违反合作原则的20个samples
ISO体系内审不符合参考条款【范本模板】
ISO9001内审不符合（不合格）项判断参考条款1。
质量方针与质量目标没有框架关系――5。
32. 质量方针、目标不能被各级人员所理解和贯彻――5。
33。
质量目标没有展开到职能部门，实现不能提供证据――5.4.14。
管理评审未进行――5。
65. 管理评审未保存原始记录――5。
6.16。
管理评审的输出没有包括与顾客要求有关的产品的改进――5。
6.37。
职责和权限分布不清楚――5。
5.18. 资源配置不足――69. 外来文件和资料不受控――4.2.3 f）10。
电子媒体和其他形式的文件未受控――4.2。
311. 现场不能得到相应文件有效版本，或使用不受控文件――d)12。
现场有效版本和作废版本并存－－4.2.3 g）13. 现场只有作废版本－－4。
2。
3 g)14. 文件的现行修订状态不能识别―― 4。
2。
3 c）15. 文件和资料在发布前未经授权人审批其适宜性――4.2.3 a)16。
文件发放范围未经审批――4。
2.3 d）17。
对文件未进行必要的评审和修订――4。
2.3 b）18. 工作现场没有可依据的文件，导致了工作质量的不一致――7。
119. 质量手册对删减的细节和合理性描述不充分――4。
2。
2 a)20. 质量手册对体系过程之间的相互作用没有表述-4.2。
2 c）21。
供方的产品质量记录未保存在组织－－7。
4或者4。
2。
422。
其他各种记录按就近不就远原则处理。
如合同评审无记录－－7.2.223。
未规定电子媒体形式的质量记录控制方法－－4.2.424. 质量记录未规定编目、标识、归档、处理办法――4.2。
425。
没有确定从事影响产品质量工作人员所必要的能力—6.2。
2 a)26. 培训需求未确定――6。
2。
2 b)27. 没有保持教育、培训、技能、经验的适当记录－－6。
2。
2 e)28. 不能提供培训有效性评价的证据――6.2.2 c）29。
特殊工序的操作工人资格、培训、考察、考核不符合要求－－7。
违反合作原则的20个
违反合作原则产生的特殊会话含义的具体事例合作原则共包含四大准则，其下又分为若干小则，格莱斯曾指出，反语（irony）、隐喻（metaphor）、夸张（hyperbole）和缓叙（meiosis）都会最终导致合作原则的违反现象，现根据四大准则进行举例分析。
合作原则 Cooperative Principle（一）量的准则 Maxim of Quantity(1)所说之话应包含交谈目的所需要的信息。
Make your contribution as informative as is required (for the current purpose of the exchange；(2)所说之话不应包含超出需要的信息。
Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.For example,1. Earl: I just want to look nice for my son when he comes in.Max: What I am going to meet your kidEarl: Well, one of them.Max:“One of them” How many do you haveEarl: So farMax: Oh, Earl, I love you.Earl: This is my son, Darius. He is the Chrysler salesman in all of Detroit. And he is my very favorite if he is the one I’m thinking of.(From Bankruptcy Sisters)Analyze: This is a scene of Bankruptcy Sisters, Earl only told he dressed so decently to meet his son, but didn’t say clearly if Max would meet his son together, that`s why Max felt puzzled and asked him how many of his sons; then Earl answered “So far” , until the last sentence he did tell the purpose for meeting his son and add another unnecessary message “ if he is the one I’m thinking of.” Because of the hiatus or the redundancy of their conversation, makes the audiences fall into a reverie and sets a humorous comedy atmosphere.2. Caroline: Oh my God! Is he your fatherMax: Yes, he is my father. And my mother is a piece of chalk.(From BankruptcySisters)Analyze: This is a conversation between Caroline and Max. Caroline asked if the man came into the cafe was Max’s father, Max answer “Yes” but add one more sentence “And my mother is piece of chalk.” which indicated the man was not Max ‘s father at all. Obviously, though this situation is typical message redundancy, it helps the listeners to understand the speaker’s real meaning and humor.3.柳小姐之夫：老婆，请问一下你会不会打我柳小姐：我干嘛要打你啊你又没做错事。
第四节 礼貌策略与礼仪
面子对于每个人都是神圣不可侵犯的，是人们在交 际中都很关注的重要因素。
面子的需求是相互的，一个人要想自己不丢面子,
最保险的办法是不去伤害他人的面子。
英国人类学家Brown 和Levinson 于 1978 年发表了一篇题为《语言应用的普 遍现象：礼貌现象》（Universals in Language Usage：Politeness Phenomena）的文章，第一次对礼貌、 面子这一问题进行了系统的探讨。 他们沿用了Goffman 的“面子”概念， 提出了“面子保全论”（Face Saving Theory）。
具体的礼貌表现
多从对方的角度考虑问题 Please send your check for the amount you own. By sending your check for 298. 87 today ,you will be able to maintain your good credit reputation.
礼貌现象
早在20世纪50年代, 美国学者戈夫曼(Erving Goffman) 提出了“面子行为理论” 建立了礼貌模式。 他认为, 人们的行为分为前台行为和后台行为二种。
“脸面” 是人类行为准则之一, 渗透于人际行为之中。
而 “面子功夫”是作给其他人看的“前台”行为。
Goffman 同时指出：
— You can lend me your car. — I can lend you my car.
— You must come and have dinner with us. — We must come and have dinner with you.
ISO20000-不符合项报告-模板
受审核部门
市场部
部门负责人
XXX
审核员
XX
审核时间
20XX-X-X
不符合项事实陈述：
查《供应商管理程序》，未见对第三方供应商支持的服务内容。未记录供应商服务信息，建议设计供应商服务记录表。
不符合项标准条款：7.2
不符合项类型：一般不符合项
审核员：XX部门负责人：XX20XX-X-X
纠正和预防措施：
1、编制《供应商服务记录表》。
2、要求供应商对口部门对供应商的服务详细记录到《供应商服务记录表》。
部门负责人：XXX20XX-X-X
纠正和预防措施完成情况：
已对相关部门进行培训。
供应商对口部门在每次服务后进行记录。
部门负责人：XXX20Xห้องสมุดไป่ตู้-X-X
纠正和预防措施验证：
记录已进行
审核员：XXX20XX-X-X
ISO体系内审不符合参考条款
1. 质量方针与质量目标没有框架关系――2. 质量方针、目标不能被各级人员所理解和贯彻――3. 质量目标没有展开到职能部门，实现不能提供证据―― 管理评审未进行――5. 管理评审未保存原始记录―― 管理评审的输出没有包括与顾客要求有关的产品的改进―― 职责和权限分布不清楚―― 资源配置不足――69. 外来文件和资料不受控―― f)10. 电子媒体和其他形式的文件未受控―― 现场不能得到相应文件有效版本，或使用不受控文件――d)12. 现场有效版本和作废版本并存－－ g)13. 现场只有作废版本－－ g)14. 文件的现行修订状态不能识别―― c)15. 文件和资料在发布前未经授权人审批其适宜性―― a)16. 文件发放范围未经审批―― d)17. 对文件未进行必要的评审和修订―― b)18. 工作现场没有可依据的文件，导致了工作质量的不一致――19. 质量手册对删减的细节和合理性描述不充分―― a)20. 质量手册对体系过程之间的相互作用没有表述 c)21. 供方的产品质量记录未保存在组织－－或者其他各种记录按就近不就远原则处理。
如合同评审无记录－－未规定电子媒体形式的质量记录控制方法－－质量记录未规定编目、标识、归档、处理办法―― 没有确定从事影响产品质量工作人员所必要的能力 a)26. 培训需求未确定―― b)27. 没有保持教育、培训、技能、经验的适当记录－－ e)28. 不能提供培训有效性评价的证据―― c)29. 特殊工序的操作工人资格、培训、考察、考核不符合要求－－检验人员、内审人员、计量人员不能胜任工作，未取得培训合格资格―― 没有对与产品有关的四个方面要求进行确定―― 未在合同签订前进行合同评审―― 只对重要、大宗订货合同进行评审，未对零星、口头合同进行评审―― 未对顾客特殊要求进行识别―― 交货后发现组织没有履行合同能力―― 合同更改未按程序进行―― 合同更改后未传递到有关职能部门―― 没有保存合同评审结果或所引起措施的记录―― 没有进行设计和开发的策划―― 设计输入未确定，未作评审，或未包括适用的法令和法律―― 设计输出不符合输入要求或文件不完整或发放前未经评审和得到批准―― 设计未验证或样机不合格仍投产―― 样机合格性确认不符合要求仍投产―― 可进行确认但未做―― 设计修改(含笔误)不按规定程序―― 未根据满足合同要求能力评价和选择分承包方―― 需方指定采用某供方产品，供方对该分供方不评定也不检验其产品――48. 未明确规定对供方实行控制的方式和程度―― 采购资料中未规定产品的技术指标和检验规程―― 对采购产品的验证方式未在采购文件中规定―― 不在合格供方名单中采购，也未按程序规定办理手续―― 委托检验或委托搬运等活动，未对分承包方进行评审―― 顾客提供的产品(元器件、材料)，未验证，也未保管好－－顾客提供的产品不适用或损坏时未记录并向顾客报告－－生产中产品无证明其身份的标志(过程卡、路线卡、随工单等)，出了问题无法追溯一批产品，生产中再分批未复制或增加过程卡等标识产品标志在使用中消失而未补加标志原材料紧急放行未加标志―― 半成品例外转序未加标志―― 包装标志不符合要求不合格品未加标志未获得表述产品特性的信息―― a)63. 由于缺少作业指导书而影响产品质量 b)64. 有章(操作规程、工艺规程等)不循，即使合理也不合法几种规定都有效，互相矛盾，难以控制工序－－66. 操作人员不知道按操作规程做－－设备的维护没有计划、也没有记录。
商务英语合同中违反合作原则的案例
商务英语合同中违反合作原则的案例In business English contracts, it is essential to adhere to the principles of cooperation. However, there are instances where these principles are violated, leading to disputes and conflicts. In this article, we will explore some examples of violations of cooperation principles in business English contracts.One common violation of cooperation principles is the failure to provide timely and accurate information. In a business contract, it is crucial for both parties to exchange relevant information promptly and accurately. However, if one party deliberately withholds information or provides misleading information, it can disrupt the cooperation and lead to misunderstandings. For example, in a manufacturing agreement, if the supplier fails to inform the buyer about a change in the production process, it can result in defective products and financial losses for the buyer.Another violation of cooperation principles is the failure to fulfill contractual obligations. When entering into a business contract, both parties have certain responsibilities and obligations to fulfill. However, if one party fails to meet these obligations, it can disrupt the cooperation and damage the business relationship. For instance, in a distribution agreement, if the distributor fails to deliver the products to the agreed locations within the specified time frame, it can lead to customer dissatisfaction and loss of sales for the manufacturer.Furthermore, the lack of communication and collaboration can also be a violation of cooperation principles. Effective communication is vital for successful cooperation in business contracts. If one party refuses to engage in open and transparent communication or disregards the opinions and suggestions of the other party, it can hinder the progress of the project and create a hostile working environment. For example, in a joint venture agreement, if one partner consistently ignores the input of the other partner and makes decisions unilaterally, it can lead to conflicts and the eventual dissolution of the partnership.Additionally, the failure to resolve disputes amicably is another violation of cooperation principles. In business contracts, disagreements and disputes can arise, but it is crucial to handle them in a fair and respectful manner. If one party resorts to aggressive tactics, such as threats or legal action, instead of seeking mediation or negotiation, it can escalate the conflict and damage the cooperation. For instance, in a licensing agreement, if the licensor immediately initiates a lawsuit against the licensee without attempting to resolve the issue through negotiation, it can strain the relationship and result in financial losses for both parties.In conclusion, violations of cooperation principles in business English contracts can have significant consequences. Failure to provide timely and accurate information, fulfill contractual obligations, communicate effectively, and resolve disputes amicably can lead to misunderstandings, conflicts, and financial losses. It is essential for all parties involved to adhere to these principles and work towards maintaining a cooperative and productive business relationship.。
CP violation in the radiative dileptonic B-meson decays
Current address: Kernfysisch Versneller Institute, Zernikelaan 25, 9747 AA Groningen, The Netherlands E-mail address: erkol@kvi.nl ‡ E-mail address: gsevgur@.tr
†
in the SM [14] and beyond [15]-[19]. So, we think that it would be interesting and complementary to consider the remaining exclusive mode Bd → γ ℓ+ ℓ− . In this paper, we would like to study the CP violation in the exclusive Bd → γ ℓ+ ℓ− decay in the context of the SM. Bd → γ ℓ+ ℓ− decay is induced by the pure-leptonic decay Bd → ℓ+ ℓ− , which is well known to have helicity suppression for light lepton modes, having branching ratios (BR) of the order of 10−15 for ℓ = e and 10−10 for ℓ = µ channels [1]. However, when a photon line is attached to any of the charged lines in Bd → ℓ+ ℓ− process, it changes into the corresponding radiative ones, Bd → γ ℓ+ ℓ− , so helicity suppression is overcome and larger branching ratios are expected. In [2]( [3]), it was found that in the SM, BR(Bd → ℓ+ ℓ− γ ) = (1.5(1.5) , 1.2(1.8) , − (6.2)) × 10−10 for ℓ = e, µ, τ , respectively. Although these BR’s are quite low, in models beyond the SM they can be enhanced by two (one) orders, as shown e.g. in [20]([21]) for Bs(d) → γ ℓ+ ℓ− decay, so investigation of this process may also be interesting from the point of view of the new physics effects. In Bd → γ ℓ+ ℓ− decays, depending on whether the photon is released from the initial quark or final lepton lines, there exist two different types of contributions, namely the so-called ”structure dependent” (SD) and the ”internal Bremsstrahlung” (IB) respectively, while contributions coming from the release of the free photon from any charged internal line will be suppressed by a factor 2 of m2 b /MW . The SD contribution is governed by the vector and axial vector form factors and it is free from the helicity suppression. Therefore, it could enhance the decay rates of the radiative processes Bd → ℓ+ ℓ− γ in comparison to the decay rates of the pure leptonic ones Bd → ℓ+ ℓ− . As for the IB part of the contribution, it is proportional to the ratio mℓ /mB and therefore it is still helicity suppressed for the light charged lepton modes while it is expected to enhance the amplitude considerably for ℓ = τ mode. However, we note that IB part of the amplitude does not contribute to CP violating asymmetry ACP and the forward-backward asymmetry AF B (see section 2). We organized the paper as follows: In section 2, first the effective Hamiltonian is presented and the form factors are defined. Then, the basic formulas of the differential branching ratio dBR/dx, ACP , AF B and CP violating asymmetry in forward-backward asymmetry ACP (AF B ) for Bd → γ ℓ+ ℓ− decay are introduced. Section 3 is devoted to the numerical analysis and discussion.
商务信函原则
竭诚为您提供优质文档/双击可除商务信函原则篇一：商务信函的7c原则principlesofbusinessLetterwriting商务信函写作原则为达到通过信函有效沟通的目的，有必要掌握写好国际商务函电的原则。
一般地，商务信函有以下七个方面的写作规则，通常被称为“7c原则”：1.clearness[kl?rn?s]清楚清楚原则包括两个方面的内容，一是写信者在拟文前知道自己要写什么；二是对文收到信函时可以完全了解写信者要表达的意思，不会产生误解。
这就要求写信者头脑清楚、条理清晰、表达准确，避免使用一些含混不清、模棱二可的词汇。
2.conciseness[k?nsa?sn?s]简洁简洁是指用最少的语言表达最丰富完整的内容，并且不影响信函的礼貌性。
简洁使信函更加简明有力。
商务英语信函的格式要简明扼要，语言要通俗易懂，内容要精练丰富。
这要就要写信者在行文过程中尽量选用单间、易懂、朴素的词汇，采用简洁，直接的句子。
3.correctness[k?r?ktn?s]准确商务英语的信函与买卖双方的权力、义务、利害关系、企业形像等息息相关，是制作各种商业单据的依据，以及进行商业活动往来的重要凭证。
准确无误是商业英语信函写作中最最要的原则。
准确原则不仅仅指单词拼写、标点符号无误，语法使用、结构格式正确，还应确保信函所涉及的信息、数字、事实准确无误。
因此，在进行商业英语信函写作中应反复审核相关信息，如：收信人的职称、姓名、地址、交货时间、地点、货物品质、颜色、尺码、单价、总价、包装等。
4.concreteness[kɑnkritn?s]具体具体原则是指信函中涉及的内容要言之有物，信息要详实具体、丰富生动，表达要完整。
商务信函写作中注意避免类似：soon,atanearlydate,good,nearly等笼统的、含混不清的表达法。
例如：Iwillsendthesamplestoyousoon.就不如Iwillsendthesamplestoyouintwoweeks.如果能再具体，那就更好了，例如Iwillsendthesamplestoyounextmonday.5.courtesy英[k??t?s?]美[k?t?si]礼貌为了建立、保持一个友好贸易关系，商务英语信函往来一般要注意礼貌原则，以理待人。
浅谈商务英语写作7c原则中的“准确性”
浅谈商务英语写作7c原则中的“准确性”16商务英语三班李可娇摘要：随着经济全球化、贸易全球化的深入发展，英语在商务业务中的应用更加广泛。
商务英语写作能力作为书写商务信函的必要能力，越来越被外贸从业人员所重视.商务英语写作中的7c原则是贯穿其中的指导性原则。
本文针对商务英语写作7c原则中的准确性原则展开论述，阐述何为准确性、准确性在商务英语写作中的重要性,同时提出如何做到准确书写信函的建议。
力图通过此篇论文，使读者了解准确性原则、掌握准确性原则在商务英语写作中的应用方法。
Abstract：With the development of economic globalization and globalization of trade， English is more widely used in business。
As a necessary ability to write business letters, Business English writing ability is increasingly valued by foreign trade practitioners。
The c riteria of seven “Cs" are the guiding principles that run through. The author of this paper tried to talk about what is correctness , what is the importance of correctness, and puts forward advice on how to achieve correctness。
This paper aims to make readers understand the correctness and the application of correctness in business English writing.关键词:7c原则;准确性；商务英语写作Keywords：The criteria of seven “Cs”； Correctness； Business English writing一·引言:商务英语信函在外贸业务中被广泛应用，掌握商务英语写作7c原则能够与外商建立良好的沟通与磋商。
商务英语函电中的语用合作原则及其运用
商务英语函电中的语用合作原则及其运用商务英语函电产生和服务于各种各样的国际商务活动，涉及国际贸易实务的各个环节，是国际商务往来最为经常使用的联系方式。
成功的商务英语函电必须遵循语用合作原则的四准则，做到内容准确无误、完整具体、清楚简洁、紧扣主题。
标签：国际商务英语函电语用合作原则商务英语函电是国际商务活动的重要载体，是国际商务往来最为常用的联系方式，其双向交流的目的是使贸易双方有效地进行思想、信息的交流，获得相互理解与尊重，最终完成贸易。
因此，商务英语函电质量的高低是商务成功与否的一个重要因素。
增强商务英语函电的语用合作色彩，有助于商务英语函电写作质量的提高。
一、语用合作原则在成功交际中的作用美国哲学家Grice认为，在日常交际中人们总是遵守着一套相互合作的基本原则，相互配合, 相互理解，即会话合作原则(Cooperative Principle，简称CP)。
为了有效使用语言达到交际目的，该原则要求每个交谈者在整个谈话过程中所说的话都应符合这次交谈的目标或方向。
Grice把合作原则划分为四项准则:1.数量准则(Maxim of Quantity):即传递的信息量适中，既要充足，又不能过多。
2.质量准则(Maxim of Quality):不要提供自认为不真实或缺乏足够证据的信息。
3.关联准则(Maxim of Relation):所提供的信息要与正在谈论的内容相关。
4.方式准则(Maxim of Manner):避免晦涩、歧义的词语，话语要简要、有条理。
由此可见，合作原则要求所提供的信息数量适中、内容简明、真实可靠，切和主题，倍受关注。
遵守了这些准则，交流者就能以最直接的方式和最合适的语言进行交际，达到最佳交际效果。
二、商务英语函电中的语用合作色彩1.商务英语函电用语上的语用合作色彩。
商务英语函电产生并服务于国际商务活动, 反映与商务有关的专业内容，其遣词造句、表达风格、意义和内涵都具有商业韵味，表述简练而准确, 表达有力而温和, 语气坚决而不强悍, 用语严谨而不失风趣。
CP violation at colliders
a rXiv:h ep-ph/9411398v228Nov1994PRL-TH-94/35November 1994hep-ph/9411398CP violation at colliders 1Saurabh D.Rindani Theory Group,Physical Research Laboratory Navrangpura,Ahmedabad 380009,India Abstract The prospects of experimental detection of CP violation at e +e −and pp/p t and W +W −production and decay is also described.1.Introduction 1.1CP violation in the standard model CP violation in the standard model (SM),as is well known,arises due tocomplex Yukawa couplings,and finally shows up through quark mixing in the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix as a single phase.The reparametriza-tion invariant quantityJ =sin 2θ1sin θ2sin θ3cos θ1cos θ2cos θ3sin δ(1)is a measure of CP violation in SM,and though small,produces measurable effects in the K meson system,and hopefully the effects in the b -quark states will be measurable.The effects in other sectors (as for example the neutronelectric dipole moment)and in high-energy processes is generally predicted to be too small to be observed.In the leptonic sector of SM the prospects of CP violation being observ-able are worse,since there is no analogue of the CKM phase in the absence of neutrino masses.CP violation in leptonic systems has to feed in from the hadronic sector through loops.For example,electric dipole moments(EDM) of charged leptons are induced due to the W EDM,and are found to vanish up to three-loop order.The electron EDM is then estimated to be around 10−41e cm.[1]Thus,any new observable CP violation would be a signal of non-standard physics.It might be mentioned that perhaps there is already a hint towards non-standard CP violation in current ideas on electroweak baryogenesis. 1.2Scenarios for CP violation beyond SMCP violation beyond SM can arise due to almost any extra Yukawa couplings which can be complex,and possibly also due to new Higgs self-interactions and complex scalar vacuum expectation values.Thus,intro-duction of extra fermions or scalars could give rise to new sources of CP violation.Retaining the gauge group to be SU(2)L×U(1),CP violation can arise due to extra fermion or Higgs doublets or singlets.Since the SM measure of CP violation J(eq.(1))is small owing to the small mixing angles among quark generations as experimentally observed,larger CP violating effects would arise if there are extra generations of quarks,whose mixing angles may be less constrained.If there are new fermions(quarks or leptons)in exotic representations(left-handed singlets and/or right-handed doublets of SU(2)L)there are further complexflavour-changing couplings to Z which violate CP.Supersymmetry requires the addition of extra scalars and fermions,whose couplings violate CP.In left-right symmetric models,again,there further sources of CP violation.1.3Use of effective Lagrangians for model-independent analysisThere is a large variety of sources of CP violation beyond SM,and rather than discuss predictions of each model for each observable quantity,it is more economical to analyze CP-violating quantities in terms of the parameters of2an effective Lagrangian.Examples of CP-violating terms in an effective Lagrangian with which we will be concerned here are given below:L eff=−iψiσµνγ5ψi Fµν−iψiσµνγ5ψi(∂µZν−∂νZµ) + V=A,Z ig V κV W†µWν Vµν+ λV2ǫµναβVαβ;Vµν=∂µVν−∂νVµ;Wµν=∂µWν−∂νWµ).These termsare of dimension≤6.In eq.(2),ψi refers to various fermionicfields(quarksand leptons),whose electric and“weak”dipole moment is given by dψi anddψi,respectively.It should be noted that all the parameters are in reality scale dependent“form factors”,and can be complex.2.Some general considerations2.1Observable quantities which measure CP violationThere are basically two types of observables which can be used to char-acterize CP violation:asymmetries and correlations.An example of an asymmetry is the partial-width asymmetry for decay of particles i andi→Γ(i→f)+Γ(f).(3)If CP is a symmetry of the theory,A=0.Non-vanishing A implies violation of CP.A is a convenient parameter because it is dimensionless and lies between−1and1.In particular,if i is an eigenstate of CP,f.As we shall see later,the CP T theorem implies that A is zero even if CP is violated unless the amplitude has an absorptive part which can arise because offinal-state interactions or loop effects in perturbation theory.3Another type of asymmetry is an asymmetry in afinal-state variable like energy or angle.It is defined in general(for i=Sdσ(i→f)S dσ(i→f).(4)Here S andE+,E−dσ(i→f).(5)The other category of quantities consists of CP-odd correlations which are expectations values of CP-odd operators in a process with initial as well final states described by CP-even density matrices.Thus for an observable O({p A i,s A i})which is a function of momenta p A i and spins s A i of particles A i,and which transforms under CP asO({p A i,s A i})→O({−p A i,s A i})=−O({p A i,s A i}),(6) the CP-odd correlation isO = dσO({p A i,s A i})O dσ.(8) 2.2Statistical significanceWhether or not a measured asymmetry or correlation can really signal CP violation naturally depends on its statistical significance decided by the statisticalfluctuation expected in the event sample.4For a rate asymmetry A,the number of asymmetric events∆N is∆N=AN,(9) where N is the total number of events in the channel considered.The sta-tisticalfluctuation in these N events is√N,(10)orA>1N.(11)Thus,it would be possible to measure an asymmetry if its predicted value is larger than1/√O2 − O 2(12) is a measure of the background coming from CP-invariant interactions.For N events in the channel,the CP-even events give rise to afluctuation ∆O/√√ O2 − O 2.(13)There is a further experimental requirement for measuring CP violation. All experimental cuts must respect CP invariance.If not,they would intro-duce artificial asymmetries,diluting or obliterating the genuine signal of CP violation.2.3CP T theorem and all thatSince a combined CP T transformation is a good symmetry according to the CP T theorem,CP invariance(or violation)implies T invariance(or vio-lation),and vice versa.However,it should be borne in mind that observation of a T-odd asymmetry or correlation is not necessarily an indication of CP5(or even T)violation.The reason for this is the anti-unitary nature of the time-reversal operator in quantum mechanics.As a consequence of this,a T operation not only reverses spin and three-momenta of all particles,but also interchanges initial andfinal states.This last interchange is difficult to meet with in practice,and one usually has a situation where only momenta and spins are reversed,with the initial andfinal states kept as such.In that case, non-zero T-odd observables do not necessarily signal genuine T violation.There is,however,a case when T-odd observables imply T violation,and that is whenfinal-state interactions and loop effects can be neglected.In that case the transition operator T obeys T=T†,since the right-hand side in the unitarity relationT−T†=i T†T(14) can be neglected.Thenf|T|i ≈ f|T†|i = i|T|f ∗.(15) Now if T invariance holds,thenf|T|i = i T|T|f T ,(16) where|i T ,|f T represent states with all momenta and spins inverted in sign. Combining eq.(16)with(15)for time-reversed states,we have| f|T|i |=| f T|T|i T |.(17) In this case,if a T-odd observable is non-zero,it implies T violation.Thus,T invariance(and CP invariance through the CP T theorem)implies equality of amplitudes with all momenta and spins reversed if and only iffinal-state interaction(absorptive part for the amplitude)vanishes.Put differently,this means thatfinal-state interactions can mimic T vi-olation,but not genuine CP violation.One should therefore use,as far as possible,CP-odd observables to test CP invariance,not T-odd observables (unless they are also CP odd).For a genuine CP-odd quantity,there are two possibilities,A.it is T odd,and therefore CP T even,orB.it is T even,and therefore CP T odd.In case B,there is no violation of the CP T theorem provided the amplitude has an absorptive part.(This is again due to the fact the CP T operator is6antiunitary,and interchanges initial andfinal states).Thus non-vanishing of CP T-odd operators necessarily requires an absorptive part of the amplitude to exist.The absorptive part of CP-odd CP T-odd quantities in perturbation the-ory usually comes from loop contributions where the intermediate state can be on shell.An interesting way of realizing this possibility in the case of an intermediate state of an unstable particle is through the Breit-Wigner form of its propagator.In this case the absorptive part is proportional to its width. This trick has been used in the case of the top,Z and Higgs propagators [2,3,4].One must however be careful to subtract out the part of the width corresponding to decay into the initial orfinal state for consistency with the CP T theorem[5].It has also been pointed out recently[6]that off-diagonal contributions to the self-energy of the virtual particles are also needed for consistency with the CP T theorem.3.CP violation in the leptonic sector3.1Scenarios for leptonic CP violationIn the standard model,no right-handed neutrinos are introduced.As a result,there is no mass matrix to diagonalize for the neutrinos.Hence the CKM matrix is the unit matrix,and no CP-violating phases can arise. However,in extensions of the standard model,CP violation can arise ei-ther because of the presence of neutrino masses or because of extra leptons introduced(even though neutrinos may be massless),or both.A.Massive neutrinos.Neutrinos can have Dirac or Majorana masses.CP violation in the Dirac case is exactly analogous to that in the quark sector of the standard model.In case of Majorana masses,the freedom of phase redefinition of the neutral leptonfields is reduced because Majorana mass terms are not invariant under phase transformations.As a result there are more CP-violating phases in the CKM matrix than the corresponding Dirac case.It is thus possible to have CP violation with even two generations of Majorana neutrinos.B.Massless neutrinos with exotic leptons.It is possible to have CP violation because of either charged or neutral leptons in exotic representations7of SU(2)×U(1).The leptons then haveflavour-violating couplings to Z or Higgses,which can be complex and hence CP violating.We consider below some leptonic CP-violating processes at high-energy colliders which make use of the above mechanisms of CP violation.The importance of leptonic processes stems from the fact that they are relatively clean from the experimental point of view.3.2Leptonicflavour violating Z decaysLeptons can haveflavour-violating couplings to Z giving rise toflavour violating Z decays into charged leptons either at tree level or at one-loop level:Z→l il j)−Γ(Z→.(19)Γ(Z→l i l i l j)This is T even and therefore CP T odd.It therefore needs an absorptive part to be present.Flavour-violating tree-level couplings of charged leptons to Z arise in models with exotic charged leptons transforming as either left-handed sin-glets and/or right-handed doublets.In such a case the Glashow-Weinberg condition forflavour-diagonal couplings is not satisfied,and(18)occurs at tree level.For A of(19)to be non-zero,one-loop correction to(18)is also needed,and only the absorptive part of that amplitude contributes.The asymmetry is then O(α)[7].On the other hand,models with exotic neutral leptons haveflavour-violating couplings of neutral leptons at the tree-level giving rise to(18) at the loop level[8].The absorptive part now comes from one of these loop diagrams.A is now O(1).However,unlike in the previous case,the rate of theflavour-violating process(18)is O(α3).Thus,the minimum total num-ber N Z of Z events for an observable asymmetry is in both cases O(1/α3). However,constraints on leptonic mixing angles and masses of exotic leptons make this process too rare to observe at LEP.3.3CP violation in e+e−→γ∗,Z∗→l+l−8In case of CP violation in e+e−→γ,Z→l+l−there are two general results[9]:(i)No CP violation can be seen without measuring initial orfinal spins.This follows basically because no CP-odd observable can be constructed without spins.(ii)The only CP-violating couplings for the on-shell process are the dipole moment type couplings of e or l(electric or“weak”dipole moments).Since there are strong experimental limits on the electron and muon electric dipole moments(d e<∼10−27e cm,dµ<∼10−19e cm),τmay be a good candidate for l.In fact,the weak moment ofτhas been constrained usingτpolarization in this reaction(see below).Since it is clear from(i)that either initial orfinal spins have to be observed to detect CP violation,we consider below both these cases for e+e−→Z→τ+τ−.3.3.1CP tests usingτpolarization in e+e−→τ+τ−This possibility has been discussed by several authors[2,10–12].For the processe−(p−)+e+(p+)→τ−(k−,s−)+τ+(k+,s+),(20) possible CP-odd quantities that can be constructed out of the momenta and spins in the centre-of-mass(cm)frame are(p−−p+)·(s−−s+)and (p−−p+)·s−×s+.To measure these quantities,one must,of course,be able to measure s±. This can be done by looking at decay distributions ofτ±.In the rest frame ofτ,the angular distribution of an observed decay particle isdΓ(1+αs· q∗),(21)4πwhere q∗is the unit vector along the momentum of the observed particle, andαis a constant called the analyzing power of the channel.For example,α=∓1forτ±→π±ντ,=±1/3forτ±→l±νlντ,as deduced from the theory of weakτing(21),spin correlations can be translated to momentum correlations.In terms of the observed momenta,possible CP-odd variables are p·(q+×q−)(CP T=+1), p·(q++q−)(CP T=−1), p·(q+×q−) p·(q+−q−)9(CP T=+1), p·(q++q−) p·(q+−q−)(CP T=−1).Expectation values of the last two were suggested by Bernreuther et al.[11,12]for measuring respectively the real and imaginary parts of theτweak dipole form factor dτ(m2Z).The suggestion has been carried out at LEP for Re dτ(m2Z)by the OPAL[13]and ALEPH[14]groups.OPAL looked at inclusive leptonic and hadronic decays ofτ,whereas ALEPH analyzed all channels exclusively. The results obtained are the95%confidence-level upper limits Re dτ(m2Z)< 7.0×10−17e cm(OPAL[13])and Re dτ(m2Z)<3.7×10−17e cm(ALEPH [14]).The theoretical prediction for the1s.d.limit obtainable in the measure-ment of Im dτ(m2Z)is10−16using the correlation p·(q++q−) p·(q+−q−) and a sample of107Z’s[12].3.3.2Longitudinal beam polarizationThe Stanford Linear Collider(SLC),operating presently at the Z reso-nance,has an e−polarization of about62%,and is likely to reach75%in the future.The present sample collected is of50,000Z’s,and the hope is to reach5×105,or even106Z’s.Can this longitudinal e−polarization help in measuring theτweak dipole moment?The answer is“yes”[15].In fact,as we shall see,SLC can do better than LEP so far as Im dτis concerned.The essential point is that the vector polarization of Z gets enhanced in the presence of e+e−longitudinal polarization.For vanishing beam polariza-tion,P e−=P e+=0,the Z vector polarization is2g V e g AeP(0)Z=,(23)1−P(0)Z P e+e−whereP e−−P e+P e+e−=It is therefore profitable to look for CP-odd observables involving the Z spin s Z=P Z p,where p is the unit vector along p+=−p−in the c.m. frame.Examples of such observables are p·(q+×q−)and p·(q++q−). While both are CP odd,the former is CP T even and the latter is CP T odd.The above is not entirely correct in principle.CP-odd correlations give a measure of underlying CP violation only if the initial state is CP even. Otherwise there may be contributions to correlations which arise from CP-invariant interactions due to the CP-odd part of the initial state.In the case when only the electron beam is polarized,the initial state is not CP even.In practice,however,this CP-even background is small because for m e→0,only the CP-even helicity combinations e−L e+R and e−R e+L survive, making the corrections proportional to m e/m Z≈5×10−6.If one includes orderαcollinear photon emission from the initial state,which couldflip the helicity of the e±,then like-helicity e+e−states could also survive for van-ishing electron mass2.However,it turns out that this being a non-resonant effect,the corresponding cross section at the Z peak is small.It is therefore expected that the correlations coming from CP-invariant SM interactions in such a case will be negligible.The correlations O1 ∼ p·(q+×q−) and O2 ∼ p·(q++q−) have been calculated analytically for the single-pion andρdecay mode of eachτ. Also calculated analytically are O21 and O22 needed for obtaining the1 s.d.limit on the measurability of dτobtained using eq.(13)[15].The results for only the single-pion channel are summarized in Tables1a and1b,which give,respectively for O1and O2and for electron polarizations P e−=0,±0.62,the correlations in units of dτm Z/e,the square root of the variance,and the1σlimit on Re dτand Im dτobtainable with106Z’s.The enhancement of O1,2 and hence the sensitivity of dτmeasurement with polarization is evident from the tables.O1 (GeV2)for O21Re dτ=e/m Z for106Z’s(in e cm)0.901.5×10−16+0.6212.864.013.3×10−172I thank Prof.L.M.Sehgal for drawing my attention to this fact.11Table1aO2 (GeV)for O22Im dτ=e/m Z for106Z’s(in e cm)−0.166.2×10−16 +0.629.57−0.701.4×10−16Observable 1s.d.limit on| dτ|O112.86GeV2−6.22GeV5.0×10−173.3.3Transverse beam polarizationUse of transversely polarized e+e−beams for the study of CP violation has been studied by several people(see for example[2,17]).For a reaction e−(p−,s−)+e+(p+,s+)→f(k+)+c,bLP R DµEDµφ +H.c.,(26) L Y=i LγµνP R E φ +H.c.(27)Their results forλW=(400GeV)−2and L=4.8×105pb−1at LEP are given in Table3,where A is the asymmetry for s−·(p×k)given byA= dσ(p i,s i)− dσ(−p i,−s i) s−·(p×k).(28)Though this is an interesting effect,a theoretical estimate forλW is needed before concluding whether the effect would be observable.Assuming a sys-tematic error of0.1%,the2-σlimits possible onλW are estimated to be(570 GeV)−2and(660GeV)−2respectively for up-and down-type quarks.τ+τ−c b6.531A×10−5970.9 5.5c,b4.CP violation in top pair productionEvidence for a top quark of mass of about174GeV at the Tevatron has been reported by the CDF collaboration[18].Even though the data is not conclusive,it is generally believed that the top quark will eventually be found with a mass of a similar magnitude.Top-antitop pairs can then be produced at large rates at future colliders and used for various studies.In particular,since a heavy top(m t>120GeV)decays before it hadronizes [19],information about its polarization is preserved in its decay products. Schmidt and Peskin[20]have suggested(elaborating on an old suggestion of Donoghue and Valencia[21])looking for the asymmetry between t Lt R as a signal for CP violation(see also[22]).Note that this is possible only for a heavy particle like the top quark because for a light particle, the dominant helicity combination would be t L t L,each being self-conjugate.The asymmetry N(t L t R)can be probed through the energy spectra of prompt leptons from t→W b;W→lν.This is understood as follows.For a heavy top,the dominant W helicity in t→W b is0.Now,due to V−A interaction,b is produced with left-handed helicity(neglecting the b mass).Hence in the t rest frame,W+momentum is dominantly along the t spin direction.It follows that l+in W+decay is produced preferentially in the direction of the t spin.In fact,the distribution is1+cosψ,whereψis the angle between the l+momentum direction and the t spin direction.In going to the laboratory frame,the t gets boosted.Thus l+from t R is more energetic than l+from t L,and l−from t R. Therefore,in the decay of t L t L has higher energy than l+from t L,and the reverse is true for t Rt L)−N(t RφvSince N(t L t R)is CP odd and T even,the CP T theorem re-quires the existence of an absorptive part for it to be non-zero.Looking at the tree and one-loop diagrams for q t,they conclude thatA=N(t L t R)t L)+N(t R2.Thus the asymmetry A would be observable with108tp collisions,lepton energy asymmetry can be used to measure CP violation in e+e−→tt production plane in the laboratory frame.It is also possible to construct a“left-right”asymmetry of leptons with respect to a plane perpendicular to the t t momentum direction[24].Certain combinations of up-down and left-right symmetry with forward-backward asymmetry can also be considered.All these probe different combinations of CP-violating couplings[24].The result of ref.[23]is that asymmetry is at the few per cent level for the top-quark electric and weak dipole moments d t, d t∼e/m t.For√t production[25].Certain correlations are more sensitive to CP violation in t decay,rather than production[25]. Another process which has been suggested is e+e−→tνthrough W+W−→t t,one corresponding to t-channel b exchange and the other with an s-channel heavy Higgsφ,which can be on shell for mφ>2m t.Then,the absorptive part needed for a CP-odd CP T-odd asymmetry is provided by the width of the Higgs.A sizable asymmetry can be obtained thus[4].At linear colliders,there is a possibility of producing electron beams with longitudinal polarization.This may be exploited to enhance the sensitivity of15measurememnt of the top dipole moments as well as to measure the electric and weak dipole moments independently[24,26]5.CP violation in other processesThe process e+e−→W+W−,which will be studied in the near future at LEP200,will be thefirst one to be able to test the SM couplings of the electroweak gauge bosons.The process is expected to put bounds on non-standardγand Z couplings to W+W−.The non-standard couplings could be CP violating ones,as in(2).These can be studied in a way similar to the one used for probing CP violation in e+e−→τ+τ−and e+e−→tt with leptonic t,E− + E+ ,and suggest the angular correlation ratioδ= θ− − θ+t decay asymme-tries inφ→tfor.The above discussion is mainly aimed at arriving at an idea of the sen-sitivities possible in different measurements.In general,the results in most popular models of CP violation beyond SM indicate that CP violation in the most optimistic theoretical scenario would be measurable only with some difficulty in the existing or presently envisaged experiments.Nevertheless,it would be good to keep one’s eyes open to these possibilities.17References[1]M.J.Booth,Chicago preprint EFI-93-1(1993).[2]F.Hoogeveen and L.Stodolsky,Phys.Lett.B212,505(1988).[3]A.Pilaftsis,Z.Phys.C47,95(1990);M.Nowakowski and A.Pilaftsis,Mod.Phys.Lett.A6,1933(1991);A.S.Joshipura and S.D.Rindani, Pramana–J.Phys.38,469(1992),Phys.Rev.D46,3008(1992);G.Eilam,J.L.Hewett and A.Soni,Phys.Rev.Lett.67,1979(1991),68, 2103(1992).[4]A.Pilaftsis and M.Nowakowski,Int.J.Mod.Phys.A9,1097(1994).[5]L.Wolfenstein,Phys.Rev.D43,151(1991);J.M.Soares,Phys.Rev.Lett.68,2102(1992).[6]T.Arens and L.M.Sehgal,Aachen preprint PITHA94/19(1994).[7]D.Choudhury,A.S.Joshipura and S.D.Rindani,Phys.Rev.Lett.67,548(1991).[8]N.Rius and J.W.F.Valle,Phys.Lett.B246,249(1990).[9]W.Bernreuther et al.,Z.Phys.C43,117(1989).[10]S.Goozovat and C.A.Nelson,Phys.Lett.B267,128(1991);G.Cou-ture,Phys.Lett.B272,404(1991);W.Bernreuther and O.Nachtmann, Phys.Rev.Lett.63,2787(1989).[11]W.Bernreuther et al.,Z.Phys.C52,567(1991).[12]W.Bernreuther,O.Nachtmann and P.Overmann,Phys.Rev.D48,78(1993).[13]OPAL Collaboration,P.D.Acton et al.,Phys.Lett.B281,405(1992).[14]ALEPH Collaboration,D.Buskulic et al.,Phys.Lett.B297,459(1992).[15]B.Ananthanarayan and S.D.Rindani,Phys.Rev.Lett.73,1215(1994);Phys.Rev.D50,4447(1994).18[16]B.Ananthanarayan and S.D.Rindani,PRL preprint PRL-TH-94/32(1994).[17]C.P.Burgess and J.A.Robinson,Mod.Phys.Lett.A6,2707(1992)[18]CDF Collaboration,F.Abe et al.,Phys.Rev.Lett.73,225(1994);Phys.Rev.D(to appear).[19]I.Bigi and H.Krasemann,Z.Phys.C7,127(1981);J.K¨u hn,ActaPhys.Austr.Suppl.XXIV,203(1982);I.Bigi et al.,Phys.Lett.B181, 157(1986).[20]C.R.Schmidt and M.E.Peskin,Phys.Rev.Lett.69,410(1992).[21]J.F.Donoghue and G.Valencia,Phys.Rev.Lett.58,451(1987).[22]G.L.Kane,dinsky and C.-P.Yuan,Phys.Rev.D45,124(1991).[23]D.Chang,W.-Y.Keung and I.Phillips,Nucl.Phys.B408,208(1993).[24]P.Poulose and S.D.Rindani,PRL preprint PRL-TH-94/31(1994).[25]W.Bernreuther,T.Schr¨o der and T.N.Pham,Phys.Lett.B279,389(1992);W.Bernreuther and P.Overmann,Nucl.Phys.B388,53(1992), Heidelberg preprint HD-THEP-93-11(1993);W.Bernreuther and A.Brandenburg,Phys.Lett.B314,104(1993);J.P.Ma and A.Branden-burg,Z.Phys.C56,97(1992);A.Brandenburg and J.P.Ma,Phys.Lett.B298,211(1993).[26]F.Cuypers and S.D.Rindani,MPI-PhT/94-54,PRL-TH-94/24(to ap-pear in Phys.Lett.B).[27]D.Chang,W.-Y.Keung and I.Phillips,Phys.Rev.D,(1993).[28]H.S.Mani et al.,Mehta Res.Inst.preprint MRI-PHY/9/93(1993).[29]A.Soni and R.M.Xu,Phys.Rev.Lett.69,33(1992);D.Chang,W.-Y.Keung and I.Phillips,Phys.Rev.D48,3225(1993),Phys.Lett.B305, 261(1993);A.Ilakovac,B.A.Kniehl and A.Pilaftsis,Phys.Lett.B317, 609(1993).19[30]Y.Kizukuri and N.Oshimo,preprint IFM8/93,TKU-HEP93/05(1993).[31]J.P.Ma and B.H.J.McKellar,Phys.Lett.B319,533(1993).[32]D.Choudhury and S.D.Rindani,Phys.Lett.B335,198(1994).20。
语言学合作原则及违背分析 论文
Analysis of Humor from the Violation of the Cooperative Principles——In 4 Apartment and Friends Abstract: Chinese jokes and English jokes are humorous and implicit. However, perhaps it’s not easy for us to totally understand English humor, or foreigners have some difficulties in comprehending Chinese jokes because of the differences between different cultures. As we all know, Chinese sitcom IV Apartment series and American sitcom Friends are popular with the majority of the young television audience. This paper mainly attempts to analyze the verbal humor lying in both IV Apartment and Friends within the framework of Grice’s Cooperative Principles, especially the violation of these principles. Specific samples are given to illustrate each cause, aiming to help readers reach a higher level of language understanding and appreciation of the humorous connotation.Key Words：The Cooperative Principles；Violation；IV Apartment；friends；Verbal Humor1 The Cooperative PrinciplesPaul Grice was the first to note this ubiquitous feature of language use and also the first to present a philosophical analysis. Grice begins to notice that conversations are usually to some degree cooperative enterprises. He then formulates the Cooperative Principles: “Make your conversational contribution such as is requited at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.”To specify the CP further, Grice introduced four categories of maxims: First, Quantity maxim including: 1) Make your contribution as informative as is requited, 2) Do not say what your contribution more informative than is requited. Second, Quality maxim, try to make your contribution one that is true., including: 1) Do not say what you believe to be false, 2) Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence. Third, Relation maxim: Be relevant. Fourth, Manner maxim, including 1) Avoid obscurity of expression, 2) Avoid ambiguity, 3) Be brief, 4) Be orderly.2 The Cooperative Principles and HumorGrice noticed that in daily conversations people do not usually say things directly but tend to imply them. In order to avoid the logical use of “implication”, Grice coined the term “implicature”. Our talk exchanges do not normally consist of a succession of disconnected remarks and would not be rational if they did. In other works, we seem to follow some Cooperative Principles.People’s conversation exchanges are cooperative efforts. The participants must cooperate in some degree in order to achieve their shared purpose and continue their talks. CP and its maxims will be followed by everybody. People do violate them and tell lies. So Herbert Paus Grice’s “Logic and Conversation” is devoted to a discussion of violation. Some examples which involve the violation of the four maxims respectively are presented. All the samples below are collections of punch line jokes.a)Violation of Maxim of Quantityb)Violation of Maxim of Qualityc)Violation of Maxim of Relationd)Violation of Maxim of Manner3 CP-based samples Analysis of IV Apartment and FriendsIn Grice’s view, conversational implicatures can only be worked out on the basis of CP. If somebody deliberately conceals facts from his hearers, the basis for accurate interpretation is lost, though a liar succeeds only when his hearers assume that he is observing the CP. In this case, if the Maxims is broken, humor or jokes will presented.3.1 Violation of Maxim of Quantity1) Example in IPARTMENT一菲：“你无耻，你卑鄙，你不靠谱！”子乔：“那你就不无耻，不卑鄙，非常靠谱？”一菲：“我哪里无耻，哪里卑鄙，哪里不靠谱了！？”子乔：“你哪里不无耻，哪里不卑鄙，哪里靠谱了！？”一菲：“就算我再怎么无耻，再怎么卑鄙，再怎么不靠谱，也不会比你更无耻，更卑鄙，更不靠谱了！！”Their quarrel is in violation of the first rule of quantity, making your contribution as informative as is required. In response, they avoided the other’s accuse andquestions by repeating each other’s words in a stronger and stronger tone. Although using the different sentence patterns, such as exclamation and rhetorical question, they didn’t add new information in their following quarrel. It’s their funny Lip Tips that make it humorous.2) Example in FriendsChandler: where is the book you are reading?Monica: it’s the living room where there is also light and no one will kick you in the shin.Chandler: what?In the dialogue, Chandler can nor fall asleep so he turn on the light and asks Monica about the books she usually read. Because Monica is sleeping soundly so she is angry with him. So her answer violates the second rule of the Quantity maxim, which means what she says is more informative than requited. In fact, she implies she is angry and wants to kick.3.2 Violation of Maxim of Quality1)Example in IPARTMENT展博：“想送东西给女孩子，不知道女孩子喜欢什么。
英语商务信函中的语用原则及运用
[摘要]语用学中的合作原则与礼貌原则并非只在口语交际中适用, 同样也适用于书面交流。
英语商务信函的语言特征与合作原则中的数量准则、质量准则、关联准则、方式准则及礼貌原则中的策略准则、慷慨准则、赞誉准则、谦逊准则、赞同准则、同情准则的要求是一致的。
在商务信函交往中, 我们需要运用语用原则的策略来共同指导各类商务信函的写作。
传递肯定、中性信息时采用直接表达法; 传递否定信息时采用间接表达法, 缓冲开头) 解释拒绝原因) 提供建议和可行性计划) 积极结尾; 写劝服信时采用引起对方的注意) 激起对方的兴趣) 增强对方的欲望) 对方采取行动的方法。
[ 关键词] 英语商务信函; 语用原则; 合作原则; 礼貌原则; 运用随着我国加入WTO, 书信沟通在各种商务情景中扮演着极其重要的角色。
如果业务人员对信函交际的语言特征及表达研究不够, 就会出现词不达意, 引起对方误解, 使企业形象及经济受损。
那么, 商务信函中应该遵循哪些原则? 如何用这些原则来指导商务信函以避免不必要的损失呢?本文将从语言学的角度来分析商务信函中的最基本的语用原则。
一、商务信函中的语用原则语用学是研究在特定情景中的特定的话语,研究如何通过语境来理解和使用语言[1] (P6- 10) 。
正如Yule 所认为的/ Pragmatics is concerned with the study o f meaning as communicated by a speaker( or writer) and interpreted by a listener ( or reader). 0 (语用学所关心的是说话人或写作者所传递的和听话人或读者所理解的意义。
) [2] (P3)(一) 合作原则美国语言哲学家G rice从形式逻辑和自然语言的逻辑之间的差别出发, 提出说话人(或作者)所传递的和听话人(或读者)所理解的意义。
[ 2] ( P3)在会话活动中, 为保证会话的顺利进行, 谈话双方都必须遵守一项基本原则, 即合作原则( Cooperative Principle ), 简称CP。
安全管理体系（SMS）审核中常见的不符合项
安全管理体系审核中常见的不符合项安全管理体系审核中常见的不符合项一、安全管理体系（标准条款：４）1、安全手册（标准条款4.2.2）（1）各部门执行的文件与手册的规定不一致。
（2）安全手册未包括或引用形成文件的程序。
（3）对标准的剪裁不合理。
（4）安全手册不是最高管理者签发。
（5）安全手册不能完整反映该组织的性质特点。
（6）程序文件中规定的控制和操作方法与现行的运用不一致。
（7）程序文件与安全手册不协调一致。
（8）安全手册的发布、修改、管理比较混乱不能保证最新有效版本在现场使用2、文件控制（标准条款4.2.3）（1）程序没涉及失效文件的控制。
（2）外来文件、发外文件未列人控制范围。
（3）电子媒体和其他形式的文件未受控。
（4）发布的文件无批准人。
（5）不能识别文件的修订状态。
（6）未标识保存的作废文件。
（7）外来文件没有办理识别性的手续。
（8）未对文件进行定期评审。
（9）文件的发放没有控制，随便复制。
（10）保管不善，不能迅速出示文件。
（11）文件更改记录没有或不适当。
（12）文件被非授权人复制或更改。
（13）现场使用的文件不是有效版本，或有效版本与作废版本并存。
3、记录控制（标准条款4.2.4）（1）供方的安全记录未纳人控制范围。
（2）未规定电子媒体形式的安全记录控制方法。
（3）安全记录保存环境不符合要求。
（4）安全记录未规定标识、贮存、保护、保存期、处置的方法。
（5）安全记录填写不全，安全记录上无记录者签名。
二、管理职责（标准条款：5）1、管理承诺（标准条款5.1）（1）最高管理者不知道对管理承诺应提供哪些证据。
（2）组织成员对安全方针、安全目标各有各的理解。
（3）资源配置不足，检验人员素质差，内审人员未经培训。
2、以顾客为关注焦点（标准条款5.2）（1）拿不出文件证实顾客的要求已得到确定。
3、安全方针（标准条款5.3）（1）安全方针空洞，体现不出企业特色，与安全目标的关系不明确。
（2）下级人员不清楚安全方针。
浅论礼貌原则下商务英语信函的委婉表达
浅论礼貌原则下商务英语信函的委婉表达吉林农业大学外国语学院 任春梅摘 要:商务英语信函作为中外企业之间业务往来的沟通工具，在中外贸易交往中发挥着重要的作用。
信函是否礼貌委婉关系到贸易的得失成败。
本文通过Leech的礼貌原则，来分析商务信函的写作特点，并论述了商务信函的委婉表达。
关键词:礼貌原则 商务信函 委婉语中图分类号：F715 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1005-5800(2011)01(b)-234-02商务英语信函作为沟通工具直接面临着与对方的沟通，信函是否礼貌委婉关系到双方贸易的成败。
礼貌原则是商务信函的基本要求，用礼貌委婉的言语来表达，不仅能达到良好的交际效果，树立外贸企业的良好形象，而且能够给贸易双方的合作营造一个友好的气氛，有利于建立良好的贸易关系，进而促进贸易活动的顺利进行。
本文通过Leech的礼貌原则，分析了商务信函的写作特点，并论述了商务信函的委婉表达在词汇和语句使用上的应用。
1 礼貌原则概述语言学家Leech的礼貌原则包括六项准则，每个准则下有两个次准则。
(1)策略准则：尽量少让别人吃亏；尽量多使别人受益。
(2)慷慨准则：尽量少使自己得益；尽量多让自己吃亏。
(3)赞誉准则：尽量少贬低别人；尽量多赞誉别人。
(4)谦逊准则：尽量少赞誉自己；尽量多贬低自己。
(5)一致准则：尽量减少双方的分歧；尽量增加双方的一致。
(6)同情准则：尽量减少双方的反感；尽量增加双方的同情。
2 委婉语的礼貌功能委婉语的交际功能是在交际中避免冒昧和非礼,如果迫不得已涉及令人不快的事情时,应选择委婉表达以避免伤害对方的感情。
在社交时,人们总讲究以礼相待,尽量避免非礼言行。
使用委婉语,说话人不仅显得彬彬有礼,还因照顾了对方的情面往往可获取对方的好感和认可。
如用senior citizens(长者)代替old people和elderly people，这主要是因为senior这个词既可以指年龄大也可以表示身份地位高，而old, elderly只有年迈之意。
smeta 不合规项指南
smeta 不合规项指南下载提示：该文档是本店铺精心编制而成的，希望大家下载后，能够帮助大家解决实际问题。
文档下载后可定制修改，请根据实际需要进行调整和使用，谢谢!本店铺为大家提供各种类型的实用资料，如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等，想了解不同资料格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by this editor. I hope that after you download it, it can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you! In addition, this shop provides you with various types of practical materials, such as educational essays, diary appreciation, sentence excerpts, ancient poems, classic articles, topic composition, work summary, word parsing, copy excerpts, other materials and so on, want to know different data formats and writing methods, please pay attention!SMETA是一种用于审计供应链社会责任表现的方法，它关注了供应商在尊重员工权益、保护环境和促进商业道德方面的表现。
不符合tos条款
不符合tos条款
随着网络和移动技术的发展，人们的生活方式也发生了巨大的变化。
互联网已经成为信息交流、社交、购物、娱乐、学习等方面不可或缺的一部分。
然而，随之而来的问题也越来越多，如侵犯隐私、网络欺凌、网络暴力等等。
为了维护互联网的秩序，保护用户的合法权益，很多网站和应用都制定了相应的服务条款（TOS），规定了用户在使用其服务时应该遵守的规则。
然而，很多用户并不知道或者不遵守这些规则，导致了很多不良后果。
一些常见的不符合TOS条款的行为包括：
1. 发布涉及色情、暴力、政治敏感等内容的信息。
这些信息可能会影响其他用户的心理和安全感，也可能触犯相关法律法规。
2. 盗用他人的账号或密码。
这个行为不仅侵犯了他人的隐私，也有可能造成经济损失。
3. 制作、传播病毒、恶意软件等。
这些行为不仅会危害自己的计算机系统，也会危害其他人的计算机系统。
4. 违反版权。
用户不应该在未经授权的情况下，复制、转载、传播他人的作品，否则可能受到法律的制裁。
这些不符合TOS条款的行为，可能会导致用户被封禁账号、遭受经济损失、承担法律责任等后果。
因此，用户在使用互联网服务时，一定要仔细阅读相关的服务条款，并且严格遵守。
若发现其他用户违反了TOS条款，也可以向网站或应用平台进行举报，维护互联网的秩序和用户的合法权益。
轻微违反合同的例子
轻微违反合同的例子（中英文实用版）Example of a Minor Breach of Contract例子：轻微违反合同A minor breach of contract occurs when one party fails to fully comply with the terms of the agreement but does not significantly impact the other party"s ability to receive the benefits outlined in the contract.轻微违反合同是指当一方未能完全遵守协议的条款，但这并没有对另一方获得合同中概述的利益产生重大影响。
For instance, if a seller fails to deliver a product by the agreed-upon date but eventually delivers it within a reasonable timeframe, this may be considered a minor breach.Similarly, if a buyer fails to make a payment but rectifies the issue by paying the outstanding amount promptly, it may also be classified as a minor breach.例如，如果卖家未能在约定的日期交付产品，但最终在合理的时间范围内交付，这可能被视为轻微违约。
同样，如果买家未能支付款项，但及时支付了未付金额，这也可能被归类为轻微违约。
In some cases, a minor breach may not require any compensation or legal action, as the affected party may choose to waive their right to pursue damages.However, it is essential to document the breach and communicate with the other party to ensure that the issue is resolved amicably.在某些情况下，轻微违约可能不需要任何赔偿或法律行动，因为受影响的一方可以选择放弃追求损害赔偿的权利。
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违反合作原则产生的特殊会话含义的具体事例合作原则共包含四大准则，其下又分为若干小则，格莱斯曾指出，反语（irony）、隐喻（metaphor）、夸张（hyperbole）和缓叙（meiosis）都会最终导致合作原则的违反现象，现根据四大准则进行举例分析。
合作原则 Cooperative Principle（一）量的准则 Maxim of Quantity(1)所说之话应包含交谈目的所需要的信息。
Make your contribution as informative as is required (for the current purpose of the exchange；(2)所说之话不应包含超出需要的信息。
Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.For example,1. Earl: I just want to look nice for my son when he comes in.Max: What? I am going to meet your kid?Earl: Well, one of them.Max:“One of them?” How many do you have?Earl: So far?Max: Oh, Earl, I love you.Earl: This is my son, Darius. He is the No.1 Chrysler salesman in all of Detroit. And he is my very favorite if he is the one I’m thinking of.(From Bankruptcy Sisters)Analyze: This is a scene of Bankruptcy Sisters, Earl only told he dressed so decently to meet his son, but didn’t say clearly if Max would meet his son together, that`s why Max felt puzzled and asked him how many of his sons; then Earl answered“So far?” , until the last sentence he did tell the purpose for meeting his son and add another unnecessary message “ if he is the one I’m thinking of.” Because of the hiatus or the redundancy of their conversation, makes the audiences fall into a reverie and sets a humorous comedy atmosphere.2. Caroline: Oh my God! Is he your father?Max: Yes, he is my father. And my mother is a piece of chalk.(From Bankruptcy Sisters) Analyze: This is a conversation between Caroline and Max. Caroline asked if the man came into the cafe was Max’s father, Max answer “Yes”but add one more sentence “And my mother is piece of chalk.”which indicated the man was not Max ‘s father at all. Obviously, though this situation is typical message redundancy, it helps the listeners to understand the speaker’s real meaning and humor.3.柳小姐之夫：老婆，请问一下你会不会打我？柳小姐：我干嘛要打你啊？你又没做错事。
如果我要真的打你的话，一定就是你做错事了。
从现在开始，你只许疼我一个人，要宠我，不能骗我，答应我的每一件事情都要做到，对我讲的每一句话都要真心，不许欺负我、骂我，要相信我。
别人欺负我，你要在第一时间出来帮我，我开心呢，你要陪着我开心；我不开心呢，你要哄我开心。
永远觉得我是最漂亮的，梦里面也要见到我，在你的心里只有我！就是这样喽！（出自电影《河东狮吼》）Analyze: In this conversation, Mrs.Liu had obeyed the maxim of quantity, the content of her answer was over the question requests. However, the extra message of her answer shows the true requirements of Mr.Liu, also makes the audiences realize Mrs.Liu’s personality.4. A tourist hailed a bus at a request stop and asked the conductor, “What’s the fare to Regent’s Park?”“5 pence,” said the conductor.The tourist didn’t get on the bus, but instead ran along behind it after it pulled away. As he met the bus again at the next stop, he panted, “What’s the fare to Regent’s Park now?”“10 pence,” said the conductor, “You’re running the wrong way.”Analyze: In this funny story, the tourist was a niggard, tried to save money by running after bus and shorting the distance to his destination. At first, he asked the fare to his destination and was told “5 pence”; but after he ran tired out and asked again, then was told the fare had risen and he ran the wrong direction of his destination. It’s ascribed to the first time,the conductor did not tell details to the tourist, brought a misunderstanding to the tourist and the readers: as the tourist ran more that he could saved more money. Hence, the hiatus of the conversation makes a misunderstanding, the conductor obeyed the maxim of quantity, deceived the stingy tourist by omitting necessary information advisedly.5. Liz: Jon, there’s something important I need to ask you. Something that I wouldn’t ask most guys who come in here.Jon: Wait, no! I think I know where this is going.Liz: You do?Jon: I do. Liz, I’ve wanted to ask you the same thing for a very long time.Liz: Are you sure that we’re talking about the same thing?Jon: Absolutely. Yeah, uh, I’ve never been more sure of anything in my entire life.Jon: Liz, I am ready to take a chance. I am ready for...Liz: Thank you.Jon: A dog! A dog! I’m ready for a dog.(from movie GarfieldⅠ)Analyze: In above conversation, Liz only said she had something to ask Jon but didn’t clear the details of it. And Jon was impatient to listen till the end, and then said he knew the content of that “something”. UntilLiz held a dog needed to be adopted came out, Jon realized he had misunderstood. Apparently, Jon didn’t get enough information from Liz, so he misunderstood her and violated the maxim of quantity accidentally, which makes this talk dramatically.(二）质原则（Maxim of Quantity):(1)不要说自知虚假的话。