最终语言学

7) woman register女性语言：The linguistic behavior of females.According to Lakoff, there exists a woman register in language Women use more fancy color terms such as mauve (淡紫色) and beige（米色）. Women use less powerful curse words. Women use more intensifiers such as terrible and awful. Women use more tag questions: He’s right, isn’t he? Women use more statement (declarative) questions: He’s right? Women‟s linguistic behavior is more indirect and, hence, more polite than men: Could you lower your voice a little? 8) linguistic sexism语言性别歧视: a term used to refer to sex-biased phenomena in language use. More specifically, it aims to reveal and deal with linguistic issues related to male chauvinism. 9) cross-cultural communication跨文化交际：Cross-cultural communicationis a field of study that looks at how people from differing cultural backgrounds communicate, in similar and different ways among themselves, and how they endeavor to communicate across cultures.
• 3) constatives叙事句: Constatives is a description of what the speaker is doing at the time of speaking, capable of being analyzed in terms of truthvalues, utterances which roughly serves to state a fact, report that something is the case, or describe what something is. E.g. I pour some liquid into the tube. • 4) locutionary act发话行为/表述性言语行为: The act of producing speech sounds, words or sentences. That‟s, when we speak, we move our vocal organs and produce a number of sounds, organized in certain ways and with a certain meaning. • 5) illocutionary act行事行为: the act of making known the speaker‟s purpose or the intended meaning. When we speak, we not only produce some units of language with ceratin meanings, but also make clear our purpose in producing them, the way we intend them to be understood, or they aslo hace certain forces. • 6) perlocutionary act取效行为/言后行为: means the consequential effect of a locution upon the hearer. By saying something the speaker may change the opinion of the hearer, misleading him, surprising him, or inducing him to do something.whether or not these effects are intended by the speaker, they can be regarded as part of the act that the speaker has performed • 7) the cooperative principle合作原则: According to Grice, in daily conversations, people are cooperative. They often recognize a common purpose or a set of purposes or at least a mutually agreed direction for the conversation to develop. That is, they follow a cooperative principle or CP for short.
• Chapter 7:
• 1) sociolinguistics社会语言学: an interdisciplinary study of language use, attempts to show the relationships between language and society.(structural things and their uses in a sociocultural context) • 2) the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis萨丕尔-沃尔夫假设: Our language helps mould our way of thinking and, consequently, different languages may probably express speakers‟unique ways of understanding the world. • 3) linguistic determinism语言决定论: L may determine our thinking patterns • 4) linguistic relativity语言相对主义: Similarity between language is relative; the greater their structural differentiation is, the diverse their conceptualization of the world will be. • 5) the context of situation语境学说: Firth tried to set up a model for illustrating the close relationship between language use and the context of situation which contains the following components: • 1. The relevant features of the participants: persons, personalities • a. The verbal action of the participants • b. The non-verbal action of the participants • 2. The relevant objects • 3. The effects of the verbal action • 6) communicative competence交际能力: It developed from linguistic competence. And it is the theory of Hyme. It contributes to the language teaching, as the name suggests that the teacher should train their students as the language user in the real language context.
Chaptห้องสมุดไป่ตู้r 8:
1) the speech act theory言语行为论: This is the first major theory in the study of language in use. It originated with the Oxford philosopher Austin and presented in How to Do Things with Words. Speech act means actions performed via utterances 2) performatives施为句: Performatives do not describe things. They can not be said to be true or false. Uttering them is, or is a part of, doing an action, e.g. name this ship Queen Elizabeth.
• 8) maxim of quantity数量： • (1) make your contribution as informative as is required (for the current purpose of the exchange) • (2) do not make your contribution more informative than is required. • 9) maxim of quality质量：try to make your contribution one that is true • (1) do not say what you believe to be false. • (2) do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence. • 10) maxim of relation关系：Be relevant (what you say) • 11) maxim of manner方式：Be perspicuous. • (1) Avoid obscurity of expression. • (2) Avoid ambiguity. • (3) Be brief. And be orderly(avoid prolixity). • (4) be orderly • 12) calculability可推导性：Cross-cultural communicationis a field of study that looks at how people from differing cultural backgrounds communicate, in similar and different ways among themselves, and how they endeavor to communicate across cultures. • 13) cancellability可取消性：Also known as defeasibility. A conversational implicature relies on a number of factors as discussed in the part for calculability. If any of them changes, the implicature will also change.