从违反合作原则研究《生活大爆炸》

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会话含义原则与幽默——以美剧《生活大爆炸》为例

２１０１年１０月
湖北经济学院学报（文社会科学版）人
ＪｕａｏｕｅＵｉｒｔｏｃｎｍｃ（ｕｎｅｄＳｃｌｃｎｅｏｒｌｆｂｉｎｖｓｙｆｏｏｉｓｍａｉｓａｏｉｉｃｓｎＨｅｉＥＨｉｔｎａＳｅ
美国语言哲学家Ｇｉｒｅ于１６ｃ９７年提出了会话含义理论。他指出 “ 们的交谈通常不是由一串无不相关的话语组成的．我否则就会不合情理。它们常常是合作举动，至少在某种程度上；与者都在某种程度上承认其中有一个或一组共同目标，参至少有一个彼此都接受的方向。”Ｇｉｅ１７）了进一步具（ｒ，９５为ｃ体说明Ｃ格莱斯引入了下面四条准则：Ｐ。（）的准则（ｅｍｘｍｏｕｎ￣）第一，语应包含一量ｔａｉｆａｆ：ｈｑｉ话
一
汉语 “ 默 ” 一个有多种意义的概念，源于英语的幽是它
ｈｍｕ，及到多个方面，家也从文体，辞，用等不同角ｕｏｒ涉各修语度对 “ 默 ” 一语言现象进行欣赏和解读。幽默在日常生活幽这中起着缓解压力，缓情绪，节气氛的作用。在社会交际中舒调则是人与人沟通的润滑剂，促进交际更好地进行同时彰显幽默者的智慧。由于人们的交际活动主要是依赖话语完成的．但所以幽默多产生于话语当中。李悦娥，０２幽默的理解从根（２０）本上说更是一个语用问题，一个语用推理的过程，及到对是涉会话含义的理解。本文从语用学角度出发。从ＨＰＧｉ试＿．ｒｅ的会话含义理论ｃ

美剧《生活大爆炸》喜剧效果中违反合作原则的分析

往往会出现违背这一系列准则的会话．差阳错，生令人捧腹的幽默效果。２０阴产０７年开播至今的美国情景喜
剧《生活大爆炸》赢得广大观众的喜好，中的幽默和喜剧效果在很大程度上是违反合作原则而造成的。本，其文通过联系合作原则分析具体脚本，为英语爱好者提供更深层次的欣赏角度，并对字幕翻译提供一点启示。中图分类号：１．７Ｉ２０３７文献标志码：Ａ文章编号：０８— ６８２１）３—０００１０２３（０１０１８— ３
Ｓｅｄｎ：Ａｒｌｕｉｌｘｌｎｔｎｉｔａｉｗｏｋｉｈｌｏｍｏｅｐａｓｂｅｅｐａａｉｓｈｔｈｓｏｒｎ
ｒｂｔｓｈｓｍａｅａｍａｉｇｌａｏｗａｄｏｏｉａｄｎａｚｎｅｐｆｒｒ．ｃ
（）的准则（ｕｎｉｘ一量ＱａｔｙＭａｉｔｍ）
１所说的话应该满足交际所需的信息量；．
２所说的话不应超出交际所需的信息量；．
（）的准则（ｕｌｙＭｘ二质Ｑａｉａｉｔｍ）
１不要说自知是虚假的话；．２不要说缺乏足够证据的话；．
二、生活大爆炸》《中违反合作原则的喜剧效果分析
（）一违反量的原则ＴＢＢＴ中，出现众多违反量原则的实例，通过双方话语中
角对对方话语的错误理解，说话双方不能置身对方话语的具体语境，违反了合作原则，而造成喜剧效果。“ 作原则 ” 从合是美国著名语言哲学家格赖斯（ＰＧｉ）１６Ｈ＿ｒｅ于９７年在哈ｅ佛大学演讲中提出的。从 “ 作原则（ｏ—ｏｅａｖｒｃ— 合ＣｐｒｔｅＰｉｉｉｎ

从情景剧《生活大爆炸》看违反会话合作原则的言语幽默

从情景剧《生活大爆炸》看违反会话合作原则的言语幽默一、本文概述《生活大爆炸》作为一部广受欢迎的美式情景喜剧，以其独特的幽默风格和贴近生活的剧情吸引了全球观众的眼球。

该剧在展现四位天才物理学家及其邻友日常生活的巧妙地融入了丰富的言语幽默元素。

这些幽默对话不仅增强了剧情的趣味性，更在无形中展示了言语交际中的会话合作原则。

本文旨在从会话合作原则的角度，深入分析《生活大爆炸》中的言语幽默，探讨该剧如何通过违反会话合作原则来制造幽默效果，从而揭示情景喜剧中幽默产生的重要机制。

通过对该剧的详细解读，我们将进一步理解会话合作原则在言语幽默创造中的作用，同时也能够欣赏到《生活大爆炸》所展现的幽默魅力。

二、《生活大爆炸》概述《生活大爆炸》（The Big Bang Theory）是一部美国情景喜剧，于2007年在哥伦比亚广播公司（CBS）首播。

该剧以轻松幽默的方式，讲述了四位天才物理学家谢尔顿（Sheldon Cooper）、莱纳德（Leonard Hofstadter）、霍华德（Howard Wolowitz）和拉杰什（Raj Koothrappali）的日常生活以及他们与邻居佩妮（Penny）之间的有趣互动。

这部剧集深受观众喜爱，不仅因为它涵盖了科学、技术、文化等多个领域的知识，更因为它成功地运用了会话合作原则来创造言语幽默。

会话合作原则通常指的是在对话中，参与者需要遵循一定的规则和约定，以确保交流能够顺利进行。

然而，《生活大爆炸》中的角色们经常故意违反这些原则，从而产生了一系列令人捧腹的笑料。

例如，谢尔顿对规则的严格遵守和对细微语言的过度解读，使得他在与他人的交流中经常产生误会和冲突，但这些误会和冲突却成为了剧情的亮点。

《生活大爆炸》通过巧妙地违反会话合作原则，成功地塑造了一群个性鲜明、幽默风趣的角色，为观众带来了无数欢乐时光。

该剧也展示了科学家们在日常生活中的另一面，消除了大众对科学家的刻板印象。

三、会话合作原则及其违反会话合作原则（Cooperative Principle，简称CP）是由美国语言哲学家格莱斯（H. P. Grice）在20世纪70年代提出的，它是指导人们进行言语交际的基本原则。

从合作原则角度浅析《生活大爆炸》中的人物对话

人文论坛从合作原则角度浅析《生活大爆炸》中的人物对话周莎莉（湖南信息学院公共课部，湖南长沙410000）【摘要】本文从语用学角度剖析美剧《生活大爆炸》，利用Grice的会话合作原则对剧中人物的对话进行分析，从而探究违反合作原则对剧中人物性格的塑造的作用，拟对国内影视作品起到一定的推动作用。

【关键词】合作原则；人物塑造；《生活大爆炸》《生活大爆炸》是家喻户晓的一部美剧，讲述的是四个宅男科学天才和一位美女邻居的搞笑的日常生活故事，剧中台词幽默，人物形象刻画深刻，本文拟从语用学中的合作原则的角度来分析本剧中的人物对话，从而剖析剧中如何塑造人物形象。

一、合作原则根据美国哲学家Grice的会话合作原则，要求每个交谈参与者在整个交谈过程中所说的话符合这一次交谈的目标或方向。

合作原则这条根本的原则可以具体体现为四条基本原则：数量准则：①使自己所说的话达到（交谈的现实目的）所要求的详尽程度；②不能使自己所说的话比所要求的更详尽。

质量准则：①不要说自己认为是不真实的话；②不要说自己缺乏足够证据的话。

关联准则：说话要贴切。

方式准则：①避免晦涩的词语；②避免歧义；③说话要简要（避免赘述）；④说话要有条理。

二、基于合作原则角度浅析《生活大爆炸》人物对话本文尝试运用合作原则，对《生活大爆炸》的人物对话进行剖析，根据剧中人物违反合作原则浅析人物性格。

（一）违反数量准则数量准则是要求对话者说话是刚好达到对方要求的详尽，过多或者过少的回答均会违背此原则。

如在《生活大爆炸》第十季第二十三集中，谢尔顿（Sheldon）回答莱纳德（Leonard）的话时就违背了此原则。

Leonard:What are you doing?Sheldon:What does it look like?I’m playing sad harmonica in a apartment as empty as my heart.在这段对话中，谢尔顿（Sheldon）只要回答莱纳德（Leonard）正在干什么即可，他却提供了超过莱纳德（Leonard）所需要了解的内容，给出了另外的信息--心情就像所在的空房子一样空荡。

违反合作原则所产生的幽默效果——看美国情景剧《生活大爆炸》

［中图分类号】Ｈ８［０５文献标识码］Ａ［文章编号】１０－５４（０）０ —０２一Ｏ９；９２１０３１１００２
引言
日常会话中不经意问会产生很多幽默，幽默可以说是日常交际的一种调节工具，在某种程度上它调节着会话氛围及交际者之间的关系。幽默的产生与语言内在的固有规则是分不开的，本文试图借助美国最新热播情景剧中的言语实例，从违反合作原则的角度分析理解幽默言语的特点，帮助大家更好地欣赏和运用地道的幽默。
之而来。２信息量过多．
如：ＬｏａｄＳｅｄｎ’ｔｒｉｈａｅ
Ｐｅｙ：ｏｗｏｕｌｈｒｎｈｇａｅ？ｎｎＨｃｄｅｕｉｔｅｍＳｈｅ１ｄｏｎ：ｖｅｎｔｃＧｉｈｅａｒｄｔｓｈａｔｈａｖｅａｌｒｅａｄｙ
包含当前交谈目的所需要的信息；不应使所说的话包含超出需要的信息。关联准则（ｈａｉｆＲｌｖｎｅ：说话要有关联。ＴｅＭｘｍｏｅｅａｃ）方式准则（ｈａｉｆＭｎｅ）ＴｅＭｘｍｏａｎｒ：要清楚明白，特别要：避免晦涩；避免歧义；说话要简练；说话要有条理。
如：ＬｏａｄＩｈｕｄｒｂｂｙｉｅｏａｅｄｅｎｒ：ｓｏｌｐｏａｌｇｖｙｕｈａｓ

从语用学角度解读美剧《生活大爆炸》谢尔顿的性格特点—合作原则

Ｓ：Ｉｈａｄｎｏｃｈｏｉｃｅ．Ｉｃｏｕｌｄｎ’ ｔｓｌｅｅｐｋｎｏｗｉｎｇｈａｔｔｏｕｔｓｉｄｅｍｙｂｅｄｒｏｏｍ
ｗａｓｏｕｒｌｉｖｉｎｇｒｏｏｍ，ａｎｄｊｕｓｔｏｕｔｓｉｄｅｏｕｒｌｉｉｆｎｇｒｏｏｍｗａｓｔｈａｔｈａｌｌｗａｙ，ａｎｄｉｍ－ｍｅｄｉａｔｅｌｙａｄｊａｃｅｎｔｔｏｈｅｔｈａｌｌｗａｙｗａｓ・・・ｔｈｉｓ．
ｓｏｎ２００９）
的原因。如冬天，此处距离空调刚好，温暖到不会出汗；夏天面对窗外凉风，也是看电视的最佳位置；此处甚至能避于直面他人问话，也不会
给别人距离感。
按正常会话发展，谢尔顿只需列出一两条理由，而连续四条理由，远远超出会话所需量。此时伦纳德不得不打断二人对话，因为如不打断，对话还会以谢尔顿的数条理由继续开始，这会影响到双方情绪。此对话体现出谢尔顿缺乏社交技能、情商极低的性格特点。３．２质量准则的违反谢尔顿看到佩妮杂乱的房间后，深夜偷溜进佩妮的公寓。整理房间。这一行为被伦纳德发现：
Ｓ：ＩｊｕｓｔｇａｖｅｙｏｕａｒｅＳｏａｎａｂｌｅｅｘｐｌａｎａｔｉｏｎ．
在实际交谈中若会话双方能遵守这些准则，可达到最佳交际效果。但在实际中，合作原则不会被严格遵守，有时甚至被故意违反。此时，听话人需要推导说话人想要表达的真实意图。这种在言语交际中推导出来的隐含意义就是 “ 会话含义” 。（Ｈｅ２００２）三、谢尔顿的性格分析《生活大爆炸》设定于加州，剧中四位科学家伦纳德、谢尔顿、霍华德和拉杰什的书呆气与女主角佩妮的社交能力形成鲜明对比，喜剧效果十足。此剧不乏违反合作原则的现象，我们可以由语境推导其会话含义，体会言语幽默效果并分析谢尔顿的性格特点。３．１适量准则的违反某日伦纳德请佩妮来公寓吃饭。开饭前，佩妮无意中坐到沙发某个位置，引发三人对话：

对于美剧《生活大爆炸》的合作原则礼貌原则研究

Co-operative principle and Politeness Principleanalysis on American sitcom big bang theoryAbstractThis paper entitled “Co-operative principle analysis on american sitcom big bang theory” discusses the analysis with the reference to linguistic theories, especially theories of pragmatics involving the cooperative principle in the overwelmingly popular american sitcom big bang theory.First, the survey of Grice’s cooperative principle in pragmatics is mentioned as the theory foundation of this paper,which includes four maxims within. The maxims of conversation are respectfully the maxim of quality, the maxim of quantity, the maxim of relevance and the maxim of manner. And Leech’s Politeness Principle.Then, brief introduction of american sitcom is the next part. From the point of historical and contemprary view.Finally, comes the analysis of big bang theory (season4,episode8 and episode 9) with the reference of the cooperative principle theory in pragmatics.Literature viewPragmaticsIn 1962, John Austin(1962) published his book How To Do Things With Words in Oxford. In 1970, John Searle (1970) published Speech Acts.The titles of these two publications, in themselves, highlight this fact: word and action are the one. An important approach to the act of speech lies in questioning not only what is said, and the manner in which it is said explicitly, but also what is left unsaid or said ambiguously, irrelevantly, indirectly. The latter is sometimes as effective as or even more effective than what is said plainly and clearly. The speaker’s intention and the effects of his words are subtler if we differntiate between what is apparent, immediate and what is effective but implicit, reflecting the speaker’s deep and true intentions. That gives rise to new discipline that often involves the inference of the meaning between the line, behind the line and beyondthe line, resulting in a new subject:Pragmatics.Pragmatics is a systematic way of language studying in context. It seeks to explain meaning that cannot be explained by semantics only. As a field of language study, pragmatics is fairly new, practical and involves many other disciplines. We can say the study of pragmatics covers things that semantics has overlooked. As a branch of knowlege belonging to linguistic science, its roots lies in the work of Amerian philosopher Paul Grice(1975) on Conversational Implicature and the Cooperative Principle, and on the work of Stephen Levinson, Penelope Brown and Geoff Leech on politeness. The theories of the Cooperative Principle and Politeness Principle have provided insights into interpersonal interactions.Grice’s theory of implicatureUnlike many tother topics on pragmatics, implicature does not have an extended history. The key ideas were proposed by Grice in the William James lecture delivered at Harvard in 1967 and still only partially published (Grice, 1975, 1978). The proposals were relatively brief and only suggestive of how future work might proceed.Before we review Grice’s suggestions it would be as well as to make clear that the other major theory associated with Grice, namely his theory of meaning-nn is not generally treated as having any connection with his theory of implicature (cf. Walker,1975). In fact there is a connection of an important kind. If, as we indicated, Grice’s theory o f meaning-nn is constructed as a theory of communication, it has the interesting consequence that it gives an account of how communication might be achieved in the absence of any conventional means for expressing the intended message.A corollary is that it provides an account of how more can be communicated, in his rather strict sense of non-naturally meant, than what is actually said. Obviously we can, given an utterance, often drive a number of inferences from it; but not all those inferences may have be en communicative in Grice’s sense, i.e. intended to be recognized as having been intended. The kind of inferences that are called implicatures are always of this special intended kind, and the theory of implicatures sketches one way in which such inferences, of a non-conventional sort, can be conveyed while meeting the criterion of communicatedmessages sketched in Grice’s theory of meaning-nn.Grice’s second theory, in which he develops the concept of implicature, is essentially a theory about how people use language. Grice’s suggestion is that there is a set of over-arching assumptions guiding the conduct of convention. These arise, it seems, from basic rational considerations and may be formulated as guidelines for the efficient and effective use of language in conversation to further co-operative ends.Cooperative PrincipleGrice identifies as guidelines of this sort four basic maxims of conversation or general principles underlying the efficient co-operative use of language, which jointly express a general co-operative principle. These priciples are expressed as follows:The co-operative principleMake your contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engagedThe maxim of QualityTry to make your contribution one that is true, specifically:(1)do not say what you believe to be false(2)do not say that for which yu lack adequate evidenceThe maxim of Quantity(1)make your contribution as informative as is required for the current purposes of theexchange(2)do not make your contibution more informative than is requiredThe maxim of RelevanceMake your contributions relevantThe maxim of MannerBe perspicuous, and specifically:(1)avoid obscurity(2)avoid ambiguity(3)be brief(4)be orderlyIn short, these maxims specify what participants have to do in order to converse in a mximally efficient, rational, co-operative way: they should speak sincerely, relevantly and clearly, while providing sufficient information.Violation of maximsIn a word, the principle requires the convrsation to be precisely informative, truthful, relevant and explicit. It is interesting and important to note that while conversation participantts nearly always observe the CP, they do not always observe these maxims strictly. Assuming that the Cooperative Principle is at work in most conversation, we can see how hearers will try to find meaning in utterances that seem meaningless or irrelevant. We may also, sometimes, find it useful deliberately to infringe or disregard one maxim or some maxims under the Cooperative Principle –as what we do when we receive an unwelcome call from a telephone salesperson. Suppose “A"is the salesperson and “B” is one of us picking up the ringing phone.A: Hello! We have something special for our old customer like you. Please comes as soon as possible to witness its fantastic effect on your skin!B: Oh, sorry! I’am afraid that I have to time this weekend. I’am doing some extra work now. Thank you anyway.As a matter of fact, B is at home, sitting in front of the TV and enjoying a film through DVD. B is not speaking the truth, so the maxim of quality under the Cooperative Principle is violated. Very often, we communicate particular non-literal meannings by appearing to “violate” or “flout”one or soem of these maxims. There must be somereason for these.Politeness PrincipleThe Cooperative Priciple account for the relationship between the literal meaning and actual meaning, explaining how the “Conversational Implicature”is produced and understood, but it does not explain why people violate the conversational maxims so as to express themselves in a vague or an indirect wya. And Leech’s Politeness Principle is proposed as the complementary to Grice’s Cooperative Principle.In the book Principle s of Pragmatics published in 1983, Leech (1983) defines politeness as forms of behavior that establish and maintain comity and he proposes what he terms “The Politeness Principle” as a way of expaining how politeness operates in conversational exchanges, indicating the ability of participants in a social interaction to engage in interaction in an asmosphere of relative harmony. Leech’s maxims of Politeness Priciple are:1.TACT MAXIM(a)Minimize cost to other [（b）Maximize benefit to other]2.GENEROSITY MAXIM(a)Miminize benefit ot self [（b）Maximize cost to self]3.APPROBATION MAXIM(a)Minimize dispraise of other [（b）Maximize praise of other]4.MODESTY MAXIM(a)Minimize praise of self [（b）Maximize praise of other]5.AGREEMENT MAXIM(a)Minimize disagreement between self and other(b)Maximize agreement between self and other]6.SYMPATHY MAXIM(a)Minimize antipathy between self and other(b)Maximize sympathy between self and other]Leech (1983) points out that it is not that all of the maxims and sub-maxims areequally important. Rather, of the twinned maxims 1-4, 1 appears to be a more powerful constraint on conversational behavior than 2, and 3 than 4. This reflects a more general law that politeness is focused more strongly on other than on self. Moreover, it is obvious that within each maxim, sub-maxim (b) seems to be less important than sub-maxim(a), which illustrates the more general law that negative politeness or avoidance of discord is a more weighty consideration than positive politeness or seeking concord.Introduction of American sitcomWhat is sitcom?A situation comedy, often shortened to sitcom, is a genre of comedy that features recurring characters in a common environment such as a home or workplace, accompanied with jokes as part of the dialogue. Such programs originated in radio, but today, sitcoms are found almost exclusively on television as one of its dominant narrative forms.A situation comedy may be recorded before a studio audience. Some also feature a laugh track.History of sitcomComedies from past civilizations, such as those of Aristophanes in ancient Greece, Terence and Plautus in ancient Rome, Śudraka in ancient India, and numerous examples including Shakespeare, Molière, the Commedia dell'arte and the Punch and Judy shows from post-Renaissance Europe, are the ancestors of the modern sitcom. Some of the characters, pratfalls, routines and situations as preserved in eyewitness accounts and in the texts of the plays themselves, are remarkably similar to those in earlier modern sitcoms such as I Love Lucy and The Honeymooners. The first television sitcom is said to be Pinwright's Progress, ten episodes being broadcast on the BBC between 1946 – 1947. In the U.S., director and producer William Asher, has been credited with being the "man who invented the sitcom,"[3] having directed over two dozen of the leading sitcoms, including I Love Lucy, during the 1950s through the 1970s.Big bang theoryThe Big Bang Theory is an American sitcom created by Chuck Lorre and Bill Prady, both of whom serve as executive producers on the show, along with Lee Aronsohn, who is also one of the head writers. It premiered on CBS on September 24, 2007.Main cast of Big bang theory∙Johnny Galecki as Leonard Hofstadter, Ph.D. – Leonard is an experimental physicist with an IQ of 173 who received his Ph.D. when he was 24 years old. He shares an apartment with colleague and friend Sheldon Cooper. The writersimmediately implied a potential romance between him and neighbor Penny, andtheir sexual tension is a frequently explored drama. The original protagonist,Leonard's role was downplayed in favor of Sheldon. Leonard is increasingly seenas assisting Sheldon with social skills.∙Jim Parsons as Sheldon Cooper, Ph.D. – Originally from East Texas, he was a child prodigy who began college at the age of 11 (after completing the fifth grade), started graduate studies at 14, and earned his first Ph.D. at 16. A theoreticalphysicist focusing on string theory, he possesses a master's degree, two PhDs, and an IQ of 187. He exhibits a strict adherence to routine; a lack of understanding ofirony, sarcasm, and humor; he is also uninterested in many of the romantic hijinks between Leonard, Howard, and Raj. These characteristics are the main sources of his humor and the basis of a number of episodes. Sheldon shares an apartmentwith Leonard Hofstadter, across the hall from Penny, and relies on both for advice in social situations.∙Kaley Cuoco as Penny – She is the attractive blonde, "born and raised in Omaha, Nebraska", who lives across the hall from Sheldon and Leonard. She hopes for acareer in acting, and has been to casting calls and auditions but has not beensuccessful thus far. To pay the bills, she is a waitress at The Cheesecake Factory.To date, her last name has not been revealed. During the fourth season, KaleyCuoco broke her leg in a horse-riding accident. When she returned, after missingtwo episodes, she was shown working as a bartender at the Cheesecake Factory,instead of in her normal employment as a waitress. Her cast was concealed, and no mention of the unseen broken leg was made.∙Simon Helberg as Howard Wolowitz, M.Eng. – He works as an aerospace engineer. He is Jewish, and lives with his mother, his father left when he was 11 and has to date never learned why. Unlike Sheldon, Leonard, and Raj, Howard lacks a Ph.D. He defends this by pointing out that he has a master's degree inEngineering from MIT and the apparatus he designs are built and launched into space, unlike the purely abstract work of his friends. He provides outrageouspick-up lines and fancies himself a lady's man with suitably unimpressedreactions from Penny; however, he has shown limited success with other women.He is a polyglot.∙Kunal Nayyar as Rajesh Koothrappali, Ph.D. – Rajesh, who originally comes from New Delhi, India, works as a particle astrophysicist at Caltech. He is very shy around women and is physically unable to talk to them unless he drinksalcohol (or thinks he has been drinking alcohol). However, he has had muchbetter luck with women than his overly confident best friend Howard. His parents, Dr. and Mrs. V.M. Koothrappali, are seen via webcam. In the third season, he works for Sheldon because his research has run into a dead-end and he does not want to return to India.∙Sara Gilbert as Leslie Winkle, Ph.D. (recurring seasons 1 & 3, starring season 2) –Leslie is an experimental physicist who has casual sex with both Howard andLeonard during the show's airing. She does not get along well with Sheldon and frequently mocks him. Gilbert was promoted to main cast during the secondseason, but demoted again once the writers realized they could not producequality material for her for every episode.∙Mayim Bialik as Amy Farrah Fowler (guest season 3, recurring and starring season 4), a woman Raj and Howard meet on an online dating site using a faux account for Sheldon. She is essentially a female duplicate of Sheldon and she andSheldon become friends although - as Sheldon claims - she is a girl and is hisfriend, but she is not his "girlfriend".Melissa Rauch as Bernadette (recurring season 3, starring season 4), a waitress and co-worker of Penny paying her way through graduate school microbiologystudies. Bernadette is introduced to Howard by Penny. At first she and Howard do not get along, as they appear to have nothing in common. When they find out that they both have overbearing mothers, they feel a connection.Analysis on the lines with the references of Cooperative Principle and Politeness PricipleStudy subjectAll the lines are from the season4, episode8 and episode9.Here is a scene. From S4E8 (season 4, episode 8)ok, help me out here. How does an archeology professor get that good with a whip? (hearing the music of the movie on TV)(laugh track)（夺宝奇兵）eat, pray, love.(laugh track)eat, pray, run away from a Giant Boulder(美食，祈祷和骑着捷安特变速自行车出走), I’ll read it.（laugh track）Raj is murmuring in Howard’s ears.t care if eat, pray, love changed your life, i am not reading it. (saying to Raj)She also designed the iconic red and bl ack jacket in Michael Jackson’s Thriller video, which I’ve never viewed in its entirety, as I find zombies dancing in choreographed synchronicity implausible. (laugh track) And also, it’s really scary. (laugh track)track)on the big screen at the Colonial.hing it now. Why would I want to see it again on Friday?of previously unseen footage.；Exactly. They say it finally solves the submarine controversy.；Did... Leonard? I’am not expert, but i believe what we just heard from Penny was sarcasm.Penny is pointing her nose, implying that Sheldon is right. (laugh track)be together.no, we wouldn’t. (laugh track)Raj is murmuring in Howard’s ears.(high pitchlaugh track)Penny and leonard are eye contacting , Penny is shaking her head implying Leonard not say anything. Leonard has a face showing he is kind of confused or his compromisement.Analysis1. In sentence two, Howard did obey the maxim of relevance but violate the maxim of quality of Cooprative Principle. It’s common in daily conversation, es pecially when sense of humor comes out.Sometimes a speaker has to flout a maxim in order to observe another.2. In sentences three ane four, Leonard and Penny both kind of flout the maxims of approbation of Politeness Principle, just dispraising each other and showing each other’s unacceptableness on hobbies.3. In sentence five, Leonard just obeied the maxim of relevance and maxim of generosity, which creates a huge humor.4. In sentence eight, Sheldon observes the maxim of relevance, but flouts the maxim of quantity and manner. To some extend, it is just the most effective utterance to audiance when we see him by his personality. As he is a child prodigy, less skillful in social interaction and geeky.5. In sentence nine and ten, Leonard violates the maxim of sympathy of Politeness Pricipel. So does Sheldon. With this sarcasm, definitely will bring laughter.6. In sentences 14, 15, 16, Penny is using irony or antiphrase, meaning that 21 seconds are two short to go again to see. Leonard doesn’t notice that but Sheldon does which he kind of never did before or usually did.7. In sentence 19, the cool thing could be a pun, on one hand, Leonard means the movie thing, which is the previously unseen footage will be on the next Friday. On the other hand, according the context of they (Penny and Leonard) have been broken up, Raj and Howard consider and imply that something sexual.8. In sentence 21, in view of the illustration above, analysis seven, not imply anymore but inference.Another scene from S4E9 (season 4, episode 9)Penny’s farther comes to see his daughter considering that Penny and Leonard are still together, actually not. So Penny and Leonard just decieve him by acting like a couple. And th e other day, Penny and Leonard are talking at the door of Leonard and Sheldon’s apartment. When Sheldon comes over and show them the up-date roommate agreement, concerning they have been together again.together, and if I can figure out a way to do so and sound sincere, I will. (laughttrack) In the meantime, I’d like to go over some proposed changes to theroommate agreement specifically to address Penny’s annoying pers onal habits.I have a list. (laught track) FYI, overuse of the phrase “oh, my god” is number12. (laught track)I’ll have no track with plots. (laught track)Penny and Leonard are looking each other , Penny says in a low voice which Sheldoncann’t hear.annoying habits shall we discuss?Agreement. As such, he bears responsibility for all your infractions and must pay all fines. (laught track)an escrow account. (laught track) sign here. (laught track) (Sheldon sending Leonard a pen)Analysis1.In sentence one, although Sheldon is saying that he is kind of happy for them gettingback together, his arrangement to roommate agreement thing just not like what he said. It is an example of observation of Tact Maxim and violation of GenerosityMaxim in Politeness Principle.2.In sentence two, Sheldon is flouting Generosity Maxim and Approbation Maxim.3.In sentence six, actually it is a sarcasm, with the form of palying words. Penny saystrack, afoot as truck and feet. She is just pretending that she does not understand what Sheldon saying about the plot and track thing.ConclusionAs language we use in our daily life is to conduct interpersonal communication and social interaction, most of the time it may be not the meaning we tend to consider at the first place. Usually we just ovserve the pragmatic principles, like Grice’s Co-operative Principle and Leech’s Politeness Principle, but at times we don’t. And both that just generate laugher and humor.References[1] Stephen C. Levinson, Pragmatics, Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,Cambrideg University Press, 101.[2] Li qing, On Co-operative Principle& Politeness Principle in Diplomatic Language Strategy, 2005[3] /wiki/Sitcom[4] /wiki/The_Big_Bang_Theory。

用合作原则和礼貌原则来分析《生活大爆炸》

收稿日期：２０１３．１２．２
作者简介：马冬（１９７０一），女，黑龙江齐齐哈尔人，教授，硕士生导师，从事英语教学法研究；管迪（１９８６一），女，黑龙江齐齐哈尔人，硕士研究生，从事跨文化交际和语言学研究。
Ｎｏ．３．２０１４Ｇｅｎｅｒａ１．Ｎｏ．１２３
（总第１２３期）
【Ｌ语言文化旧目天Ｊ】
用合作原则和Ｌ貌原贝０来分析《生活大爆炸》
马冬，管迪
（齐齐哈尔大学外语学院，黑龙江齐齐哈尔１６１００６）
的目的。也就是说合作原则和礼貌原则在语用学中扮演着非常重要的角色，合作原则和礼貌原则是说话和交流的基础，但是人们不会是不得不一定遵循的规则，违反这些原则这些反而能够让说话和交流变的更加的 “ 意味深长 ” 。（ＣａｍａｐＲｓａｙｓ，１９５５）有时候，人们参加交流中会不同的程度违反礼貌原则和合作原则的，这样才能产生话语的不同的言语效果。他们会制造不同的话语效果。当接收话语的人不能够更加深层次的理解话语的意义和语言
话。在这个情况下。通过分析使自己越过对方话语的表面意义，去领会深层次意义，以便于更加灵活的理解并
运用英语了。
关键词：文化；交际；原则
中图分类号：Ｈ０３０
文献标志码：Ａ

从违反礼貌原则的角度分析《生活大爆炸》中的言语幽默

从违反礼貌原则的角度分析《生活大爆炸》中的言语幽默作者：栾晓翠来源：《知音励志·社科版》2017年第02期礼貌和幽默在日常交际中都起着非常重要的角色。

《生活大爆炸》是近几年热播的一部喜剧。

本文就此，从违反礼貌原则的角度，分析其中的言语幽默，旨在让读者更好的理解和应用礼貌原则，能更好的理解幽默并且应用在日常生活的交际中。

【关键词】礼貌原则；言语幽默；《生活大爆炸》1 礼貌原则及准则：礼貌原则有六条准则（1）得体准则：减少表达有损别人的观点，尽量少让别人吃亏，尽量多让别人受益。

（2）慷慨准则：减少表达利己观点，尽量少使自己受益，尽量多让自己吃亏。

（3）赞誉准则：减少表达对他人的贬损，尽量少贬低别人，尽量多赞誉别人。

（4）谦逊准则：减少表达对自己的赞誉，尽量少赞誉自己，尽量多贬低自己。

（5）一致准则：减少表达同别人的不一致，尽量减少双方的分歧，尽量增加双方的一致。

（6）同情准则：减少自己与他人在感情上的对立，尽量减少双方的反感，尽量增加双方的同情。

2 违反礼貌原则下的幽默效果实例分析2.1 对得体准则的违反产生的幽默Penny：我能问你一个问题吗？Sheldon：考虑到你社区大学的教育背景，我鼓励你问更多的问题。

此对话发生在Penny送Sheldon去约会的路上，出于好奇penny想知道这是不是他的第一次约会。

但是出于礼貌，她并没有直接问，而是说，我可以问你一个问题吗？但是当Sheldon，一个高智商低情商的理工男听到Penny的话，觉得不怎么聪明的她需要回答好多问题，才能让Penny听明白。

Sheldon的回答违反了得体原则，他的回答让对方感到尴尬，愤怒。

但是在观众看来，智商高情商低的Sheldon说出这样的话，实在是搞笑。

2.2 违反慷慨准则产生的幽默Kripke：到底要不要互换啊？Sheldon 和Kripke交换了他们的研究报告。

Kripke：想蒙我啊，这是张白纸。

Sheldon：我肯定那也比这里面的内容还来得有价值。

利用合作原则探讨美剧《生活大爆炸》的言外之意——以Mrs.Wolowitz角色为例

关键词：合作原则；准则；言外之意；Ｍｒｓ．Ｗｏｌｏｗｉｔｚ
中图分类号：１１０６文献标识码：Ａ
一
、
引言
出理论解释。二、“ 言外之意”的魔力语用学是一门研究 “ 斋外之意”的学科，不仅
人们一般都这样认为 “ 情景喜剧需要通过演员
丰富而夸张的表情，滑稽可笑的动作和奇异的服装，道具才能使观众发笑 ”” 。然而，Ｍｒｓ．Ｗｏｌｏｗｉｔｚ的扮演者ＣａｍｌＡｎｎＳｕｓｉ却从未在观众眼前出现
角色为何有其独特的成功之处？笔者尝试从语用学角度分析剧中Ｍｓｒ．Ｗｏｌｏｗｉｔｚ和她的儿子Ｈｏｗａｒｄ
停止有关话题的谈论，如果乙停止谈论，乙就意会
到了甲的 “ 言外之意” ；如果乙继续谈论该话题或者问甲： “ 你感冒了吗？” 乙就没有意会到甲的 “ 青
话题，甲马上意识到了问题并咳嗽了几声，示意乙
Ｋｏｏｔｈｒａｐｐａｌｉ演的对手戏。连配角都算不上的ｃａｒｏｌ
ＡｎｎＳｕｓｉ凭着其独特的声线、异常大的嗓门给剧迷留下了深刻的印象，这个 “ 只闻其声未见其踪”的
文章编号：１００８．８７１７（２０１３）１２．００３２．０３
利用合作原则探讨美剧《生活大爆炸》的言外之意
— —
以Ｍｒｓ．Ｗｏｌｏｗｉｔｚ角色为例
冯小玮
（肇庆医学高等专科学校基础部，广东

从语用学角度分析美国情景剧生活大爆炸中的言语幽默

从语用学角度分析美国情景剧《生活大爆炸》中的言语幽默
01 引言
03 案例分析
目录
02 言语幽默的分类 04 总结
引言
《生活大爆炸》是一部美国情景喜剧，讲述了一群性格迥异的物理天才在公寓中的日常生活。该剧以其幽默风趣的故事情节和独特的言语幽默吸引了全球众多观众的喜爱。本次演示将从语用学的角度，对《生活大爆炸》中的言语幽默进行深入分析。
2、比喻幽默：这种幽默方式在剧中也是相当常见，通过比喻来形象地描述人物或事物，从而达到逗乐观众的效果。例如，在某一集中，莱纳德·霍夫斯塔特形容自己的研究领域——弦理论，像是在一片黑暗的森林里寻找一只不存在的小狗。这里的“小狗”既是对弦理论的生动比喻，也暗含了科学家们在研究过程中所面临的困难和挑战。
3、文字游戏幽默：这种幽默手法主要通过玩弄文字发音、拼写等方式来制造幽默效果。例如，在某一集中，谢尔顿·库珀因为自己的博士学位被质疑，便激动地说：“我不是一个博士后，我是一个‘厚脸皮’！”这里的“厚脸皮” 是“博士”和“厚脸皮”两个词的音译，既强调了谢尔顿的学历，又展示了他自嘲的能力。
言语幽默的语用学分析
言语幽默的分类
在《生活大爆炸》中，言语幽默主要可以分为以下几类：
1、双关语幽默：这种幽默手法在剧中频繁出现，利用词语的多重含义制造出意想不到的效果。例如，在某一集中，谢尔顿·库珀在解释为何不喜欢吃巧克力时说：“因为它含有咖啡因，而咖啡因是一种化学物质，会污染我纯净的血液。”这里的“污染”既是对于咖啡因影响健康的科学描述，又带有谢尔顿·库珀自己的主观感受。
谢谢观看
这个案例中的言语幽默通过隐喻和夸张的手法，将科学研究中的失败比作人生的“跌倒”，将成功比作“站起来”。这种比喻不仅让观众感到新奇和惊讶，而且将一个较为复杂的科学概念以更直观、生动的方式传达给了观众。同时，谢尔顿安慰莱纳德的话语也违反了合作原则中的信息量准则和质量准则，因为他的安慰并没有提供多少实质性的信息，也没有明确表达出对莱纳德的同情和支持。这种违反准则的行为制造出了一种反常的幽默效果。

从违反合作原则角度分析《生活大爆炸》的言语幽默

从违反合作原则角度分析《生活大爆炸》的言语幽默作者：万立鸿来源：《北方文学·下旬》2015年第03期摘要：本文从语用学角度，选取美国情景喜剧《生活大爆炸》第五季作为研究对象。

运用合作原则，研究语言幽默产生的机制。

关键词：合作原则；《生活大爆炸》；幽默介绍幽默一直是个有趣的研究话题。

格莱斯从语用学角度出发，提出了合作原则。

对于分析会话中幽默效果是如何产生的，合作原则是一种有效的御用原则。

该原则包含四个准则，即量的准则，质的准则，关系准则以及方式准则，对合作原则的违反则会导致会话含义的产生。

然而，为了制造幽默效果，说话人常常刻意违反合作原则中的准则，以刻意制造笑点取得幽默等效果。

美剧《生活大爆炸》正是最好的诠释了这一点。

一、《生活大爆炸》里违反合作原则产生幽默效果的实例分析（一）量的准则量的准则有两点，一是所说的话不应该超出交际所需的信息量。

二是所说的话应该满足交际所需的信息量。

案例1：（第五季第二集）—Leonard： Sheldon， you do this all the time. You fixed on some crazy idea and then blow it way out proportion.—Sheldon：Name one time I’ve ever done that.—Leonard： How about when you put GPS trackers in your garbage because you were convinced North Korean were stealing your doodles？ The strangely-shaped cloud that was following you around town. The time you put my shirt by mistake and were convinced you’d started gr owing again.—Sheldon： I said name one. You really need to work on your listening skills.案例分析1：这段对话发生在Penny捡回一个沙发椅之后。

生活大爆炸语例

《生活大爆炸》中违反合作原则语例（一）违反质量原则的例子：1)自知虚假Leonard: where are you gonna live?Sheldon: until I find a permanent place, I will stay with friends.Howard: Bye.Rajesh: Well… But you can’t stay with me. I have a teeny – tiny apartment.Sheldon: Excuse me, but isn’t hosting guests an aspect of manushaya yajna, one of the five central religious duties or sacrifices of the Hindu householder?Rajesh: I hate trains.Sheldon: Don’t be ridiculous. You l ove trains.Rajesh: Yes, I do. Come on. See you later, Leonard.Leonard: Well, I’ve dated plenty of women. There was Joyce Kim, Leslie Winkle…Sheldon: Notify the editors of the Oxford English dictionary. They word “plenty”has been redefined to mean “two”.---第二季2集Leonard: Are you drinking whisky?Sheldon: Indeed, if I’m to participate in the social convention that is the stag night, then I must embrace all its components: including tobacco, swear words, and yes, alcohol. Jeepers, that’s yucky!Leonard: whoa. It’s a little early to start dropping J---bombs, don’t you think?---第五季22集P: Oh, yeah, a lot of people think I'm a water sign. Okay, let's see, what else? Oh, I'm a vegetarian. No, except for fish, and the occasional steak. I love steak.S: Well, that's interesting. Leonard can't process corn.——第一季第1集L: I love cheesecake.S: You're lactose intolerant.L: I don't eat it, I just think it's a good idea.——第一季第1集Penny: Leonard? Ah? Was this supposed to be a date?Leonard: This? No. No, of course not. This was just you and mehanging out with a bunch ofwho didn't show up 'cause of work and a colonoscopy.——第一季第3集2)没有证据Sheldon: Oh, Penny.Dr. Gablehauser: You need to get that, Dr. Cooper?Sheldon: God, no.Leslie: Well, don’t turn it off. You might miss your call from the Nobel committee letting you know you’ve been nominated as dumb – ass laureate of the year.Sheldon: Oh, yeah, well, you wouldn’t even be nominated.（二）违反数量原则的例子：P: This looks like some serious stuff. Leonard, did you do this?S: Actually, that's my work.P: Wow.S: Yeah, well, it's just some quantum mechanics...with a little string theory doodling around the edges. That part's just a joke. It's a spoof of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation.——第一季第1集1)信息量不足Sheldon: But returning to your key conundrum, perhaps you should call a locksmith and have him open the door for you.Penny: I did. He said he’ll get here when he gets here.Sheldon: And you’re frustrated because he phrased his reply in the form of a meaningless tautology?2)信息量过多L: -Excuse me.Doctor: -Hang on.L: One across is Aegean, eight down is Nabokov. Twenty-six across is MCM. Fourteen down is--. Move your finger. --phylum, which makes 1 4 across Port-au-Prince. See, Papa Doc's capital idea, that's Port-au-Prince. Haiti.Doctor: -Can I help you?——第一季第1集L: Um, is this the high-IQ sperm bank?Doctor: If you have to ask, maybe you shouldn't be here.——第一季第1集L: Anyway......we brought home lndian food......and I know that moving can be stressful......and I find that when I'm undergoing stress......that good food and company can have a comforting effect.Also, curry's a natural laxative and I don't have to tell you that, you know......a clean colon is just one less thing to worry about.S: Leonard, I'm no expert, but in the context of a lunch invitation...you might wanna skip the reference to bowel movements.P: Oh, you're inviting me over to eat?L: Uh, yes.P: Oh, that's so nice. I'd love to.L: Great.——第一季第1集S: Penny.P: yeah?S: That's where I sit.P: So sit next to me.S: No, I sit there.P: What's the difference?S: What's the difference? -Here we go. In winter, that seat is close enough to the radiator to remain warm...yet not so close as to cause perspiration. In the summer, it's in a cross breeze created by opening windows there and there. It faces the television at an angle that is neither direct, discouraging conversation...nor so far wide as to create a parallax distortion. I could go on, but I think I've made my point.——第一季第1集P: Me? Okay. I'm a Sagittarius, which probably tells you way more than you need to know.S: Yes, it tells us that you participate in the mass cultural delusion...that the sun's position relative to arbitrary constellations...at the time of your birth somehow affects your personality.——第一季第1集P: Is that crazy?S: yes.L: No, it's not crazy. It's a--It's a paradox. Paradoxes are part of nature. I mean, think about light.If you look at Huygens, light is a wave, as confirmed by the double-slit experiments. But then, along comes Albert Einstein...and discovers that light behaves like particles too. Well, I didn't make it worse.——第一季第1集P: Hello.W: Enchant? mademoiselle. Howard Wolowitz, CalTech Department of Applied Physics. You may be familiar with some of my work. It's currently orbiting Jupiter's largest moon...taking high-resolution digital photographs.P: Penny. I work at The Cheesecake Factory.——第一季第1集S: I really think we should examine the chain of causality here.L: Must we?S: Event A: A beautiful woman stands naked in our shower. Event B: We drive halfway across town to retrieve a television set...from the aforementioned woman's ex-boyfriend. Query: On what plane of existence is there even a semi-rational link...between these events?L: She asked me to do her a favor, Sheldon.——第一季第1集Penny：Hey, guys.Leonard: Oh, Hey, Penny. This just arrived, we just brought this up... just now.Penny：Great. Was it hard getting it up the stairs?Leonard: No.第一季第2集L: Sheldon!Sheldon: Shh, Shh, shh. Penny's sleeping.Leonard: Are you insane? You can't just break into a woman's apartment in the middle of the night and clean.Sheldon: I had no choice. I couldn't sleep knowing that just outside my bedroom was our living room, and immediately adjacent to the hallway was... this.Leonard: Do you realize that if Penny wakes up, there is no reasonable explanation as to why we're here.Sheldon: I just gave you a reasonable explanation.Leonard: No, no, you gave me an explanation. Its reasonableness will be determined by a jury of your peers.Sheldon: Don't be ridiculous. I have no peers.第一季第1集（数量和关系）Sheldon: Hello. Looking out at your fresh young faces, I remember when I was deciding my academic future as a lowly graduate student. Of course, I was 14. And I’d already achieved more than most of you could ever hope to, despite my 9:00 bedtime. Now, there may be one or two of you in this room who has what it takes to succeed in theoretical physics. Although, it’s more likely that you’ll spend your scientific careers teaching fifth grades how to make papier mache volcanoes with baking – doda lava.Leonard: So Penny’s a little messy.Sheldon: A little messy? The Mandelbrot set of complex numbers is a little messy. This is chaos. Excuse me. Explain to me an organization system, where a tray of flatware on a couch is valid. I’m just inferring this is a couch. Because the evidence suggests the coffee is having a tiny garage sale.---第一季2集Leonard: What are you talking about?Sheldon: Einstein.Leonard: Yeah. I’m going to need a little more.Sheldon: Albert Einstein.---第三季14集Leonard: Uh...If you don't have any other plans, do you want to join us for Thai food and a Superman movie marathon?Penny：A marathon? Wow. How many Superman movies are there?Sheldon: You're kidding, right?Penny：I do like the one where Lois Lane falls from the helicopter and Superman swooshes down and catches her. Which one was that?One（其他人齐声说）Sheldon: You realize that scene was rife with scientific inaccuracy.Penny：Yes, I know, men can't fly.Sheldon: No, no. Let's assume that they can. Lois Lane is falling, accelerating at an initial of 32 feet per second per second. Superman swoops down to save her by reaching out two arms of steel. Miss Lane, who is now traveling at approximately 120 miles an hour, hits them and is immediately slice into three equal pieces.Leonard: Unless Superman matches her speed and decelerates.Sheldon: In what space, sir? In what space? She's two feet above the ground. Frankly, if he really loved her, he'd let her hit the pavement. It'd be a more merciful death.Leonard: Excuse me, your entire argument is predicated on the assumption that Superman's flight is a feat of strength.Sheldon: Are you listening to yourself?It is well established that Superman's flight is a feat of strength. It is an extension of his ability to leap tall buildings, an ability he derives from exposure to Earth's yellow sun.Howard：And you don't have a problem with that? How does he fly at night?Sheldon: Oh, a combination of the moon's solar reflection and the energy-storage capacity of Kryptonian skin cells.Penny：I'm just gonna go wash up.第一季第2集Leonard: Did it ever occur to you that not everyone has the compulsive need to sort, organize and label the entire world around them?Sheldon: No.Leonard: Well, they don't. Hard as it may be for you to believe, most people don't sort their breakfast cereal numerically by fiber content.第一季第2集Leonard：Uh... no.Penny：Oh, hey,Leonard：Good afternoon, penny. So, hi... hey.Uh...I was wondering if you had plans for dinner.Penny: Uh, you mean dinner tonight?Leonard: There is an inherent ambiguity in the word "dinner”.Technically it refers to the largest meal of the day whenever it's consumed. So to clarify here, by dinner I mean supper.Penny: Supper?Leonard: Or dinner. I was thinking 6:30 if you can go. Or a different time.——第一季第3集（三）违反方式原则的例子：1) 因表达晦涩S: If a photon is directed through a plane with two slits in it and either is observed...it will not go through both. If unobserved, it will. If it's observed after it left the plane, before it hits its target...it will not have gone through both slits.L: -Agreed. What's your point?S: There's no point, I just think it's a good idea for a T-shirt.---第一季1集Sheldon: Baby wipe?Penny: Why do you have … ?Sheldon: I’ll tell you why. I had to sanitize my hands because the university replaced the paper towels in the rest rooms with hot – air blowers.Penny: Oh, I thought the blowers were more sanitary.Sheldon: Hot – air blowers are incubators and spewers of baxteria and pestilence. Frankly, it’d be more hygienie if they just had a plague – infested gibbon sneeze my hands dry.Leonard: Any way, I was thinking more of a bio-social exploration with a neuro---chemical overlay.Leslie: wait, are you asking me our?Leonard: I was going to characterize it as the modification of our college---slash---friendship paradigm with the addition of a date like component.---第一季3集Amy: Sheldon, you’re ruining girlfriendship---boyfriendship sng---along night.Sheldon: I’m sorry. I’m looking for a barber and I’m running out of time. My hair is growing at the rate of 4.6 yoctometers per fermtosecond. I mean, if you’re quiet, you can hear it.---第五季18集2)因歧义Penny: What’s AFK?Sheldon: AFK. Away from keyboard.Penny: Oh, I see.Sheldon: What does that stand for?Penny: Oh, I see.Sheldon: Yes, but what does it stand for?3)因冗长Penny: Sheldon, may I ask you a question?Sheldon: I would prefer that you not, but I won’t go so far as to forbid it.Penny: All right. I heard “yes”, so … okay, here’s my question: Has Leonard ever dated, you know, a regular girl?(Leonard starts to read the letter.）Penny，just as Oppenheimer came regret to his contribution to the first atomic bomb,so too I regret my participation, at least error in judgment. The hallmark of the great human experiment is the willingness to recognize one's mistakes. Some mistakes，such as Madam Curie discovered radium，turned out to have great scientific potential, even though she would later die a slow, death from radiation poisoning. Another example, from the field of Ebola research...——第一季第2集Sheldon：Okay, look, I think that you have as much of a chance of having a sexual relationship with penny as the Hubble telescope does of discovering at the center of every black hole is a little man with a flashlight searching for a circuit breaker. Nevertheless, I do feel obligated to point out to you that she did not reject you.You did not ask her out.Leonard：You're right. I didn't ask her out. I should ask her out.Sheldon：No, no, now that was not my … My point was don't buy a cat.——第一季第3集4）没有条理（orderly）或关系L: Come on, you know how it is with breakups.S: No, I don't, and neither do you.——第一季第1集S: You're not done with her, are you?L: Our babies will be smart and beautiful.S: Not to mention imaginary.——第一季第1集Sheldon: What the hell do you mean “dead end”?Dennis: I mean, the whole landscape of false vacuums in string theory could be as large as ten to the five hundreds power. In addition, ooh, look, chocolate milk!---第一季12集Penny：You know, where I come from, if someone comes into your house at night, you shoot. Okay? And you don't shoot to wound. I mean, all right, my sister shot her husband, but it was an accident, they were drunk. Wait, what was I saying?——第一季第2集P: Anyways, I'm also writing a screenplay.It's about this sensitive girl who comes to L.A. from Lincoln, Nebraska......to be an actress and winds up a waitress at The Cheesecake Factory.L: So it's based on your life.P: No, I'm from Omaha.——第一季第1集S: I know. And I do yearn for faster downloads. There's some poor woman who's gonna pin her hopes on my sperm. What if she winds up with a toddler who doesn't know if he should use...a differential to solve for the area under a curve?L: -I'm sure she'll still love him.S: -I wouldn't.第一季第1集L: And she's not a lady, she's just a new neighbor.W: Hang on, there really is a lady here? Uh-huh. -And you want us out...because you're anticipating coitus?L: I'm not anticipating coitus.W: So she's available for coitus?L: Can we please just stop saying "coitus"?S: Technically, that would be coitus interruptus.——第一季第1集（四）违反关系原则的例子：Sheldon: Thank you for driving me to work.Penny: You know this is my day off, Sheldon.Sheldon: Oh, good, I’m not keeping you from anything.P: Participate in the what?L: I think what Sheldon's trying to say...is that Sagittarius wouldn't have been our firstguess.——第一季第1集P’s ex-boyfriend: Yeah?L: I'm Leonard, this is Sheldon.S: From the intercom.P’s ex-boyfriend: How the hell did you get in the building?L: We're scientists.S: Tell him about our lQ.——第一季第1集Leonard: For God's sake, Sheldon, do I have to hold up sarcasm sign every time I open my mouth?Sheldon: You have a sarcasm sign?Leonard: No, I do not have a sarcasm sign.——第一季第2集Penny：You came into my apartment last night while I was sleeping?!Leonard: Yes, but only to clean.Sheldon: Really more to organize. You're not actually dirty, per se.——第一季第2集Penny：Do you understand how creepy this is?Leonard: Oh, yes, we discussed it at length last night.Penny：In my apartment, while I was sleeping?!Sheldon: And snoring. And that's probably just a sinus infection. But it could be sleep apnea. You might want to see an otolaryngologist. The throat doctor.——第一季第2集Penny：And what kind of doctor removes shoes from asses?Sheldon: Depending on the depth, that's either a... proctologist or a general surgeon.——第一季第2集Penny: so did I win or not?Leonard: did you have fun? Because if you had fun, then you are, you are a winner. That’s that---that’s what chess is all about.---第五季18集P: So, what do you guys do for fun around here?S: Well, today we tried masturbating for money.——第一季第1集。

[精品]运用合作原则和礼貌原则简析《生活大爆炸》中的会话幽默

运用合作原则和礼貌原则简析《生活大爆炸》中的会话幽默运用合作原则和礼貌原则简析《生活大爆炸》中的会话幽默摘要：幽默是一门艺术，在生活中扮演重要的角色。

会话幽默指在日常生活对话中产生的幽默，是言语幽默的一部分。

近年来倍受追捧的美国情景喜剧《生活大爆炸》在会话幽默方面给人留下了深刻的印象。

本文基于语用学中的合作原则和礼貌原则理论，分析《生活大爆炸》中违背两原则产生的会话幽默，便于广大英语爱好者及语言学习者理解外国情景喜剧中的会话幽默。

关键词：会话幽默合作原则礼貌原则《生活大爆炸》一、引言幽默存在于各个领域，是言语及文化的重要组成部分。

由于人们的交际绝大部分通过语言进行，因此许多幽默产生于言语中。

会话幽默作为言语幽默的一部分，一直受到语言学家和语言研究人士的关注。

本文从合作原则和礼貌原则出发，以情景喜剧《生活大爆炸》中的罐装笑声为参考，分析《生活大爆炸》中违背合作原则和礼貌原则产生的会话幽默，帮助人们更好地理解美国情景喜剧。

二、《生活大爆炸》简介《生活大爆炸》（The Big Bang Theory）是2007年9月美国哥伦比亚广播公司（CBS）推出的情景喜剧，讲述的是职业、性格、教育背景、感情经历各不相同的四个宅男科学家和一位美女邻居的生活故事[4]。

目前该剧已经更新至第七季，每季24集，每集20分钟，短短剧情中充满了幽默的语言表达。

该剧主要人物包括Sheldon，Penny，leonard，Howard， Raj， Amy， Bernadette等，他们性格各异，在互相磨合的过程中笑料百出。

《生活大爆炸》借助各年龄段、各社会阶层男女在不同情境下的对话，向我们展示了现实生活中的会话幽默，对了解及学习英语语言及文化有重要的作用。

三、合作原则与《生活大爆炸》中的会话幽默美国语言学家格莱斯指出，为了保证会话的顺利进行，谈话双方必须遵循一些基本原则，即所谓的合作原则。

合作原则要求会话者根据会话的目的或交流的方向，使自己讲出的话语在一定的条件下是实际所需的，包括四个范畴：量准则，质准则，关系准则和方式准则[2]。

美剧《生活大爆炸》中的幽默语言分析

美剧《生活大爆炸》中的幽默语言分析摘要：《生活大爆炸》这部情景剧讲述了四个物理学天才和一名餐厅女服务生的日常生活故事，得到了英语爱好者和年轻人观众的广大好评。

剧中诸多搞笑诙谐幽默的段子。

本文将主要侧重中分析剧中语言方面幽默的成分。

关键词：语言合作原则；委婉语；反讽语言学界多从语用学和认知学角度来对分析言语幽默，国内外也有着越来越多的学者从语用学的角度来分析言语幽默现象。

情景喜剧无疑提供了最为大量丰富的一手资料。

正在热播的美国情景喜剧《生活大爆炸》在国内外都有着较大的影响力，深受广大电视观众的喜爱，其语言特点幽默风趣，富有个性，具有情景喜剧的典型特点，在研究幽默言语上有很强的代表性。

本文拟在总结剧中的幽默语句的基础上对这部热播美剧中的言语幽默进行分析。

1、语音中的幽默本文重点分析语音的两个方面——停顿和语速的幽默效果。

首先，停顿这种语音中断的现象是为了在日常谈话交往中能够更好地理解彼此而存在的，因而在大段的语言中不加任何停顿，虽然一方面可以显示说话一方的思维和逻辑的严谨性，却也同时对说话对象造成了相当大的压力。

而在大段不停顿对话之后的突然停顿，则更能够造成幽默的效果。

例如在剧中sheldon cooper是一名天才理论物理学家，他常常使用缺少停顿的科学式的解释语言让别人晕头转向。

在第一季的第一集中，sheldon同leonard一起去精子库捐精，碰巧前台的工作人员在做填字游戏。

从普通人的角度来说，要么默不作声地等她做完，要么大声指责她不认真工作。

但是作为天才的sheldon却有着不同凡响的幽默举动，他一口气把几乎所有的字谜全部答出来，这一方面体现了他高超的智商，同时也展现出他不擅长社交和察言观色，因此直到说出了倒数第二个字谜的时候，他才突然意识到自己这样做是十分鲁莽的，因此便刻意进行了长达几秒钟的停顿，就在观众以为sheldon终于领悟了人际交往的技巧的时候，他又憋不住说出了最后一个字谜的答案，从而实现了让观众捧腹大笑的效果。

从格莱斯合作原则的角度分析《生活大爆炸》中言语幽默效果的产生

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从格莱斯合作原则的角度分析《生活大爆炸》中言语幽默效果的产生
文 _ 赵琳
摘要：格莱斯于 20 世纪 70 年代提出了会话合作原则及其四个准则。会话原则的违反会产生会话含义。语言幽默就是其中一种会话含义。本文将以《生活大爆炸》为例，从违反合作原则的角度出发，详细分析剧中语言幽默的产生与体现。关键词：合作原则；《生活大爆炸》；语言幽默
隐喻，反讽，一语双关等修辞手法制造语言上的幽
[2]Grice, H.P. Logic and Conversation[M] .
默。这里我们只举其中一例。
New York: Academic Press,1975.
（Penny 占用了公寓里所有的洗衣机，
[3]何自然, 陈新仁. 当代语用学 [M]. 北京:
据的话，要说真话。Leonard 是一个十足的宅男，其中的很多语言笑料都故意违反了合作原则。从语
平常只喜欢玩游戏，看漫画，不喜欢运动。他肯定用学的角度分析英语中的语言幽默，不仅可以更好
不会对以上任何一个爱好感兴趣，在这里他只是想地理解和欣赏英语文学及影视作品，还能了解到英
在女孩面前展露他不是一个 nerd。他说的话与现语国家的文化及民众心理，有利于语言的学习。
A young lady：所以，Leonard，你平常喜欢做很滑稽。
什么消遣
四、结语
Leonard：嗯 ... 让我想想，远足啦，在韩国城
作为一部成功并五次获得艾美奖的热门喜剧，
K 歌，任何安妮斯顿的电影。
《生活大爆炸》的喜剧效果毋庸置疑。若不加分析，
质的原则要求不说假话以及不说缺乏足够证片中人物的语言看上去与常人无异。如果仔细揣测，

基于违反合作原则的幽默效果研究——以《生活大爆炸》为例

91基于违反合作原则的幽默效果研究——以《生活大爆炸》为例[作者简介]朱香宇，广东亚视演艺职业学院公共思政部，硕士，研究方向：英语翻译理论与实践。

基于违反合作原则的幽默效果研究——以《生活大爆炸》为例朱香宇（广东亚视演艺职业学院公共思政部广东东莞 523710）摘要：幽默作为一种语言风格，被广泛地应用到生活中。

它不仅可以化解交谈中的尴尬氛围，还可以缩小人与人之间的距离。

因此，有越来越多的专家、学者致力于研究幽默产生的原因及其在对话中的作用。

以美剧《生活大爆炸》为例，从合作原则的角度分析剧中人物的对话，分析幽默产生的原因和机制。

关键词：幽默合作原则生活大爆炸中图分类号：J905 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1009—5349（2019）18—0091—02生活大爆炸自2007年在美国开播以来，以其新颖的题材和幽默的对白受到了广大青年的喜爱，这部情景喜剧主要讲述了四名男性物理天才与一名饭店女服务生的日常生活，剧中的主人公谢尔顿和莱纳德是一对好朋友，他们的智商高于常人，尤其在物理方面；同时，他们又是生活上的白痴，看似简单的生活问题，他们处理起来却无能为力，和住在隔壁的美女服务生发生了一系列的搞笑故事。

通过对剧中对话的学习和分析，能更好地理解幽默是如何产生的，以及幽默是如何影响人际交往的，通过对于合作原则各个准则的学习，掌握违反合作原则而引发的幽默效果。

一、合作原则的定义美国语言哲学家格瑞斯在1967年于哈佛大学的演讲中提出“合作原则”。

格瑞斯认为，人在交际的过程中都在一定程度上遵循某一原则以确保对话可以正常地进行下去。

格瑞斯提出的合作原则主要包括四条准则：1.数量准则（Maxim of Quantity）（1）要使自己说的话达到现时交际所需要的程度。

（2）不要说比所需信息多的话。

2.质量原则（Maxim of Quality）（1）不要说自己认为不真实的话。

（2）不要说缺乏证据的话。

3.联系准则（Maxim of Relation）要保证所说的话都是和目前进行的谈话内容相关的。

美剧《生活大爆炸》中幽默言语的认知语用研究

一
度解析幽默言语产生的内在原因以及会话中幽默言语的理解问
题。二、从合作原则视角解析《生活大爆炸》中的幽默言语格赖斯（Ｇｒｉｃｅ）的合作原则中提到了量、质、关系和方式
具有几种潜在涵义的幽默的前半部分，根据关联原则，听话者会首先选择具有最大关联的一种理解；接着当说话者说出此幽默的后半部分时，听话者意识到之前启动的第一脚本与幽默的后半部分不吻合，并被迫放弃第一种理解，开始重新寻找关联。最终，
美剧《生活大爆炸》中幽默言语的认知语用研究
韦艳梅
（广西科技大学鹿山学院外语系柳州广西５４５６１６）
摘要：本研究采用语用学中的合作原则和认知语用学的关联理论来解析美剧生活大爆炸中的幽默言语。合作原则在解释这部剧中言语幽默的产生方面具有强有力的解释力。但作者认为关联理论在解释该剧中的言语幽默方面具有更强的解释力。
与幽默的前、后部分都吻合的，一种具有最佳关联的第二种理解凸显出来。在此基础上，听话者启动了第二脚本。最后，第一脚本与第二脚本之间的对立及最大关联与最佳关联之间的差异导致幽默效果产生。美剧《生活大爆炸》中的部分幽默言语也可以使用关联理论来解读，如在这个情景中，他们的朋友之一印度科学家Ｒａｊ失业了，Ｓｈｅｌｄｏｎ给他提供了为他工作的机会，Ｒａｊ来到Ｓｈｅｌｄｏｎ的办公室谈条件。Ｒａｊ提出了三个条件，Ｓｈｅｌｄｏｎ对于提出的条件回应说 “ 他们很合理很有说服力 ” ；这时观众会启动最大关联的一种理解以为Ｓｈｅｌｄｏｎ会接受条件，但他接着说 “ 我拒绝你提的所有条件 ” ，这与之前的第一种最大关联和最佳关联存在差异，观众被迫放弃第一种理解开始重新寻找关联。这时Ｒａｊ回答 “ Ｔｈａｔｗｉｌｌｌｅａｖｅｍｅｎｏｃｈｏｉｃｅ ” ，观众们又启动另外的最大关联理解，以为Ｒａｊ会放弃工作因为Ｓｈｅｌｄｏｎ没有接受他的条件，但接着Ｒａｊ说 “ Ｉ ’１１ｔａｋｅｈｅｔｏｂ ” ，这就使得理解的最大关联和与最佳关联之间不匹配，幽默效果就产生了。综上，语用学经典理论合作原则在解释这部剧中言语幽默的产生机制方面具有强有力的解释力。但作者认为关联理论在解释该剧中的言语幽默方面具有更强的解释力。然而只有将经典语用学理论和认知语用学理论结合起来才能更好地解读《生活大爆炸》中的言语幽默，也才能帮助人们更深刻地理解和欣赏该剧中的言语幽默。参考文献：［１］Ｃｒｒｉｃｅ，Ｈ．Ｐ１９７５．ＬｏｇｉｃａｎｄＣｏｎｖｅｒｓａｔｉｏｎ［Ｍ］．ＮｅｗＹｏｒｋ：