quantities.Common pool: a fund contributed by all insured parties in the name of premium against certain risk, out of which the claims if those suffering losses are paid.capital infrastructure: the basic physical requirements, without which the industry cannot function effectively, water and electricity installations, qualified and killed professionals in technology and administration.Capital market: markets where corporations and governments sell securities to investors in order to raise funds for long or short periods.Consumerism: considerable desire to make purchase for consumption.Distributor: a person who sends goods from those who produce them to them to those who use them.Documents against acceptance(D/A): documents are handed over to the importer upon his acceptance of the bill of exchange drawn by the importer upon his acceptance of the bill of exchange drawn by the exporter. Payment will be paid on a laterdate.Documentary credit: a letter of credit to which a number of other documents such as shipping documents have been joined by the exporter to obtain payment from the bank. Devaluation: the act of a government in reducing by law the exchange value of its currency in units of gold or as compared with other currencies.Envisage: picture in the mind as a future possibility; imagine Economic of scale: the long-run reduction in average costs that occurs as the scale of the firm’s output is increased./the reduction in unit cost and increase in profit obtained when goods are produced in large quantities.EDI: an electronic system that sends specially-prepared document direct from the computer of one company to that of another, so avoiding delays and improving services to customers.Equity investment :a type of investment by buying the ordinary shares of a company.Exchange rate: the ratio between one currency unit and the number of units of another currency at which it is possible to exchange the two at a given time.Economic integration: economic integration is a term used to describe how different aspects between economic are integrated. As economic integration increase, the barriers of trade between markets diminishes. The most integration economy today, between independent nations, is the European Union and its euro zone.FOB: in foreign trade contracts, the seller’s delivers the goods on board the ship named by the buyer at the named port of shipment. From that point, all charges and risks have to be borne by the buyer.Fair trade: in international trade, the principle that maintains that there should only be free trade with those countries which themselves extend free trade.Full employment: an economic situation in which all persons physically and mentally capable of doing some kind of work,can find employment.Gold reserves: the stock of gold coin and bullion held by a note-issuing bank in country on the gold standard.GNP: refers to the market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economy GDP: refers to the market value of all goods and services produced within the geographic area of an economy.Host country: in international trade, the country in which a multinational corporation is active, but which is not the home country of that corporation.Hyperinflation: an extreme form of inflation; the situation that exists in a Economy when the money supply is being increased very rapidly, resulting in an increase of over 20%in the annual growth of the money supply or of the price level. Infrastructure: large-scale public services, such as water and power supplies, road, rail and radio communication, etc. needed to support economic activity, esp. industry, trade and commerce.Integration: combine into a whole.Inflation: a general rise in prices within an economy, accompanied by a reduction of the value of money. International trade: the exchange of goods and services between countries through exports and imports.Irrevocable credit: a letter of credit to which the paying bank has added its guarantee that payment will be made against presentation of certain documents.Intermediate products: goods that enter into the production of other goods. In the manufacturing process, goods and materials pass through various states of production, frequently requiring transfer from one plant to another or sale by one firm to another.Indemnity: a basic idea in all branches of insurance that the insured should be in the same position after a loss as he as be was before it, i.e. neither richer nor poorer as a result of loss.Intellectual property: certain non-tangible assets held,principally covering the areas of patent protection, registered trade marks and designs, and copy right.Joint venture: a commercial undertaking by two or more people, differing from a partnership in that it relates to the disposition of a single lot of goods or the termination of a specific project.just-in-time inventory: making or ordering only just enough parts or materials for the factory’s immediate needs, so avoiding the expense of keeping stocks.Liberalize: of trade, the act of government in lifting control over import and exports.Letter of credit: A written instruction by a bank or some other financial institution. To its agent or another bank, either local or aboard, to lend the bearer of the letter certain sums of money for a fixed period of time.Loan: a commercial transaction between two legal entities whereby one party, known as lender agrees to put at the disposal of another known as a borrower certain property, usually money , for its temporary use, with am understanding by both parties that the property will be returned.Money circulation: money in the hands of the public and being used to pa for goods and services.Most-favored nation clause: an understanding principle of the WTO whereby each country undertakes to apply the same rate of tariff to all its trade partners.Negotiable transport document: transport document can be transferred from one person to another by endorsement.Non-tariff barriers: all public regulations and government practices that introduce unequal treatment for domestic and foreign goods of the same or similar production.North American free trade agreement(NAFTA北美自由贸易协定):NAFTA is a trade agreement between Canada, Mexico, the united states, which entered into force on january1,1994. It was preceded in 1988 by a trade agreement covering Canada and the U.S.—the Canada –U.S. free trade agreement, which served as a negotiating framework for the expanded agreement.Option: a contractual agreement between a buyer and a seller to buy or sell a particular security commodity or currency at a specific price within a pre-determined period of time. Partnership: a contractual relationship undertaking by two or more people, differing from a partnership in that it relates to the disposition of a single lot of goods or the termination of a specific project.PPP: purchasing power parity.Protectionism: the deliberate use or encouragement of restrictions on imports to enable relatively inefficient domestic producers to compete successfully with foreign producers.Productivity: the relation between the output or amount produced in a given period and one unit of the factors of production employed in producing that output.Preferential customs tariff: a lower (or zero) tariff on a product from one country than is applied to imports from most countries. This violation of the MFN principle is permitted in special cases.Per capita income: It is calculated by dividing its national income by its populationQuota: a limit placed by a government on the amount of imports or commodity.Revenue: the money received by a firm from selling its output of goods or services or money earned by government from taxation.Reserves: in a business, amount set aside from profits to meet contingencies or for future investment.Specialization: to restrict one’s economic activities to certain particular field.Subrogation: the legal right of an insurer to receive any money obtained by the insured as a result of his making use of his rights against third parties; this reduces the cost of the loss to the insurer and prevents the insured from obtaining more than his full indemnity.Stock exchange: a markets where stocks and shares are boughtand sold under fixed rules, but at princes controlled by supplyand demand.Settlement: a payment of money claimed.Tariff: a form of tax that occurs as the scale of the firm’soutput is increased./the reduction in unit cost and increasein profit obtained when goods are produced in large quantities.Terms of payment: the terms agree upon between a sellers anda buyer regarding a transaction with respect to the mode andtime-table of payment.Trade fair: a big exhibition where manufactures and sellersand a similar or related products display their goods, meetcustomers and each other.Transfer of technology: a complicated aspect of internationalbusiness. Technology can be divided into two types: non-tacitand tacit. It can be transferred through various modes, eitherexport of products and goods or though service. The mostimportant feature of technology transfer is it is a transferof the right to use, not the right to ownership.Terms of trade: a measure of the trading success of a countryby comparing the prices of its imports with the prices of itsexports.Triad and Quad: A. United States B. WesternEurope C. Japan D. CanadaW.P.A: a wider coverage than the F.P.A. partial loss of ordamage to the insured goods is excluded only where the lossto the insurer and prevents the insured from obtaining morethan his full indemnity.简答1.Major difference between international business anddomestic business: A. differences in legal system; B.differences in currencies; C. differences in cultural background; D. differences in natural and economic conditions.2.Major types of international business: A. tradea. Commodity tradeb. Service tradeB. investmenta. foreign direct investmentb. portfolio investmentC. other typesa. licensing and franchisingb. management contract and contract manufacturingc. turnkey project and BOT3.Explain the concepts of GNP and GDP respectively and point out their major difference. Can we use them interchangeably? GNP refers to the market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economy. GDP measure the market value of all goods and services produced within the geographic area of an economy. The difference between GNP and GDP is that the former focuses om ownership of the factors of production while the latter concentrates on the place where production while the latter concentrates on the place where production takes place. We can use them interchangeably.4. what is the free trade area? And what is Customs union? In what way is a customs union different from a free trade area. Free trade area is the first and loosest form of regional economic integration. Members of a free trade area area removes barriers to the flow of goods and services among themselves while each member still adopts its own policy as regards to trade with outsiders. Custom Union is the second form of regional economic integration that goes a step farther by adopting the same trade policy for all the members toward countries outsides their organization in addition to abolishing trade barriers among themselves . Since imports from other countries are subject to the same tariff no matter which member they export to, it is impossible for non-members to get into the market of the customs union in a detour as they possibly do in the case of trade with a free trade area.5. Describe briefly the characteristics of MNEs.①they are usually enormous in size in terms of the amount ofannual sales and of resources it controls.②they have a wide geographical spread, and seek to set up an integrated production and distribution network in the world.③MNEs enjoy longevity and rapid growth. They have a long development history and rapid growth record.6. how are MNEs usually operated? And how are important decision made?①the operation of MNES is under the control of parent MNE at their home countries.②the affiliate MNEs also have their own decision making mechanism, however the major decision, such as those on corporate goals, new investment and their location are made by parent MNEs.8. Which theory makes more sense, absolute advantage or comparative advantage.Comparative advantage sound more plausible .As it is very difficult to find for a country a product with absolute advantage, and also, a country still gains from trade for its products with comparative advantages.9. What are the important factors that one has to take into account when talking about the possibility of international specialization?Whether the internationalization will happen or not is decided by trade patterns, economic of scale, innovation. The production capacity and conditions decide what a country can produce and trade, the economies of scale decides if a country has a cost advantage for the traded product, and the innovation decides if the traded product is competitive in the foreign market.10. Why is it necessary to have Incoterms? And what is the purpose of making amendments and additions to Incoterms?The purpose of Incoterms is to provide a set of international rules for the interpretation of the most commonly used trade term in foreign trade, thus, the uncertainties of different interpretation of such terms in different countries can be avoided or at least reduced to a considerable degree.And the purpose of making amendments and additions is in order to bring the rules in line with current international trade practices.11. What contents should be included in a firm offer?A firm offer s a promise to sell goods at a stated price. The major terms include time of shipment, made of payment, description of goods and validity period.12.Give the major item of the contract proper.This includes four major parts: the full name and address of the buyer and seller; the description of the commodities; the terms and conditions for the transaction; indication of the number of original copies of the contract and other additional terms.13. Please define counter trade. What are the possible reasons for its attraction.An umbrella term for several sorts of trade in which the seller is required to accept goods or other instruments or trade, in partial or whole payment for its products. Counter trade transactions include barter, buyback, or compensation, offset requirements, and clearing agreements. Counter trade is allegedly popular in less development countries and in planned economies, it attracted much interest in the past. Now as the landscape od economic system drastically changed recently, it attracts much more attention.14.What is the difference between a clean draft and a documentary draft?For a clean draft, it is a draft without attached additional documents; for a documentary draft, it is a draft supported by title documents, such as an invoice, bill of lading or insurance policy. In fact everything having a real commercial value is know as a documentary draft.15.How dose L/C offer security to the buyer and the seller?①it enable exporters obtain, through a correspondent bank,duarantees that the invoice for goods sent by them will actually be paid by the buyer—the importer.②it also provides the buyer with a guarantee that goods willbe received in good order, for L/Cs are subject to appropriate insurance coverage and documents.③the bank is protected in case of loss or damage b its insurance policy.16.How many times and to how many parties can a credit be transferred? In what situation is a revolving letter of credit most useful.It can only be transferred once, to more than one party at the same time provided partial shipments are permitted. When the buyer and seller have regular trading relationship and deal in a specific quantity of goods each month or any particular period of time.17.what are the main features of a commercial invoice? What’s the relation between the commercial invoice and other documents?Commercial invoice is the general description of the quality and quantity of the goods and the unit and total price. It constitutes the basis on which other documents are to be prepared.18.What main function does the bill of lading have?Bill of lading serves as a cargo receipt signed by the carrier and issued to the shipper; it constitutes a contract of carriage between the carrier and consignor; it is a document of title to the goods, and the legal holder is the owner of the goods.19.why the author says that transportation is fundamental to the development and operation of an industry society?Geographically distant resources becomes accessible with transportation. The economic growth of any society in any part of the world is directly related to the availability of transportation.20. what is the purpose of cargo insurance?Cargo insurance is an activity aimed at moving the burden of risk from the shoulders of exporters and importers and placing it upon the shoulders of specialist risk-bearing underwriters.21. What roles does transportation play in production process?It permits manufacturers to get materials and labor easily, to move intermediate goods to other producers for use in production process, and to deliver finished products to customers.22.what factor is crucial to the question of insurable interest? why?Time. Because the insurance company can work out who will suffer loss by discovering at what point the ownership of the goods passes from one person to another.23.what does it mean that the person who is going to suffer the loss is the one who has the insurable interest at any moment?This means that goods any be shipped at the port of origin by a shipper or freight forwarder under a policy taken out to cover them, and the buyer takes over the policy which has been issued when he takes over the ownership of the goods. If they fail to complete the voyage undamaged. He can claim on the insurance even though it was not in his name.①international balance of payment. The value of one’s own currency will go up with favorable balance of payment and drop with BOP deficit.②inflation. When inflation intensifies, the value of the currency will drop relative to foreign currencies and vice versa.③interest rate. High interest rate will increase the exchange rate and vice versa.24.what are the major factors that may influence the exchange rate? Explain briefly.Factors influencing the exchange rate: international balance of payment; inflation; interest rate.25.what are the basic rules for IBRD to guide its lending operation?The lending operation is basically directed at the developing countries based on: economic consideration; productive purpose.The expected result must: stimulate economic growth; pay due regard to the prospects of payment; get the guarantee from。
《国际商务英语》重点单词,词组
acquire v. 获得，得到
*acquisition n. 收购，被收购的公司或股份
acting adj. 代理的
activity n. 业务类型
actual adj. 实在的，实际的，确实的
compensate v. 补偿，酬报
compensatiБайду номын сангаасn n. 补偿，酬金
compete v. 比赛，竞争
competition n. 比赛，竞争
competitor n. 竞争者，对手
competitive adj. 竞争性的
boom n. 繁荣，暴涨
boost v. 提高，增加，宣扬
bottleneck n. 瓶颈，窄路，阻碍
bottom adj. 最后的，根本的
v. 到达底部，建立基础
bounce v. 支票因签发人无钱而遭拒付并退回
circular n. 传阅的小册子（传单等）
circulate v. 传阅
claim n./v. 要求，索赔
client n. 委托人，顾客
cold adj. 没人找上门来的，生意清淡的
commercialise v. 使商品化
audit n. 查账，审计
automate v. 使某事物自动操作
average n. 平均，平均水准
awareness n. 意识；警觉
B
backing n. 财务支持，赞助
backhander n. 贿赂
frozen asset n. 冻结资产
intangible assets n. 无形资产
国际商务英语短语
in a detour 在走弯路的competitive devaluation 竞争性贬值domestic business 国内商务economic globalization 经济全球化host country 东道国intellectual property 知识产权non-tariff barriers 非关税壁垒international business 国际商务invisible trade 无形贸易gross domestic products（GDP）国内生产总值portfolio investment 证券投资turnkey project “交钥匙”工程national product 国民产值per capita GDP 人均国内市场总值durable equipment 耐用装备staple goods 大路货creditor country 债权国Gross National Product (GNP) 国民生产总值income distribution 收入分配infrastructure 基础设施foreign currency reserves 外汇储备customs union 关税同盟regional economic integration 区域经济一体化free trade area 自由贸易区European Union 欧盟board of director 董事会day to day running 日常管理OPEC 石油输出国组织APEC 亚太经合组织Council of Ministers 部长理事会national economic welfare 国家经济利益the legal jurisdiction 法律管理范围multinational enterprises 跨国公司share-holder 股东economic environment 经济环境manufacturing facilities 生产设施self-sufficient 自给自足的farm produce 农产品the endowments of nature 自然禀赋perfect competition 完全竞争output per man-year of labour 人均年产量the distribution of natural recourses 自然资源分配the primary commodities 初级产品the theory of comparative advantage 比较优势论the mutual beneficial trade 互利贸易the reserve of natural recourses 资源储备production capability 生产能力consumption preference 消费偏好cost advantage 成本优势large-scale production 大规模生产tariff barrier 关税壁垒technology innovation 技术创新patterns of trade 贸易方式customs area 关税区voluntary export restraint 自动出口限制place of historical interest 名胜古迹customs clearance 结关EDI 电子数据交换destination port 目的港trade terms 贸易条款amendment to the letter of credit 修改信用证container transport 集装箱运输binding obligation 有约束力的义务international truck call 国际长途the business line 业务范围force majeure 不可抗力quotation 报价the validity period 有效期mode of payment 付款方式arbitration 仲裁cross –border contract 进出口合同clearing system 清算制度leverage 杠杆作用trade credit account 贸易信用账户centrally planned economy 中央计划经济counter trade 对销贸易net positions 实际头寸bilateral agreement 双边协议barter 易货贸易vertical combination 垂直合并，纵向组合financial status 财务状况to open account 开设账户consignment transaction寄售交易a usance draft 远期汇票documentary collection 跟单托收exchange rate fluctuation 汇率浮动变化credit standing 资信状况periodic payment 分期付款sight draft 即期汇票document against payment 付款交单impeccable documents 正确无误单据correspondent bank 往来行confirming bank 保兑行transportation clause 运输条款commercial letter of credit 商业信用证the opening/issuing bank 开证行the beneficiary 收益人the uniform customs and practice 统一惯例clean credit 光票信用证sight credit 即期信用证deferred payment credit 推迟付款信用证non-transferable credit 不可转让信用证revolving credit 循环信用证confirmed credit 保兑信用证usance credit 远期信用证face value 票面价值capital turnover 资金周转freight prepaid 运费预付prepare documents 缮制单据consignor 托运人consular invoice 领事发票notify party 被通知人airway bill 空运提单certificate of origin 产地证书shopping marks 运输标记port of shipment 装运港contract carriers 契约承运人intermediate product 中间产品ultimate consumers 最终消费者natural product province 产品自然领域primitive mode of production 原始的生产方式competition system 竞争机制transportation system 运输体系common carriers 公共承运人time lag 时差claim on goods 对货物的索赔premium 保险费insurer 承包人margin 保证金investment in stocks 股票投资cargo insurance 货物保险foreign exchange services 外汇储备the common pool 共同基金insurable interest 可保利益settlement of a claim 理赔freight forwarder 货运代理人utmost good faith 最大诚信原则valued policies 有价保单subrogation 代位追偿the doctrine of proximate cause 近因原则open policy 预约保单F.P.A 平安险W.P.A 水渍险exchange rate 汇率balance of payment 收支平衡direct quote 直接标价buying rate 买入价financial policies 金融政策gold standard 金本位制par value 平价indirect quote 间接标价reserve currency 储备货币financial resources 资金retained capital 预留资金grace period 宽限期a specialized mandate 特殊使命direct investment 直接投资World capital market 世界资本市场the cost of borrowing（lending）借贷成本equity investment 产权（股票）投资economic restructuring 经济结构调整tax holiday 免税期greenfield strategy 绿地战略customer mobility 客户流动investment returns 投资回报start from scratch 白手起家joint venture 合并公司acquisition 并购Voluntary Export Restriction（VER）自动出口限制secondary capital market 二级资本市场government stock 政府债券market maker 股票经营商standing committee 常务委员会underlying securities 基础债券the Stock Exchange（Market）债券交易所ordinary share 普通股compensation fund 补偿基金gilt 金边债券option 期权global trade rules 世界贸易规则the reciprocal tariff concession list 互惠关税减让表a uniform tariff system 统一关税体系the optimal use of the recourses 资源的最佳利用a provisional treaty 临时条款a consultative mechanism 协商机制bilateral negotiation 双边谈判the signatory countries 签约国full employment 充分就业multilateral trade system 多变贸易体系the non-discrimination principle 非歧视原则escape clause 豁免条款a new economic order 新经济秩序trade concessions 贸易转让Special Drawing Right 特别提款权international organization 国际组织technology transfer 技术转让commodity agreement 商品协议international monetary system 国际货币体系preferential ( customs ) tariff。
国际商务英语短语
国际商务英语短语短语：有形贸易：visible trade无形贸易：invisible trade国内生产总值：gross domestic product证券投资：Portfolio Investment大额存单：Certificate of deposit管理合同management contract价值链value chain承包生产contract manufacturing交钥匙工程turnkey project国民收入national income国民生产总值GNP (gross national product )人均收入per capita income购买力平价PPP (purchasing power parity)经济合作与发展组织organization of economic cooperation and development 基础设施infrastructure独立国家联合体commonwealth of independent states收入分布income distribution债权国creditor country东南亚国家联盟ASEAN （Association of southeast Asian Nations ）经济一体化：economic integration自由贸易区free trade area关税税率tariff rates北美自由贸易协定North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)关税同盟customs union共同市场common market主权国家sovereignty/sovereign state政治实体political entity行政机构executive body欧盟委员会European commission部长理事会council of ministers多极化multi-polarization双部长会议dual-Ministerial meeting分委员会Sub-committee石油输出国组织OPEC (organization of petroleum exporting countries)国际经济环境international economic environment技术进步technical progress/ improvements自然资源natural resources初级产品primary commodities /goods / products绝对利益absolute advantage比较利益comparative advantage关税联盟customs union进口关税import duty出口关税export duty混税，复合关税compound duty最惠国待遇：most favored nation (MFN) treatment税率表，税则tariff schedule非关税壁垒non-tariff barrier运输工具means of transport古迹places of historical interest货仓cargo compartment关税壁垒tariff barrier关税区customs area从价税ad valorem duties贸易术语trade terms贸易惯例trading practices商品交易会trade fairs长途电话trunk call有效期validity period还盘counter offer销售合同sales contract销售确认书sales (purchase ) confirmation 缔约方contracting parties不可抗力force majeure货号article number棉布cotton piece goods棉纱cotton yarns对销贸易counter trade欧洲支付联盟European payment union 竞争性贬值competitive devaluation加工贸易processing trade清算系统clearing system实际头寸net positions贸易信贷往来帐户trade credit accounts 反向购买counter purchase回购交易buyback租赁贸易leasing trade财务状况financial standing资信可靠情况credit worthiness分阶段付款periodic payments预付现金cash in advance汇票draft / bill of exchange远期汇票usance draft跟单汇票documentary draft提单bill of lading货物所有权title to goods保险单insurance policy跟单托收documentary collection付款交单documents against payment (D/P)承兑交单documents against acceptance (D/A) 光票：clean draft开证银行：opening bank往来行correspondence bank通知行advising bank保兑行confirming bank分批装运partial shipment保兑信用证confirmed letter of credit价格条款price term光票信用证clean credit非贸易结算non-trade settlement可撤销信用证revocable credit不可撤销信用证irrevocable credit双重保障double assurance即期信用证sight credit远期信用证usance credit面值face value可转让信用证transferable credit不可转让信用证non-transferable credit无汇票信用证non-draft credit推迟付款deferred payment循环信用证revolving credit合约各方contracting parties唛头：Shipping marks被通知人notify party货运收据cargo receipt发运港port of shipment海关发票custom invoice领事发票consular invoice装船通知shipping advice产品自然领域natural product provinces公共承运人common carrier契约承运人contract carrier自有承运人private carrier中间产品intermediate product制成品finished products零库存just-in-time delivery最大诚信原则the principle of utmost good faith 货物原产地港口port of origin交货费用forwarding charges导致损失的直接原因proximate cause of the loss 汇率exchange rate金本位制gold standard平价par value储备货币reserved currency清洁浮动clean float (free float-自由浮动)肮脏浮动dirt float (managed float管理浮动) (汇率)直接标价direct quote(汇率)间接标价indirect quote买入价buying rate卖出价selling rate中间价medial rate大萧条Great Depression特别提款权special drawing rights国际收支赤字international BOP deficit国际收支盈余balance of payments surplus/ favorable balanceof payments 贴现率discount rate外汇管制foreign exchange control游资idle funds ( hot money )世界银行集团word bank group资本市场capital market宽限期/优惠期grace period私营经济Private sector股权投资Equity investment经济结构调整Economic restructuring投票权Voting power黄金份额Gold tranche备用(信贷)安排Standby arrangement客户流动customer mobility免税期tax holiday合资企业joint ventureJIT just in time自动出口限制VER (voluntary export restriction )绿地战略the Greenfield strategy战略联合the strategic alliance知识产权：intellectual property常务委员会standing committee增值税VAT(value added tax )证券交易所Stock exchange长期资本long-term capital二级资本市场secondary capital market交易场地market floor ( trading floor )投资交易所RIE( recognized investment exchange ) 挂牌证券交易市场( listed market )所得税( income tax )平衡帐目balance the books公共部门借贷需求the public sector borrowing requirement 金边证券gilt-edged securities /stocks事业机构投资商institutional investors期权option套期保值hedging具体事场particular market area普惠制Generalized system of preferences关税减让tariff concession机构力量institutional strength反贴补措施anti-subsidy measures反倾销anti-dumping国民待遇national treatment关税配额tariff quota充分就业full employment公平贸易fair trade贸易条款trade terms免责条款escape clauses行动方案action programme联合国大会United nations general assembly经济及社会理事会ECOSOC (economic social council )较不发达国家less–developed countries无差别待遇non-discriminatory treatment/ non-discrimination principle差别待遇differential treatment贸易条件terms of trade国际经济新秩序new international economic order特惠税preferential duty技术转让transfer of technology金融市场financial market所得税income tax中期贷款medium term loan双边谈判bilateral negotiations特约条款special clause董事会Board of directors生产方式production approach可保利益insurable interest缓冲库存贷款Buffer stock financing facility跨国公司母公司parent MNC记帐交易open credit滚装滚卸范畴运输roll-on and roll-off traffic国际复兴开发银行IBRD规模经济economies of scale有价保单valued policy从量税specific duty业务范围business line资本基础设施capital infrastructure布雷顿森林会议the Bretton woods convention电子数据交换EDI electronic data interchange保证金margin统一关税制度uniform tariff systemIBRD ( international bank for reconstruction and development ) 国际复兴发展银行IFC( international finance corporation) 国际金融公司(MIGA)Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency 多边投资担保机构IDA(International development association) 国际开发协会IMF( international monetary fund ) 国际货币基金组。
自考商务英语1-3单元专业术语
U n i t1I n t e r n a t i o n a l b u s i n e s s1.customs area 关税区2.conversion 货币兑换3.visible trade 有形贸易4.invisible trade 无形贸易5.gross domestic product 国内生产总值6.FDI 外国直接投资7.portfolio investment 证券投资8.stocks 股票9.bonds 债券10.maturity （票据）到期11.certificate of deposit 大额存单12.licensing 许可经营13.franchising 特许经营14.trade mark 商标15.Patent 专利16.royalty 专利使用费，许可使用费，版税17.copyright 版权18.management contract 管理合同19.licenser 给予许可的人20.licensee 接受许可的人21.franchiser 给予特许的人22.franchisee 接受特许的人23.value chain 价值链24.turnkey project “交钥匙”工程25.BOT（build，operate，transfer）建设经营移交Unit 2Income level and the world maket1.Gross national product 国民生产总值2.Gross domestic product 国内生产总值3.National income 国民收入4.Per capita income 人均收入5.PPP (Purchasing power parity) 购买力评价6.Consumerism 消费，消费主义7.Income distribution 收入分布8.Infrastructure 基础设备9.Staple goods 大路货10.Invoice 开发票11.Creditor country 债权国Unit 3Regional economic integration1.Economic integration 经济一体化2.Free trade area 自由贸易区3.Customs union 关税同盟4.Tariff rates 关税税率5.Settlement 结算6.North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 北美自由贸易协定mon market 共同市场8.Banknotes circulation 货币流通9.Cartel 卡特尔 pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) 亚太经济合作组织anization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) 石油输出国组织12.European Commission 欧盟委员会13.Council of ministers 部长理事会14.Dual-Ministerial Meeting 双部长会议Unit 4 Economic GlobalizationShare holders 股东,所有人Economic globalization 经济全球化Board of directors 董事会Inputs 投入Economic environment 经济环境Parent company 母公司,总公司,上级公司Affiliate 分支机构,会员Day-to-day running 日常管理Multinational Corporation (enterprise) 跨国公司/企业Home country 母国Host country 东道国Unit 5 International Trade (1)Services 劳务Primary commodities 初级产品Specialization 专业化Absolute advantage 绝对利益Comparative advantage 比较优势Capital, land and labor 资本,土地和劳动力(生产三要素)Unit 6 International Trade (2)Tariff 关税Quota 配额Customs area 关税区Customs union 关税联盟Import duties 进口关税Export duties 出口关税Ad valorem duty 从价税Specific duty 从量税Compound duties 复合税,混合关税Drawback 退税Most-favored-nation (MFN) 最惠国Tariff schedule 税率表,税则Non-tariff barrier 非关税壁垒Visible trade 有形贸易Invisible trade 无形贸易Unit 7Deal 交易trade terms 贸易术语trading practices 贸易惯例negotiable （票据，股票）可转让的，可流通的EDI 电子数据交换,customs clearance 结关dispatch 发送International Chamber of Commerce（ICC）国际商会roll on-roll off 滚装滚卸的Incoterms 国际贸易术语解释通则nagotiable transport document 可转让装运单据EXW 工厂交货,FCA 货交承运人,FAS 装运港船边交货,FOB 装运港船上交货CFR 成本加运费CIF 成本，保险费和运费CPT 运费付至,CIP 运费、保险费付至,DAF 边境交货,DES 目的港船上交货,DEQ 目的港码头交货,DDU 未完税交货,DDP 完税交货Unit8Inquiry 询盘、报价,Quotation 报价,validity period 有效期,offer 发盘,counter offer 还盘,offeree 收盘人,sales(purchase)contract 销售（购货）合同,sales (purchase)confirmation 销售（购货）确认书,consignment 寄售,contracting parties 缔约方,force majeure 不可抗力,arbitration 仲裁,business line 业务（经营）范围, contract proper 合同正文,article number 货号Unit 9Counter trade 对销贸易, Hyperinflation 极度通货膨胀, Reichsbank 德国国家银行,cross-border contract 进出口合同, protectionism 贸易保护主义,financial market 金融市场,Clearing system 清算系统,net positions 实际头寸, compensation trade 补偿贸易,trade credit accounts 贸易信贷往来帐户, barter 易货交易,counter purchase 互购贸易,Buyback 回购交易,Vertical 垂直的、生产销售全过程, centrally planned economies 中央计划经济国家, competitive devaluation 竞争性贬值, Volkswagen 大众汽车公司,Xerox Corporation 施乐公司,processing trade 加工贸易,consignment 寄售,leasing trade 租赁贸易,auction 拍卖,agency 代理Unit 10debtor 债务人debit 借方，将……记入借方financial standing 财务状况credit worthiness 资信可靠状况periodic payments 分阶段付款cash in advance 预付现金open accout 记账交易draft（bill of exchange）汇票drawer 出票人drawee 受票人payee 受款人usance draft (honor draft, term draft) 远期汇票documentary draft 跟单汇票clean draft 光票documentary collection 跟单托收documents against payment（D/P）付款交单documents against acceptance（D/A）承兑交单Unit11applicant 开证申请人opening bank 开证银行beneficiary 受益人correspondent bank 往来行，关系行advising bank 通知行amendment 修改confirming bank 保兑行reimburse 付款unit price 单价partial shipment 分批装运transshipment 转船the uniform customs and parctice of documentary credits 跟单信用证统一惯例，或简称“统一惯例”in favor of 以……为受益人the carrying vessel 运载船只，载货船只Unit 12clean credit 光票信用证non-trade settlement 非贸易结算revocable credit 可撤销信用证irrevocable credit 不可撤销信用证maturity 到期，期满confirmed credit 保兑信用证leading bank 主要银行sight credit 即期信用证capital turnover 资金周转face value 面值transferable credit 可转让信用证non-transferable credit 不可转让信用证non-draft credit 无汇票信用证discount 贴现deferred payment 推迟付款revolving credit 循环信用证insolvent 无支付能力的Unit 13Documents 单据Take delivery of提（货）Commission佣金Discount折扣Shipping marks运输标记, 唛头Bill of lading 提单Carrier 承运人Shipper货主托运人Consignor托运人Carriage 运输Consignee收货人Notify party 被通知人Payable 应支付的Airway bill 空运提单Insurance policy 保险单Cargo receipt 货物收据Commercial invoice 商业发票Legal holder 合法持有人Insurance certificate 保险证书Customs invoice海关发票Consular invoice领事发票Consular visa 领事签证Shipping advice装船通知Certificate of health 健康证书Certificate of disinfection 消毒证书Certificate of origin 货物原产地证明书Veterinary certificate 兽医证书Unit 14Documentation 单据的制作或使用Finished products 制成品Deregulation 解除控制，撤消管制规定Productivity 生产率Cost economies 节约成本Intermediate products 中间产品Natural product province 产品自然领域Inventory 存货库存Logistics 物流Just-in-time inventory system 零库存Common carrier 公共承运人Contract carrier 契约承运人Private carrier 自有承运人Unit 15Insured 被保险人Insurer 承保人Claim 索赔Client 客户Margin 保证金Draw 提取Jeopardy 风险，危险Literature 文献，说明书（此处指商品目录，价目表）Underwriter 保险公司Known premium 已知的保险费Pool 基金，共用款Cargo insurance 货物保险Marine insurance 海运保险Unit 16Port of origin 货物原产地港口V oidable 可使无效的，可以取消的Indemnity 损失赔偿Ruin 毁灭Insurable interest 可保险权益Terms of sale 价格条件All risks 全险Principle of utmost good faith 最大诚信原则Subrogation 代位,取代Contribution 损失费用分摊原则Proximate cause of the loss 近因原则Forwarding charges 交货费用Free from particular average 平安险With particular average 水渍险Unit 17Exchange rate 汇率Gold standard 金本位制Peg 钉住，挂钩Par value 平价Reserve currency 储备货币Clean float 清洁浮动，自由浮动Dirty float 肮脏浮动，管理浮动Discount 贴现Idle funds 游资Indirect quote 间接标价Direct quote 直接标价Buying rate 买入价Selling rate 卖出价Medial rate 中间价Unit 18Financial resources 资金Finance 提供资金Earnings 收益,盈利Private sector 私营经济Balance of payments 国际收支Equity investment 股权投资Grace period 优惠期Capital infrastructure (资本密集型)基础设施World Bank Group 世界银行集团International Bank for Reconstruction and Development(IBRD) 国际复兴开发银行International Development Association(IDA) 国际开发协会International Finance Corporation(IFC) 国际金融公司Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency(MIGA) 多边投资担保机构Unit 19returns 收益，回报customer mobility 客户流动inventory 存货tax holiday 免税期green-field strategy 绿地战略acquisition 并购joint venture 合资企业Unit 20investor 投资者securities 有价债券finance 融资equities 权益，普通股broker 经纪人jobber 股票买卖经纪人hedge 套期保值shortfall 亏空，不足，财政赤字stock exchange 证券交易所long-term capital 长期资本secondary capital market 二级资本市场primary capital raising 初级资本筹集market floor 交易所market maker 市场交易人listed market 挂牌市场income tax 所得税gilt-edged stocks options 金边债券期权cost-effective 节约成本public sector borrowing requirement 公共部门借贷需求books 帐本value added tax (V AT) 增值税institutional investors 机构投资商Unit 21most-favored nation clause 最惠国条款generalized system of preferences 普惠制non-discriminate 非歧视contracting party 缔约国tariff quota 关税配额trade-related 与贸易有关的standard of living 生活水平full employment 充分就业tariff concession 关税减免Uruguay Round 乌拉圭回合Counter-veiling measures 反补贴措施Anti-dumping 反倾销National treatment 国民待遇Unit 22The united nations conference on trade and development1.Escape clauses 免责条款2.United nations general assembly 联合国大会3.Invisibles 无形贸易4.Non-discrimination principle 非歧视原则5.Terms of trade 贸易条款6.New international economic order 新国际经济秩序7.Differential treatment 差别待遇8.Preferential customs tariffs 特惠税9.Transfer of technology 技术转让10.。
05844国际商务英语国际商务英语商务术语总结
05844国际商务英语国际商务英语商务术语总结05844国际商务英语国际商务英语商务术语总结Lesson11.Customsarea关税区:2.Conversion货币兑换3.Visibletrade有形贸易: The form of modity trade,i.e.exportingand importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another.(including cash transaction-by means of money and market, and counter trade) 4.Invisibletrade无形贸易: The form of transportation, munication, banking,insurance, consulting, information etc.is called invisible trade or service industries.5.FDI外国直接投资:Foreign direct investments.Returnsthrough controlling the enterprises or assetsinvested in a host country./P.256.Onecountry acquires assets in a foreign country for the purpose of controlling and managing them.6.Portfolioinvestment证券投资: Purchases of foreign financial assets fora purpose other than controlling.7.Stocks股票:Capital stocks or bonds.8.Bonds债券:The papers issued by a government or a firm with promise to pay back the money lent or invested together with interest.9.Maturity（票据等）到期10.Certificateof deposit大额存单11.Licensing许可经营:In licensing, a firm leases the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in another country.They choose licensing because they do not have to make cash payments to stat business, and can simply receive ine in the form of royalty.12.Franchising特许经营:Under franchising, franchisee is allowed to operatein the name of another, franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logos and operating techniques for royalty.13.TradeMark商标14.Patent专利15.Royalty专利（许可）使用费，版税16.Copyright版权17.Licenser许可方18.Licensee被许可方19.Franchiser特许方:A firm who provides the franchisee with trademarks, brand ,names, logos and operating techniques for royalty.20.Franchisee被特许方:A firm is allowed to operate in the name of another.21.Managementcontract管理合同: Under a management contract, one panyoffers managerial or other specialized services to another within a particular period for a flat payment ora percentage of the relevant business volume.22.Valuechain价值链23.Turnkey project“交钥匙”工程: For aninternational turnkey project, a firm signs a contractwith a foreign purchaser and undertakes all the designing, contracting and facility equipping before handing it over to the latter upon pletion.24.建设、经营和移交:Build,Operate, Transfer25.Expertise专门知识26.Bonus红利、奖金、津贴27.Royalty 许可使用费28.Internationalinvestment国际投资: Supplying capital by residents of one country to another.29.Contractmanufacturing承包生产 30.GATT关贸总协定:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade31.Internationalbusiness国际商务: Transaction between parties from different countries.Sometimesbusiness across the borders of different customs areas of the same country is also regarded as import and export.32.Intellectual property知识产权 33.Oildeposit: 石油储备 =oil reserves 34.thereserves of natural resources 自然资源储备35.Personaladvancement个人的晋升，个人素质的提高以及个人事业的进步等。
自考国际商务英语_句子翻译
LESSON 1 INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS国际商务1. 国际贸易一般指不同国家的当事人进行的交易，它涉及到许多因素，因而比国内贸易要复杂得多。
International business refers to transaction between parties from different countries. It involves more factors and thus is more complicated than domestic countries.2. 随着经济一体化进程的发展，很少人和公司能完全独立于国际商务之外而存在。
因此，在此方面具有一定的知识是十分必要的，这既有益于企业的发展又有益于个人的进步。
With the development of economic globalization, few people or companies can completely stay away from international business. Therefore, some knowledge in this respect is necessary both for the benefit of enterprises and personal advancement.3. 其他参与国际贸易的形式有管理合同、承包生产和“交钥匙”工程。
Other forms for participating in international business are management contract, contract manufacturing, and turnkey project.4. 国际贸易最初以商品贸易的形式出现，即在一国生产或制造商品而出口或进口到另一国进行消费或转售。
International business first took the form of commodity trade, i.e. exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another.5. 除了国际贸易和投资，国际许可和特许经营有时也是进入国外市场的一种方式。
自考外贸函电实用词组
自考外贸函电实用词组LTEnglish business correspondence(Exercises Paper note)Chapter 1:(Part One)1. a wide range of 表示：“大范围的，各类的〞〔固定用法〕〔The brochure covers a wide range of products we deal in.〕2.place order with sb. 表示“向某人下订单〞〔Please advise at what price your clients will place orders with us.〕3.be superior to sb./sth. 表示“…优于某人/在某事上处于优先〞〔I am sure that the quality of our products is superior to that of others’〕4.*We look forward to receiving your prompt reply and meeting you soon.〔receiving 与 meeting并列)5.happen to do sth. 表示“碰巧做〞〔*Your quotation happens to be exactly the same as we have received from France.〕6.*Thank you for your enquiry of March 20th, we also confirm havingreceived your sample.7.As regards 表示“至于，关于〞〔As regards walnutmeat ,we would inform you that the few parcels we have at present are under offer.〕8.sb. be interested in sth.sth. be interesting to sb. [两者均表示某人对某物感兴趣，但表达与搭配方式不同，应紧记。
05844 自考国际商务英语复习资料
05844 自考国际商务英语复习资料lesson 1 International Business1.International business国际贸易Transaction between parties from different countries. Sometimes business across the borders ofdifferent customs areas of the same country is also regarded as import and export.2.Visible trade有形贸易The form of commodity trade. i.e. exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one countryfor consumption or resale in another.3.Invisible trade无形贸易The form of service trade. i.e. transportation, communication, banking, insurance, consulting, information etc.4. Franchise特许An arrangement by which an monopoly producer or owner gives another permission for the exclusive right to manufacture or sell the products in a certain area.Franchising特许经营A special form of licensing. A firm, called the franchisee, is allowed to operate in the name of another, called the franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logo, and operating techniques for royalty.5. Licensor 给予许可的人A person or a company granting a licenceLicensing许可经营/国际许可A firm lease the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in another country. Such as trademarks, brand names, patents, copyright or technology.6. Non-tariff barrier非关税壁垒All forms of man-made obstructions to international trade other than tariffs, including prohibitions and quotas, etc.7. Portfolio证券The entire collection of investments in the form of stocks, bonds, or certificate of deposits for purposes other than controlling.8. Turnkey contract交钥匙工程One in which one of the parties agree to supply, at the contract price, a complete product ready for use, such as a new home, factory, ship, etc.9. Contract manufacturing承包生产A firm can concentrate on their strongest part in the value chain.11. Major differences between international business and domestic business.Ans: Differences in (1) legal system (2) currencies(3) cultural background:language, customs, traditions, religion, value, behavior etc.(4) natural and economic conditions,12. Major types of international businessAns: (1) trade : A. commodity trade B. service trade(2) Investment :(difference)A. foreign direct investment (FDI外国直接投资)(is made for returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in in a host country.)B. portfolio investment 证券投资(refers to purchases of foreign financial assets for a purpose other than controlling.)(3) other types: A. licensing & franchising(in comparison with the relation between the licenser and licensee, franchiserhas more control over and provide more support for the franchisee.)B. management contract &contract manufacturingC. turnkey project & BOT(making profit from operating the project for a period )13. Why do firms choose licensing as a means of entering a foreign market? Ans:(1) do not have to make cash payments to start business ;(2) receive income in the form of royalty;(3) benefit from locational advantages of foreign operation without any obligations in ownership ormanagement.14. Under what condition is management contract most applicable? Ans: When a government forbids foreign ownership in certain industries it considers tobe of strategic importance but lacks the expertise for operation. A foreign companyto operate in the industry without owning the assets.Lesson 2 Income Level and the World Market1. PPP购买力平价--purchasing power parityPurchasing power购买力 of persons, the public, having the money to buy goods and services.2.Recipient接受者 a person or an organization etc. that receives something.3. Infrastructure基础设施large-scale public services, such as water and power supplies, road, rail and radio communications,etc. Needed to support economic activity, esp.industry, trade and commerce.4. GNP---refer to the market value of goods and services produced by the property andlabor owned by the resident of an economy.(国民生产总值)(focuses on ownership of the factors of production)GDP---refer to the market value of all goods and services produced within thegeographic area of an economy.(国内生产总值)(concentrates on the place where production take place),5. Countries of the world are divided by the World Bank into 3 categories:(1) high-income countries (per capita income of $9,386 and above):A. OECD (the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development)B. Rich oil producing countries of the Middle East (Kuwait, Saudi Arabia &Arab Emirates)C. Small-industrialized countries or regions (Israel, Singapore, HK and Taiwan)(2) middle-income countries (per capita income bellow $9,386 but above $765 )A. 6 OECD members ( Czech, Greece, Hungary, Mexico and Turkey )B. -a. Some Latin American countries-b. Some Asia countries (China, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand)-c. Some South African and oil-producing countries (Libya, Nigeria, Algeria)(3) low-income countries (per capita incomes of only $765 or even less)Include: most African countries, some Asia countries and a few Latin American countries.6. High-income countries often have :(1)good infrastructure (2)high purchasing power (3)advanced technology(4)efficient management(5)favorable environment for trade and investmentA. Offer prime markets for expensive consumer goodsB. Are both attractive sources and destinations of investment7. Low-income countries should not be neglected in international business activities:(1) lower-priced staple goods (2) cheap labor(3) are often rich in resources (4)market is something to be developed8. In what way, GDP&per capita income significant in assessing(评估)the potential of aparticular market:(1)GDP is important in market assessment for durable equipment耐用设备or bulk goods大宗货物, such as grain谷物, steel, or cement水泥. (indicates the overall size of an economy)(2)Per capita income is important when marketing consumer durables.(reveals the average incomelevel of consumers)9. China with a per capita income of over $1,100 is a middle-income countriesthough is was a low income countries just a few years ago.10. The best policy for China to develop business opportunities iswherever advantageous while keeping in mind the key markets.11. Triad ---refers to the 3 richest region of the world ( the United States, the EU and Japan).Quad- --extend the scope of Triad to include Canada and name the broadenedgrouping Quad.12.OECD (the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development)经济合作发展组织headquarters in Paris, established in 1963, have 29members (23members are high-income countries& 6 middle-income countries).Lesson 3 Regional Economic Intergration1. Major objective of regional integrationTo better enjoy the benefit of free flow of goods, services, capital, labor and other resources, countries have signed various agreement to liberalize trade among themselves while putting up barriers toeconomic activities with non-members.,2. The characteristics of a common market(1)Free trade area自由贸易区members of a free trade removes barriers to the flow of goods and services among themselves while each member still adopts its own policy as regards to trade with outsiders.(different members may have different tariff rates or quota restrictions.)The most notable(largest market)free trade area is NAFTA (the North American Free Trade Agreement), formed by the United Stated, Canada, Mexico in 1991.(2)Customs union 关税同盟by adopting(采取)the same trade policy for all members toward countries outside their organization in addition to abolishing(废除)trade barriers among themselves.(It's impossible for non-members to get into the market of the customs union in a detour(以迂回方式)as they possibly do in the case of trade with a free trade area.)(3)Common market共同市场the European Community remained a common market for some years in the pastA. Free movement of goods and servicesB. Adoption of common external trade policyC. Free movement of the factor of production (such as labor, capital, and technology)It's hard to say individual members will always benefit, still less to expect them to enjoy the advantage of factor mobility to the same degree.(4)Economic union 经济同盟A. is characterized by integration of the domestic policies of its members in respect of economy,finance etc. in addition to absence of trade barriers, practice of common external policy and freeproduction factor mobility.(not only to harmonize their taxation, government expenditure, industry policies,etc.but also use the same currency. )B. the member countries are require to surrender some of their national sovereignty, which is erodingthe tradition of the world political system based on the autonomy and supreme power of sovereign states.3. The development of EU(the European Union)欧盟:1952---ECSC (the European Coal and Steel Community)For more ambitious integration efforts.1957---EEC (the European Economic Community)Treaty of Rome ---signedAim to realizing the free movement of goods, services, labor and capital as well asharmonization of economic policies of the member countries.1967---EC (the European community)became a ture common market as evisaged by --the Single European Actformed by emrging EEC, ECSC and EURATOM(the European Atomic Energy Community)1994---EU--the strength of the Maastricht Treaty---12members(6signatories of the Treaty of Rome :France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands and Luxemburg +1973. Britain, Island and Denmark + 1981. Greece + 1986.Spain and Portugal)1995---15members (+Austria, Finland and Sweden)1999---use the common European currency for accounting and settlement2002---euro banknotes and coin were put into circulation.,4. The EU is a full-fledged(齐全的) entity.---composed of 20commissioners overseeing 23departments in charge of different affairs.---the commissioners appointed by member governments, but the commissioners are responsible tothe Union instead of their home country.(1)The Council of Ministers is the most powerful institution.A. has the final say on all important mattersB. has the power to pass legislationC. decision are made by votes allocated to member countries on the basis of their size.D. different ministers attend the council meetings depending on the matters discussed.(2)The European Parliament is an advisory body with limited power.A. vote EU membership application and trade agreements with non-members.B. believed that will be more powerful in the future.5. APEC(the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) 亚太经合组织set up at the Ministerial Meeting held in Australian capital Canberra. 1991,attended by 12members.(1) 21members:all the major Pacific Rim countries and regions.(2) has a five-layer organization structureA. the Informal Meeting of Economic leaders---held annuallyB. the Dual-Ministerial Meeting ---attended by foreign ministers and ministers in chargeof foreign trade (excluding Chinese Taipei and HK)C.the Meeting for Ministers Responsible for TradeD.the Senior Officials Meetings(SOM)--attended by vice ministers, departmental directors or ambassadors to implement(执行) decisions by economicleaders and ministerial meeting.E.four subordinate committees under SOMmittee of Trade and Investmentb.Economic Committeec.Economic and Technical Cooperation Subcommittee of SOMd.Budget Management Committee(3)the tenet and objectives---(by the Seoul Declaration)" inter-dependence, mutual benefits, adhering to an open and multilateral trading system andreduction of regional trade barriers."(4)"the two wheels of APEC"(APEC co-operation concentrates on)A. trade and investment liberation and facilitation (TILF)B. economic and technical cooperation (ECOTECH)6.OPEC(the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)欧佩克--the most influential commodity cartel(account for 40%of the global oil production)(1)composed of 13members established in 1960 with headquarters at Vienna.(2)tried to limit the overall crude oil supply(原油供应) of the world for the purpose of maintaining higher oil prices.,Lesson 4 Economic Globalization1. Economic Globalization经济全球化 as a objective trend(1)The basic featurefree flow of commodity, capital, technology, service, :and information in the context for optimized allocation优化配置Major role:A. Giving new impetus动力 and providing opportunities to world economic development.B. Making the various economies more and more interdependent相互依赖and interactive相互影响.(2)The pros and cons: different countries and peoples do not enjoy balanced benefitsA. enables countries benefit from the boom of other countriesB. makes them more vulnerable to the adverse events across the globe.the best policy for us isto follow the trend closely, availing 利用the opportunities it offer todevelop ourselves and avoiding its possible impacts.2. Multinational enterprise (MNE)跨国企业A business organization which owns (whether wholly or partly), controls and manages assets, oftenincluding productive resources, in more that one country, through its member companies incorporated 有限公司separately in each of these countries.Each member company is known as a multinational corporation(MNC)跨国公司.(1)If the MNC is established as a result of investments by the MNE, whether through the parent or through another of its already established MNC, it is an affiliate MNC.(2)If the MNC is the original investment corporation,it is known as the parent MNC, normally alsothe international headquarters of the MNE.(3)An MNE may also have various regional or operational headquarters, in addition to itsinternational headquarters.3. The characteristics of MNE(1)enormous size(2)wide geographical spread (play an important role and why?)A. have a wide range of option in terms of decisions in areasB.take advantage of changes in the international economic environmentC.engage in worldwide integrated production and market giving rise to extensive intra-MNE transactions Bcs: in order to the security of its profits, assets, organization and operations.(3) longevity and rapid growth4. Commonly objective of MNE(needs, goals, and roles)(1) profit ---the profits goal represents the basic needs of the MNEs' shareholders(2) securityA.the security in the short-and-long-runB.the security of the MNE's assets and investmentC.the security of other organizational needsa. a favorable business environmentb. supplies of raw materials and other resource inputsc. effective organizational control and managementd. transportation and communicatione. technical improvementsf. employees including managers(3)as vehicles for cross-border transfer of resources,5. The relationship between MNEs &their host countriesHost government can and do wield power over MNCs located within their territories. MNCs areunder the legal jurisdiction of their host governments which can impose various rules, regulations and laws on the MNCs to the extent of nationalizing all their assets.6. 4 types of MNCs---according to their organization and way of operation(1)multi-domestic corporations a group of relatively independent subsidiaries. ---i(2)the global corporations-iews the world market as an integrated whole. --vPower and responsibility are concentrated at the headquarters that manage production and marketing to achieve theeconomies of scale as much as possible.(3)the transnational corporation--aim to achieve both efficiency and flexibility, the activities and resources are integrated in an interdependent network of affiliates.(4)world company--as their national identities are blurred to a large extent. -Very few companies reached this level of internationalization.When such companies increasing and become dominating, the possibility of conflicts among sovereign states may begreatly reduced. Possibly they will be instrumental to the realization of complete globalization.Lesson 5 --6 International Trade1. International trade国际贸易Is defined as the exchange of goods and service produced in one country with those produced inanother.2. Other reasons for international trade:(1)the uneven distribution of natural resources among countries(2)International specialization国际生产专门化A.absolute advantage绝对利益/绝对优势(理论)---holds that a commodity will be produced in the country where it costs least in terms ofresources(capital, land, and labor.)---In reality, it is not rare that one country has no absolute advantage in any commodity.parative advantage比较优势(理论)---holds that even if a country is less efficient than another in the production of both commodity, there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade.---it can make one country better off好转 without making another worse off恶化.The first country should specialize in the production, and export of the commodity in which its absolute disadvantageis smaller, and import the commodity in which its absolute disadvantage is greater.a.introduced by the English economist David Ricardo.b.not a static静止的 concept.(a)Switzerland--watchmaking (b)the United States--the most up-to-date technology.c.the cornerstone基石 of modern thinking on international trade.3. Primary commodities初级货物those commodities not processed, not only slightly processed, usually farm produce or raw material.3. Other bases for trade among countries(1)patterns of demand(2)economy of scale(i.e. The cost advantage of large-scale production)The cost for the production will decrease if the goods are produced on a larger scale.(3)innovation or style,4. The theory of international specialization and other bases for trade seeks to answer thequestion:Which countries will produce what goods, with what trade patterns among them.5. The reasons for complete specialization may never occur(1)for strategic or domestic reasons.a country may continue to produce goods for which does not have an advantage.(2)affected by transport cost.( the cost of transport reduces the benefit of trade,like bulky or perishable goods)(3)protectionist measures which are often taken by governments.6.Tariff barriers关税壁垒---are the most common form of trade restriction.7.Tariff关税---is a tax levied on a commodity when it crosses the boundary of a customs area.8.customs area关税区---usually coincides with the area of a country.9.customs union关税同盟---is a customs area extending beyond national boundaries to include two or more independent nations.10.Import duties进口税--are tariffs levied on goods entering an area.(more common) (1)specificduty--duties levied on the basis of quantity, weight, size etc. of the goods.(2)ad valorem duty--duties levied on the basis of the price of the goods.(3)compound duty--the combination of specific duty&ad valorem duty.11.Export duties出口税--are tariffs levied on goods leaving an area.Coz. Most nations want to expand exports and increasing their foreign exchange earnings.12.drawback退税refers to duties paid on imported goods that are refunded if the goods are reexported.13.MFN(the most-favoured-nation)treatment最惠国待遇refers to a tariff treatment under which a country is required to extend to all signatories any tariffconcessions granted to any participating country.It is not really special but is just normal trading status. It gives a country the lowest tariffs only within the tariff'sschedule, is still possible to have lower tariffs.14.Quotas配额or quantitative restrictions数量限制the most common form of non-tariff barriers.A quota limits the imports or exports of a commodity during a given period of time.The limits may be in quantity or value terms, and quotas may be on a country basis or global, without reference to countries.15.Visible trade--involves the import and export of goods.16.Invisible trade--involves the exchange of services between countries.(1)transportation service运输服务(2)insurance保险(Lloyd's of London is a leading exporter of this service)(3)tourism旅游(4)immigrant remittance移民汇款 ---refers to the money sent back to home countries by people working in a foreign land.,Lesson 7 Incoterms 2000《2000通则》1. The necessity and purpose of having Incoterms(1)eliminate any possibility of misunderstanding and subsequent dispute.(2)to provide a set of international rules for the interpretation of the most commonly used trade termsin foreign trade.2. The revision of Incoterms took account of changes in transportation techniques.3. The 1990 revision of Incoterms was the desire to adapt terms to the increasing use of electronicdata interchange(EDI).It is of vital importance, when using EDI messages, to ensure that the buyer has the same legal position as he wouldhave obtained if he had received a bill of lading from the seller.4. The reasons for the 2000 revision of Incoterms(1)the spread of customs-free zones(2)changes in transportation practices(3)increasing use of electronic communication5.Incoterms 2000E terms---the seller makes the goods available to the buyer at the seller's own premises.(1)EXW---Ex work工厂交货F terms---the seller is called upon to deliver the goods to a carrier appointed by the buyer.(2)FCA---Free Carrier货交承运人(3)FAS---Free Alongside Ship装运港船边交货(4)FOB---Free On Board装运港船上交货C terms--the seller has to contract for carriage, but without assuming the risk of loss of or damage tothe goods or additional costs due to events occurring after shipment and dispatch.(5)CFR---Cost and Freight成本加运费(6)CIF--- Cost, Insurance and Freight成本、保险加运费(7)CPT---Cost Paid To 运费付至(8)CIP---Carriage and Insurance Paid To运费、保险费付至D terms---the seller has bear all costs and risk needed to bring the goods to the country ofdestination.(9)DAF---Delivered At Frontier边境交货(10)DES---Delivered Ex Ship目的港船上交货(11)DEQ---Delivered Ex Quay目的港码头交货(12)DDU---Delivered Duty Unpaid未完税交货(13)DDP---Delivered Duty Paid完税后交货6. The substantive实质性的changes made with Incoterms 2000:(1)the customs clearance and payment of duty obligations under FAS and DEQ.(2)the loading and unloading obligation under FCA.,Lesson 8 Business Contract1.Contract合同is an agreement which sets forth binding obligations of the relevant parties.It is enforceable by law, and any party that fails to fulfill his contractual obligations may be sued andforced to make compensation, though most contract do not give rise to disputes.2.Business negotiation交易磋商: A legitimate contract can be either in written or oral form. (1)Oral---refers to direct discussion conducted:A.at trade affairsB.by sending trade groups abroadC.by inviting foreign customers(2)WrittenA. Enquiry询盘 ---is made without engagement on the part of the enquirer.a. made by the buyers to get information about the goods to be ordered such as quantity,specifications, prices, time of shipment and other terms.b. a first enquiry should be given, so as to facilitate the exporter's work:(a)how the name& address of the exporter have been obtained,(b)the business line and usual practice of the importer.B. Quotation报价---may be sent by the exporter which should include all the necessary informationrequired by the enquiry. Sometimes, the exporter may make an offer to an importer voluntarily. C.Offer and acceptance发盘与接受a firm offer---is a promise to sell goods at a stated price.The validity period is indispensable必不可少的.is open untill a stipulated time or it's accepted or rejected.made of :a. the time of shipmentb.the mode of payment desiredc.an exact description of the goods: quantity, quality, specifications, packing etc. D.Counter-offer还盘---is a refusal of the offer, the offeree may find part of the offer unacceptable and may raise for further discussions his own proposals. (the price, terms of payment, time of shipment, or otherterms and conditions of the offer.)Trade is considered concluded once an offer or a counter-offer is accepted.3. The necessity of the written contractis prepared and signed as the proof of the agreement and as the basis for its execution.4. The types of contracts(1)sales contract--the contract is made by the seller(2)purchase contract--the contract is made by the buyer(3)sales/purchase confirmation--is less detailed than a contact, covering only the essential terms of the transaction. Usually used for smaller deals or between familiar trade partners.5. The setting of a contract(1)the title(2)the contract proper合同正文&address of the buyer and the sellerB.details of the commodity transactionC.terms and conditions mutually agreedD. Indication of the number of original copies, languages used, and the validity. (3)The signatures of the contracting parties(4)the stipulations规定on the back of the contractA.the shipping documents requiredB.force majeureC.arbitration仲裁D.claims理赔,,Lesson 9 Modes of Trade1.counter trade对销贸易--is a peculiar form of transaction allegedly popular in less developed countries and in centrally planned economies. It has become the generic term of describe a set of cross-border contracts that link a seller's exports to imports from the buyer.original:the pre-World War ? years the Reichsbank agreed to establish a clearing system that permitted traditional trade flows between Germany and the Balkans to continue.development:during the World War ?Britain use bilateral arrangements, West Europe setting up the European Payment Union. Subsequently,the countries of centrally planned economies(like Finland)trade credit accounts between familiar trading partners exchanged unrelated goods.In the 1970s and 1980s, counter trade partner are not necessarily familiar partner and goods exchanged are sometimes vertically related.2.The 3forms of counter trade(1)Barter易货贸易The direct exchange of goods and services which is completed in a short period of time.(2)Counter purchase互购贸易An intertemporal不同时的direct exchange of goods and services. Usually stipulated to be fulfilled within a given period of time.(3)Buyback回购贸易/补偿贸易An arrangement by an exporter or plant and equipment to take back in the future part of the output product by these goods as full or partial payment.3.The 2difference between counter purchase and buyback(1)in buyback the goods and services taken back are tied to the original goods exportedbut not in counter purchase.(2)a buyback deal usually stretches over a longer period of time than counter purchase.4.The features common to the 3forms of counter trade is bundling互相捆绑.Bundling--means the exchanges of goods and services are bundled together. (the exchanges are implemented either concurrently同时地or intertemporally不同时地)Unbundling greatly facilitates transaction and allow more efficient economic exchanges.5.The 5advantages in counter trade:(1)helps a country to deal with foreign exchange shortages; (2)promote exports;(3)reduce uncertainty regarding export receipts;(4)bypass an international price agreement(5)helps countries with debt problems to import goods.6.The drawbacks of counter trade:(1)concealing the real prices and costs of transactions . (2)company may suffer losses bcz they could not get rid of products of poor quality. (3)be considered as a form of protectionism.7.Other modes of trade:(1)processing trade加工贸易(2)consignment寄售(3)leasing trade租赁贸易(4)agency代理,,Lesson 10 International Payment1.Mutual trust is hard to build. purchase and sale of goods and service are carried out beyond national boundaries, which makes it rather difficult for the parities concerned in the transaction to。
商务英语常考短语
1.Provide sb. with sth. Provide ....for .....给某人提供某物2. Make a name foe oneself 首次使某人成名3. A great deal more ,so much more,no more,a lot more,litter more, more前面用副词后其他短语修饰4. Scale down 按比例缩小5. On track to 在什么轨道上6. Two year on 两年过去了 from now on 从现在开始7. ......In place 什么就位，在适当的地方8. On the stage 在舞台上，by / at the stage 在....阶段9. To some/an extent 某种程度上10. be of the benefit 对什么有好处。
11. Fill the bill 符合要求12. above board光明正大的，board up 用木板封闭13. By the book按规矩，依照惯例14. Boost in sale 销售额猛增15. Bounce up and down 上下颠簸16. Go bust 破产17. Be calculated to do sth.旨在，打算，适用于.....18. Calculate on 指望，依赖19. Call for叫某人来 call off 取消，call up 打电话，call in one`s aid求某人援助20. Catch a cold 亏本21. Cater for供应22. Catering industry餐饮业23. Claim for 要求24. Sth. Claim one`s attention某事值得注意25. clear out 清楚，澄清26. Clear away把....清除掉27. Stay clear of 避开28. In collaboration with与.....合作29. In commission 可以使用的Compete for为了...而进行竞争with sb. In sth.30. Competence for... 能胜任31. Compliment away赠送 compliment slip 礼帖 compliment sb. For sth.32. A component part of...什么的组成部。
国际商务英语 廖英 短语句子翻译
商品交换或贸易exchange or trade for goods国外直接投资- foreign direct investment有价证券投资- portfolio investments有效经营effective operation or operate effectively 普通合伙企业- general partnership董事会- board of directors资本摊缴- capital contribution优先股股东- preferred stockholder公司章程- articles of incorporation最终消费者（用户）- ultimate consumer存货控制- inventory control市场分区（分片）- market segment购买动机motivation to purchase采购制度to request bids产品规格product specifications可自由支配收入discretionary income市场总销售total market sales分销渠道channels of distribution促销技巧promotional techniques扩展性的货币政策an expansionary monetary policy 紧缩性的货币政策 a restrictive monetary policy经济萧条economic depression1.to differ from … -to be different from ..Technical know-how differs from technology in a sense技术诀窍在某种意义上不同于技术2.to put emphasis on … -to attach importance to ..The government has put mush emphasis on the exportation of mechanical and electrical products.政府特别重视机械和电气的出口业务3.to be likely to .. –to be possible to ..The present inflation is likely to end up in a few months since the government is taking strong measures to cope with it.目前的通胀很可能在几个月内结束，当政府开始采取强有力的措施应对他4.to be unfamiliar with .. –to be unknown to ..It’s difficult to be a qualified salesman if you are unfamiliar with import and export procedures这很难成为一个合格的推销员，如果你不熟悉进出口手续5.to have impact on .. –to have influence on 对。
英语本科自考【复习资料】05844国际商务英语(词汇部分 )
国际商务英语复习题库unit one International businessI .Translate the following words and expressions from English into Chinese.commercial risk 贸易风险opportunity cost 机会成本absolute advantage 绝对优势intellectual property 人才资源1.visible trade有形贸易2. credit inquiry信用调查3. letter of credit信用证4.balance of trade贸易顺差5.sales contract销售合同 6.bill of lading提单7.consular invoice领事发票8. draft汇票1.counter-offer 还盘2.firm-offer 实盘3.enquiry 询盘4.offeror 发盘人5. cooperative negotiation 合作谈判6.offer without engagement 虚盘7.acceptance 承兑1.insurance premium 保险费2.certificate of origin 原产地证书3.metric ton 公吨4. inland freight 内陆运费5. FOB Under T ackle FOB 吊钩下交货1. cost structure 费用结构2. cost of production 生产成本3.profit margin 利润率4. selling cost 销售费用1.liner transport 班轮运输2. sea waybill 海运提单3. shipper 托运人4. shipping marks 运输标志5. war risks 战争险6. natural calamity 自然灾害7.total loss 全损8. sue and labor expenses 施救费用1. promotion 促销2.international marketing 国内营销3.product differentiation 产品差异化4. sociocultural factors 社会文化因素5. market structure 市场结构1. financial instruments 金融工具2. crossing cheque 划线支票3. sight bill 即期票据4. commercial invoice 商业发票5. shipping documents 船运单据6. consular invoice 领事发票7. insurance policy 保单1.remitting bank 汇出行2. consignment 寄售3.D/P 即期付款交单4. D/A 承兑交单5. credit assessment 信用评估6. performance guarantee 履行合同保证金7. overdraft guarantee 账号透支保函1.export commodities fairs 出口商品交易会II. Translate the following words and expressions from Chinese into English.国际商务international business 商业借贷commercial credit 双重征税double taxation 世贸组9.trade barrier贸易壁垒10.tariff关税11.export trade出口贸易12.letter of credit信用证13. transit trade过境贸易14.entrepot trade转口贸易15.certificate of origin原产地证书8.询盘enquiry 9. 还盘counter-offer 10.受盘人offered 11.发盘人offeror 12.虚盘offer without engagement 13. 实盘firm-offer6. 技术转让technological transfer7.内河航运inland water transportation8. 贸易协定trade agreement5.支付货币money of payment6. 硬货币hard 6. 市场细分market segmentation7.营销战略marketing strategy8. 消费者行为customer behavior9. 营销组合marketing mix 10.营销环境marketing environment 11. 目标市场target market12.营销研究market research currency 7.汇率exchange rate 8. 折扣discount9.期货/现货市场spot market9. 物权凭证document of title 10. 清洁提单clean bill of lading 11. 投保人policy-holder 12. 共同海损general average 13. 水渍险WPA ( with particular average)8. 价格术语term of price 9. 本票promissory note 10. 背书endorsement 11. 承兑人acceptor12. 受票人drawee 13. 商业单据commercial documents 14.提单bill of lading 15. 原产地证明certificate of origin 16.海关发票customs invoice10. 保兑行confirming bank 11. 议付行negotiating bank 12. 国际保理international factoring13. 银行保函bank guarantee 14. 光票托收clean collection 15规格、明细单specificationIV. Make brief explanations of the following terms or give the full name of the abbreviation in English.31.AQSIQ is abbreviation for The General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局（简称国家质检总局）p29（卷一）32. international trade, also known as world trade or overseas trade, is the fair and deliberate exchange of goods and services across national boundaries.P1733 Balance of trade indicates the balance between the export value and the import value in a given period.P20（卷四）34.Incoterms is abbreviation for International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms 国际贸易术语解释通则P21（卷二）35. A packing list is a document made out by the seller stating the detailed content of each individual shipment.P33 (卷三）IV. Make brief explanations of the following terms or give the full name of the abbreviation in English.31.positional bargaining is based on fixed, opposing viewpoints and tends to result in compromise or no agreement at all 立场型谈判P46（卷一）32 Contract P65 A contract is an agreement that creates an obligation, which is a binding, legally enforceable agreement between two or more competent parties.33.offer with engagement P61 is the kind of offer, in which the offeror's intention of making a contract is definitely indicated, and under which the offeror cannot revoke or amend what he has offered during the validity of the offer.IV. Make brief explanations of the following terms or give the full name of the abbreviation in English.FOB--- free on board (d port of shipment)CIF---P83 cost, insurance and freight (d port of destination) 成本加保险费加运费（指定目的港）CIP--- P89 carriage and insurance paid to (d place of destination)运费，保险费付至IV. Make brief explanations of the following terms or give the full name of the abbreviation in English.customs duties P112 are taxes imposed by a government on the import or export of products or services, whose cost factors must be taken into account by the exporter when he prices his products.（卷一）marginal cost P115 is the variable costs per unit of the production 边际成本，是增加一单位（output) 随即而产生的成本增加，其等于总成本的变化量除以对应产量的变化量。
国际商务英语学习资料100个英语绝佳句型.doc
国际商务英语学习资料：100个英语绝佳句型1.i'm an office worker.我是上班族。
2.i work for the government.我在政府机关做事。
3.i'm happy to meet you.很高兴见到你。
4.i I ike your sense of humor.我喜欢你的幽默感。
5.i f m glad to see you again.很高兴再次见到你。
6.f 11 call you.我会打电话给你。
7.i feel 1 ike sleeping / taking a walk.我想睡/散步。
8.i want something to cat.我想吃点东西。
9.i need your help.我需要你的帮助。
10.i would like to talk to you for a minute.我想和你谈一下。
11.i have a lot of problems.我有很多问题。
12.i hope our dreams come true.我希望我们的梦想成真。
13.i* m 1 ooking forward to seeing you.我期望见到你。
hearing from you14.m supposed to go on a diet / get a raise.我应该节食/涨工资o15.i heard that you' re getting married, congratulations. W说你要结婚了♦恭喜!16.i see what your moan.我了解你的意思。
17.i can，t do this.我不能这么做。
18.let me explain why i was late.让我解释迟到的理由。
19.let* s have a beer or something. H|1 们喝点啤酒什么的。
20.where is your office?你们的办公室在哪?21.what is your plan?你的计划是什么?22.when is the store closing?这家店什么时候结束营业?23.Are you sure you can come by at nine?你肯定你九点能来吗?24.Am i allowed to stay out past 10?我可以十点过后再回家吗?25.The meeting was scheduled for two hours, but iI is not over yet.会议原定了两个小时，不过现在还没有结束。
自学考试国际商务英语必背重点翻译
1、国际贸易一般指不同国家的当事人进行的交易,它涉及到许多因素,因而此国内贸易要复杂得多。
International business refers to transaction between parties from different countries. It involves more factors and thus is morecomplicated than, domestic business.2、有形贸易是指将在一国生产或制造的商品,出口或进口到另一国消费或转售。
Visible trade refers to exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in an-other.3、外国直接投资,简称FDI。
投资者通过控制其投资在他国的企业和资产获得回报。
Foreign direct investments of FDI for short is made for returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in a host country.4、国民生产总值指一个经济体凭借其居民拥有的资产和劳动力所生产的货物和服务的市场价值。
GNP refers to the market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economy.5、日本和中国是重要贸易伙伴,两国经济互补,又是一衣带水的近邻。
中日贸易关系对两国都有重要的意义。
With mutually complementary economy, Japanand China are major trade partners, and the two countries are close neighbours separated only by a strip of water. Sino-Japanese relationsare therefore of great importance to both countries.6、加拿大和美国有很长的共同边境,而且大部分加拿大居民居住在边境地区。
自考国际商务英语考试必备,自己整理
国际商务英语口语积累
国际商务英语口语积累一、商务：what time would be convenient for you?你看什么时间比较方便？I'd like to suggest a toast to our cooperation.我想建议为我们的合作干一杯。
Here is to our next project!为我们下一个项目干杯！would you please tell me when you are free?请问你什么时候有空？gald to have the opportunity of visting your ompany and I hope to conclude some business with you。
很高兴能有机会拜访贵公司，希望能与你们做成交易。
what I care about is the quality of the goods.我关心的是货物的质量。
please have a look at those samples.请给我看一下那些样品。
I'd like to know any business connections abroad.我想多了解一些你们公司。
I would be happy to supply samples and a price list for you. 我很乐意提供样品和价格单给你。
can I have your price list?你能给我价格单吗？will you give us an indication of prices?你可以给我报一个指示性的价格吗？I am in charge of export business.我负责出口生意。
I'm thinking of ordering some of your goods.我正考虑向你们订货。
what about the prices?那价格方面怎么样？Let's call it a deal.好，成交！our product is the best seller.我们的产品最畅销。
国际商务英语商务术语总结
国际商务英语商务术语总结Lesson 11.Customs area关税区:2.Conversion货币兑换3. Visible trade有形贸易: The form of commodity trade, i.e. exporting andimporting goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another. (including cash transaction-by means of money and market, and counter trade)4. Invisible trade无形贸易: The form of transportation, communication, banking,insurance, consulting, information etc. is called invisible trade or service industries.5. FDI外国直接投资: Foreign direct investments. Returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in a host country. / P.256. One country acquires assets in a foreign country for the purpose of controlling and managing them.6. Portfolio investment证券投资: Purchases of foreign financial assets for apurpose other than controlling.7. Stocks股票: Capital stocks or bonds.8. Bonds债券: The papers issued by a government or a firm with promise to payback the money lent or invested together with interest. 9. Maturity（票据等）到期10. Certificate of deposit大额存单11. Licensing许可经营: In licensing, a firm leases the right to use its intellectualproperty to a firm in another country. They choose licensingbecause they do not have to make cash payments to stat business, and can simply receive income in the form of royalty.12.Franchising特许经营: Under franchising, franchisee is allowed to operate in the name of another, franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logos and operating techniques for royalty.13.Trade Mark商标14.Patent专利15.Royalty专利（许可）使用费，版税16.Copyright版权17.Licenser许可方18.Licensee被许可方19. Franchiser特许方: A firm who provides the franchisee with trademarks, brand ,names, logos and operating techniques for royalty.20. Franchisee被特许方: A firm is allowed to operate in the name of another.21. Management contract管理合同: Under a management contract, one company offers managerial or other specialized services to another within a particular period for a flat payment or a percentage of the relevant business volume.22. Value chain价值链23.Turnkey project“交钥匙”工程: For an international turnkey project, a firm signs a contract with a foreign purchaser and undertakes all the designing, contracting and facility equipping before handing it over to the latter uponcompletion.24.建设、经营和移交: Build, Operate, Transfer25. Expertise专门知识26. Bonus红利、奖金、津贴27. Royalty 许可使用费28. International investment国际投资: Supplying capital by residents of onecountry to another.29. Contract manufacturing承包生产30. GATT关贸总协定: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade31. International business国际商务: Transaction between parties from differentcountries. Sometimes business across the borders of different customs areas of the same country is also regarded as import and export. 32. Intellectual property知识产权33. Oil deposit: 石油储备= oil reserves34. the reserves of natural resources 自然资源储备35. Personal advancement个人的晋升，个人素质的提高以及个人事业的进步等。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
自考国际商务英语短语短语:有形贸易: visible trade 无形贸易: invisible trade国内生产总值:gross domestic product 证券投资:Portfolio Investment 大额存单:Certificate of deposit管理合同 management contract价值链 value chain承包生产 contract manufacturing交钥匙工程 turnkey project 国民收入 national income国民生产总值 GNP (gross national product ) 人均收入 per capita income购买力平价PPP (purchasing power parity) 经济合作与发展组织organization of economic cooperation and development基础设施 infra structure独立国家联合体 commonwealth of independent收入分布 income distribution债权国 creditor country东南亚国家联盟 ASEAN (Association of southeast Asian Nations ) 经济一体化:economic integration 自由贸易区 free trade area关税税率 tariff rates北美自由贸易协定 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)关税同盟 customs union共同市场 common market主权国家 sovereign state政治实体 political entity行政机构 executive body欧盟委员会 European commission部长理事会 council of ministers 多极化 multi-polarization双部长会议 dual-Ministerial meeting 分委员会 Sub-committee石油输出国组织 OPEC (organization of petroleum exporting countries) 国际经济环境 international economic environment 技术进步 technical improvements 自然资源 natural resources初级产品 primary commodities绝对利益 absolute advantage比较利益 comparative advantage 关税联盟 customs union进口关税 import duty出口关税 export duty 混税，复合关税 compound duty 最惠国待遇:most- favoured nation (MFN) treatment税率表，税则 tariff schedule 非关税壁垒 non-tariff barrier 运输工具means of transport 古迹 places of historical interest 货仓 cargo compartment关税壁垒 tariff barriers关税区 customs area 从价税 advalorem duties 贸易术语 trade terms 贸易惯例 trading practices 商品交易会 trade fairs 长途电话 trunk call 有效期 validity period还盘 counter offer销售合同 sales contract销售确认书 sales (purchase ) confirmation 缔约方 contracting parties 不可抗力 force majeure货号 article number 棉布 cotton piece goods棉纱 cotton yarns对销贸易 counter trade欧洲支付联盟 European payment uion 竞争性贬值 competitive devaluation加工贸易 processing trade清算系统 clearing system实际头寸 net positions贸易信贷往来帐户 trade credit accunts 反向购买 counter purchase 回购交易 buyback租赁贸易 leasing trade财务状况 financial standing 资信可靠情况 credit worthiness 分阶段付款 periodic payments 预付现金 cash in advance 汇票 draft / bill of exchange 远期汇票 usance draft 跟单汇票 documentary draft 提单 bill of landing货物所有权 title to goods保险单 insurance policy跟单托收 documentary collection 付款交单 documents against payment (D/P) 承兑交单 documents against acceptance (D/A) 光票: clean draft 开证银行:opening bank往来行 correspondence bank 通知行 advising bank保兑行 confirming bank分批装运 partial shipment保兑信用证 confirmed letter of credit 价格条款 price term光票信用证 clean credit非贸易结算 non-trade settlement 可撤销信用证 revocable credit 不可撤销信用证 irrevocable credit 双重保障 double assurance即期信用证 sight credit远期信用证 usance credit 面值 face value可转让信用证 transferable credit 不可转让信用证 non-transferable credit 无汇票信用证 non-draft credit推迟付款 deferred payment循环信用证 revolving credit合约各方 contracting parties 唛头: Shipping marks被通知人 notify party货运收据 cargo receipt发运港 port of shipment 海关发票 custom invoice领事发票 consular invoice装船通知 shipping advice产品自然领域 natural product provinces 公共承运人 common carrier 契约承运人 contract carrier自有承运人 private carrier中间产品 intermediate product 制成品 finished products零库存 just-in-time delivery 最大诚信原则 utmost good faith 货物原产地港口 port of origin 交货费用 forwarding charges导致损失的直接原因 proximate cause of the loss汇率 exchange rate金本位制 gold standard平价 par value储备货币 reversed currency清洁浮动 clean float (free float-自由浮动 ) 肮脏浮动 dirt float (managed float管理浮动 ) (汇率)直接标价 direct quote(汇率)间接标价 indirect quote买入价 buying rate卖出价 selling rate中间价 medial rate大萧条 Great Depression 特别提款权 special drawing right 国际收支赤字 BOP deficit国际收支盈余 favorable balance of payment 贴现率 discount rate 外汇管制 foreign exchange control 游资 idle funds ( hot money ) 世界银行集团 word bank group 资本市场 capital market优惠期 grace period私营经济Private sector股权投资Equity investment 经济结构调整Economic restructuring 投票权Voting power黄金份额Gold tranche备用(信贷)安排Standby arrangement 客户流动 customer mobility免税期 tax holiday合资企业 joint ventureJIT just in time自动出口限制 VER (voluntary export restriction )绿地战略 the Greenfield strategy 战略联合 the strategic alliance 知识产权: intellectual property 常务委员会 standing committee 增值税VAT(value added tax ) Stock exchange长期资本 long-term capital 二级资本市场 secondary capital market 交易场地 market floor ( trading floor ) 投资交易所 RIE( recognized investment exchange )挂牌证券交易市场 ( listed market ) 所得税 ( income tax )平衡帐目balance the books 公共部门借贷需求 the public sector borrowing requirement金边证券 gilt-edged stocks / securities 事业机构投资商 institutional investors 期权 options套期保值 hedge具体事场 particular market area 普惠制 Generalized system of preferences 关税减让 tariff concession制度力量 institutional strength反贴补措施 counter –veiling measures 反倾销 anti-dumping国民待遇 national treatment关税配额 tariff quota充分就业 full employment 公平贸易 fair trade贸易条款 term of trade免责条款 escape clauses行动纲领 action programme 联合国大会 United nations general assembly 经济及社会理事会 ECOSOC (economic social council ) 较不发达国家 less –developed countries 无差别待遇 non-discrimination principle 差别待遇differential treatment贸易条件 terms of trade国际经济新秩序 new international economic order特惠税 preferential customs tariffs 技术转让 transfer of technology 金融市场 financial market所得税 income tax中期贷款 extended fund facility 双边谈判 bilateral negotiation特约条款 special clause董事会Board of directors生产方式 production approach可保利益 insurable interest缓冲库存贷款 Buffer stock financing facility 跨国公司母公司 parent MNC记帐交易 open credit滚装滚卸范畴运输 roll-on and roll-off traffic 国际复兴开发银行 IBRD 规模经济 economies of scale有价保单 valued policy从量税 specific duty业务范围 business line基础设施 capital infrastructure布雷顿森林会议 the Bretton woods convention 电子数据交换 EDI保证金 margin统一关税制度 uniform tariff systemIBRD ( international bank for reconstruction and development ) 国际复兴发展银行IFC( international finance corporation) 国际金融公司(MIGA)Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency 多边投资担保机构IDA(International development association) 国际开发协会IMF( international monetary fund ) 国际货币基金组。