违反合作原则的20个samples
ISO体系内审不符合参考条款【范本模板】
ISO9001内审不符合（不合格）项判断参考条款1。
质量方针与质量目标没有框架关系――5。
32. 质量方针、目标不能被各级人员所理解和贯彻――5。
33。
质量目标没有展开到职能部门，实现不能提供证据――5.4.14。
管理评审未进行――5。
65. 管理评审未保存原始记录――5。
6.16。
管理评审的输出没有包括与顾客要求有关的产品的改进――5。
6.37。
职责和权限分布不清楚――5。
5.18. 资源配置不足――69. 外来文件和资料不受控――4.2.3 f）10。
电子媒体和其他形式的文件未受控――4.2。
311. 现场不能得到相应文件有效版本，或使用不受控文件――d)12。
现场有效版本和作废版本并存－－4.2.3 g）13. 现场只有作废版本－－4。
2。
3 g)14. 文件的现行修订状态不能识别―― 4。
2。
3 c）15. 文件和资料在发布前未经授权人审批其适宜性――4.2.3 a)16。
文件发放范围未经审批――4。
2.3 d）17。
对文件未进行必要的评审和修订――4。
2.3 b）18. 工作现场没有可依据的文件，导致了工作质量的不一致――7。
119. 质量手册对删减的细节和合理性描述不充分――4。
2。
2 a)20. 质量手册对体系过程之间的相互作用没有表述-4.2。
2 c）21。
供方的产品质量记录未保存在组织－－7。
4或者4。
2。
422。
其他各种记录按就近不就远原则处理。
如合同评审无记录－－7.2.223。
未规定电子媒体形式的质量记录控制方法－－4.2.424. 质量记录未规定编目、标识、归档、处理办法――4.2。
425。
没有确定从事影响产品质量工作人员所必要的能力—6.2。
2 a)26. 培训需求未确定――6。
2。
2 b)27. 没有保持教育、培训、技能、经验的适当记录－－6。
2。
2 e)28. 不能提供培训有效性评价的证据――6.2.2 c）29。
特殊工序的操作工人资格、培训、考察、考核不符合要求－－7。
第四节 礼貌策略与礼仪
面子对于每个人都是神圣不可侵犯的，是人们在交 际中都很关注的重要因素。
面子的需求是相互的，一个人要想自己不丢面子,
最保险的办法是不去伤害他人的面子。
英国人类学家Brown 和Levinson 于 1978 年发表了一篇题为《语言应用的普 遍现象：礼貌现象》（Universals in Language Usage：Politeness Phenomena）的文章，第一次对礼貌、 面子这一问题进行了系统的探讨。 他们沿用了Goffman 的“面子”概念， 提出了“面子保全论”（Face Saving Theory）。
具体的礼貌表现
多从对方的角度考虑问题 Please send your check for the amount you own. By sending your check for 298. 87 today ,you will be able to maintain your good credit reputation.
礼貌现象
早在20世纪50年代, 美国学者戈夫曼(Erving Goffman) 提出了“面子行为理论” 建立了礼貌模式。 他认为, 人们的行为分为前台行为和后台行为二种。
“脸面” 是人类行为准则之一, 渗透于人际行为之中。
而 “面子功夫”是作给其他人看的“前台”行为。
Goffman 同时指出：
— You can lend me your car. — I can lend you my car.
— You must come and have dinner with us. — We must come and have dinner with you.
ISO20000-不符合项报告-模板
受审核部门
市场部
部门负责人
XXX
审核员
XX
审核时间
20XX-X-X
不符合项事实陈述：
查《供应商管理程序》，未见对第三方供应商支持的服务内容。未记录供应商服务信息，建议设计供应商服务记录表。
不符合项标准条款：2
不符合项类型：一般不符合项
审核员：XX部门负责人：XX20XX-X-X
纠正和预防措施：
1、编制《供应商服务记录表》。
2、要求供应商对口部门对供应商的服务详细记录到《供应商服务记录表》。
部门负责人：XXX20XX-X-X
纠正和预防措施完成情况：
已对相关部门进行培训。
供应商对口部门在每次服务后进行记录。
部门负责人：XXX20XX-X-X
纠正和预防措施验证：
记录已进行
审核员：XXX20XX-X-X
违反合作原则的20个samples
违反合作原则发生的特殊会话含义的具体事例之巴公井开创作合作原则共包括四年夜准则, 其下又分为若干小则, 格莱斯曾指出, 反语（irony）、隐喻（metaphor）、夸张（hyperbole）和缓叙（meiosis）城市最终招致合作原则的违反现象, 现根据四年夜准则进行举例分析.合作原则 Cooperative Principle（一）量的准则 Maxim of Quantity(1)所说之话应包括交谈目的所需要的信息.Make your contribution as informative as is required (for the current purpose of the exchange；(2)所说之话不应包括超越需要的信息.Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.For example,1. Earl: I just want to look nice for my son when he comes in.Max: What? I am going to meet your kid?Earl: Well, one of them.Max:“One of them?” How many do you have?Earl: So far?Max: Oh, Earl, I love you.Earl: This is my son, Darius. He is the No.1 Chrysler salesman in all of Detroit. And he is my very favorite if he is the one I’m thinking of.(From Bankruptcy Sisters)Analyze: This is a scene of Bankruptcy Sisters, Earl only told he dressed so decently to meet his son, but didn’t say clearly if Max would meet his son together, that`s why Max felt puzzled and asked him how many of his sons; then Earl answered“So far?”, until the last sentence he did tell the purpose for meeting his son and add another unnecessary message “ if he is the one I’m thinking of.” Because of the hiatus or the redundancy of their conversation, makes the audiences fall into a reverie and sets a humorous comedy atmosphere.2. Caroline: Oh my God! Is he your father?Max: Yes, he is my father. And my mother is apiece of chalk.(From Bankruptcy Sisters)Analyze: This is a conversation between Caroline and Max. Caroline asked if the man came into the cafe was Max’s father, Max answer “Yes”but add one more sentence “And my mother is piece of chalk.” which indicated the man was not Max ‘s father at all. Obviously, though this situation is typical message redundancy, it helps the listeners to understand the speaker’s real meaning and humor.3.柳小姐之夫：老婆, 请问一下你会不会打我？柳小姐：我干嘛要打你啊？你又没做错事.如果我要真的打你的话, 一定就是你做错事了.从现在开始, 你只许疼我一个人, 要宠我, 不能骗我, 承诺我的每一件事情都要做到, 对我讲的每一句话都要真心, 禁绝欺负我、骂我, 要相信我.他人欺负我, 你要在第一时间出来帮我, 我开心呢, 你要陪着我开心；我不开心呢, 你要哄我开心.永远觉得我是最漂亮的, 梦里面也要见到我, 在你的心里只有我！就是这样喽！（出自片子《河东狮吼》）’s personality.4. A tourist hailed a bus at a request stop and asked theconductor, “What’s the fare to Regent’s Park?”“5 pence,” said the conductor.The tourist didn’t get on the bus, but instead ran along behind it after it pulled away. As he met the bus again at the next stop, he panted, “What’s the fare to Regent’s Park now?”“10 pence,”said the conductor, “You’re running the wrong way.”Analyze: In this funny story, the tourist was a niggard, tried to save money by running after bus and shorting the distance to his destination. At first, he asked the fare to his destination and was told “5 pence”; but after he ran tired out and asked again, then was told the fare had risen and he ran the wrong direction of his destination. It’s ascribed to the first time, the conductor did not tell details to the tourist, brought a misunderstanding to the tourist and the readers: as the tourist ran more that he could saved more money. Hence, the hiatus of the conversation makes a misunderstanding, the conductor obeyed the maxim of quantity, deceived the stingy tourist by omitting necessary information advisedly.5. Liz: Jon, there’s something important I need to ask you. Something that I wouldn’t ask most guys who come in here.Jon: Wait, no! I think I know where this is going.Liz: You do?Jon: I do. Liz, I’ve wanted to ask you the same thing for a very long time.Liz: Are you sure that we’re talking about the same thing?Jon: Absolutely. Yeah, uh, I’ve never been more sure of anything in my entire life.Jon: Liz, I am ready to take a chance. I am ready for...Liz: Thank you.Jon: A dog! A dog! I’m ready for a dog.(from movie GarfieldⅠ)Analyze: In above conversation, Liz only said she had something to ask Jon but didn’t clear the details of it. And Jon was impatient to listen till the end, and thensaid he knew the content of that “something”. Until Liz held a dog needed to be adopted came out, Jon realized he had misunderstood. Apparently, Jon didn’t get enough information from Liz, so he misunderstood her and violated the maxim of quantity accidentally, which makes this talk dramatically.(二）质原则（Maxim of Quantity):(1)不要说自知虚假的话.Do not say what you believeto be false(2)不要说证据缺乏的话.Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.For examples:1.The following is an AD:Feeding Your Body and Starving Your Hair?Aussie Hair insurance is a leave- in, multi-vitam in and mineral conditioning hair supplement that can nourish your hair from within.... ...If your hair is dry, frizzy or unmanageable..., maybeit’s just hungry!Analyze: The slogan “Starving”of the AD usually used to describing human`s aspiration of food. However, this AD used the word to describe hair was obeyed the maxim of quality, giving the obvious fake information to people to attract them, by this, this violation becomes meaningful.2. The following is an AD:Sophisticated,Sweet-to-drink Pink LadyAnalyze: This AD slogan created a metaphor by obeying the maxim of quality. “Pink Lady” is a brand of deluxe wine, the word “Sophisticated”means superior. But “Sophisticated” generally uses to embellishing a person but other things, so it breaks the maxim of quality indeed. On the other hand, “Pink Lady”also means beautiful lady, so that the using of “Sophisticated”was reasonable; and yet the “Sweet-to-drink”would violate the maxim of quality. Due to these twofold violations, this AD shows a very different sense: if we compare the wine to beautiful lady, that would be fairyand elegant. The AD mixed them up, thereby appealing readers to dreaming about this wine brand. Though it violates the maxim of quality, it wins the attention of costumers.3. The following is a slogan in a shoes shop:A room for 5 toesAnalyze: The slogan is a great parallelism. Rooms are the space for people doing activities, and shoes are the space for toes to stay, that is the similarity of these two. By this similarity, readers can easily understand the meaning of the slogan; moreover, rooms give people the impression about comfortable and safe, so the shoes do. Thus, readers associate from the rooms to the shoes——both are shelters, then deep into their similarity——both giving protection. With the desire of be protected, people will be willing to buy the shoes. If changes the “room”to “box”or “pot”, readers can understand the meaning too, but it cannot create a emotional association to be a successful metaphor, which only break the maxim of quality but not to be a good AD.4. 韦小宝：各位观众, 谢谢各位凑得这么近、站得这么直听我说书, 真是太给面子啦.今天要说的人物就是天地会的总舵主陈近南, 所谓平生不见陈近南, 便称英雄也枉然.他身高八尺, 腰围也是八尺.众人：哇！那岂不是四方了吗？韦小宝：四方就四方, 一样米养百样人, 八角形的都有.我告诉你！他武功的名堂呢, 称之为“九天十地菩萨摇头怕怕霹雳金光雷电掌”！一掌打出, 方圆百里之内, 不论人畜、虾蟹、跳蚤, 全部化成了飞灰啊！（出自片子《鹿鼎记》）Analyze: According the maxim of quality, Wei should answer the question honestly based the truth but his own imagination. With this hyperbole expression, Wei attracted people’s attention resourcefully, although he violated the maxim of quality.5. During the height of a particularly severe air-raid in London in 1940, the staff of a large building was taking shelter in the basement. The raid had been on progress for several hours and bombs were still falling. Suddenly one of the typists said to her friend, “come on, Gladys, I’m not stopping here any longer. It’s 5 o’clock. It`s time to go home, raid or not raid.”Out they went but within a couple of minutes they were back again.“Change your mind?” asked one of the other typists.“Yes,”said the first girl. “We’ve no umbrella and it’s pouring with rain outside.”Analyze: These two girls in this story could not stand the endless air-raid and stayed at the basement any longer, and one of them decided to go home, no matter the air-raid end or not. Maybe we will think that girl is a brave one, however, she backed, said because of she had no umbrella and outside were rain pouring that could not leave. The ending of this story is really ironical, the girl is so brave that can ignore the death, but stopping by the rain; the huge contrast of that girl’s images has produced a clownish reaction. The reason the story can produce a clownish reaction is it ignoring the dangerous conception but emphasizing the negligible things (raining), which violates the maxim of quality.(三）关系原则（Maxim of Relation）：要有关联, 要切合题. Be relevant, and connecting to the theme.For examples:1. Scene: Max was serving the customerMax: Hi, ready to order?Customer: Do you have anything that’s real special?Max: Not according my high school guidance counselor.(From Bankruptcy Sisters)Analyze: Max is asking if the customer ready to order food, and the customer wants to know if the restaurant has any special dish. What’s for fun, Max misinterprets the meaning purposely to violate the maxim of relation, and helps the audiences realize the funny point.2. Two rather deaf old gentlemen were traveling on the underground. As the train drew into Wembley Station, one of them shouted,“Is this Wembley?”“No,” shouted the other, “it’s Thursday!”“What did you say?”“Thursday————Thursday!”“Yes, so am I, shall we get off here and have a drink?”Analyze: From the above conversation we know that those two old gentlemen are both deaf, so they cannot hear each other clearly. One of them asked if there was the Wembley Station, another heard as if today was Wednesday, because the pronunciation of “Wembley”are close to “Wednesday”. Then the one who answered “Thursday” had repeated his answer over and over again, made the first one of them thought that man was thirsty, so he suggested to get off to have a drink. In this joke, both of them are replying irrelevant information and violating the maxim of relation, with this result to make readers laugh.3. Jamal Malik: “Come run with me.”Latika: “Run? Where? Life of what?”(From movie Slumdog Millionaire)Analyze: For Jamal’s ask, Latika should be only answer “Yes, I’ll run with you.” or “No, I won’t run with you.”Instead of these two appropriate answers, Latikareplied irrelevantly that violating the maxim of relation.4. Luca: You’re on the wrong side of the street, fat cat. Beat it!Garfield: And you, Luca, the wrong side of the evolutionary curve.(from movie GarfieldⅠ)Analyze: The conversation between Garfield and dog Luca, the greedy cat——Garfield wanted to steal the cake from Luca’s home. When Luca warned Garfield should n’t come across the street (on the wrong side of the street), and Garfield replied him that he was on the wrong side of evolutionary curve. Garfield did not tell the reason why he came the other side of the street but say Luca is the failure of evolutionary curve, which satirize Luca is ugly. The jape comes from the violation of the maxim of relation.5. Jon: What am I gonna do with you?Garfield: Love me. Feed me. Never leave me.Jon: Come on. Let’s go for a ride to some placeyou love...(from movie Garfield Ⅰ)Analyze: This talk happened after Garfield had ate four boxes of spaghetti which should be Jon’s. In order to punish Garfield, Jon asked how should he treat Garfield as the cat had ate his spaghetti; what’s unexpected, Garfield didn’t say sorry to Jon but something irrelevant about his greedy act. As the reply of Garfield violates the maxim of relation has amused the audiences . （四）方式原则（Maxim of Manner）：要清楚明白. The conversation should be clear and reasonable.（1）防止晦涩.Avoiding obscurity .（2）防止歧义.Avoiding ambiguity.（3）简明扼要, 井井有条.Be brief ( avoid unnecessary prolixity), and be orderly.For examples:1. Jenny: Are you stupid or something?Forrest: Mamma says that stupid is as stupid does.(from Forrest Gump)Analyze: According the maxim of manner,, the content of the answer should be clear and precise, but Forrest’s reply is ambiguous and vague, so he breaks the maxim of manner.2. Max: What? No way. No way. Is this Narnia? I’m about to say something I swore I’d never say. “O.M.G. Again O.M.G.” It’s lame, but nothing else really nails it. This is the room that O.M.G.was born for.Caroline: Max, it’s just my closet.(from Bankruptcy Sisters)Analyze: Max compares Caroline’s closet as Narnia, to express her surprise that her never saw such luxury room and closet before, just like being in the Heaven, and says “on, my god”repeatedly as “O.M.G.”. Though it violates the maxim of manner, it does make the audience laughing.3.Garfield: This is exactly what I deserve anyway. I promise if I survive, I’ll never compete with a dogagain. Okay! You got me! But before I say goodbye...Oh, isn’t it the final irony?(from movie GarfieldⅠ)Analyze: This scene happened at the dogs exhibition, Garfield was chased by a group of dogs. “...I promise if I survive, I’ll never compete with a dog again...” this sentence has used equivoque to make a misinterpretation. On the one hand, it can be understood as Garfield should not come to the dogs exhibition to compete with dogs; On the other hand, it can be read as Garfield should not compete with dog Odie. This sentence didn’t clear its meaning, violate the maxim of manner which requires avoiding ambiguity.4. Dog；Hey, Boomer, I really gotta run.Garfield: Gotta fly, everybody. Really, please, stay behind the security fences. So great of you to come out to see me...but I’ve got somebody waiting for me, very devoted, almost crippled. No, please, don’t cry. I know what it’s like to be unloved. Well, you do. I’ll try to come back and visit, and if I don’t, I’ll try to write.Bye-bye.Dog: Does anybody know this guy?(from movie GarfieldⅠ)Analyze: This is a talk between Garfield and the animals in pets’ clinic. In general, as Garfield had said these words, meant he should had knew those dogs and cats. However, one of the dogs asked if anybody knew Garfield, that revealed no one knew Garfield, and this indicates Garfield wants to show off the delightful life about he and Jon. This conversation obeys the maxim of manner which requires be orderly, makes the audience feeling grotesquerie.。
商务英语合同中违反合作原则的案例
商务英语合同中违反合作原则的案例In business English contracts, it is essential to adhere to the principles of cooperation. However, there are instances where these principles are violated, leading to disputes and conflicts. In this article, we will explore some examples of violations of cooperation principles in business English contracts.One common violation of cooperation principles is the failure to provide timely and accurate information. In a business contract, it is crucial for both parties to exchange relevant information promptly and accurately. However, if one party deliberately withholds information or provides misleading information, it can disrupt the cooperation and lead to misunderstandings. For example, in a manufacturing agreement, if the supplier fails to inform the buyer about a change in the production process, it can result in defective products and financial losses for the buyer.Another violation of cooperation principles is the failure to fulfill contractual obligations. When entering into a business contract, both parties have certain responsibilities and obligations to fulfill. However, if one party fails to meet these obligations, it can disrupt the cooperation and damage the business relationship. For instance, in a distribution agreement, if the distributor fails to deliver the products to the agreed locations within the specified time frame, it can lead to customer dissatisfaction and loss of sales for the manufacturer.Furthermore, the lack of communication and collaboration can also be a violation of cooperation principles. Effective communication is vital for successful cooperation in business contracts. If one party refuses to engage in open and transparent communication or disregards the opinions and suggestions of the other party, it can hinder the progress of the project and create a hostile working environment. For example, in a joint venture agreement, if one partner consistently ignores the input of the other partner and makes decisions unilaterally, it can lead to conflicts and the eventual dissolution of the partnership.Additionally, the failure to resolve disputes amicably is another violation of cooperation principles. In business contracts, disagreements and disputes can arise, but it is crucial to handle them in a fair and respectful manner. If one party resorts to aggressive tactics, such as threats or legal action, instead of seeking mediation or negotiation, it can escalate the conflict and damage the cooperation. For instance, in a licensing agreement, if the licensor immediately initiates a lawsuit against the licensee without attempting to resolve the issue through negotiation, it can strain the relationship and result in financial losses for both parties.In conclusion, violations of cooperation principles in business English contracts can have significant consequences. Failure to provide timely and accurate information, fulfill contractual obligations, communicate effectively, and resolve disputes amicably can lead to misunderstandings, conflicts, and financial losses. It is essential for all parties involved to adhere to these principles and work towards maintaining a cooperative and productive business relationship.。
合同编司法解释第20条的解读
合同编司法解释第20条的解读英文回答：Article 20 of the Judicial Interpretation on Contract Compilation:Article 20 of the Judicial Interpretation on Contract Compilation (hereafter referred to as "Article 20") provides that if a party to a contract proposes an amendment to the contract and the other party does not respond within a reasonable time, the proposing party may consider the contract to have been amended in accordance with the proposed amendment.This provision is designed to address situations where one party to a contract seeks to modify the terms of the contract, but the other party does not explicitly agree or disagree to the proposed amendment. In such cases, Article 20 provides a mechanism for the proposing party to move forward with the amended contract without the explicitconsent of the other party.Key considerations under Article 20 include:Reasonableness of the Time Period: The "reasonable time" within which the other party must respond to the proposed amendment is not defined by Article 20. This determination will be made on a case-by-case basis, taking into account factors such as the nature of the proposed amendment, the urgency of the matter, and the customary practices in the industry.Notice of the Proposed Amendment: The proposing party must provide clear and unambiguous notice of the proposed amendment to the other party. This notice should specifythe terms of the proposed amendment and the date by which the other party must respond.Lack of Objection: If the other party does not objectto the proposed amendment within the reasonable time period, the proposing party may assume that the contract has been amended in accordance with the proposed amendment.中文回答：合同编司法解释第20条解读。
五种lsat逻辑推理错误解析
五种lsat逻辑推理错误解析我们都知道逻辑错误，一般指思维过程中违反形式逻辑规律的要求和逻辑规则而产生的错误。
如“偷换概念”、“偷换论题”、“自相矛盾”等。
但是你们知道五种lsat逻辑推理错误吗？我们一定明白：逻辑推理：主要是指遵循逻辑规律来分析推理的思路，把不同排列顺序的意识进行相关性的推导就是逻辑推理。
在同一思维过程中，同一个概念或同一个思想对象，必须保持前后一致性，亦即保持确定性，这是逻辑推理的一条重要思维规律。
以下五种典型的逻辑错误，在LSAT逻辑部分最为常见：1. % vs.absolute no.2. representative sample3. necessity vs. sufficency4. correlation vs. causation5. alternative possibility这几种错误是对偶的关系：比如，当看到出现百分比/比例/单位含量等时，首先要想的是绝对数量上的变化，反之亦然，当看到出现绝对数量时，考虑比例上的变化；又如，当人举一个例子，想推而广之，得出一种带有普遍性的结论时（与类比不同，类比是from case to case），就要考虑他举的这个例子具有代表性与否，如果是出现在逻辑错误类型的试题中时，问题往往就出在这里；必要条件与充分条件不用多讲，是到底谁推出谁的问题，充分条件时能合理地推出结论，而必要条件时就不行，题目往往是把两者加以混淆；一般关系与因果关系题，常见的是A after B, therefore B casues A. 其实，两者的关系也许是A cause B，也许是C causes both A and B，或者AB根本没什么关系。
涉及其他可能性的题目，太多了。
其实也与因果有关。
当结论说A causes B，或者隐含了A 就是B的原因时，其假设就是没有其他原因同时起作用。
如果有可能是其他原因在发生作用，说A导致了B就不能保证了。
这种错误往往是忽视了其他某个可能的其他原因。
商务信函原则
竭诚为您提供优质文档/双击可除商务信函原则篇一：商务信函的7c原则principlesofbusinessLetterwriting商务信函写作原则为达到通过信函有效沟通的目的，有必要掌握写好国际商务函电的原则。
一般地，商务信函有以下七个方面的写作规则，通常被称为“7c原则”：1.clearness[kl?rn?s]清楚清楚原则包括两个方面的内容，一是写信者在拟文前知道自己要写什么；二是对文收到信函时可以完全了解写信者要表达的意思，不会产生误解。
这就要求写信者头脑清楚、条理清晰、表达准确，避免使用一些含混不清、模棱二可的词汇。
2.conciseness[k?nsa?sn?s]简洁简洁是指用最少的语言表达最丰富完整的内容，并且不影响信函的礼貌性。
简洁使信函更加简明有力。
商务英语信函的格式要简明扼要，语言要通俗易懂，内容要精练丰富。
这要就要写信者在行文过程中尽量选用单间、易懂、朴素的词汇，采用简洁，直接的句子。
3.correctness[k?r?ktn?s]准确商务英语的信函与买卖双方的权力、义务、利害关系、企业形像等息息相关，是制作各种商业单据的依据，以及进行商业活动往来的重要凭证。
准确无误是商业英语信函写作中最最要的原则。
准确原则不仅仅指单词拼写、标点符号无误，语法使用、结构格式正确，还应确保信函所涉及的信息、数字、事实准确无误。
因此，在进行商业英语信函写作中应反复审核相关信息，如：收信人的职称、姓名、地址、交货时间、地点、货物品质、颜色、尺码、单价、总价、包装等。
4.concreteness[kɑnkritn?s]具体具体原则是指信函中涉及的内容要言之有物，信息要详实具体、丰富生动，表达要完整。
商务信函写作中注意避免类似：soon,atanearlydate,good,nearly等笼统的、含混不清的表达法。
例如：Iwillsendthesamplestoyousoon.就不如Iwillsendthesamplestoyouintwoweeks.如果能再具体，那就更好了，例如Iwillsendthesamplestoyounextmonday.5.courtesy英[k??t?s?]美[k?t?si]礼貌为了建立、保持一个友好贸易关系，商务英语信函往来一般要注意礼貌原则，以理待人。
轻微违反合同的例子
轻微违反合同的例子（中英文实用版）Example of a Minor Breach of Contract例子：轻微违反合同A minor breach of contract occurs when one party fails to fully comply with the terms of the agreement but does not significantly impact the other party"s ability to receive the benefits outlined in the contract.轻微违反合同是指当一方未能完全遵守协议的条款，但这并没有对另一方获得合同中概述的利益产生重大影响。
For instance, if a seller fails to deliver a product by the agreed-upon date but eventually delivers it within a reasonable timeframe, this may be considered a minor breach.Similarly, if a buyer fails to make a payment but rectifies the issue by paying the outstanding amount promptly, it may also be classified as a minor breach.例如，如果卖家未能在约定的日期交付产品，但最终在合理的时间范围内交付，这可能被视为轻微违约。
同样，如果买家未能支付款项，但及时支付了未付金额，这也可能被归类为轻微违约。
In some cases, a minor breach may not require any compensation or legal action, as the affected party may choose to waive their right to pursue damages.However, it is essential to document the breach and communicate with the other party to ensure that the issue is resolved amicably.在某些情况下，轻微违约可能不需要任何赔偿或法律行动，因为受影响的一方可以选择放弃追求损害赔偿的权利。
浅谈商务英语写作7c原则中的“准确性”
浅谈商务英语写作7c原则中的“准确性”16商务英语三班李可娇摘要：随着经济全球化、贸易全球化的深入发展，英语在商务业务中的应用更加广泛。
商务英语写作能力作为书写商务信函的必要能力，越来越被外贸从业人员所重视.商务英语写作中的7c原则是贯穿其中的指导性原则。
本文针对商务英语写作7c原则中的准确性原则展开论述，阐述何为准确性、准确性在商务英语写作中的重要性,同时提出如何做到准确书写信函的建议。
力图通过此篇论文，使读者了解准确性原则、掌握准确性原则在商务英语写作中的应用方法。
Abstract：With the development of economic globalization and globalization of trade， English is more widely used in business。
As a necessary ability to write business letters, Business English writing ability is increasingly valued by foreign trade practitioners。
The c riteria of seven “Cs" are the guiding principles that run through. The author of this paper tried to talk about what is correctness , what is the importance of correctness, and puts forward advice on how to achieve correctness。
This paper aims to make readers understand the correctness and the application of correctness in business English writing.关键词:7c原则;准确性；商务英语写作Keywords：The criteria of seven “Cs”； Correctness； Business English writing一·引言:商务英语信函在外贸业务中被广泛应用，掌握商务英语写作7c原则能够与外商建立良好的沟通与磋商。
商务英语函电中的语用合作原则及其运用
商务英语函电中的语用合作原则及其运用商务英语函电产生和服务于各种各样的国际商务活动，涉及国际贸易实务的各个环节，是国际商务往来最为经常使用的联系方式。
成功的商务英语函电必须遵循语用合作原则的四准则，做到内容准确无误、完整具体、清楚简洁、紧扣主题。
标签：国际商务英语函电语用合作原则商务英语函电是国际商务活动的重要载体，是国际商务往来最为常用的联系方式，其双向交流的目的是使贸易双方有效地进行思想、信息的交流，获得相互理解与尊重，最终完成贸易。
因此，商务英语函电质量的高低是商务成功与否的一个重要因素。
增强商务英语函电的语用合作色彩，有助于商务英语函电写作质量的提高。
一、语用合作原则在成功交际中的作用美国哲学家Grice认为，在日常交际中人们总是遵守着一套相互合作的基本原则，相互配合, 相互理解，即会话合作原则(Cooperative Principle，简称CP)。
为了有效使用语言达到交际目的，该原则要求每个交谈者在整个谈话过程中所说的话都应符合这次交谈的目标或方向。
Grice把合作原则划分为四项准则:1.数量准则(Maxim of Quantity):即传递的信息量适中，既要充足，又不能过多。
2.质量准则(Maxim of Quality):不要提供自认为不真实或缺乏足够证据的信息。
3.关联准则(Maxim of Relation):所提供的信息要与正在谈论的内容相关。
4.方式准则(Maxim of Manner):避免晦涩、歧义的词语，话语要简要、有条理。
由此可见，合作原则要求所提供的信息数量适中、内容简明、真实可靠，切和主题，倍受关注。
遵守了这些准则，交流者就能以最直接的方式和最合适的语言进行交际，达到最佳交际效果。
二、商务英语函电中的语用合作色彩1.商务英语函电用语上的语用合作色彩。
商务英语函电产生并服务于国际商务活动, 反映与商务有关的专业内容，其遣词造句、表达风格、意义和内涵都具有商业韵味，表述简练而准确, 表达有力而温和, 语气坚决而不强悍, 用语严谨而不失风趣。
CP violation at colliders
a rXiv:h ep-ph/9411398v228Nov1994PRL-TH-94/35November 1994hep-ph/9411398CP violation at colliders 1Saurabh D.Rindani Theory Group,Physical Research Laboratory Navrangpura,Ahmedabad 380009,India Abstract The prospects of experimental detection of CP violation at e +e −and pp/p t and W +W −production and decay is also described.1.Introduction 1.1CP violation in the standard model CP violation in the standard model (SM),as is well known,arises due tocomplex Yukawa couplings,and finally shows up through quark mixing in the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix as a single phase.The reparametriza-tion invariant quantityJ =sin 2θ1sin θ2sin θ3cos θ1cos θ2cos θ3sin δ(1)is a measure of CP violation in SM,and though small,produces measurable effects in the K meson system,and hopefully the effects in the b -quark states will be measurable.The effects in other sectors (as for example the neutronelectric dipole moment)and in high-energy processes is generally predicted to be too small to be observed.In the leptonic sector of SM the prospects of CP violation being observ-able are worse,since there is no analogue of the CKM phase in the absence of neutrino masses.CP violation in leptonic systems has to feed in from the hadronic sector through loops.For example,electric dipole moments(EDM) of charged leptons are induced due to the W EDM,and are found to vanish up to three-loop order.The electron EDM is then estimated to be around 10−41e cm.[1]Thus,any new observable CP violation would be a signal of non-standard physics.It might be mentioned that perhaps there is already a hint towards non-standard CP violation in current ideas on electroweak baryogenesis. 1.2Scenarios for CP violation beyond SMCP violation beyond SM can arise due to almost any extra Yukawa couplings which can be complex,and possibly also due to new Higgs self-interactions and complex scalar vacuum expectation values.Thus,intro-duction of extra fermions or scalars could give rise to new sources of CP violation.Retaining the gauge group to be SU(2)L×U(1),CP violation can arise due to extra fermion or Higgs doublets or singlets.Since the SM measure of CP violation J(eq.(1))is small owing to the small mixing angles among quark generations as experimentally observed,larger CP violating effects would arise if there are extra generations of quarks,whose mixing angles may be less constrained.If there are new fermions(quarks or leptons)in exotic representations(left-handed singlets and/or right-handed doublets of SU(2)L)there are further complexflavour-changing couplings to Z which violate CP.Supersymmetry requires the addition of extra scalars and fermions,whose couplings violate CP.In left-right symmetric models,again,there further sources of CP violation.1.3Use of effective Lagrangians for model-independent analysisThere is a large variety of sources of CP violation beyond SM,and rather than discuss predictions of each model for each observable quantity,it is more economical to analyze CP-violating quantities in terms of the parameters of2an effective Lagrangian.Examples of CP-violating terms in an effective Lagrangian with which we will be concerned here are given below:L eff=−iψiσµνγ5ψi Fµν−iψiσµνγ5ψi(∂µZν−∂νZµ) + V=A,Z ig V κV W†µWν Vµν+ λV2ǫµναβVαβ;Vµν=∂µVν−∂νVµ;Wµν=∂µWν−∂νWµ).These termsare of dimension≤6.In eq.(2),ψi refers to various fermionicfields(quarksand leptons),whose electric and“weak”dipole moment is given by dψi anddψi,respectively.It should be noted that all the parameters are in reality scale dependent“form factors”,and can be complex.2.Some general considerations2.1Observable quantities which measure CP violationThere are basically two types of observables which can be used to char-acterize CP violation:asymmetries and correlations.An example of an asymmetry is the partial-width asymmetry for decay of particles i andi→Γ(i→f)+Γ(f).(3)If CP is a symmetry of the theory,A=0.Non-vanishing A implies violation of CP.A is a convenient parameter because it is dimensionless and lies between−1and1.In particular,if i is an eigenstate of CP,f.As we shall see later,the CP T theorem implies that A is zero even if CP is violated unless the amplitude has an absorptive part which can arise because offinal-state interactions or loop effects in perturbation theory.3Another type of asymmetry is an asymmetry in afinal-state variable like energy or angle.It is defined in general(for i=Sdσ(i→f)S dσ(i→f).(4)Here S andE+,E−dσ(i→f).(5)The other category of quantities consists of CP-odd correlations which are expectations values of CP-odd operators in a process with initial as well final states described by CP-even density matrices.Thus for an observable O({p A i,s A i})which is a function of momenta p A i and spins s A i of particles A i,and which transforms under CP asO({p A i,s A i})→O({−p A i,s A i})=−O({p A i,s A i}),(6) the CP-odd correlation isO = dσO({p A i,s A i})O dσ.(8) 2.2Statistical significanceWhether or not a measured asymmetry or correlation can really signal CP violation naturally depends on its statistical significance decided by the statisticalfluctuation expected in the event sample.4For a rate asymmetry A,the number of asymmetric events∆N is∆N=AN,(9) where N is the total number of events in the channel considered.The sta-tisticalfluctuation in these N events is√N,(10)orA>1N.(11)Thus,it would be possible to measure an asymmetry if its predicted value is larger than1/√O2 − O 2(12) is a measure of the background coming from CP-invariant interactions.For N events in the channel,the CP-even events give rise to afluctuation ∆O/√√ O2 − O 2.(13)There is a further experimental requirement for measuring CP violation. All experimental cuts must respect CP invariance.If not,they would intro-duce artificial asymmetries,diluting or obliterating the genuine signal of CP violation.2.3CP T theorem and all thatSince a combined CP T transformation is a good symmetry according to the CP T theorem,CP invariance(or violation)implies T invariance(or vio-lation),and vice versa.However,it should be borne in mind that observation of a T-odd asymmetry or correlation is not necessarily an indication of CP5(or even T)violation.The reason for this is the anti-unitary nature of the time-reversal operator in quantum mechanics.As a consequence of this,a T operation not only reverses spin and three-momenta of all particles,but also interchanges initial andfinal states.This last interchange is difficult to meet with in practice,and one usually has a situation where only momenta and spins are reversed,with the initial andfinal states kept as such.In that case, non-zero T-odd observables do not necessarily signal genuine T violation.There is,however,a case when T-odd observables imply T violation,and that is whenfinal-state interactions and loop effects can be neglected.In that case the transition operator T obeys T=T†,since the right-hand side in the unitarity relationT−T†=i T†T(14) can be neglected.Thenf|T|i ≈ f|T†|i = i|T|f ∗.(15) Now if T invariance holds,thenf|T|i = i T|T|f T ,(16) where|i T ,|f T represent states with all momenta and spins inverted in sign. Combining eq.(16)with(15)for time-reversed states,we have| f|T|i |=| f T|T|i T |.(17) In this case,if a T-odd observable is non-zero,it implies T violation.Thus,T invariance(and CP invariance through the CP T theorem)implies equality of amplitudes with all momenta and spins reversed if and only iffinal-state interaction(absorptive part for the amplitude)vanishes.Put differently,this means thatfinal-state interactions can mimic T vi-olation,but not genuine CP violation.One should therefore use,as far as possible,CP-odd observables to test CP invariance,not T-odd observables (unless they are also CP odd).For a genuine CP-odd quantity,there are two possibilities,A.it is T odd,and therefore CP T even,orB.it is T even,and therefore CP T odd.In case B,there is no violation of the CP T theorem provided the amplitude has an absorptive part.(This is again due to the fact the CP T operator is6antiunitary,and interchanges initial andfinal states).Thus non-vanishing of CP T-odd operators necessarily requires an absorptive part of the amplitude to exist.The absorptive part of CP-odd CP T-odd quantities in perturbation the-ory usually comes from loop contributions where the intermediate state can be on shell.An interesting way of realizing this possibility in the case of an intermediate state of an unstable particle is through the Breit-Wigner form of its propagator.In this case the absorptive part is proportional to its width. This trick has been used in the case of the top,Z and Higgs propagators [2,3,4].One must however be careful to subtract out the part of the width corresponding to decay into the initial orfinal state for consistency with the CP T theorem[5].It has also been pointed out recently[6]that off-diagonal contributions to the self-energy of the virtual particles are also needed for consistency with the CP T theorem.3.CP violation in the leptonic sector3.1Scenarios for leptonic CP violationIn the standard model,no right-handed neutrinos are introduced.As a result,there is no mass matrix to diagonalize for the neutrinos.Hence the CKM matrix is the unit matrix,and no CP-violating phases can arise. However,in extensions of the standard model,CP violation can arise ei-ther because of the presence of neutrino masses or because of extra leptons introduced(even though neutrinos may be massless),or both.A.Massive neutrinos.Neutrinos can have Dirac or Majorana masses.CP violation in the Dirac case is exactly analogous to that in the quark sector of the standard model.In case of Majorana masses,the freedom of phase redefinition of the neutral leptonfields is reduced because Majorana mass terms are not invariant under phase transformations.As a result there are more CP-violating phases in the CKM matrix than the corresponding Dirac case.It is thus possible to have CP violation with even two generations of Majorana neutrinos.B.Massless neutrinos with exotic leptons.It is possible to have CP violation because of either charged or neutral leptons in exotic representations7of SU(2)×U(1).The leptons then haveflavour-violating couplings to Z or Higgses,which can be complex and hence CP violating.We consider below some leptonic CP-violating processes at high-energy colliders which make use of the above mechanisms of CP violation.The importance of leptonic processes stems from the fact that they are relatively clean from the experimental point of view.3.2Leptonicflavour violating Z decaysLeptons can haveflavour-violating couplings to Z giving rise toflavour violating Z decays into charged leptons either at tree level or at one-loop level:Z→l il j)−Γ(Z→.(19)Γ(Z→l i l i l j)This is T even and therefore CP T odd.It therefore needs an absorptive part to be present.Flavour-violating tree-level couplings of charged leptons to Z arise in models with exotic charged leptons transforming as either left-handed sin-glets and/or right-handed doublets.In such a case the Glashow-Weinberg condition forflavour-diagonal couplings is not satisfied,and(18)occurs at tree level.For A of(19)to be non-zero,one-loop correction to(18)is also needed,and only the absorptive part of that amplitude contributes.The asymmetry is then O(α)[7].On the other hand,models with exotic neutral leptons haveflavour-violating couplings of neutral leptons at the tree-level giving rise to(18) at the loop level[8].The absorptive part now comes from one of these loop diagrams.A is now O(1).However,unlike in the previous case,the rate of theflavour-violating process(18)is O(α3).Thus,the minimum total num-ber N Z of Z events for an observable asymmetry is in both cases O(1/α3). However,constraints on leptonic mixing angles and masses of exotic leptons make this process too rare to observe at LEP.3.3CP violation in e+e−→γ∗,Z∗→l+l−8In case of CP violation in e+e−→γ,Z→l+l−there are two general results[9]:(i)No CP violation can be seen without measuring initial orfinal spins.This follows basically because no CP-odd observable can be constructed without spins.(ii)The only CP-violating couplings for the on-shell process are the dipole moment type couplings of e or l(electric or“weak”dipole moments).Since there are strong experimental limits on the electron and muon electric dipole moments(d e<∼10−27e cm,dµ<∼10−19e cm),τmay be a good candidate for l.In fact,the weak moment ofτhas been constrained usingτpolarization in this reaction(see below).Since it is clear from(i)that either initial orfinal spins have to be observed to detect CP violation,we consider below both these cases for e+e−→Z→τ+τ−.3.3.1CP tests usingτpolarization in e+e−→τ+τ−This possibility has been discussed by several authors[2,10–12].For the processe−(p−)+e+(p+)→τ−(k−,s−)+τ+(k+,s+),(20) possible CP-odd quantities that can be constructed out of the momenta and spins in the centre-of-mass(cm)frame are(p−−p+)·(s−−s+)and (p−−p+)·s−×s+.To measure these quantities,one must,of course,be able to measure s±. This can be done by looking at decay distributions ofτ±.In the rest frame ofτ,the angular distribution of an observed decay particle isdΓ(1+αs· q∗),(21)4πwhere q∗is the unit vector along the momentum of the observed particle, andαis a constant called the analyzing power of the channel.For example,α=∓1forτ±→π±ντ,=±1/3forτ±→l±νlντ,as deduced from the theory of weakτing(21),spin correlations can be translated to momentum correlations.In terms of the observed momenta,possible CP-odd variables are p·(q+×q−)(CP T=+1), p·(q++q−)(CP T=−1), p·(q+×q−) p·(q+−q−)9(CP T=+1), p·(q++q−) p·(q+−q−)(CP T=−1).Expectation values of the last two were suggested by Bernreuther et al.[11,12]for measuring respectively the real and imaginary parts of theτweak dipole form factor dτ(m2Z).The suggestion has been carried out at LEP for Re dτ(m2Z)by the OPAL[13]and ALEPH[14]groups.OPAL looked at inclusive leptonic and hadronic decays ofτ,whereas ALEPH analyzed all channels exclusively. The results obtained are the95%confidence-level upper limits Re dτ(m2Z)< 7.0×10−17e cm(OPAL[13])and Re dτ(m2Z)<3.7×10−17e cm(ALEPH [14]).The theoretical prediction for the1s.d.limit obtainable in the measure-ment of Im dτ(m2Z)is10−16using the correlation p·(q++q−) p·(q+−q−) and a sample of107Z’s[12].3.3.2Longitudinal beam polarizationThe Stanford Linear Collider(SLC),operating presently at the Z reso-nance,has an e−polarization of about62%,and is likely to reach75%in the future.The present sample collected is of50,000Z’s,and the hope is to reach5×105,or even106Z’s.Can this longitudinal e−polarization help in measuring theτweak dipole moment?The answer is“yes”[15].In fact,as we shall see,SLC can do better than LEP so far as Im dτis concerned.The essential point is that the vector polarization of Z gets enhanced in the presence of e+e−longitudinal polarization.For vanishing beam polariza-tion,P e−=P e+=0,the Z vector polarization is2g V e g AeP(0)Z=,(23)1−P(0)Z P e+e−whereP e−−P e+P e+e−=It is therefore profitable to look for CP-odd observables involving the Z spin s Z=P Z p,where p is the unit vector along p+=−p−in the c.m. frame.Examples of such observables are p·(q+×q−)and p·(q++q−). While both are CP odd,the former is CP T even and the latter is CP T odd.The above is not entirely correct in principle.CP-odd correlations give a measure of underlying CP violation only if the initial state is CP even. Otherwise there may be contributions to correlations which arise from CP-invariant interactions due to the CP-odd part of the initial state.In the case when only the electron beam is polarized,the initial state is not CP even.In practice,however,this CP-even background is small because for m e→0,only the CP-even helicity combinations e−L e+R and e−R e+L survive, making the corrections proportional to m e/m Z≈5×10−6.If one includes orderαcollinear photon emission from the initial state,which couldflip the helicity of the e±,then like-helicity e+e−states could also survive for van-ishing electron mass2.However,it turns out that this being a non-resonant effect,the corresponding cross section at the Z peak is small.It is therefore expected that the correlations coming from CP-invariant SM interactions in such a case will be negligible.The correlations O1 ∼ p·(q+×q−) and O2 ∼ p·(q++q−) have been calculated analytically for the single-pion andρdecay mode of eachτ. Also calculated analytically are O21 and O22 needed for obtaining the1 s.d.limit on the measurability of dτobtained using eq.(13)[15].The results for only the single-pion channel are summarized in Tables1a and1b,which give,respectively for O1and O2and for electron polarizations P e−=0,±0.62,the correlations in units of dτm Z/e,the square root of the variance,and the1σlimit on Re dτand Im dτobtainable with106Z’s.The enhancement of O1,2 and hence the sensitivity of dτmeasurement with polarization is evident from the tables.O1 (GeV2)for O21Re dτ=e/m Z for106Z’s(in e cm)0.901.5×10−16+0.6212.864.013.3×10−172I thank Prof.L.M.Sehgal for drawing my attention to this fact.11Table1aO2 (GeV)for O22Im dτ=e/m Z for106Z’s(in e cm)−0.166.2×10−16 +0.629.57−0.701.4×10−16Observable 1s.d.limit on| dτ|O112.86GeV2−6.22GeV5.0×10−173.3.3Transverse beam polarizationUse of transversely polarized e+e−beams for the study of CP violation has been studied by several people(see for example[2,17]).For a reaction e−(p−,s−)+e+(p+,s+)→f(k+)+c,bLP R DµEDµφ +H.c.,(26) L Y=i LγµνP R E φ +H.c.(27)Their results forλW=(400GeV)−2and L=4.8×105pb−1at LEP are given in Table3,where A is the asymmetry for s−·(p×k)given byA= dσ(p i,s i)− dσ(−p i,−s i) s−·(p×k).(28)Though this is an interesting effect,a theoretical estimate forλW is needed before concluding whether the effect would be observable.Assuming a sys-tematic error of0.1%,the2-σlimits possible onλW are estimated to be(570 GeV)−2and(660GeV)−2respectively for up-and down-type quarks.τ+τ−c b6.531A×10−5970.9 5.5c,b4.CP violation in top pair productionEvidence for a top quark of mass of about174GeV at the Tevatron has been reported by the CDF collaboration[18].Even though the data is not conclusive,it is generally believed that the top quark will eventually be found with a mass of a similar magnitude.Top-antitop pairs can then be produced at large rates at future colliders and used for various studies.In particular,since a heavy top(m t>120GeV)decays before it hadronizes [19],information about its polarization is preserved in its decay products. Schmidt and Peskin[20]have suggested(elaborating on an old suggestion of Donoghue and Valencia[21])looking for the asymmetry between t Lt R as a signal for CP violation(see also[22]).Note that this is possible only for a heavy particle like the top quark because for a light particle, the dominant helicity combination would be t L t L,each being self-conjugate.The asymmetry N(t L t R)can be probed through the energy spectra of prompt leptons from t→W b;W→lν.This is understood as follows.For a heavy top,the dominant W helicity in t→W b is0.Now,due to V−A interaction,b is produced with left-handed helicity(neglecting the b mass).Hence in the t rest frame,W+momentum is dominantly along the t spin direction.It follows that l+in W+decay is produced preferentially in the direction of the t spin.In fact,the distribution is1+cosψ,whereψis the angle between the l+momentum direction and the t spin direction.In going to the laboratory frame,the t gets boosted.Thus l+from t R is more energetic than l+from t L,and l−from t R. Therefore,in the decay of t L t L has higher energy than l+from t L,and the reverse is true for t Rt L)−N(t RφvSince N(t L t R)is CP odd and T even,the CP T theorem re-quires the existence of an absorptive part for it to be non-zero.Looking at the tree and one-loop diagrams for q t,they conclude thatA=N(t L t R)t L)+N(t R2.Thus the asymmetry A would be observable with108tp collisions,lepton energy asymmetry can be used to measure CP violation in e+e−→tt production plane in the laboratory frame.It is also possible to construct a“left-right”asymmetry of leptons with respect to a plane perpendicular to the t t momentum direction[24].Certain combinations of up-down and left-right symmetry with forward-backward asymmetry can also be considered.All these probe different combinations of CP-violating couplings[24].The result of ref.[23]is that asymmetry is at the few per cent level for the top-quark electric and weak dipole moments d t, d t∼e/m t.For√t production[25].Certain correlations are more sensitive to CP violation in t decay,rather than production[25]. Another process which has been suggested is e+e−→tνthrough W+W−→t t,one corresponding to t-channel b exchange and the other with an s-channel heavy Higgsφ,which can be on shell for mφ>2m t.Then,the absorptive part needed for a CP-odd CP T-odd asymmetry is provided by the width of the Higgs.A sizable asymmetry can be obtained thus[4].At linear colliders,there is a possibility of producing electron beams with longitudinal polarization.This may be exploited to enhance the sensitivity of15measurememnt of the top dipole moments as well as to measure the electric and weak dipole moments independently[24,26]5.CP violation in other processesThe process e+e−→W+W−,which will be studied in the near future at LEP200,will be thefirst one to be able to test the SM couplings of the electroweak gauge bosons.The process is expected to put bounds on non-standardγand Z couplings to W+W−.The non-standard couplings could be CP violating ones,as in(2).These can be studied in a way similar to the one used for probing CP violation in e+e−→τ+τ−and e+e−→tt with leptonic t,E− + E+ ,and suggest the angular correlation ratioδ= θ− − θ+t decay asymme-tries inφ→tfor.The above discussion is mainly aimed at arriving at an idea of the sen-sitivities possible in different measurements.In general,the results in most popular models of CP violation beyond SM indicate that CP violation in the most optimistic theoretical scenario would be measurable only with some difficulty in the existing or presently envisaged experiments.Nevertheless,it would be good to keep one’s eyes open to these possibilities.17References[1]M.J.Booth,Chicago preprint EFI-93-1(1993).[2]F.Hoogeveen and L.Stodolsky,Phys.Lett.B212,505(1988).[3]A.Pilaftsis,Z.Phys.C47,95(1990);M.Nowakowski and A.Pilaftsis,Mod.Phys.Lett.A6,1933(1991);A.S.Joshipura and S.D.Rindani, Pramana–J.Phys.38,469(1992),Phys.Rev.D46,3008(1992);G.Eilam,J.L.Hewett and A.Soni,Phys.Rev.Lett.67,1979(1991),68, 2103(1992).[4]A.Pilaftsis and M.Nowakowski,Int.J.Mod.Phys.A9,1097(1994).[5]L.Wolfenstein,Phys.Rev.D43,151(1991);J.M.Soares,Phys.Rev.Lett.68,2102(1992).[6]T.Arens and L.M.Sehgal,Aachen preprint PITHA94/19(1994).[7]D.Choudhury,A.S.Joshipura and S.D.Rindani,Phys.Rev.Lett.67,548(1991).[8]N.Rius and J.W.F.Valle,Phys.Lett.B246,249(1990).[9]W.Bernreuther et al.,Z.Phys.C43,117(1989).[10]S.Goozovat and C.A.Nelson,Phys.Lett.B267,128(1991);G.Cou-ture,Phys.Lett.B272,404(1991);W.Bernreuther and O.Nachtmann, Phys.Rev.Lett.63,2787(1989).[11]W.Bernreuther et al.,Z.Phys.C52,567(1991).[12]W.Bernreuther,O.Nachtmann and P.Overmann,Phys.Rev.D48,78(1993).[13]OPAL Collaboration,P.D.Acton et al.,Phys.Lett.B281,405(1992).[14]ALEPH Collaboration,D.Buskulic et al.,Phys.Lett.B297,459(1992).[15]B.Ananthanarayan and S.D.Rindani,Phys.Rev.Lett.73,1215(1994);Phys.Rev.D50,4447(1994).18[16]B.Ananthanarayan and S.D.Rindani,PRL preprint PRL-TH-94/32(1994).[17]C.P.Burgess and J.A.Robinson,Mod.Phys.Lett.A6,2707(1992)[18]CDF Collaboration,F.Abe et al.,Phys.Rev.Lett.73,225(1994);Phys.Rev.D(to appear).[19]I.Bigi and H.Krasemann,Z.Phys.C7,127(1981);J.K¨u hn,ActaPhys.Austr.Suppl.XXIV,203(1982);I.Bigi et al.,Phys.Lett.B181, 157(1986).[20]C.R.Schmidt and M.E.Peskin,Phys.Rev.Lett.69,410(1992).[21]J.F.Donoghue and G.Valencia,Phys.Rev.Lett.58,451(1987).[22]G.L.Kane,dinsky and C.-P.Yuan,Phys.Rev.D45,124(1991).[23]D.Chang,W.-Y.Keung and I.Phillips,Nucl.Phys.B408,208(1993).[24]P.Poulose and S.D.Rindani,PRL preprint PRL-TH-94/31(1994).[25]W.Bernreuther,T.Schr¨o der and T.N.Pham,Phys.Lett.B279,389(1992);W.Bernreuther and P.Overmann,Nucl.Phys.B388,53(1992), Heidelberg preprint HD-THEP-93-11(1993);W.Bernreuther and A.Brandenburg,Phys.Lett.B314,104(1993);J.P.Ma and A.Branden-burg,Z.Phys.C56,97(1992);A.Brandenburg and J.P.Ma,Phys.Lett.B298,211(1993).[26]F.Cuypers and S.D.Rindani,MPI-PhT/94-54,PRL-TH-94/24(to ap-pear in Phys.Lett.B).[27]D.Chang,W.-Y.Keung and I.Phillips,Phys.Rev.D,(1993).[28]H.S.Mani et al.,Mehta Res.Inst.preprint MRI-PHY/9/93(1993).[29]A.Soni and R.M.Xu,Phys.Rev.Lett.69,33(1992);D.Chang,W.-Y.Keung and I.Phillips,Phys.Rev.D48,3225(1993),Phys.Lett.B305, 261(1993);A.Ilakovac,B.A.Kniehl and A.Pilaftsis,Phys.Lett.B317, 609(1993).19[30]Y.Kizukuri and N.Oshimo,preprint IFM8/93,TKU-HEP93/05(1993).[31]J.P.Ma and B.H.J.McKellar,Phys.Lett.B319,533(1993).[32]D.Choudhury and S.D.Rindani,Phys.Lett.B335,198(1994).20。
合同编司法解释第20条的解读
合同编司法解释第20条的解读English Answer:Article 20 of the Judicial Interpretation on the Compilation of Contracts.Article 20 of the Judicial Interpretation on the Compilation of Contracts (hereinafter referred to as "Article 20") provides that: "Where a party's breach of contract causes the other party to lose the benefit of the contract, the other party may request damages or compensation according to the provisions of Article 113 of the Contract Law. If the actual loss caused by the breach of contract exceeds the amount of compensation or damages stipulated in the contract, the party that suffered the loss may request the people's court to increase the compensation or damages."This provision clarifies the right of the non-breaching party to claim damages or compensation in the event of abreach of contract.Analysis of Article 20。
语言学合作原则及违背分析 论文
Analysis of Humor from the Violation of the Cooperative Principles——In 4 Apartment and Friends Abstract: Chinese jokes and English jokes are humorous and implicit. However, perhaps it’s not easy for us to totally understand English humor, or foreigners have some difficulties in comprehending Chinese jokes because of the differences between different cultures. As we all know, Chinese sitcom IV Apartment series and American sitcom Friends are popular with the majority of the young television audience. This paper mainly attempts to analyze the verbal humor lying in both IV Apartment and Friends within the framework of Grice’s Cooperative Principles, especially the violation of these principles. Specific samples are given to illustrate each cause, aiming to help readers reach a higher level of language understanding and appreciation of the humorous connotation.Key Words：The Cooperative Principles；Violation；IV Apartment；friends；Verbal Humor1 The Cooperative PrinciplesPaul Grice was the first to note this ubiquitous feature of language use and also the first to present a philosophical analysis. Grice begins to notice that conversations are usually to some degree cooperative enterprises. He then formulates the Cooperative Principles: “Make your conversational contribution such as is requited at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.”To specify the CP further, Grice introduced four categories of maxims: First, Quantity maxim including: 1) Make your contribution as informative as is requited, 2) Do not say what your contribution more informative than is requited. Second, Quality maxim, try to make your contribution one that is true., including: 1) Do not say what you believe to be false, 2) Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence. Third, Relation maxim: Be relevant. Fourth, Manner maxim, including 1) Avoid obscurity of expression, 2) Avoid ambiguity, 3) Be brief, 4) Be orderly.2 The Cooperative Principles and HumorGrice noticed that in daily conversations people do not usually say things directly but tend to imply them. In order to avoid the logical use of “implication”, Grice coined the term “implicature”. Our talk exchanges do not normally consist of a succession of disconnected remarks and would not be rational if they did. In other works, we seem to follow some Cooperative Principles.People’s conversation exchanges are cooperative efforts. The participants must cooperate in some degree in order to achieve their shared purpose and continue their talks. CP and its maxims will be followed by everybody. People do violate them and tell lies. So Herbert Paus Grice’s “Logic and Conversation” is devoted to a discussion of violation. Some examples which involve the violation of the four maxims respectively are presented. All the samples below are collections of punch line jokes.a)Violation of Maxim of Quantityb)Violation of Maxim of Qualityc)Violation of Maxim of Relationd)Violation of Maxim of Manner3 CP-based samples Analysis of IV Apartment and FriendsIn Grice’s view, conversational implicatures can only be worked out on the basis of CP. If somebody deliberately conceals facts from his hearers, the basis for accurate interpretation is lost, though a liar succeeds only when his hearers assume that he is observing the CP. In this case, if the Maxims is broken, humor or jokes will presented.3.1 Violation of Maxim of Quantity1) Example in IPARTMENT一菲：“你无耻，你卑鄙，你不靠谱！”子乔：“那你就不无耻，不卑鄙，非常靠谱？”一菲：“我哪里无耻，哪里卑鄙，哪里不靠谱了！？”子乔：“你哪里不无耻，哪里不卑鄙，哪里靠谱了！？”一菲：“就算我再怎么无耻，再怎么卑鄙，再怎么不靠谱，也不会比你更无耻，更卑鄙，更不靠谱了！！”Their quarrel is in violation of the first rule of quantity, making your contribution as informative as is required. In response, they avoided the other’s accuse andquestions by repeating each other’s words in a stronger and stronger tone. Although using the different sentence patterns, such as exclamation and rhetorical question, they didn’t add new information in their following quarrel. It’s their funny Lip Tips that make it humorous.2) Example in FriendsChandler: where is the book you are reading?Monica: it’s the living room where there is also light and no one will kick you in the shin.Chandler: what?In the dialogue, Chandler can nor fall asleep so he turn on the light and asks Monica about the books she usually read. Because Monica is sleeping soundly so she is angry with him. So her answer violates the second rule of the Quantity maxim, which means what she says is more informative than requited. In fact, she implies she is angry and wants to kick.3.2 Violation of Maxim of Quality1)Example in IPARTMENT展博：“想送东西给女孩子，不知道女孩子喜欢什么。
企业推广OSHMS中常见不符合项的原因及其纠正措施正式样本
文件编号：TP-AR-L5985In Terms Of Organization Management, It Is Necessary To Form A Certain Guiding And Planning Executable Plan, So As To Help Decision-Makers To Carry Out Better Production And Management From Multiple Perspectives.（示范文本）编制：_______________审核：_______________单位：_______________企业推广OSHMS中常见不符合项的原因及其纠正措施正式样本企业推广OSHMS中常见不符合项的原因及其纠正措施正式样本使用注意：该解决方案资料可用在组织/机构/单位管理上，形成一定的具有指导性，规划性的可执行计划，从而实现多角度地帮助决策人员进行更好的生产与管理。
材料内容可根据实际情况作相应修改，请在使用时认真阅读。
职业安全健康管理体系是一套标准体系，它表达了一种对企业职业安全健康管理的思想和规范，也给出了按照这种思想进行管理的一整套做法和程序，它是具有高度自我约束、自我完善机制的科学管理体系，也是经济全球化对现代企业的要求，近年来，我们福建省红炭山实业有限责任公司有针对性地在煤矿、民爆企业推广了该体系，经过一年多的运行，使企业的安全管理更加系统化、程序化、规范化；员工对自身作业场所的危害有更深刻的认识，从而使防范意识得到进一步的提高。
到目前为止，本公司已有一家所属的民爆企业通过了国家民爆行业OSHMS认证中心的认证，成为全国民爆行业里首家通过该体系认证的企业。
本公司的另外一家民爆企业和一个煤矿也正在推广该体系，并且多次通过了由福建煤炭集团公司组织的模拟审核。
目前，福建煤炭集团公司共有13家企业在推广该体系。
通过对这13家企业的模拟审核，发现有些不符合项具有普遍性，现就这些不符合项的产生原因及其纠正措施论述如下：一、危害辨识没有及时更新从审核情况看，大部分用人单位的危害辩识还处于初始评审阶段，没有及时更新。
英语商务信函中的语用原则及运用
[摘要]语用学中的合作原则与礼貌原则并非只在口语交际中适用, 同样也适用于书面交流。
英语商务信函的语言特征与合作原则中的数量准则、质量准则、关联准则、方式准则及礼貌原则中的策略准则、慷慨准则、赞誉准则、谦逊准则、赞同准则、同情准则的要求是一致的。
在商务信函交往中, 我们需要运用语用原则的策略来共同指导各类商务信函的写作。
传递肯定、中性信息时采用直接表达法; 传递否定信息时采用间接表达法, 缓冲开头) 解释拒绝原因) 提供建议和可行性计划) 积极结尾; 写劝服信时采用引起对方的注意) 激起对方的兴趣) 增强对方的欲望) 对方采取行动的方法。
[ 关键词] 英语商务信函; 语用原则; 合作原则; 礼貌原则; 运用随着我国加入WTO, 书信沟通在各种商务情景中扮演着极其重要的角色。
如果业务人员对信函交际的语言特征及表达研究不够, 就会出现词不达意, 引起对方误解, 使企业形象及经济受损。
那么, 商务信函中应该遵循哪些原则? 如何用这些原则来指导商务信函以避免不必要的损失呢?本文将从语言学的角度来分析商务信函中的最基本的语用原则。
一、商务信函中的语用原则语用学是研究在特定情景中的特定的话语,研究如何通过语境来理解和使用语言[1] (P6- 10) 。
正如Yule 所认为的/ Pragmatics is concerned with the study o f meaning as communicated by a speaker( or writer) and interpreted by a listener ( or reader). 0 (语用学所关心的是说话人或写作者所传递的和听话人或读者所理解的意义。
) [2] (P3)(一) 合作原则美国语言哲学家G rice从形式逻辑和自然语言的逻辑之间的差别出发, 提出说话人(或作者)所传递的和听话人(或读者)所理解的意义。
[ 2] ( P3)在会话活动中, 为保证会话的顺利进行, 谈话双方都必须遵守一项基本原则, 即合作原则( Cooperative Principle ), 简称CP。
亚马逊FQA质量审核要求和不符合案例
不符合的案例 • 无培训计划 • 对员工的培训不合适 • 未评估培训的有效性 • 没有被评审可以胜任的工人在特殊岗位工作。
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部分2： • 产品研究和设计 • 供应商评审 & 零部件承认
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产品研究和设计（续-2）
总体要求 工厂应执行正确的产品测试（或提交给第三方测试），以确认产品在生产前符合客户和法规要求。
推荐的实践 • 在设计阶段确定功能、性能、安全和可靠性试验的
总体测试计划。
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部份1: • 综合QMS • 文档控制 • 质量记录 • 培训
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综合 QMS
总体要求 供应商／工厂应该已经开发和拥有有文件记录的质量管理体系，体系定义了所有参与会影响产品、材料或服务质 量的管理、执行和核实工作（例如： 质量手册、组织图、操作步骤）的人员的责任、授权和相互关系。
不符合的案例 • 没有定义标准来判断试运行的验收。 • 会议没有所有关键部门同意或达成一致的明确结论。例
如，工厂在试运行中发现了一些问题。但是，没有任何 所有关键部门达成一致的结论，关键部门如工程、采购、 营销、质量和生产的。 • 并非所有问题被解决了，或者在发布到 MP 之前问题有 个长期的解决方案。例如，工厂说他们有解决办法，但 没有记录。工厂有长期的解决办法，但没有后续行动或 跟进。
推荐的实践
• 规定和记录适合公司愿景与使命的企业质量方针。 • 质量方针提供建立和评审质量目标的框架。 • 质量方针和目标在企业内被传达和了解。 • 质量管理体系的范围，包括除外项的细节和正当理
国际货物销售合同公约关于不合格产品的规定
国际货物销售合同公约关于不合格产品的规定在国际贸易中，大家都知道，买卖双方的关系常常像一场精心编排的舞蹈。
商人们跳得兴致勃勃，旋转得不亦乐乎；但踩了别人的脚，或者走错了步伐，那就变得有点尴尬了，特别是当买家收到不合格的产品时，情况更是让人头疼不已。
怎么解决这个问题？幸运的是，《国际货物销售合同公约》（简称CISG）为这种情况提供了详细的规定，给了大家一条“安全通道”，让这场“舞蹈”不至于踩到大坑，甚至能优雅地继续下去。
我们得明白，CISG主要是为了帮助买卖双方在国际贸易中建立更清晰的规则，避免出现“谁说了算”的乱局。
想象一下，买家从遥远的国家把货物进口到自己国家，满心欢喜地拆开包裹，结果一看，唉，这个产品根本不合格，甚至跟合同上约定的规格相差十万八千里，这可怎么办？这时，CISG就会跳出来说：“没问题，我们有办法解决！”《国际货物销售合同公约》规定了卖方如果交付的货物不合格，买方可以有几个选项可以选择，就像打开了一个选择大礼包，里面有退货、换货、要求修理甚至减价的各种礼物。
要是你觉得这货物根本没救了，直接退货就行。
毕竟，谁愿意收一堆坏东西呢？而且这可不是随便说说的，卖方得负责，得为产品质量担保。
如果卖方不兑现合同，或者交货时有明显问题，买方可是有权利要求赔偿的，咱们要的就是一个“公平交易”。
不过，想要行使这些权利，买方也不是可以随随便便就说：“嘿，这货不行，换一个。
”根据CISG的规定，买家得在合理的时间内通知卖方，最好别等到月亮变弯了才想起这事儿。
具体来说，买方如果发现货物有问题，应该在合理的时间内通知卖方，否则可能会失去追究的机会。
这里的“合理时间”呢，说白了就是买方应该在尽可能短的时间内发现问题并向卖方报告，这样卖方才有机会去弥补。
如果拖得太久，就像是没交作业，老师也懒得管你了。
也不一定非得退货、换货才能解决问题。
比如说，如果货物有小瑕疵，完全不影响使用，那买方可以要求卖方做出一定的修理，或者要求折扣。
smeta 不合规项指南
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文档下载后可定制修改，请根据实际需要进行调整和使用，谢谢!本店铺为大家提供各种类型的实用资料，如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等，想了解不同资料格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by this editor. I hope that after you download it, it can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you! In addition, this shop provides you with various types of practical materials, such as educational essays, diary appreciation, sentence excerpts, ancient poems, classic articles, topic composition, work summary, word parsing, copy excerpts, other materials and so on, want to know different data formats and writing methods, please pay attention!SMETA是一种用于审计供应链社会责任表现的方法，它关注了供应商在尊重员工权益、保护环境和促进商业道德方面的表现。
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合作原则共包含四大准则，其下又分为若干小则，格莱斯曾指出，反语（irony）、隐喻（metaphor）、夸张（hyperbole）和缓叙（meiosis）都会最终导致合作原则的违反现象，现根据四大准则进行举例分析。
合作原则 Cooperative Principle（一）量的准则 Maxim of Quantity(1)所说之话应包含交谈目的所需要的信息。
Make your contribution as informative as is required (for the current purpose of the exchange；(2)所说之话不应包含超出需要的信息。
Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.For example,1. Earl: I just want to look nice for my son when he comes in.Max: What? I am going to meet your kid?Earl: Well, one of them.Max:“One of them?” How many do you have?Earl: So far?Max: Oh, Earl, I love you.Earl: This is my son, Darius. He is the Chrysler salesman in all of Detroit. And he is my very favorite if he is the one I’m thinking of.(From Bankruptcy Sisters)Analyze: This is a scene of Bankruptcy Sisters, Earl only told he dressed so decently to meet his son, but didn’t say clearly if Max would meet his son together, that`s why Max felt puzzled and asked him how many of his sons; then Earl answered “So far?” , until the last sentence he did tell the purpose for meeting his son and add another unnecessary message “ if he is the one I’m thinking of.” Because of the hiatus or the redundancy of their conversation, makes the audiences fall into a reverie and sets a humorous comedy atmosphere.2. Caroline: Oh my God! Is he your father?Max: Yes, he is my father. And my mother is a piece of chalk.(From Bankruptcy Sisters)Analyze: This is a conversation between Caroline and Max. Caroline asked if the man came into the cafe was Max’s father, Max answer “Yes” but add one more sentence “And my mother is piece of chalk.” which indicated the man was not Max ‘s father at all. Obviously, though this situation is typical message redundancy, it helps the listeners to understand the speaker’s real meaning and humor.3.柳小姐之夫：老婆，请问一下你会不会打我？柳小姐：我干嘛要打你啊？你又没做错事。
如果我要真的打你的话，一定就是你做错事了。
从现在开始，你只许疼我一个人，要宠我，不能骗我，答应我的每一件事情都要做到，对我讲的每一句话都要真心，不许欺负我、骂我，要相信我。
别人欺负我，你要在第一时间出来帮我，我开心呢，你要陪着我开心；我不开心呢，你要哄我开心。
永远觉得我是最漂亮的，梦里面也要见到我，在你的心里只有我！就是这样喽！（出自电影《河东狮吼》）Analyze: In this conversation, had obeyed the maxim of quantity, the content of her answer was over the question requests. However, the extra message of her answer shows the true requirements of , also makes the audiences realize ’s personality.4. A tourist hailed a bus at a request stop and asked the conductor, “What’s the fare to Regent’s Park?”“5 pence,” said the conductor.The tourist didn’t get on the bus, but instead ran along behind it after it pulled away. As he met the bus again at the next stop, he panted, “What’s the fare to Regent’s Park now?”“10 pence,” said the conductor, “You’re running the wrong way.”Analyze: In this funny story, the tourist was a niggard, tried to save money by running after bus and shorting the distance to his destination. At first, he asked the fare to his destination and was told “5 pence”; but after he ran tired out and asked again, then was told the fare had risen and he ran the wrong direction of his destination. It’s ascribed to the first time, the conductor did not tell details to the tourist, brought a misunderstanding to the tourist and the readers: as the tourist ran more that he could saved more money. Hence, the hiatus of the conversation makes a misunderstanding,the conductor obeyed the maxim of quantity, deceived the stingy tourist by omitting necessary information advisedly.5. Liz: Jon, there’s something important I need to ask you. Something that I wouldn’t ask most guys who come in here.Jon: Wait, no! I think I know where this is going.Liz: You do?Jon: I do. Liz, I’ve wanted to ask you the same thing for a very long time.Liz: Are you sure that we’re talking about the same thing?Jon: Absolutely. Yeah, uh, I’ve never been more sure of anything in my entire life.Jon: Liz, I am ready to take a chance. I am ready for...Liz: Thank you.Jon: A dog! A dog! I’m ready for a dog.(from movie GarfieldⅠ)Analyze: In above conversation, Liz only said she hadsomething to ask Jon but didn’t clear the details of it. And Jon was impatient to listen till the end, and then said he knew the content of that “something”. Until Liz held a dog needed to be adopted came out, Jon realized he had misunderstood. Apparently, Jon didn’t get enough information from Liz, so he misunderstood her and violated the maxim of quantity accidentally, which makes this talk dramatically.(二）质原则（Maxim of Quantity):(1)不要说自知虚假的话。
Do not say what you believe to be false(2)不要说证据不足的话。