欧洲文化入门Europe Culture4 Renaissance and Reformation

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《欧洲文化入门》练习及参考答案

欧洲文化入门各章练习及答案第一章填空题：1. The richness of European Culture was created by ________element and _________element. Greco-Roman Judeo-Christian2. The Homer’s epics consisted of_________. Iliad and Odyssey3. ________ is the first writer of “problem plays”. Euripides4. __________ is called “Father of History”. Herodotus5. ________is the greatest historian that ever lived. Thucydides6. The dividing range in the Roman history refers to ________. 27 B.C.7. “I came, I saw, I conquered.” is a famous saying by _______. Julius Caesar8. The representation form of Greek Democracy is __________. citizen-assembly.判断题1. Euclid says “Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world”. (×) Archimedes2. Herodotus’s historical writing is on the war between Anthens and Sparta. (×) Greeks and Persians名词解释：1. Pax Romana答：In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions, it was known as Pax Romana2. “Democracy” in ancient Greece答： 1）Democracy means “exercise of power by the whole people”, but in Greece by “the whole people” the Greeks mea nt only the adult male citizens.2） Women, children, foreigners and slaves were excluded from Democracy.论述题：1. How did the Greek Culture originate and develop?1) Probably around 1200 B.C., a war was fought between Greece and troy. This is the war that Homer refers to in his epics.2) Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B.C.A. The successful repulse of the Persian invasion early in the 5th century.B. The establishment of democracy.C. The flourishing of science, philosophy, literature, art and historical writingin Athens.3)The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.4) In the second half of the 4th century B.C., Greece was conquered by Alexander, king of Macedon. Whenever he wentand conquered, whenever Greek culture was found.5) Melting between Greek culture and Roman culture in 146 B.C., the Romans conquered Greece.2. What is the great significance of Greek Culture on the later-on cultural development?答： There has been an enduring excitement about classical Greek culturein Europe and elsewhere Rediscovery of Greek culture played a vital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other European countries.1) Spirit of innovationThe Greek people invented mathematics and science and philosophy; They first wrote history as opposed to mere annals; They speculated freely about the nature of the world and the ends of life, without being bound in the fettersofany inherited orthodoxy.2) Supreme AchievementThe Greeks achieved supreme achievements in nearly all fields of human endeavour: Philosophy, science, epic poetry, comedy, historical writing, architecture, etc.3) Lasting effectA. Countless writers have quoted, borrowed from and otherwise used Homer’s epics, the tragedies of Aeschylus and Sophocles and Euripides, Aristophanes’s comedies, Plato’s Dialogues,ect.B. In the early part of the 19th century, in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which have themselves become classics: Byron’s Isles of Greece, Shelley’s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keats’s Ode on a Grecian Urn.C. In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Iri shman James Joyce’s modernist masterpiece Ulysses.3. What is the similarity and difference between Greek culture and Roman culture? 答：1) similarities:A. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly.B. Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified, and their myths to be fused.C. Their languages worked in similar ways, both being members of the Indo-European language family.2) differences:A. The Romans built up a vast empire; the Greeks didn’t, except for the brief moment of Alexander’s conquests, which soon disintegrated.B. The Romans were confident in their own organizational power, their military and administrative capabilities.4. What is the Rome historical background?答：1) The history of Rome divided into two periods: Before the year 27 B.C., Rome had been a republic; from the year 27 B.C., Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus and Roman Empire began.2) Two centuries later, the Roman Empire reached its climax, marked by land a rea’s extension: Encircling the Mediterranean.3) Strong military power: the famous Roman legions.4) In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions,it was known as Pax Romana.5) Another important contribution made by the Romans to European culture was Roman Law.6) The empire began to decline in the 3rd century.A. In the 4th century the emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium.Renamed it Constantinople (modern Istanbul).B. After 395, the empire was divided into East (The Byzantine Empire) and WestC. In 476 the last emperor of the West was deposed by Goths and this marked the end of the West Roman Empire.D. The East Roman Empire collapsed when Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453.第二章填空题：1. ___________is by far the most influential in the West. Christianity2. The Hebrews history was recorded in _________of the Bible. the Old Testament3. The New Testament is about _________. the doctrine of Jesus Christ4. The story abo ut God’s flooding to the human being and only good-virtue being saved was recorded in Genesis,Pentateuch, the Old Testament, the Bible, which was known as _________. Noah’s Ark.5. The Birth of Jesus was recorded in ________. Matthew6. The story about Jesus being pinned in the cross to death was known as _________. The Last Supper.7. The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by handby the early group of reformers led by _________. John Wycliff.名词解释:1. The Old TestamentThe Bible was divided into two sections: the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God. The word “Testament” means “agreement”, the agreement between God and Man.2. PentateuchThe Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called Pentateuch. Pentateuch contains five books: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy.3. GenesisGenesis is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells about a religious account of the origin of the Hebrews people, including the origin of the world and of man, the career of Issac and the life of Jacob and his son Joseph.4. ExodusExodus is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells about a religious history of the Hebrews during their flight from Egypt, the period when they began to receive God’s Law. Joshua brought the people safely back toCanaan.5. The Book of DanielThe Book of Daniel belongs to The Old Testament of the Bible. It tells about the Hebrews being carried away into Babylon.论述简答题：1. What are the beliefs of Christianity?答： Christianity based itself on two forceful beliefs which separate it from all other religions.1）One is that Jesus Christ is the Son of God, and that God sent him to earth to live as humans live, suffer as humans suffer, and die to redeem mankind.2）The other is that God gave his only begotten son , so that whosoever believes in him should not perish, but have everlasting life.2. What are the different translation editions of the Bible?答：1)The oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament is known as the Septuagint. And it is still in use in the Greek Church today. But it only translated the Old Testament.2) The most ancient extant Latin version of the whole Bible is the Vulgate edition,which was done in 385-405 A.D. By St. Jerome in common people’s language. It became the official Bible of the Roman Catholic Church throughout the world.3) The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by John Wycliff.4) After John Wycliff’s version, appeared William Tyndale’s version. It was based on the original Hebrew and Greek sources.5) The Great Bible ordered by Henry Ⅷ in 1539 t o be placed in all the English churches was in part founded on Tyndale’s work.6) The most important and influential of English Bible is the “Authorized” or “King James” version, first published in 1611. It was produced by 54 biblical scholars at the command of King James. With its simple, majestic Anglo-Saxon tongue, it is known as the greatest book in the English languages.7) The Revised Version appeared in 1885, and the standard American edition of the Revised Version in 1901.8) The Good News Bible and the New English Bible.3. What is the great significance of the translations of the bible?答：1) It is generally accepted that the English Bible and Shakespeare are two great reservoirs of Modern English.2) Miltion’s Paradise Lost, Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, Byron’s Cain, up to the contemporary Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises, and Steinbeck’s East of Eden. They are not influenced without the effect of the Bible.第三章填空题：1. In _______ a Germanic (日耳曼) general killed the last Roman emperor and took control of the government. 4762. After 1054, the church was divided into _________ and _______. the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.3. _______ is the one who translated into Latin both Old and New Testament from the Hebrew and Greek originals. St. Jerome4. ______introduced French and Italy writing the English native alliterative verse.5. Both ___________are the best representative of the middle English. Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales6. _________ paved the way for the development of what is the present-day European culture. the Middel Ages名词解释1. the Middle agesIn European history, the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages. The middle ages is so called because it came between ancient times and modern times. To be specific, from the 5th century to 15th century.2. FeudalismFeudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding— a system of holding land in exchange for military service. The word “feudalism” was derived from the Latin “feudum”, a grant of land.3. The ManorThe centre of medieval life under feudalism was the manor. Manors were founded on the fiefs of the lords. By the twelfth century manor houses were made of stone and designed as fortresses. They came to be called castles.4. Carolingian RenaissanceCarolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. The most interesting facet of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.5. Gothic1) The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts of Western Europe.2) It lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and, in some areas, into the 16th. More churches were built in this manner than in any other style in history.3) The Gothic was an outgrowth of the Romanesque.论述简答题：1. Why is the middle ages is called Age of Faith？答：1) During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church.2) The Christian church continued to gain widespread power and influence.3) In the Late middle ages, almost everyone in western Europe wasa Christian and a member of the Christian Church. Christianity took the lead in politics, law, art, and learningfor hundreds of years.4) It shaped people’s lives. That is why the middle ages is also called the “Age of Faith”.2. What is the great significance of the Crusades?答：1) The crusades brought the East into closer contact with the West.And they greatly influenced the history of Europe.2) During the wars while many of the feudal lords went to fight in Palestine, kings at home found opportunities to strengthen themselves. Thus among other things, Crusades helped to break down feudalism, which, in turn led to the rise of the monarchies.3) Besides, through their contact with the more cultured Byzantines and Moslems, the western Europeans changed many of their old ideas. Their desire for wealth or power began to overshadow their religious ideals.4) The Crusades also resulted in renewing people’s interest in learning and invention. By the 13th century, universities had spread all over Europe. Such knowledge as Arabic numerals, algebra , and Arab medicine were introduced to the West.5) As trade increased, village and towns began to grow into cities. And the rise of towns and trade in western Europe paved the way of the growth of strong national governments.3. How did learning and science develop in the Middle Ages?答：1) Charlemagne and Carolingian Renaissance:A. He was crowned “Emperor of the Romans” by the pope in 800.B. Carolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. The most interesting facet of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.2) Alfred the Great and Wessex Centre of Learning:A. He promoted translations into the vernacular from Latin works.B. He also inspired the compilation of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.3) St. Thomas Aquinas and Scholasticism:4) Roger Bacon and Experimental Science:A. Roger Bacon, a monk, was one of the earliest advocates of scientific research.B. He called for careful observation and experimentation. His main work was the Opus maius.4. How did literature develop in the middle ages?答：1) The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature.“National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was thecombination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.2) Dante Alighieri and The Divine Comedy:A. His masterpiece, The Divine Comedy, is one of the landmarks of world literature.B. The poem expresses humanistic ideas which foreshadowed the spirit of Renaissance.C. Dante wrote his masterpiece in Italian rather than in Latin.3) Geoffery Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales:A. The Canterbury Tales were his most popular work.B. Most of the tales are written in verse which reflects Chaucer’s innovation by introducing into the native alliterativeverse the French and Italian styles.C. Chaucer is thus to be , regarded as the first short story teller and the first modern poet in English literature.D. Chaucer and the Canterbury Tales were representative of the Middle ages.5. What is the difference between the vernacular language used in the National epics and the vernacular language used by Mark twain?答：1) The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature.“National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.2) The vernacular language used by Mark twain refers to both local and colloq language used in the Mississippi area, with a strong characteristic of that region. Mark twain used vernacular language not only in dialogue, but also in narration.3) His representative works Life on the Mississippi.6. What were the power and influence of the Roman Catholic church in the Medieval times?1) With a highly centralized and disciplined international organization from priests to Pope, the Roman Catholic Church seemed to be the only unity across the western Europe of the Medieval times. It developed a civilization based on Christianity and helped to preserve and pass on the heritage of the classical cultures by the official language of Latin.2) with the Pope as the supreme head of all the Christian Churches of the western Europe, the Catholic (meaning universal) church received heavy taxes from lay people and various supports from nobles and kings. Church could remove any opponents political rights or even emperors, with the powerful symbol of the Inquisition, the Church court to punish heresy.3) The Medieval Church was the center of the Europeans’ daily life and almost everyone became a member of theChurch. People turned to the Church for comfort and spiritual guidance; the Church also was the center of holy communion, recreation, trade and communal activity.4) Clergy then was the only literate class, so kings and nobles used them to implement important secular governmental duties.5) The Church took the lead in politics, law, art, and learning throughout the “Age of Faith”. For example, Romanesque and Gothic arts were predominantly religious; in learning, it influenced greatly the western thinking with the monks’ work on copying and translating ancient books, the Church Fathers’ philosophy, Monasticism, Scholasticism and Experimental science.6) originally for regaining the holy city of Jerusalem, the Church launched 200-year Crusades, which helped to bread down feudalism and enhanced the cultural contact between the West and the East.第四章填空题：1. Renaissance started in ________ and ________ with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture. Florence and Venice.2. In Renaissance literature of Italy, _______ was the representative poet. Petrarch3. At the heart of the Renaissance philosophy was the assertion of _________. the greatness of man.4. The idea of the greatness of man is reflected in __________ literature. Shakespeare’s5. The national religion established after reformation in England was called _______. The church of England or The Anglican Church.6. It was under the reign of _______ that reformation was successful in England. Henry Ⅷ.7. Montaigne was a French humanist known for his _______. “Essais”(Essays).8. The representative novelist of Renaissance in Spain was __________ with his famous work_______, which marked European culture entry into a new stage. Cervantes DonQuixote9. The Venus of Urbino is ___________ works. Titian10. _______ translated the whole Bible with the vernacular language. Martin Luther 名词解释:1. RenaissanceGenerally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th century. Th e word “Renaissance” means revival, specifically in this period of history, revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. Renaissance, in essence, was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities.2. ReformationThe Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political movement. It began as Martin Luther posted on the door of the castle church at the University of Wittenberg his 95 thesis. This movement which swept over the whole of Europe was aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible. The reformists engaged themselves in translating the Bible into their mother tongues. 3. Counter-ReformationBy late 1520 the Roman Catholic Church had lost its control over the church in Germany. The Roman Catholic Church did not stay idle. They mustered their forces, the dedicated Catholic groups, to examine the Church institutions and introduce reforms and improvements, to bring back its vitality. This recovery of power is often called by historiansthe Counter-Reformation.论述简答题：1. What are the Geographical Discoveries in the Renaissance?答：The Renaissance was the golden age of geographical discoveries: by the year of 1600 the surface of the known earth was doubled.1)Columbus: Columbus discovered the land of America. On his fourth voyage he explored the coast of Central America.2)Dias: Dias was a Portuguese navigator who discovered the Cape of Good Hope in 1487.3)Da Gama: Gama was a Portuguese navigator, who discovered the route to India round the Cape of Good Hope between the years of 1497 and 1498.4)Amerig：Amerigo was the Italian navigator on whose honour America was named. His discovered and explored the mouth of the Amazon and accepted South America as a new continent.2. What positive influence does the reformation exert on world culture?答:1)The Roman Catholic Church was never the international court to which all rulers and states were to be morally responsible for.2)Economically, peasants all over Europe had no need to pay a good amount of their gains to the Pope.3)In educational and cultural matters, the monopoly of the church was broken.4)In religion, Protestantism brought into being different forms of Christianity to challenge the absolute rule of the Roman Catholic Church.5)In language, the dominant position of Latin had to give way to the national languages as a result of various translations of the Bible into the vernacular.6)In spirit, absolute obedience became out-moded and the spirit of quest, debate , was ushered in by the reformists.3. What contribution did the Renaissance make to the world culture?答：1、The Renaissance created a culture which freed man to discover and enjoy the world in a way not possible under the medieval Church’s dispensation.2、The Reformation dealt the feudal theocracy a fatal blow.第五章填空题：1. The modern world, so far as mental outlook is concerned, begins in ________. the 17th century2. _________ formed the basis of all modern planetary astronomy and led to Newton’s discovery of the laws of gravitation. Kepler’s Laws3. “Knowledge is power.” By _____. Francis Bacon4. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. By _____. Francis Bacon5. Leviathan is written by ________. Tomas Hobbes6. The English Revolution is also called __________. Bourgeoisie Revolution.7. In _______, the Bill of Rights was enacted by the English Parliament. 16898. There are two leaders in the English Revolution. _______ was the man of action and ________ the man of thought. Cromwell, Milton.9. The best repr esentative of French neoclassicism is ________. Molière名词解释：1. the laws of gravitation: the sun, the moon, the earth, the planets, and all the other bodies in the universe move in accordance with the same basic force, which is call gravitation.2. ClassicismClassicism implies the revival of the forms and traditions of the ancient world, a return to works of old Greek literature from Homer to Plato and Aristotle. But French classicism of the 17th century was not conscious of being a classical revival. It intended to produce a literature, French to the core, which was worthy of Greek and classical ideals.This neoclassicism reached its climax in France in the 17th century.3. Baroque ArtBaroque Art, flourished first in Italy, and then spread to Spain, Portugal, France in south Europe and to Flander and the Netherlands in the North. It was characterized by dramatic intensity and sentimental appeal with a lot of emphasis on light and colour.论述简答1. Why do we say the 17th century is a transitional period from middle ages to the modern times?答：1) This advance began in science, in astronomy, physics and pure mathematics, owing to the work of Galileo, Kepler, Newton and Descartes. 2) The outlook of educated men was transformed. There was a profound change in the conception of men’s place in the universe.3) The new science and philosophy gave a great push to the political struggle waged by the newly emerged class, the bourgeoisie, and other chasses.4) The modern world, so far as mental outlook is concerned, begins in the 17th century.2. What are the merits shared by the Great Scientists of 17th century？答：During the 17th century, the modern Scientific method began to take shape. It emphasized observation and experimentation before formulating a final explanation or generalization. Copernicus、Kepler、Galileo、Newton and other scientists of the time shared two merits which favoured the advance of science.1) First, they showed boldness in framing hypotheses.2) Second, they all had immense patience in observation.3) The combination of the two merits brought about fundamental changes in man’s scientific and philosophical thinking.3. What is Baconian Philosophical system?答：1) The whole basis of his philosophy was practical: to give mankind mastery over the forces of nature by means of scientific discoveries and inventions.2) He held that philosophy should be kept separate from theology, not intimately be blended with it as in Scholasticism.3) Bacon established the inductive method. Induction means reasoning from particular facts or individual cases to a general conclusion.. Deductive method emphasized reasoning from a known principle to the unknown and from thegeneral to the specific.4) In a word, to break with the past, and to restore man to his lost mastery of the natural world. This was what Bacon called the Great Instauration.4. What is the difference between Hobbes and Locke in terms of nature Law?答：For Locke, Nature Law, therefore, means a universally obligatory moral law promulgated by the human reason. Whereas for Hobbes it means the law of power, force and fraud.5. What is the different between Tomas Hobbes and John Locke in terms of Social Contract?1) John Lock’s Social Contract consists of :A. Society is out of necessity, convenience and man’s own interest, and therefore, society is natural to man.B. The institution of political society and government must proceed from the consent of those who are incorporated into political society and subject themselves to government.C. Locke emphasized that the social contract must be understood as involving the individual’s consent to submit to the will of the ma jority and that the will of the majority must prevail.D. Locke also believed that the ruler of government is one partner of the social contract. If he violates the social contract, then government is effectively dissolved. This idea was welcomed by the Americans during the AmericanRevolution and the bourgeoisie revolution in England.2 Tomas Hobbes’ Social Contract consists of:A. It is necessary that there should be a common power or government backed by force and able to punish.B. Commonwealth, in Latin, Civitas.C. To escape anarchy, men enter into a social contract, by which they submit to thesovereign. In return for conferring all their powers and strength to the sovereign, men attain peace and security.D. The powers of the sovereign must be absolute, and it is only be the centralization of authority in one person that the evil can be avoided.E. As to the form of government, Hobbes preferred monarchy.F. Government was not created by God, but by men themselves.3) Although both Tomas Hobbes and John Locke used the term “social contract”, they differed fundamentally.A. Firstly, Hobbes argued men enter a social contract to escape the state of war, for, in his view, men are enemies and at war with each other. Locke argued men are equal and that they enter a social contract by reason.B. Secondly, Hobbes argued that individuals surrender their rights to one man, the sovereign whose power is absolute.Locke argued that the individuals surrender their rights to the community as a whole. According to him, by majority vote a representative is chosen, but his power not absolute. If he fails to implement the people’s will, the people have the right to overthrow him.4. What is the great significance of the English Revolution?1、It was the first time that capitalism has defeated absolute monarchy in history.2、The English Revolution marked that the modern times are approaching.3、After the English Revolution the constitutional monarchy has come into being as well as the Bill of Rights. The Bill of Right established the supremacy of the Parliament and put an end to divine monarchy in England. The Bill of Rights limited the Sovereign’s power in certain important directions.6. What are the characteristics of French classicism?1) In the French classical literature, man was viewed as a social being consciously and willingly subject to discipline.2) Rationalism was believed to be able to discover the best principles of human conduct and the universal principles of natural laws. Here Descartes provided the philosophical foundation for the French neoclassicism.3) French classicism was fond of using classical forms, classical themes and values.第六章填空题：1. ________was the first of the great French men of letters associated with the Enlightenment Montesquieu。

“欧洲文化入门”课程学习指南

“欧洲文化入门”课程学习指南一、课程基础：欧洲文化入门是全校外语类选修课程，本课程面向全校文理学生开设，是主要以提高学生的文化素养为主的课程。

二、适应对象：大学英语完成三级课程学习的本科学生。

三、教学目的：本课程教学目标为：了解欧洲文化的最基本知识，开阔视野，培养兴趣，促进英语学习。

本课程力图在介绍文化知识的同时，激发学生学习英语的兴趣，从而提高语言能力，以达到充分体现素质教育，全面提高学生的跨文化交际能力，培养学生的综合文化素质，扩展国际视野。

四、内容提要：本课程的主要内容包括：希腊罗马文化、基督教及其《圣经》、中世纪、文艺复兴和宗教改革、十七世纪、启蒙运动、浪漫主义、马克思主义与达尔文学说、现实主义、现代主义及其它。

由于学时所限，本学期本门课只集中讲述前五个大题的内容。

若学生对本门课感兴趣，想继续学习后五个大题的内容可选修大外应用提高阶段的选修课—欧洲文化入门（下）。

本课程以欧洲文化为语境，培养学生人文知识的底蕴，使学生对西方文化最基本的方面有一定的认识和了解，从而激发语言学习的兴趣、带动英语学习。

五、自主学习授课模式：基于计算机和课堂的英语多媒体教学模式是为了帮助学生达到大学英语应用提高阶段教学要求所设计的一种新型英语教学模式。

强调个性化教学与自主学习，以及教师可通过课堂进行辅导，传授知识和技能的特点，使学生可在教师的指导下，根据自己的特点、水平、时间，选择合适的学习内容，借助计算机的帮助，迅速提高自己的英语综合实用能力，达到最佳学习效果。

1、教学模式的构成图一、基于计算机和课堂的英语多媒体教学模式2、基于计算机的英语学习过程大学外语应用提高教学阶段各门课程采用“以传统教学模式为主，以网络自主学习模式为辅”的教学模式。

如下图：图二、基于计算机的英语学习过程六、自主学习学习方法：依据建构主义学习理论，在教学中采用自主学习、讨论学习等教学方法，采用学生为主体进行自主学习和训练及教师为主导进行讲授相结合的教学方法。

欧洲文化入门TheRenaissance

Lady with an E1483-1485
Canvas paints
Hidden in the Louvre in Paris
Michelangelo (1475-1564)
Michelangelo was Italian sculptor , painter architect and poet. He was a towering figure of the Renaissance . His drawings were influenced by Giotto and his sculpture showed the influence of Donatello . As a 16th century artist he was forced to depend on the favor of great patrons and had to work on projects against his own will and against his own interests. In fact he felt that the patrons were the hindrance of his success.
The Renaissa nce painting aesthetic idea and the leading thought
Painter introduced
Work Intro
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Leonardo da Vinci (1452 ~ 1519)was a painter ,a sculptor ,an architect ,a musician ,a engineer ,and a scientist .He was a man of many talents , a Renaissance man in the true sense of the word. Leonardo was born at a small town near Florence ,where he was apprenticed to a painter. But he soon surpassed his masters in uniting precision of line with rhythm of movement , and in finding new ways to show light and shade.

欧洲文化入门(英文课件

历史性：欧洲文化具有悠久的历史，从古希腊、罗马到中世纪、文艺复兴等时期都有丰富的文化遗产
创新性：欧洲文化具有创新性，如文艺复兴、启蒙运动等时期都推动了人类文明的进步
影响力：欧洲文化对全球产生了深远的影响，如科学、哲学、艺术、文学等领域都产生了重要的影响
欧洲文化的代表人物和事件
欧洲哲学的思想体系和代表人物
古希腊哲学：苏格拉底、柏拉图、亚里士多德
启蒙运动时期哲学：伏尔泰、卢梭、康德
中世纪哲学：奥古斯丁、托马斯·阿奎那
德国古典哲学：黑格尔、费尔巴哈、马克思
文艺复兴时期哲学：笛卡尔、培根、霍布斯
现代哲学：尼采、萨特、海德格尔
欧洲历史和哲学的文化内涵和影响
欧洲历史：从古希腊罗马到中世纪，再到文艺复兴和启蒙运动，欧洲历史经历了多次变革和进步
欧洲宗教的信仰体系和仪式
东正教：基督教的另一个分支，强调教会的独立性和传统
新教：基督教的另一个分支，强调个人信仰和圣经的权威
天主教：基督教的一个分支，强调教会的权威和传统
仪式：洗礼、婚礼、葬礼等，都是欧洲宗教的重要仪式
基督教：欧洲最主要的宗教，信仰上帝和耶稣基督
节日：圣诞节、复活节、万圣节等，都是欧洲宗教的重要节
欧洲旅游的重要景点和特色
罗马斗兽场：意大利罗马的古代建筑，可以了解古罗马的历史和文化
卢浮宫：法国巴黎的著名博物馆，收藏了大量的艺术品和历史文物
埃菲尔铁塔：法国巴黎的标志性建筑，可以俯瞰整个巴黎市区
威尼斯水城：意大利威尼斯的水上城市，可以体验独特的水
上生活
巴塞罗那高迪建筑：西班牙巴塞罗那的建筑，可以欣赏到高
欧洲艺术和音乐在欧洲历史上扮演了重要的角色，如文艺复兴时期、巴洛克时期、古典主义时期等，这些时期的艺术和音乐对欧洲文化的发展产生了重要的影响。

欧洲文化入门1-5章复习题

Division OneI.有可能出的填空，选择题及判断题的内容:.1.European Culture is composed of _____________ and_____________________ as two major elements.2.Greek culture reached its high point of development/climax in __________ (century).3.All Greece was brought under the rule of Alexander, Kingof Macedon in _________(century).4.In _______, the Romans conquered Greece.5.Homer wrote __________ and _____________, twofamous epics.6.______________ is called “Father of History” in GreekCulture, who wrote the wars between ____________ and________________________.7.The famous writer who wrote comedy in Greek culture isnamed ______________.8.“The great historian that ever lived” is said to praise_____________________(name).9.The Dialectal Method is put forward by___________.10.Academy was established by ______________________,whose philosophy is called ____________________.11.Lyceum was established by _______________.12.Leader of the Cynics is ____________________, and“cynic” means _____________.13.The most important thing in life to the Stoics is_________________.14.Elements, a textbook of geometry, was written by___________.15.The famous temples in ancient Greece are____________________ and ______________.16.The Romans enjoyed two hundred years of peaceful time,known as ________________.17.In the 4th century, the emperor Constantine moved thecapital from Rome to Byzantium, renamed it ____________________(modern _____________).18.After 395, the Roman Empire was divided into_____________ and _________.19.The East Roman Empire fell to the ___________ in 1453.20.“I came, I saw, I conquered” was written by_________________.21.Two famous representatives of Roman architecture are________________ and _________________________.22.________ said, “Captive Greece took her rude conquerorcaptive”.23.Greek Culture has exerted great, positive influence on thelater-on literature, such as Shelly’s ______________ and Byron’s ___________________.24.The languages that were spoken by Greeks and Romansbelong to ___________________(哪个语系).25.The Roman Law, to some extent, protected the rights of______________.26.With the fall of the Western Roman Empire, there came______________(什么时代) lasting one thousand years.27._____________’s (whose) “Prometheus Bound”is aparody adapted by _______________ (he wrote “Prometheus Unbound”).28.Freud put forward _________________ based on thework, “Oedipus the King ” written by _____________. 29.The _________ was one of the similarities shared byGreeks and Romans as far as politics is concerned.30.__________’s (whose) political speeches and discoursesare the model of Latin diction.31.The largest amphitheatre in ancient Rome is known as______________.32.________ established the atomic theory.33.________ believed fire to be the primary element of theuniverse.34.________ established the dialectical method.35.________ was the founder of scientific mathematics.36.The humanistic ideas can be traced back to ___(the nameof a philosopher).37.“The master of those who know” was written by Dante topraise ___________ (the name of a philosopher).38.Zeno的介绍II.名词解释democracy of ancient Greece Pax Romana Doric StyleIonic Style the Sophists the Cynics the Scepticsthe Epicureans the Stoics Academy LyceumIII.简答与论述题：1．三种问法：What is the limitation of “Democracy” in ancientGreece?How do you understan d “Democracy” in ancientGreece?What is the difference between “Democracy” in ancientGreece and modern democracy?2.How did the Greek Culture originate and develop?3.How did the ancient Greek philosophy develop?4.How did the ancient Greek science develop?5.What is the difference between Plato and Aristotle interms of their philosophical ideas?Or What is the difference between Plato and Aristotle interms of their philosophical system?6.What is the great significance of Greek Culture on thelater-on cultural development?Or What positive influence did the Greek Culture exerton the world civilization?7.What are difference and similarity between Greekculture and Roman culture?8.How did Roman culture originate and develop?9.How was Roman Empire disintegrated?10.What styles can Greek architecture be classified into?Or How does Greek architecture take different styles?11.Explain Pax Romana.12.What contribution did the Roman make to the rule oflaw?Division TwoI.special Terms Explanation:the Hebrews the Old Testament the New TestamentPentateuch Genesis Exodus Prophets the Book ofDaniel the Historical BookII.有可能出填空，选择题及判断题的内容：1.Judaism and Christianity are closely related because__________________________________.2.The ancestors of the Jews are ________________, whichmeans ___________ in English.3.The history of the Hebrew people is recorded in__________________ of the Bible.4.The Hebrew people came to settle down in Palestine, knownas _____________ at the time.5.The Old Testament is about_____________________, and“Testament” means _______________________________.6.The New Testament is about _______________________.7.The oldest and most important part of the Old Testament iscalled _______________ or ____________.8.It was ______________ who brought Hebrew people safelyback to Palestine.9.It was ______________who united Hebrews.10.It was ______________who had Jerusalem established aspolitical and religious capital.11.The former church in 6th century B.C. is called_______________.12.Pentateuch is also called __________________.13._______________ made Christianity legal, as he issued_____________________ in 313.14.In 392, Emperor _______________made Christianity officialreligion.15.By 300, each local church is called ______________with itsfulltime leader, known as _____________________.16.Several parishes were grounded together into a large unitcalled _______________, which were headed by a_____________.17.The Last Supper is recorded in __________________, andwas put into painting by __________________.18.The Cruxifixion is recorded in _____________________.19.The oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament isknown as _________________.20.The most extant Latin version of the whole Bible is_______________________ which became the official Bibleof the Roman Catholic Church throughout the world.21.The first English version of the whole Bible was translatedby _________________.22.The most important and influential of English Bible is_______________ or _______________________________.23._____________________ and _______________________are called two great reservoirs of Modern English.24.The development of system of landed nobles is recorded in_________________ of the Old Testament.25._________________ deals with the history of the Hebrewpeople from their entry into Palestine around 1200B.C. tillthe fall of Palestine into hands of Assyrians and Chaldeans in586 B.C.26.The New Testament contains _______ (how many) accountswhich tell about the beginning of Christianity.III.论述题：1．三种问法：How did Christianity come into being and develop inEurope?How did Christianity become the official religion ofRoman Empire?How did the relations between Christians and theRoman government change?2．What are the different translation editions of the Bible?3．Why do we say the Bible has shaped western culture more decisively than anything else ever written?4．What are the great influences that the English Bible has on the American and British literature?Division ThreeI.Special Terms Explanation:Age of Faith Feudalism Manor/castle Code of ChivalryMonasticism The Crusades Carolingian RenaissanceScholasticism National Epics Vernacular LanguageGothic Architectural Style the Canterbury TalesII.有可能出选择题，填空与判断题的内容：1．The Middle Ages is also called______________________, __________________ and ____________________________.(考试中，会任选其中一种说法作为选择题来考) 2．The Middle Ages is the period in which three cultures were merged: _____________________, _________________and_____________________________, respectively referring to_____________________________, ____________________and _____________________________.3．Western Roman Empire was overthrown in __________(year).4．__________________(who) gave his soldiers estates known as fiefs as a reward for their services in 732.5．____________________ (who) can be vassals.6．____________________ (when) was a noble crowned as a knight in the Middle Ages in western Europe.7．People in the western Europe in the Middle Ages were divided into three classes: _____________, _______________ and_________________________.8．Between ______________ century and ________________ century, western Europe was the scene of frequent wars. 9．Feudalism comes from the Latin word, ________________, which means ______________________ in Latin. 10．Knight trained for war by fighting each other in mock battles called ____________________.11．Roger Bacon was one of the earliest advocates of _________________, calling for _________________ and_________________.12．_____________(which tribe) swept into Europe from central Asia in the latter part of fourth century, robbing and killing alarge number of the half civilized Germanic tribes. 13．Those who devoted their lands to large-land owners in return for protection, but still had their own freedom were called________________.14．Those who came form cities or towns and devoted their freedom to large-land owners in return for protection werecalled ________________.15．Roman Catholic Church was divided into five classes: _____________, ________________, ______________,_________________ and __________________.16．Opus Maius was written by _____________________. 17．In Roman Catholic Church, “Catholic” means ____________. 18．The monk, St. Benedict founded _______________________ in about 529 A.D.19．In the Middle Ages, the Church even set up their own court called _____________________________.20．In the National Epics, vernacular languages meant _____________________________ with representative works:____________________in early English and _____________in early French.21．In the Divine Comedy, Dante expressed ________________ ideas and foreshadowed the spirit of _________________. 22．Chaucer was regarded as the first _________________ and the first _____________________ with his famous work_____________________, as the representative of______________(英语的哪个发展时期)23. In 1054, Christianity was divided into _____________and___________________________.24．The Middle Ages is a transitional period between ___________ times and ____________.25. The ceremony to grant the title “knight” is called ___________.26. ________________ translated the Old and New Testamentsfrom Hebrew and Greek originals into Latin. His translationwork, _______________, became the official Latin Bible usedby Roman Catholic Church of this day.27. “The Confession” and “the City of the God” were written by___________________.28. Since _____________ (哪个历史事件)，Arabic numerals andalgebra were introduced into Europe.29. The mock battles for knight training are known as __________.30. ___________ paved the way for Modern English.31. The language used by Chaucer was _________________.III.间答与论述题：1．Why is the Middle Ages called Age of Faith?Or Why do we say the Middle Ages is a religious age?2．How did feudalism derive and develop in the Middle Ages?Or How did feudalism establish its firm ruling position in Europe?3．What is the great power and influence of the Roman Catholic church in the Middle Ages?4．What positive influence does the Crusades exert on the European Culture?Or What is the great significance of the Crusades?5. How did learning and science develop in the Middle Ages?6.How did literature develop in the Middle Ages?7.What is the importance of using vernacular languages in theMedieval Time?8.What is the difference between the vernacular languagesused in the National Epics during the Middle Ages and thevernacular language used by Mark Twain?9.What was the merit shared by Charlemagne and Alfred theGreat?10.How did the English Language develop and what is therepresentation of each stage?Or What stages did the English Language undergo?11.Why do we say using of vernacular languages in the MiddleAges signifies a transition?Division FourI.Special Terms Explanation:Renaissance Renaissance Art ReformationCounter-Reformation Calvinism the JesuitsProtestantismII.有可能出填空，选择与判断题的内容：1.During Renaissance, humanist thinkers and scholarsintroduced new ideas that expressed the interests of__________________.2.Renaissance stared in ___________ and ______________with the flowering of painting, sculpture and architecture.3.At the heart of Renaissance philosophy was the assertion of_____________________which is also the core ofhumanism.4.Many of Petrarch’s ________________ are written for Laura.5.The most representative painter of humanism was________________________ with his famous painting work____________________ and _______________.6.The statesman, ____________________ of Italy in theRenaissance period has greatly influenced the politicalscience in the west, called “Father of Western PoliticalScience”.7.Under the reign of ______________________, Englishbegan to embark on the road to colonization and foreign control that was to take it onto its heyday of capitalist development.8.________________ is the birth place of Renaissance.9.Madonna was _______________ (什么性质的油画)，paintedby _________________.10.Man with the Glove was painted by __________________.11.Calvinism insisted on constructing a type of governmentknown as ______________________________.12.After Reformation, in England a new form of church wasestablished known as _______________ or _____________.13.During Counter-Reformation, __________________(教派名称) was devoted to defending the Roman Catholic Church with its head, _____________________(首领名字).14.______________ stressed hard work and thrifty way of life.15.Montaigne was a French humanist known for his___________.16.The representative author of Renaissance in Spain was______________________ with his famous literary work, _____________________ with which the European novel entered a new stage17.The most representative author and humanist duringRenaissance in England was ________________________, and his four great tragedies are respectively ____________________,________________________,______________________and______________________ 18.Columbus was the discoverer of ____________________in1492.19.______________ discovered the Cape of Good Hope in1487.20.______________ discovered the route to India round theCape of Good Hope between 1497 and 1498.21.America was named in ______________(whose) honor.22.__________________________put forward revolutionaryideas in astronomy during the Middle Ages, and his theorywas __________________________ proved later by_______________________and _______________________in 17th century.23.As you like it and Twelfth Night are two comedies written by________________.24.The idea that only those specially elected by God are savedwas advocated by ___________(school).25.It was during the reign of _________(whom) that the EnglishBible was adopted by the Church of England.26.The idea that the Bible was the supreme authority and manwas only bound to the law of the world of the God was putforward by _____________(whom).27.During Renaissance, __________(whom) preached in CzechLanguage.28.During Renaissance, With the reign of ___________(whom)England began to embark on the road to _____________ andforeign control.29.William Shakespeare, _________________, Thomas Moreand __________________ were humanist scholars duringRenaissance.30.David is a sculpture done by _____________.III.论述题：1．Why did Renaissance first begin in Italy?2．Why did Renaissance decline in Italy in the end?3.What is Renaissance Art ? What are the characteristicsand features of Renaissance Art?4.How did Reformation develop? (即：发展的四个阶段)5.How did capitalism come into being and develop?Or What are the propositions for Capitalism to rise?6.What is the great significance of Reformation?What are the great influences of Reformation?7.Why did England come later than other countries duringthe Renaissance but reach its climax in England? In whatway was English Renaissance different from that of othercountries?8.What type of culture did Renaissance create?9.What is the great significance of Reformation?10.What are the great geographical discoveries (or ofnavigation) in the Middle Ages?11.From what was the English essay derived?Division FiveI.Special Terms Explanation:Francis Bacon’s practical philosophyDeductive methodInductive methodThe Great InstaurationThomas Hobbes’ Social ContractJohn Lock’s Social Contractthe Natural State of Warthe Laws of NatureThe English Revolution (the English Bourgeoisie Revolution)Descartes’ Theory of KnowledgeDescartes’ DualismFrench ClassicismBaroque ArtII.有可能出填空，选择题与判断题的内容：1．_______________ century was the transitional period fromthe Middle Ages to the Modern Times.2. The Modern World begins in __________(century).3. ________________ and _________________proved thatCopernicus’ heliocentric theory is t rue.4. There is the first breakthrough in __________and________________ in the 17th century.5. There was a profound change in the conception of men’splace in the universe in ___________(century).6. _________ looks at men’s position in the universe in a newway.7. Kepler was well known for his discovery of ___________.8. Newton discovered the theory of _________________, and he also invented the method called ___________________.9. ____________ distinguishes three levels of understanding: _______________, _____________________ and _______ _________________.6. ____________________ psychology and ______________ physics originated from Leibniz.7. In December, 1689, __________________________ was enacted by the English Parliament.8. After the English Revolution, _____________________(制度) was established in the Great Britain.9. The event that took place in 1688 in the Great Britain was called ________________.10.The men of the action and the leader in the English Revolution were _____________ and _____________, and the man of thought with his famous literary work _______.11. ____________________ was the representative author of French Classicism.12.The representative painter of Baroque Art was __________ with his famous painting work _______________________ and _____________________.13. ____________________ was the representative painter of Dutch Protestant Art.14. The law of falling bodies is established by __________.15.The importance of acceleration in dynamics is discoveredby ___________.16.__________ sated that there should be a common poweror a government backed by force able to punish.17. __________ believed that government was not createdby God, but by men themselves.18. _________ believed that sensation and reflection makeup experience.19. Paradise Lost was written by ____________, who wasthe man of ___________ in the English Revolution. 20. The Calling of St. Mathew and The Cardsharps werepainted by ______________, which belong to _________________(哪种艺术流派).21. “I doubt, therefore I think: I think, therefore I am.” wasput forward by ______________, which belongs to _______________________(什么理论).22. Both idealism and materialism are included in _______’_______________(谁的，什么理论).23. By the end of 16th century, _______________ had spreadto England. As a result, _______________was staredin England.III.论述题：1.Why do we say the 17th century was a transitional periodfrom the Middle Ages to the Modern World?2.How did science develop in the 17th century?3.What are the two merits shared by the Great Scientists of the17th century?What are the similarities among the 17th -century scientists?4.What is Baconian Materialism?5.What is the difference between Thomas Hobbes and JohnLock in terms of their social contract?6.How many stages did the English Revolution undergo?7.What is the great significance of the English Revolution?8.What is French Classicism? What are the characteristics?9.How did Lock justify rebellion against government?10. What are the causes of the English Revolution?。

欧洲文化入门总结

欧洲文化入门总结Introduction1、There are many elements constituting(组成) European Culture.2、There are two major elements: Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.3、The richness(丰富性) of European Culture was created by Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.第一章1、The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens Sparta.2、The economy of Athens rested on(依赖) an immense（无限的）amount of slave labour.3、Olympus mount, Revived in 1896(当代奥运会)4、Ancient Greece(古希腊)’s epics was created by Homer.5、They events of Homer’s own time. (错)（They are not about events of Homer’s own time, probably in the period 1200-1100 B.C.）6、The Homer’s epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey.7、Agamemnon, Hector, Achilles are in Iliad.8、Odysseus and Penelope are in Odyssey.9、Odyssey(对其作品产生影响)—→James Joyoe’s Ulysses(描述一天的生活). In the 20th century.10、Drama in Ancient Greece was floured in the 5th century B.C.11、三大悲剧大师①Aeschylus《Prometheus Bound》—→模仿式作品Shelly《Prometheus Unbound》②Sophocles(之首)《Oedipus the King》—→ Freud’s “the Oedipus complex” (恋母情结) —→ David Herbert Lawrence’s《Sons and lovers》(劳伦斯)447页③EuripidesA．《Trojan Women》B．He is the first writer of “problem plays”(社会问题剧) 在肖伯纳手中达到高潮，属于存在主义戏剧的人物C．Elizabeth Browning called him “Euripides human”(一个纯粹的人)D．Realism can be traced back(追溯到) to the Ancient Greece.To be specific(具体来说), Euripides.12、The only representative of Greek comedy is Aristophanes. 18页Aristophanes writes about nature. —→浪漫主义湖畔派（The lakers）华兹华兹Swift says of him “As for comic Aristophanes, The dog too witty and too profane is.”(新古典主义代表作家《格列夫游记》《大人国小人国》《温和的提议》用讽刺的写作手法) 13、History (Historical writing)史学创作※“Father of History” —→ Herodotus —→ war(between Greeks and Persians)This war is called Peleponicion wars. 博罗奔泥撒，3只是陈述史实，并没有得出理论。

欧洲文化入门练习及参考答案

《欧洲文化入门》练习及参考答案(总21页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--欧洲文化入门各章练习及答案第一章填空题：1. The richness of European Culture was created by ________element and _________element. Greco-Roman Judeo-Christian2. The Homer’s epics consisted of_________. Iliad and Odyssey3. ________ is the first writer of “problem plays”. Euripides4. __________ is called “Father of History”. Herodotus5. ________is the greatest historian that ever lived. Thucydides6. The dividing range in the Roman history refers to ________. 27 .7. “I came, I saw, I conquered.” is a famous saying by _______. Julius Caesar8. The representation form of Greek Democracy is __________. citizen-assembly.判断题1. Euclid says “Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world”. (×) Archimedes2. Herodo tus’s historical writing is on the war between Anthens and Sparta. (×) Greeks and Persians名词解释：1. Pax Romana答：In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions, it was known as Pax Romana2. “Democracy” in ancient Greece答： 1）Democracy means “exercise of power by the whole people”, but in Greece by “the whole people” the Greeks meant only the adult male citizens.2） Women, children, foreigners and slaves were excluded from Democracy. 论述题：1. How did the Greek Culture originate and develop1) Probably around 1200 ., a war was fought between Greece and troy. This is the war that Homer refers to in his epics.2) Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century .A. The successful repulse of the Persian invasion early in the 5th century.B. The establishment of democracy.C. The flourishing of science, philosophy, literature, art and historical writing in Athens.3)The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.4) In the second half of the 4th century ., Greece was conquered by Alexander, king of Macedon. Whenever he wentand conquered, whenever Greek culture was found.5) Melting between Greek culture and Roman culture in 146 ., the Romans conquered Greece.2. What is the great significance of Greek Culture on the later-on cultural development答： There has been an enduring excitement about classical Greekculture in Europe and elsewhere Rediscovery of Greek culture played avital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other European countries.1) Spirit of innovationThe Greek people invented mathematics and science and philosophy; They first wrote history as opposed to mere annals; They speculatedfreely about the nature of the world and the ends of life, without being bound in the fetters ofany inherited orthodoxy.2) Supreme AchievementThe Greeks achieved supreme achievements in nearly all fields of human endeavour: Philosophy, science, epic poetry, comedy, historical writing, architecture, etc.3) Lasting effectA. Countless writers have quoted, borrowed from and otherwise used Homer’s epics, the tragedies of Aeschylus and Sophocles and Euripides, Aristophanes’s comedies, Plato’s Dialogues,ect.B. In the early part of the 19th century, in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which have themselves become classics: Byron’s Isles of Greece, Shelley’s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keats’s Ode on a Grecian Urn.C. In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce’s modernist masterpiece Ulysses.3. What is the similarity and difference between Greek culture and Romanculture答：1) similarities:A. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly.B. Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified, and their myths to be fused.C. Their languages worked in similar ways, both being members of the Indo-European language family.2) differences:A. The Romans built up a vast empire; the Greeks didn’t, except for the brief moment of Alexander’s conquests, which soon disintegrated.B. The Romans were confident in their own organizational power, their military and administrative capabilities.4. What is the Rome historical background答：1) The history of Rome divided into two periods: Before the year 27 ., Rome had been a republic; from the year 27 ., Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus and Roman Empire began.2) Two centuries later, the Roman Empire reached its climax, marked by land a rea’s extension: Encircling the Mediterranean.3) Strong military power: the famous Roman legions.4) In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions,it was known as Pax Romana.5) Another important contribution made by the Romans to European culture was Roman Law.6) The empire began to decline in the 3rd century.A. In the 4th century the emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome to it Constantinople (modern Istanbul).B. After 395, the empire was divided into East (The Byzantine Empire) and WestC. In 476 the last emperor of the West was deposed by Goths and this marked the end of the West Roman Empire.D. The East Roman Empire collapsed when Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453.第二章填空题：1. ___________is by far the most influential in the West. Christianity2. The Hebrews history was recorded in _________of the Bible. the Old Testament3. The New Testament is about _________. the doctrine of Jesus Christ4. The story about God’s f looding to the human being and only good-virtue being saved was recorded in Genesis,Pentateuch, the Old Testament, the Bible, which was known as _________. Noah’s Ark.5. The Birth of Jesus was recorded in ________. Matthew6. The story about Jesus being pinned in the cross to death was known as_________. The Last Supper.7. The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the LatinVulgate in 1382 and was copied out by handby the early group of reformers led by _________. John Wycliff.名词解释:1. The Old TestamentThe Bible was divided into two sections: the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God. The word “Testament” means “agreement”, the agreement between God and Man.2. PentateuchThe Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called Pentateuch. Pentateuch contains five books: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy.3. GenesisGenesis is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells about a religious account of the origin of the Hebrews people, including the origin of the world and of man, the career of Issac and the life of Jacob and his son Joseph.4. ExodusExodus is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells about a religioushistory of the Hebrews during their flight from Egypt, the period when they began to receive God’s Law. Joshua brought the people safely back toCanaan.5. The Book of DanielThe Book of Daniel belongs to The Old Testament of the Bible. Ittells about the Hebrews being carried away into Babylon.论述简答题：1. What are the beliefs of Christianity答： Christianity based itself on two forceful beliefs which separate it fromall other religions.1）One is that Jesus Christ is the Son of God, and that God sent him to earth to live as humans live, suffer as humans suffer, and die to redeem mankind.2）The other is that God gave his only begotten son , so that whosoeverbelieves in him should not perish, but have everlasting life.2. What are the different translation editions of the Bible答：1)The oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament is known as the Septuagint. And it is still in use in the Greek Church today. But it only translated the Old Testament.2) The most ancient extant Latin version of the whole Bible is the Vulgate edition, which was done in 385-405 . By St. Jerome in common people’s language. It became the official Bible of the Roman Catholic Church throughout the world.3) The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the LatinVulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers ledby John Wycliff.4) After John Wycliff’s version, appeared William Tyndale’s version. I t was based on the original Hebrew and Greek sources.5) The Great Bible ordered by Henry Ⅷ in 1539 to be placed in all the English churches was in part founded on Tyndale’s work.6) The most important and influential of English B ible is the “Authorized” or “King James” version, first published in 1611. It was produced by 54 biblical scholars at the command of King James. With its simple, majestic Anglo-Saxon tongue, it is known as the greatest book in the English languages.7) The Revised Version appeared in 1885, and the standard American edition ofthe Revised Version in 1901.8) The Good News Bible and the New English Bible.3. What is the great significance of the translations of the bible答：1) It is generally accepted that the English Bible and Shakespeare are two great reservoirs of Modern English.2) Miltion’s Paradise Lost, Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, Byron’s Cain, up to the contemporary Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises, and Steinbeck’s East of Eden. They are not influenced without the effect of the Bible.第三章填空题：1. In _______ a Germanic (日耳曼) general killed the last Roman emperor and took control of the government. 4762. After 1054, the church was divided into _________ and _______. the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.3. _______ is the one who translated into Latin both Old and New Testament from the Hebrew and Greek originals. St. Jerome4. ______introduced French and Italy writing the English native alliterative verse.5. Both ___________are the best representative of the middle English. Chaucerand The Canterbury Tales6. _________ paved the way for the development of what is the present-day European culture. the Middel Ages名词解释1. the Middle agesIn European history, the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages. The middle ages is so called because it came between ancient times and modern times. To be specific, from the 5th century to 15th century.2. FeudalismFeudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding— a system of holding land in exchange for military service. The word “feudalism” was derived from the Latin “feudum”, a grant of land.3. The ManorThe centre of medieval life under feudalism was the manor. Manorswere founded on the fiefs of the lords. By the twelfth century manor houses were made of stone and designed as fortresses. They came to be called castles.4. Carolingian RenaissanceCarolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. The most interesting facet of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.5. Gothic1) The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts of Western Europe.2) It lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and, in some areas,into the 16th. More churches were built in this manner than in any other stylein history.3) The Gothic was an outgrowth of the Romanesque.论述简答题：1. Why is the middle ages is called Age of Faith答：1) During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church.2) The Christian church continued to gain widespread power and influence.3) In the Late middle ages, almost everyone in western Europe wasa Christian and a member of the Christian Church. Christianity took the lead in politics, law, art, and learningfor hundreds of years.4) It shaped people’s lives. That is why the middle ages is also called the “Age of Faith”.2. What is the great significance of the Crusades答：1) The crusades brought the East into closer contact with the West. And they greatly influenced the history of Europe.2) During the wars while many of the feudal lords went to fight in Palestine, kings at home found opportunities to strengthen themselves. Thus among other things, Crusades helped to break down feudalism, which, in turn led to the rise of the monarchies.3) Besides, through their contact with the more cultured Byzantinesand Moslems, the western Europeans changed many of their old ideas. Their desire for wealth or power began to overshadow their religious ideals.4) The Crusades also resulted in renewing people’s interest in le arning and invention. By the 13th century, universities had spread all over Europe. Such knowledge as Arabic numerals, algebra , and Arab medicine were introduced to the West.5) As trade increased, village and towns began to grow into cities. And the rise of towns and trade in western Europe paved the way of the growth of strong national governments.3. How did learning and science develop in the Middle Ages答：1) Charlemagne and Carolingian Renaissance:A. He was crowned “Emperor of the Romans” by the pope in 800.B. Carolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. The most interesting facet of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.2) Alfred the Great and Wessex Centre of Learning:A. He promoted translations into the vernacular from Latin works.B. He also inspired the compilation of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.3) St. Thomas Aquinas and Scholasticism:4) Roger Bacon and Experimental Science:A. Roger Bacon, a monk, was one of the earliest advocates of scientific research.B. He called for careful observation and experimentation. His main work was the Opus maius.4. How did literature develop in the middle ages答：1) The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature.“National epic” refers to the epic written in verna cular languages—that is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting pointof a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.2) Dante Alighieri and The Divine Comedy:A. His masterpiece, The Divine Comedy, is one of the landmarks of world literature.B. The poem expresses humanistic ideas which foreshadowed the spirit of Renaissance.C. Dante wrote his masterpiece in Italian rather than in Latin.3) Geoffery Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales:A. The Canterbury Tales were his most popular work.B. Most of the tales are written in verse which reflects Chaucer’s innovationby introducing into the native alliterativeverse the French and Italian styles.C. Chaucer is thus to be , regarded as the first short story teller and thefirst modern poet in English literature.D. Chaucer and the Canterbury Tales were representative of the Middle ages.5. What is the difference between the vernacular language used in the National epics and the vernacular language used by Mark twain答：1) The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature.“National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages.Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting pointof a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.2) The vernacular language used by Mark twain refers to both local and colloq language used in the Mississippi area, with a strong characteristic of that region. Mark twain used vernacular language not only in dialogue, but also in narration.3) His representative works Life on the Mississippi.6. What were the power and influence of the Roman Catholic church in theMedieval times1) With a highly centralized and disciplined international organization from priests to Pope, the Roman Catholic Church seemed to be the only unity across the western Europe of the Medieval times. It developed a civilization based on Christianity and helped to preserve and pass on the heritage of the classical cultures by the official language of Latin.2) with the Pope as the supreme head of all the Christian Churchesof the western Europe, the Catholic (meaning universal) church received heavy taxes from lay people and various supports from nobles and kings. Church could remove any opponents political rights or even emperors,with the powerful symbol of the Inquisition, the Church court to punish heresy.3) The Medieval Church was the center of the Europeans’ daily life and almost everyone became a member of theChurch. People turned to the Church for comfort and spiritual guidance; the Church also was the center of holy communion, recreation, trade and communal activity.4) Clergy then was the only literate class, so kings and nobles used them to implement important secular governmental duties.5) The Church took the lead in politics, law, art, and learning throughout the “Age of Faith”. For example, Romanesque and Gothic arts were predominantly religious; in learning, it influenced greatly the western thinking with the monks’ work on copying and translating ancient books, the ChurchFathers’ philosop hy, Monasticism, Scholasticism and Experimental science.6) originally for regaining the holy city of Jerusalem, the Church launched 200-year Crusades, which helped to bread down feudalism and enhanced the cultural contact between the West and the East.第四章填空题：1. Renaissance started in ________ and ________ with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture. Florence and Venice.2. In Renaissance literature of Italy, _______ was the representative poet. Petrarch3. At the heart of the Renaissance philosophy was the assertion of _________. the greatness of man.4. The idea of the greatness of man is reflected in __________ literature. Shakespeare’s5. The national religion established after reformation in England was called _______. The church of England or The Anglican Church.6. It was under the reign of _______ that reformation was successful in England. Henry Ⅷ.7. Montaigne was a French humanist known for his _______. “Essais”(Essays).8. The representative novelist of Renaissance in Spain was __________ with his famous work_______, which marked European culture entry into a new stage. Cervantes Don Quixote9. The Venus of Urbino is ___________ works. Titian10. _______ translated the whole Bible with the vernacular language. Martin Luther名词解释:1. RenaissanceGenerally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th century. The word “Renaissance” means revival, specifically in this period of history, revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. Renaissance, in essence, was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities.2. ReformationThe Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political movement. It began as Martin Luther posted on the door of the castle church at the University of Wittenberg his 95 thesis. This movement which swept over the whole of Europe was aimed atopposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible. The reformists engaged themselves in translating the Bible into their mother tongues.3. Counter-ReformationBy late 1520 the Roman Catholic Church had lost its control overthe church in Germany. The Roman Catholic Church did not stay idle. They mustered their forces, the dedicated Catholic groups, to examine the Church institutions and introduce reforms and improvements, to bring back its vitality. This recovery of power is often called by historiansthe Counter-Reformation.论述简答题：1. What are the Geographical Discoveries in the Renaissance答：The Renaissance was the golden age of geographical discoveries: by the year of 1600 the surface of the known earth was doubled.1)Columbus: Columbus discovered the land of America. On his fourth voyage he explored the coast of Central America.2)Dias: Dias was a Portuguese navigator who discovered the Cape of Good Hope in 1487.3)Da Gama: Gama was a Portuguese navigator, who discovered the route to India round the Cape of Good Hope between the years of 1497 and 1498.4)Amerig：Amerigo was the Italian navigator on whose honour America was named. His discovered and explored the mouth of the Amazon and accepted South Americaas a new continent.2. What positive influence does the reformation exert on world culture答:1)The Roman Catholic Church was never the international court to which all rulers and states were to be morally responsible for.2)Economically, peasants all over Europe had no need to pay a good amount oftheir gains to the Pope.3)In educational and cultural matters, the monopoly of the church was broken.4)In religion, Protestantism brought into being different forms of Christianity to challenge the absolute rule of the Roman Catholic Church.5)In language, the dominant position of Latin had to give way to the national languages as a result of various translations of the Bible into the vernacular.6)In spirit, absolute obedience became out-moded and the spirit of quest,debate , was ushered in by the reformists.3. What contribution did the Renaissance make to the world culture答：1、The Renaissance created a culture which freed man to discover and enjoy the world in a way not possible under the medieval Church’s dispensation.2、The Reformation dealt the feudal theocracy a fatal blow.第五章填空题：1. The modern world, so far as mental outlook is concerned, begins in ________. the 17th century2. _________ formed the basis of all modern planetary astronomy and led to Newton’s discovery of the laws of gravitation. Kepler’s Laws3. “Knowledge is power.” By _____. Francis Bacon4. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. By _____. Francis Bacon5. Leviathan is written by ________. Tomas Hobbes6. The English Revolution is also called __________. Bourgeoisie Revolution.7. In _______, the Bill of Rights was enacted by the English Parliament. 16898. There are two leaders in the English Revolution. _______ was the man of action and ________ the man of thought. Cromwell, Milton.9. The best representative of French neoclassicism is ________. Molière名词解释：1. the laws of gravitation: the sun, the moon, the earth, the planets, and all the other bodies in the universe move in accordance with the same basic force, which is call gravitation.2. ClassicismClassicism implies the revival of the forms and traditions of the ancient world, a return to works of old Greek literature from Homer to Plato and Aristotle. But French classicism of the 17th century was not conscious of being a classical revival. It intended to produce a literature, French to the core, which was worthy of Greek and classical ideals.This neoclassicism reached its climax in France in the 17th century.3. Baroque ArtBaroque Art, flourished first in Italy, and then spread to Spain, Portugal, France in south Europe and to Flander and the Netherlands in the North. It was characterized by dramatic intensity and sentimental appeal with a lot of emphasis on light and colour.论述简答1. Why do we say the 17th century is a transitional period from middle ages to the modern times答：1) This advance began in science, in astronomy, physics and pure mathematics, owing to the work of Galileo, Kepler, Newton and Descartes. 2) The outlook of educated men was transformed. There was a profound change in the conception of men’s place in the universe.3) The new science and philosophy gave a great push to the political struggle waged by the newly emerged class, the bourgeoisie, and other chasses.4) The modern world, so far as mental outlook is concerned, begins in the 17th century.2. What are the merits shared by the Great Scientists of 17th century答：During the 17th century, the modern Scientific method began totake shape. It emphasized observation and experimentation beforeformulating a final explanation or generalization. Copernicus、Kepler、Galileo、Newton and other scientists of the time shared two merits which favoured the advance of science.1) First, they showed boldness in framing hypotheses.2) Second, they all had immense patience in observation.3) The combination of the two merits brought about fundamental changes in man’s scientific and philosophical thinking.3. What is Baconian Philosophical system答：1) The whole basis of his philosophy was practical: to give mankind mastery over the forces of nature by means of scientific discoveries and inventions.2) He held that philosophy should be kept separate from theology, not intimately be blended with it as in Scholasticism.3) Bacon established the inductive method. Induction means reasoning from particular facts or individual cases to a general conclusion.. Deductive method emphasized reasoning from a known principle to the unknown and from thegeneral to the specific.4) In a word, to break with the past, and to restore man to his lost mastery of the natural world. This was what Bacon called the Great Instauration.4. What is the difference between Hobbes and Locke in terms of nature Law答：For Locke, Nature Law, therefore, means a universally obligatory moral law promulgated by the human reason. Whereas for Hobbes it means the law of power, force and fraud.5. What is the different between Tomas Hobbes and John Locke in terms of Social Contract1) John Lock’s Social Contract consists of :A. Society is out of necessity, convenience and man’s own interest, and therefore, society is natural to man.B. The institution of political society and government must proceed from the consent of those who are incorporated into political society and subject themselves to government.C. Locke emphasized that the social contract must be understood as involving the individual’s consent to submit to the will of the majority and that the will of the majority must prevail.D. Locke also believed that the ruler of government is one partner of the social contract. If he violates the social contract, then government is effectively dissolved. This idea was welcomed by the Americans during the AmericanRevolution and the bourgeoisie revolution in England.2 Tomas Hobbes’ Social Contract consists of:A. It is necessary that there should be a common power or government backed by force and able to punish.B. Commonwealth, in Latin, Civitas.C. To escape anarchy, men enter into a social contract, by which they submit to the sovereign. In return for conferring all their powers and strength to the sovereign, men attain peace and security.D. The powers of the sovereign must be absolute, and it is only be the centralization of authority in one person that the evil can be avoided.E. As to the form of government, Hobbes preferred monarchy.F. Government was not created by God, but by men themselves.3) Although both Tomas Hob bes and John Locke used the term “social contract”, they differed fundamentally.A. Firstly, Hobbes argued men enter a social contract to escape the state of war, for, in his view, men are enemies and at war with each other. Locke argued men are equal and that they enter a social contract by reason.。

欧洲文化入门 The Renaissance

Raphael
Leonardo Da Vinci
Michelangelo
Middle Ages
Renaissance
The Renaissance was Western Europe in modern history a great spiritual revolution. It to western painting art and the whole art field, has great impact. The Renaissance is the banner of a profound thought liberation movement. It makes sure of people on real life value and status, respects for the feelings of person, the power of praise. Against religion to mental shackles and thought shackled. Advocate the scientific spirits, pursuing the truth and knowledge, against ignorance and false theological concepts.
Occurred in 14 to 16 century European Renaissance movement, is the history of Europe in the middle ages of Christian theology of the world view of the great thought liberation movement. In this movement, the emergence of a large number of outstanding artist and important work. Among them is the representative figure:

王佐良《欧洲文化入门》课后习题详解(文艺复兴和宗教改革)【圣才出品】

第4章文艺复兴和宗教改革Questions for Revision:1. What made Italy the birthplace of the Renaissance?Key: Because of its geographical position, foreign trade developed early in Italy. This brought Italy into contact with other cultures and gave rise to urban economy and helped Italy accumulate wealth which was an essential factor for the flowering of art and literature.For two centuries beginning from the late 15th century, Florence was the golden city which gave birth to a whole generation of poets, scholars, artists and sculptors. There was in Florence a revival of interest in classical learning and rising of humanist ideas. And to spread the new ideas, libraries and academies were founded. In the 15th century printing was invented and helped to spread humanist ideas.2. What are the main elements of humanism? How are these elements reflected in art and literature during the Italian Renaissance?Key: Humanist is the essence of Renaissance. Humanists in renaissance believed that human beings had rights to pursue wealth and pleasure and they admires the beauty of human body. This belief ran counter to the medieval ascetical idea of poverty and stoicism, and shifted man’s interest from Christianity to humanity,from religion to philosophy, from heaven to earth, from the beauty of God to the beauty of human in all its joy, senses and feeling.The philosophy of humanism is reflected in the art and literature during the Italian Renaissance in the literature works of Boccaccio and Petrarch and in the art of Giotto, Brunelleschi, Donatello, Giorgione, da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, and Titian, etc. In their works they did not stress death and other world but call on man to live and work for the present.3. Why do we look upon Petrarch as the father of modern poetry?Key: Petrarch was a prominent figure of his time, a great figure in Italian literature and one of the great humanists during the Renaissance. He has written numerous lyrics, sonnets and canzonets. Petrarch rejected medieval country conventions and sang for true love and earthly happiness in his sonnets. Later sonnets became a very important literary form of poetry in Europe and a lot of poets, such as Shakespeare, Spencer, and Mrs. Browning, were indebted to him. Thus we look upon him as the father of modern poetry.4. How did Italian Renaissance .art and architecture break away from medieval tradition?Key: The Italian Renaissance art and architecture radically broke away from the medieval methods of representing the visible world. Compared with the latter, the former has the following distinct features:(1) Art broke away from the domination of church and artist who used to be craftsmen commissioned by the church became a separate strata doing noble and creative works;(2) Themes of painting and architecture changed from purely celestial realm focusing on the stories of the Bible, of God and Mary to an appreciation of all aspects of nature and man;(3) The artists studied the ruins of Roman and Greek temples and put many of the principles of ancient civilization into their works;(4) Artists introduced in their works scientific theories of anatomy and perspective.5. In what way was Da Vinci important during the Renaissance?Key: Leonardo da Vinci was a man of many talents, a Renaissance man in the true sense of the word. He was a painter, a sculptor, an architect, a musician, an engineer, and a scientist all in one. As an artist, he was very important. He has left to the world famous works such as Last Supper and Mona Lisa. Then his excellent use of contrast between light and darkness showed him as an excellent painter. Most important of all, da Vinci had profound understanding of art. In his 5000 notebooks, he put down his observations of life and his sketch drawing. In his painting he stressed the expression of emotional states. His understandings of art exerted great influence upon painters of his own generation and generations to follow. He was also very important in the science of medicine. During his life he dissected morethan thirty corpses and was a great anatomist in Italy. He placed art in the service of anatomy as a science based on extensive research.6. What are the doctrines of Martin Luther? What was the significance of the Reformation in European civilization?Key: In Reformation began in 1517, Martin Luther put forth the following doctrines:(1) He rejected the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic church and replace it with absolute of the Bible. People can communicate with God directly instead of through the church;(2) He opposed the purchase of indulgences and called for institutional reform of the church;(3) advocated translating the whole Bible into vernaculars and made the Bible accessible to every man;(4) He preached love and ideals of equality, and he was a fighter for democracy and nationalism, a humanist who helped to build a competent educational system in Germany. The Reformation was significant in the European civilization. Before Reformation, Europe was essentially feudal and medieval. In all aspects of politics, economy and spirit, it was under the absolute rule of the Roman Catholic Church and the Holy Roman Empire. But after the Reformation things were different. In educational and cultural matters, the monopoly of the church was broken. In religion, Protestantism brought different forms of Christianity to challenge the absolute rule of the Roman Catholic Church. In language, the dominant position ofLatin had to give way to the national languages as a result of various translations of Bible into vernacular. In spirit, absolute obedience became out-mode and the spirit of quest, debate, was ushered in by the reformists. In word, after the reformation Europe was to take a new course of development, a scientific revolution was to be under way and capitalism was to set in with its dynamic economic principles.7. What was Counter-Reformation? Who were the Jesuits? Are they still active now? Key: The counter the Reformation and to bring back its vitality, the Roman Catholic Church mustered their forces to examine the Church institutions and introduce reforms and improvements. In time, the Roman Catholic Church did re-establish itself as a dynamic force in European affairs. This recovery of power is often called by historians the Counter-Reformation. The seed-bed for this Catholic reformation was Spain with the Spanish monarchy establishing the inquisition to carry out cruel suppression of heresy and unorthodoxy. Ignatius, a Spaniard who devoted his life to defending the Roman Catholic Church, and his followers called them the Jesuits members of the Society of Jesus. Today the Society of Jesus is still active with a membership of 31,000, having institutions in various parts of the world.8. What did French Renaissance writers propose in their writings?Key: (1) The French Renaissance writer Rabelais expressed his ideas in Gargantua and Pantagruel that the only rule of the house was “Do As Thou Wilt”—to follow our natural instinct;(2) Ronsard held that man of letters should write in a style that was clear and free from useless rhetoric;(3) The Essais of Montaigne records his views on life, death and his skepticism towards knowledge, in simple, straightforward style, his famous motto is “What do I know?”9. Why did England come later than other countries during the Renaissance? In what way was English Renaissance different from that of other countries? Who were the major figures and what were their contributions?Key: Because of the War of Roses within the country and its weak and unimportant position in world trade, Renaissance came later in England than other European countries. Compared with the Renaissance in other countries, the Renaissance in England has the following features:(1) It came later; but when it did come, it was to produce some towering figures in English literature and the world literature;(2) The Renaissance in England found its finest expression in drama, crowned by Shakespeare;(3) The Renaissance in England enjoyed a period of political and religious stability under the reign of Elizabeth I.The major figures of this period were William Shakespeare, Edmund Spencer, Sir Thomas more, Francis Bacon, and etc. Shakespeare has contributed to the world a legacy of literature heritage by turning out so many outstanding plays and poems.。

欧洲文化入门考试内容归纳中文版

《欧洲文化入门》本作者绪论《欧洲文化入门》由于其内容庞杂，琐碎，因而是一门学习起来比较困难的课程。

其实大家大可不必担心，只要我们潜下心去，找出里面的规律和线索，这门课并不难攻克。

我们要牢记文化的五分法：一、社会历史(包括政治、经济、宗教、历史) 二、哲学三、文学四、科学五、艺术(包括绘画、雕塑、建筑和音乐)，以记忆每个时代的各要点为主，理解纵向的变迁为辅，后者主要的作用时帮助我们更好的记住前者。

《欧洲文化入门》的考试大致包括以下几种题型：四选一，填空，判断，简答题，名词解释，论述题。

选择题：这种题型可考查考生的记忆、理解、判断、推理分析，综合比较，鉴别评价等多种能力，评分客观，故常被应用。

在答题时，如果能瞬时准确地把正确答案找出来最好，假如没有把握，就应采用排除法，即应从排除最明显的错误开始，把接近正确答案的备选项留下，再分析比较强以逐一否定最终选定正确答案。

填空题：这种题型常用于考核考生准确记忆的“再现”能力，在答题时，无论有几个空，回答都应明确、肯定，不能含糊其辞，填空题看似容易实则难，最好的应对办法是对英语语言知识中最基本的知识、概念、原理等要牢记。

名词解释：这种题型一般针对英语专业自考本科段课程中的基本概念、专业名词进行命题，主要考核考生的识记、理解能力。

在答题时，答案要简明、概括、准确，如分值较大，可简要扩展。

简答题：这种题型一般围绕基本概论、原理及其联系进行命题，着重考核考生对概念、史实、原理的掌握、辨别和理解能力。

在答题时，既不能像名词解释那样简单，也不能像论述题那样长篇大论，答案要有层次性，列出要点，并加以简要扩展就可以。

论述题：这种题型一般从试卷编制的全局出发，能从体现考试大纲中的重点内容和基本问题的角度来命题，着重考核考生分析、解决实际问题的能力，考核考生综合应用能力和创见性。

在答题时，要仔细审题，列出答案要点，然后对要点逐一展开叙述，此时考生应发挥自己的真知灼见，要在深度，广度上下功。

欧洲文化入门_名词解释

欧洲文化入门名词解释1．P ax Romana 罗马帝国统治下的和平In the Roman history ，there came two hundred years of peaceful time，which was guaranteed(保证) by the Roman legions，it was known as Pax Romana2．T he New Testament 新约The Bible was divided into two sections：the Old Testament and the New Testament. The New Testament is about the doctrine (教义) of Jesus Christ. The word “Testament” means “agreement”，the agreement between God and Man.3．Pentateuch 摩西五经The Old Testament consists of 39 books，the oldest and most important of which are the first five books，called Pentateuch. Pentateuch contains five books：Genesis (创世记)，Exodus (出埃及记)，Leviticus(教义记)，Numbers (逃亡记)，Deuteronomy (摩西遗言记)。

4．Genesis 起源Genesis is one of the five books in Pentateuch，it tells about a religious account (描述) of the origin of the Hebrews people，including the origin of the world and of man，the career (经历) of Issac and the life of Jacob and his son Joseph.5．The Historical Books 史书was divided into seven sections：①Books of Joshua ② Books of Judges ③ Books of Samuel ④ Books of Kings⑤ Books of the Chronicles ⑥ Books of Ezra ⑦ Books of Nehemiah.6．the Middle ages 中世纪In European history，the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages.The middle ages is so called because it came between ancient times and modern times. To be specific (具体说来)，from the 5th century to 15th century.The transitional (过渡时期) period is called the middle ages，between ancient times and modern times.7. Feudalism 封建主义Feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding (土地所有) — a system of holding land in exchange for military service (军事力量)。

欧洲文化入门串讲

“欧洲文化入门”串讲资料来源：广东自考网编辑：yesy 时间：2003-10-16Division One: Greek Culture and Roman Culture (1)Division Two: The Bible And Christianity (2)Division Three: The Middle Ages (2)Division Four: Renaissance and Reformation (2)Division Five: The Seventh Century (2)Division Six: The Age of Enlightenment (3)Division Seven: Romanticism (3)Division Eight: Marxism and Darwinism (3)Division Nine: Realism (3)Division Ten: Modernism and Other Trends (4)Answer questions (4)“欧洲文化入门”考前串讲 (5)I. 希腊罗马 (5)lI. 基督教和圣经 (6)III. 中世纪 (6)IV. 文艺复兴与宗教改革 (7)V. 17世纪 (8)VI. 启蒙运动 (8)VII. 现实主义 (9)VIII. 马克思主义和达尔文主义 (9)IX. 现实主义 (9)X. 现代主义和其他趋势 (10)Division One: Greek Culture and Roman Culture1. Homer:2. Father of History3. Academy4. Idealism1. Cynics2. Epicureans3. Stoic4. Ionic style5. Doric style6. Ciceronian7. She-wolfDivision Two: The Bible And Christianity1. Historical books2. Book of Daniel3. John Wycliff4. Vulgate Edition of Bible5. King James BibleDivision Three: The Middle Ages1. Age of Faith2. Feudalism3. Father of the church4. City of God5. Benedictine Rule6. Crusades7. Carolingian Renaissance8. Alfred the GreatDivision Four: Renaissance and Reformation1. Renaissance2. Mona Lisa3. Elegant Raphael4. Titian5. Calvinism6. Reformation7. Counter ReformationDivision Five: The Seventh Century1. Induction and deduction2. Induction and Deduction3. Leviathan4. Bill of Right5. Paradise Lost6. Cartesian Doubt7. Dualism8. French ClassicismDivision Six: The Age of Enlightenment1. Age of Reason2. The Spirit of Laws3. Letter Anglaise4. Candide5. Rousseau’s Social Contract6. Robinson Crusoe7. Sorrow of Young Werther8. Faust9. Cabal and Love10. Critique of Reason11. Nebular HypothesisDivision Seven: Romanticism1. Romanicsism2. The LakersDivision Eight: Marxism and Darwinism1. Marxism2. Capital3. Utopian Socialism4. Origin of SpeciesDivision Nine: Realism1. Realism2. Balzac3. Madame Bovary4. A Hunter’s Sketches5. David Copperfield6. Middlemarch7. Vanity Fair8. Uncle Tom’s Cabin9. Impressionism10. Post ImpressionismDivision Ten: Modernism and Other Trends1. Modernism2. Sigmund Freud3. Odepus Complex4. Waste Land5. Ulysses6. The Lost Generation7. Angry Young men in England8. Beat Generation9. Black Humor10. Fauves11. Expressionism12. Cubism13. Futurism14. Dadaism15. SurrealismAnswer questionsDivision One1. What are the characters of ancient Greek society?2. What influences did Greek civilization have on English literature?3. What were ancient Greeks curious about?4. What did Romans have in common with Greeks?Division Two1.What are the two forceful beliefs which separate Christianity from other religions?2.What influences did Bible have on western culture?Division Three1. What were then power and influences of Catholic church?2. What influence did Crusades have on western civilization?3. Why we call the Middle Ages the Age of Faith?Division Four1. What are the main elements of humanism?2. What are the doctrines of Martin Luther?3. What was the significance of the Reformation in European civilization?4. Why we call Renaissance a turning point in modern history?Division Five1. What were Galilio’s contributions to the modern science?2. Why we call Newton the greatest scientist that ever lived?3. What were the major difference between Locke’s concept and Hobbes’?4. What were the main features of seventeenth century?Division Six1. Why we call Enlightenment an age of reason?2. The industrial revolution is marked by which of the following developments?Division Seven1. What are the main features of Romanticism?2. What are the main differences between Romantics and Realists?3. What were the conditions in western Europe in the 1840’s?4. Why Mark Twain is considered the father of American Literature?“欧洲文化入门”考前串讲I. 希腊罗马Homer: Iliad/ Odyssey/ author of epicsSappho: lyric poetPindar: the 14 Olympian odesAeschylus: Prometheus Bound/ Persians/ Agamemnon/ tragic dramatistSophocles: Oedipus the King/ Electra/ Antigone/ tragic dramatistEuripides: Medea/ Trojan Women/ Andromache/ tragic dramatistAristophanes: Frogs/ Clouds/ Wasps/ Birds/ comedy writerHerodotus: wars about Greeks and Persians/ Father of HistoryThucydides: the war between Athens and Sparta/ Syracuse historianPythagoras: All things were numbers/ founder of scientific mathematicsHeracleitus: Fire is the primary elementDemocritus: materialist/ atomic theorySocrates: dissect of oneself/ virtue was high worth of life/ dialectical methodPlato: Men have knowledge because of the existence of certain general “ideas”Aristotle: direct observation/ theory follow fact/ “form” (=idea) and matter together made up concrete individual realities/ Ethics/ Politics/ Poetics and RhetoricEuclid：Elements/ geometryArchimedes: geometry, arithmetic, mechanics, hydrostaticsOther schools of thought: Sophists>Protagoras/Cynics>Diogenes/ Sceptics>Pyrrhon/ Epicureans>Epicurus/ Stoics>ZenoCicero: Far less rhetorical, but colloquial and intimate Prose writerCaesar I came, I saw, I conquered Prose writerLucretius On the nature of things poetVirgil <Aeneid>---Aeneas---tragic hero4th century B.C.后半叶希腊在Alexander, king of Macedon的领导下，5th century B.C.达到顶峰，146B.C.被罗马攻克。

(完整版)欧洲文化入门参考资料

欧洲文化入门参考资料这是一本中国大学生了解欧洲文化的英语教科书，为了教学需要而编写的。

学习英语的中国大学生在阅读英文书刊和同英语国家人士的交往中，往往感到由于缺乏欧洲文化知识而增加了许多困难。

英语中有数不清的典故、名言、成语、人名、地名等等来自古希腊罗马的哲学、文学、历史著作，希伯莱的圣经，文艺复兴时期的艺术创作或者牵涉到各时期思想、科技、政治、社会方面的重要事件和人物。

如果对这些所知无多，读书未必全懂，对谈也难顺利。

而一旦对这些有了较多知识，则不仅了解程度会提高，而且由于通过文化来学习语言，语言也会学得更好。

《欧洲文化入门》教学大纲一、课程基本信息1、课程英文名称：European Culture: An Introduction2、课程类别：专业限选课程3、课程学时：32学时4、学分：25、先修课程：《高级英语》、《英国文学选读》、《美国文学选读》6、适用专业：英语7、大纲执笔：英语专业教研室8、大纲审批：外语系学术委员会9、制定(修订)时间：2005二、课程的目的与任务：本课程为专业选修课程，旨在通过该课程的学习，学生比较系统地学习有关欧洲文化的基本知识，以提高学生的文化知识和文化修养，并为以后开专业课提供大量重要的背景文化知识，从而更好地了解和学习英语，提高文学欣赏水平。

三、课程的基本要求：本教学大纲对象是高等院校英语专业高年级学生，全部用英语授课。

了解欧洲文化对英语发展的影响和欧洲文化发展的脉络；了解来自古希腊罗马的哲学、文学、历史著作，希伯莱的圣经，文艺复兴时期的艺术创作的典故、名言、成语、人名、地名等；了解欧洲各时期思想、科技、政治、社会方面的重要事件和人物；将欧洲文化与同时期的中国文化进行比较；学生应准备一些工具书、参考书、选本、译本。

四、教学内容、要求及学时分配：希腊、罗马文化基督教及其《圣经》中世纪文艺复兴与宗教改革十七世纪启蒙运动浪漫主义马克思主义与达尔文学说现实主义现代主义及其它五、考试考核办法：笔试六、教材及参考书：(一)教材：《欧洲文化入门》王佐良编著，外语教学与研究出版社。

欧洲文化入门Europe Culture4 Renaissance and ReformationP

力做你应该做的事吧。——美华纳
40、学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。——孔子
欧洲文化入门Europe Culture4 Renaissance and Reformation
51、没有哪个社会可以制订一部永远适用的宪法，甚至一条永远适用的法律。 ——杰斐逊 52、法律源于人的自卫本能。——英格索尔
53、人们通常会发现，法律就是这样一种的网，触犯法律的人，小的可以穿网而过，大的可以破网而出，只有中等的才会坠入网中。 ——申斯通 54、法律就是法律它是一座雄伟的大夏，庇护着我们大家；它的每一块砖石都垒在另一块砖石上。 ——高尔斯华绥 55、今天的法律未必明天仍是法律。 ——罗·伯顿
谢谢！
36、自己的鞋子，自己知道紧在哪里。——西班牙
37、我们唯一不会改正的缺点是软弱。——拉罗什福科
xiexie! 38、我这个人走得很慢，但是我从不后退。——亚伯拉罕·林肯

【可编辑】欧洲文化入门各单元重要人物及其代表作

【最新整理，下载后即可编辑】我衷心祝愿你们成为我的校友-路明军欧文各单元重要人物及其代表作（敬请同学们提意见、建议，不断改进）1Greek and Roman culture1．1 Greek (5century BC)1, Homer, wrote: epic: Iliad ; Odyssey2, Sophocles, wrote: drama : Oedipus the King, Electra, Antigone (都是人名)3, Aristophanes, wrote: comedy: Frogs, Clouds, Wasps and Birds4, Historian:Herodotus ( the father of history)Thucydides, wrote: the war between Athens and S-parta and between Athens and Syracuse)5, Ancient Greek philosopher:Pythagoras(founder of scientific mathematics),Heracleitus ( “ all is flux, nothing is stationery),Democritus( one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory)Socrates ( founder of dialectical method辩证法), Plato’s teacherPlato: Dialogues( founder of Idealism), Aristotle’s teacherAristotle: Ethics, Politics, Poetics RhetoricSophists（诡辩派）: Protagoras（人名，下同）Cynics（犬儒派）: DiogenesSceptics（怀疑派）: PyrrhonEpicureans: EpicurusStoics（斯多葛派）: Zeno6，ScienceEuclid : wrote: Elements（几何原理）Archimedes:” give me a place to stand, and I will move the world”, illustrates the principle of the lever.7, Art and etc.Parthenon（巴台农神庙）The Acrpolis （阿波罗神庙）重要年代：1, Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B.C. 2, the Olympic games revived in 1896.3,Homer probably lived around 700 BC.4,Euclid and Archimedes both lived in the 3rd century BC.5, in 146 BC the Romans conquered Greece.1．2 Rome (after 146 BC)8, 名句：the Roman writer Horace said, “captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive”9, Latin literatureProse:Marcus Tullius CiceroJulius Caesar: Commentaries (高卢战记)名句：I came, I saw, I conquered. 10，PoetryLucretius wrote : on the nature of things11, ArchitecturePantheon ( 万神殿)12．SculptureShe-wolf重要年代：1，the burning of Corinth in 146 BC marked Roman conquest of Greece.2, in 476 the last emperor of the West Roman was deposed by the Goths and this marked the end of the West Roman Empire.3, the East Roman Empire collapsed when Constantinople fell to the Turks in1453.2 The Bible and Christianity (The Old Testament about 1300 BC; The New Testament about 400 AD)1,The Old Testament became the first part of the Christian Bible and the New Testament the second.2, Christian are divided into 3 groups: Catholic, orthodox and protestant3, the first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate (拉丁文圣经) in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by John Wycliff.4, the most important and influential of English Bible is the “authorized ”or King James’ version.重要年代：The Old Testament formed in about 1300 BC; The New Testament formed in the end of the 4th century.3 The Middle ages (between 476 AD and 17th century)1，The most important of all the leader ops Christian thought was Augustine(人名) of Hippo（地名）who lived in North Africa in the 5th century. He wrote: the Confession and the City of God.2，Alfred the Great promoted translations into the vernacular form Latin works, he inspired the compilation of the Anglo –Saxon Chronicles（编年史）.3, St. Thomas Aquinas Italian philosopher , he wrote: Summa Contra Gentiles ( 驳异教徒)，Summa Theologiae (神学大全)4, Roger Bacon, wrote: the Opus maius( 大著作), an encyclopedia of the sciences of his time.5, Beowulf is an Anglo- Saxon epic, originating from the collective efforts of oral literature.6, Dante Alighieri，the greatest poet of Italy, wrote: the Divine Comedy(I神曲).7, Geoffrey Chaucer, English poet, wrote: the Canterbury Tales （坎特伯雷故事集）.重要年代：1, in 476 AD a Germanic general killed the last Roman emperor and took control of the government.2, after 1054, the church was divided into the Roman Catholic church and the Eastern Orthodox church.4 Renaissance and reformation (between 14th and 17th century) 1．Leonardo da Vinci , Italian, painted : Last Supper, Mona Lisa2, Michelangelo Buonarroti, Italian, sculpture: David, painted: Sistine Chapel(西斯廷礼拜堂), Dying slave, Moses.3，Raphael, Italian, painted: Madonna ( virgin girl), School of Athens4,Titian, Venetian, painted: The venus of Urbino, Sacred and Profane Love, Madonna of the pesaro Family, Man with the Glove5, John Wycliffe ( religious reformer), English , led the translation of the Bible into English for the first time.6, Jan Hus ( religious reformer), Bohemian Czech reformer7, Martin Luther, German leader of the Protestant reformation: 95 theses8, John Calvin, French theologian: Institutes of the Christian Religion9, Francois Rabelais, French, wrote: Gargantua and Pantaguel (巨人传)10，Miguel de Cervantes, Spanish novelist, wrote: Don Quixote(唐. 吉柯德) 11，El Greco, Spanish painter, painted: The Burial of Count Orgaz (奥加兹伯爵的葬礼)12，William Shakespeare, English writer: Hamlet, As you like it, Twelfth night, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth .13, Christopher Columbus, Genoese-born navigator and discoverer of the New World.14, Bartholomeu Dias, Portuguese navigator, discovered the Cape of Good Hope in 1487.15, Vasco da Gama, Portuguese navigator, discovered the rout to Indea roundthe Cape of the Cape of Good Hopes16, Amerigo Vespucci, Italian navigator in his honor America was named. 17，Nicolaus Copernicus, Polish astronomer, wrote: De Revolutionibus Orbium(天体革命,即the revolution of the heavenly orbs也译为天体运行论), the father of modern astronomy.18, Dante , Italian poet, wrote: Divine Comedy.19，Niccolo Machiavelli, he was called the father of political science, wrote: Price( 论王公), Discourses（论文集）.重要年代：1,Renaissance and reformation took place between 14th and 17th century.2, the discovery of America in1492 , the discovery of the Cape of Good Hope in 1487, and the rounding of the Cape of Good Hope to India in between the years of 1497 and 1498.5 The 17th Century ( the beginning of modern time)1，Johannes Kepler, German scientist, discovered the 3 laws of planetary motion( what are the 3 laws ?)2, Galileo Galilei, Florentine ( 弗罗伦萨人)，scientist, wrote: Sidereus Nuncius (i.e. The Starry Messenger,星星使者), applied telescope to the study of skies, proved geocentric system was wrong, discovered the importance of acceleration in dynamics, discovered the law of inertia, first established the law of falling bodies.3, Sir Isaac Newton, English scientist, invented calculus, discovered that whit light is composed of all the colors of the spectrum, the most important discovery is the universal gravitation.4, Francis Bacon, English philosopher, essayist and statesman, found modern inductive method(归纳法), wrote: The Advancement of Learning, The New Atlantes, The New Method, Essays, 名句：Knowledge is power, The Monuments of wit survive the monuments of power ( 智慧的力量比统治的力量更长久).5, Thomas Hobbes, English political philosopher, , wrote: Leviathan( 利维坦), he was a materialist.6, John Locke, English empiricist and an outstanding political philosopher, wrote: Essay concerning human understanding, Treatises of civil government. 7, John Milton, English writer and political figure, wrote: Paradise lost, Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes.8, Descartes, French philosopher, wrote: Rules for the Direction of the Mind, Discourse on Method , Meditations concerning first philosophy and objections and replies.9, Moliere, French author, wrote: Tartuffe, Le Misanthrope and L’Avare. 10, Michelangelo Caravaggio, Italian painter, painted: The Calling of St. Matthew, The Cardsharps( 玩牌者)11，Van Rijn Rembrandt, Dutch Baroque painter etcher, painted: Blinding of Samson, The Polish Rider.重要年代：1,in the 17th century Europe advanced from the Middle Ages to the modern times.6 The age of enlightenment (the second half of the 18th century)1, B. Montesquieu, French philosopher, man of letters, wrote: Persian letters, The spirit of the laws.2, Voltaire, French poet, dramatist, historian, and philosopher, wrote: Lettres anglaise ( also circulated as Lettres philosophiques哲学书简), Candide(憨第德)3，J. J. Rousseau, Swiss-born philosopher, author, political theorist and composer, wrote: The origin of human inequality（论人类不平等起源）, The social contract, The confessions(忏悔录)4，D. Diderot, French philosopher and man of letters, wrote: Philosophical thoughts, Encyclopedia, Elements of Physiology, Rameau’s nephew.5,Daniel Defoe, English novelist and political journalist, wrote: The life andstrange surprising adventures of Robinson Crusoe, of York, Mariner, The Fortune and misfortunes of the famous Moll Flanders , A journal of the plague year, The fortune mistress.6, J. Swift, English churchman, political writer and poet, wrote: A modest proposal, Gulliver’s travels( 格列弗游记)7，Henry Fielding, English novelist, dramatist and essayist, wrote: The history of the adventures of Joseph Andrews and his friend Mr. Abraham Adams, The life of Mr. Jonathan Wild the Great, The history of Tom Jones, a Foundling.8, Wolfgang Goethe, German poet, wrote: The sorrows of young Werther, Wilhelm Meister’s travels( 威廉迈斯特的漫游时代)，Faust,(浮士德).9, J. Schiller, German dramatist ,poet, historian and aesthetic theoretician, wrote: Cabal and love，Ｗilhelm Tell（威廉退尔）.10, I. Kant, German classical philosopher, wrote: Critique of pure reason ( 纯理性的批判).11, J. Bach, German musician, wrote: Brandenburg concertos12, G. F. Handel, born in German, naturalized English, wrote: Oratorios，Messiah(清唱剧，弥赛亚).13, J. Haydn, wrote: Austrian composer, wrote: String quartets ( 弦乐四重奏). 14, W.A. Mozart, Austrian composer, wrote: Choral music Requiem, k. 626( 安魂曲)，The Marriage of Figaro(费加罗的婚礼).重要年代：1,the American war of independence of 1776 ended British colonial rule over that country.2, the French Revolution followed in 1789.3, the first French Republic was born in 1792.7 Romanticism (between the late 18th and the early 19th century)1, William Blake, English writer, wrote: Songs of innocence, Songs of experience, The French Revolution, Milton.2, the Lakers- Wordsworth and Coleridge.Wordsworth，he wrote: Bliss was it in that dawn to be alive, But to be young was very Heaven!( 能生活在那个黎明真是幸福，若到那时你还年轻则更是天堂！)Coleridge wrote: Kubla Khan ( 忽必烈汗), The Rime of the ancient mariner( 古舟子咏).3,George G. Byron, English poet, wrote: Isles of Greece, Don Juan( 唐. 璜). 4, Percy B. Shelley, English poet, wrote : Ode to the West wind (If winter comes, can spring be far behind?), Prometheus Unbound.5, John. Keats, English poet, wrote: Ode to a nightingale.6, Walter Scott, English poet, wrote: The heart of mid-Lothian（中洛辛郡的心脏）, Ivanhoe( 艾凡赫，中译撒克逊劫后英雄略)。

欧洲文化入门

《欧洲文化入门》是一本中国大学英语系的教科书，为了教学需要而编写的。

学习英语的中国大学生在阅读英文书刊和同英语国家人士的交往中，往往感到由于缺乏欧洲文化知识而增加了许多困难。

如果对这些所知无多，读书未必全懂，对谈也难顺利。

而一旦对这些有了较多知识，则不仅了解程度会提高，而且由于通过文化来学习语言，语言也会学得更好
欧洲文化入门百度中文版2009-10-11 15:16《欧洲文化入门》由于其内容庞杂，琐碎，因而是一门学习起来比较困难的课程。

其实大家大可不必担心，只要我们潜下心去，找出里面的规律和线索，这门课并不难攻克。

我们要牢记文化的五分法：一、社会历史(包括政治、经济、宗教、历史) 二、哲学三、文学四、科学
五、艺术(包括绘画、雕塑、建筑和音乐)，以记忆每个时代的各要点为主，理解纵向的变迁为辅，后者主要的作用时帮助我们更好的记住前者。

要研究欧洲发展的历史，我们要仅仅抓住两条线索。

一条是社会文化发展线索，那就是希腊和罗马文化历史。

另一条则是精神宗教形成线索，即犹太教和基督教历史。

正如，想精通中国文化必先熟知孔夫子和道家文化一样。

下面我们将分章节进行综述。

在每章综述的最后，会有一两道重要的问答题分析。

每章还会附有一些练习题，希望大家
好好做一做。

欧洲文化入门(The Middle Ages )

Three classes of people at the time
1. Clergy 2. Lords
1&2. The ruling classes 3. Peasants
宗教
The Inquisition:宗教裁判所 Holy communion:圣餐 Sacraments:圣礼 Convocation:圣会 Canon: 教规 Rabbi: 拉比 Lord’s Prayer: 主祷文 Water of bitterness:尘水（苦水）
Beowulf《贝奥武甫》
What is the plot and theme of England’s national epic Beowulf?
？英国史诗《贝奥武甫》的情节是如何展开的？其主题是什么
Beowulf, nephew of the king of the Geats, hears that Hrothgar,
a Danish king, is in great trouble. The kingdom of the king is harassed by a monster called Grendel. He at once sails there, grapples with the monster, and wounds it fatally. Then comes Grendel’s mother, a she-monster, in revenge of her son. Beowulf follows her to her under-water cave and kills her with a giant sword. With these honors won, he returns to his homeland and reigns as its king for 50 years. Then a fire-breathing dragon comes out of its den and kills many people. Though old now, Beowulf still kills it singhandedly. But he, too, is fatally wound and later dies.

欧洲文化入门Division Four

Division Four：Renaissance and Reformation1、RenaissanceGenerally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th century. The wo rd “Renaissance” means revival, specifically in this period of history, revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. Renaissance, in essence, was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of conservatism (保守主义思想) in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie (资产阶级), to lift the restrictions (禁忌) in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities.Renaissance started in Florence and Venice with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture.2、In Renaissance literature of Italy, Petrarch (彼得拉克) was the representative poet.3、Intellectuals became closely tied up with the rising bourgeoisie. (人文主义兴起的重要原因Humanistic ideas to develop)4、At the heart of the Renaissance philosophy was the assertion of the greatness of man.(以人为本—人文主义的核心)5、Last Supper adapted from the New Testament of the Bible.6、Michelangelo —— David —— Sistine Chapel (from the First book of the Bible, the Genesis ) —— Dying Slave (垂死的奴隶) —— Moses (摩西)7、Raphael was best known for his Madonna. (圣母玛利亚)He painted his Madonnas in different postures against different backgrounds.8、One of the famous paintings besides the Madonnas is School of Athens (雅典学派). Plato and Aristotle engaged in argument.9、Titian —— The Venus of Urbino (维纳斯)10、John Wyclif —— translation of the Bible into English for the first time.11、Martin Luther —— translation of the whole Bible with the vernacular language.12、The reformation get its victory first in England.13、ReformationThe Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political (社会政治) movement. It began as Martin Luther posted on the door of the castle church at the University of Wittenberg his 95 thesis. This movement which swept over the whole of Europe was aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible. The reformists engaged themselves in translating the Bible into their mother tongues.宗教改革的实质是：反对罗马天主教，直接形式是用母语翻译圣经14、CalvinismCalvinism was established by Calvin in the period of Renaissance. Presbyterian government (长老会). Only those specially elected by God can be saved (上帝的选民) . This belief serves so well to help the rising bourgeoisie on its path (有助于资本主义的兴起)。

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i) Urbanisation due to trade…big cities are created such as Venice and Milan which thrive on trade because at the heart of the Mediterranean Italy was in the perfect route for trade from all over Europe to go to Africa and vice versa.
The Renaissance in Italy:
1)Why did the renaissance egin in Italy?
2) The rise of humanism 3) Renaissance artists 4) The decline of the Italian
renaissance
The renaissance began in Florence and Venice with outpourings of art and literature but soon spread to other countries affecting different things. In Italy fine art was the biggest product of the renaissance but in France it was literature and in England philosophy and literature.
The Rise of Humanism
i) Due to the increase in wealth caused by increased trade there was a new moneyed class with a new philosophy. Intellectuals who used to help train priests and spread Christianity focused their energy on providing these people with a philosophy.
In the renaissance humanist thinkers attempted to get rid of the conservative ideas and new ideas developed which also helped pave the way for the industrial revolution.
iii) As a result there is a revival of interest in classical learning and new humanist ideas. Humanism = Man is at the centre of the world and not God…man more significant than God hence loss of power by church!!!
Renaissance VI. Summing-up
I. Introduction:
Renaissance literally translates as ‘rebirth’ and it stretches from the 14th to the 17th centuries.
In the middle ages the Church reigned supreme due to a lack of strong national government and it is in the renaissance that we see the end of feudal society and social changes that pave the way for the rise of the middle classes in the industrial revolution. Countries grow strong and so do not need to rely on locals to keep control and so we get centralized government.
ii) Shakespeare accurately sums up humanist philosophy when he says in Hamlet:
“What a piece of work is man; how noble in reason; how infinite in faculty, in form and moving how express and admirable; in action how like an angel; in apprehension how like a god!” the replacing of God’s significance with that of man.
欧洲文化入门Europe Culture4 Renaissance and Reformation
Renaissance and Reformation
I. General Introduction II. Renaissance in Italy III. Reformation and Counter-Reformation IV. Renaissance in Other Countries V. Science and Technology during the
ii) This in turn led to new ideas through being in close contact with different cultures particularly the Arabs who had preserved much of the work of ancient Greece
II. Renaissance in Italy
Historical Background The Rise of Humanism New Literature Renaissance Art Decline of the Italian Renaisssance
1)Why did the renaissance begin in Italy?