英语国家社会与文化入门---美国经济

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英语国家社会文化之美国经济-US-economyppt课件

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Limited liability
It is a concept that the value of a person's investment in a company or partnership with limited liability.
If a company with limited liability is sued, then the plaintiffs(原告) are suing the company, not its owners or investors. A shareholder(股东) in a limited company is not personally liable for any of the debts of the company, other than for the value of their investment in that company. usually that person‘s dividends(股息) in the company being zero, since the company has no profits to allocate.
Adam Smith was a Scottish social philosopher and a
pioneer of political economy. The Wealth of Nations, is considered
as the first modern work of economics. Smith is widely cited as the father of
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Five Major Developments
1. Introduction of the factory system the first factory in U.S., 1793 by Samuel Slater ◦Cotton cloth factory ◦The Northeastern region: the manufacturing center ◦The Southern region: cotton plant base ◦The result: US-a major cotton producer

美国经济(英文版).ppt

Meanwhile the textile industry and heavy industry also developed.
American Economy Industries ------Cities
New York Pittsburgh Chicago Detroit Dallas and Houston Seattle San Francisco and Los Angeles
American Economy Industries ------Sectors
Aviation
1. US has the largest aviation industry in the world.
2. Major aircraft companies:
Boeing, McDonald Douglas
American Economy Industries ------Distribution
Distribution of Industries
1. Northeastern America , the most important industrial region.
New England and Great Lakes
American Economy
Industrial Revolution
“The Wealth of Nations”
Adam Smith
American Economy General Survey
1. The structure of the economy 2. The position in the world 3. Inflation and Deficit
2. it stands by the Ohio River which finally joins the Mississippi River.

英语国家社会与文化入门(下册)(简称国概)美国重要单元之一UNIT3——AMERICAN-BEGINNINGS

Text什么是美国的？这已经成为一个经典的问题不仅是美国访问的外国人，更是美国人常常问自己。

当美国人感到困惑，或者当他们在危机时，他们问他们是谁，并试图找出什么是美国人的手段。

事实上，这个著名的问题时，首先问一个法国人称为J.海克特圣约翰日克雷弗克谁定居在宾夕法尼亚州的18世纪。

在1782年，这个法国农民在伦敦出版了一本书，从美国的农民，他所提出的问题，并回答了自己提出的信：“那么，什么是美国，这个新好男人？他要么是欧洲，或子孙欧洲，因此，随着血液中奇妙的混合在一起，你会发现在没有其他国家。

我可以向你指出，一个家庭，其祖父是英国人，他的妻子是一位荷兰人，他的儿子娶了一位法国妇女，其目前有4个儿子现在4个不同国家的妻子。

他是美国人，谁在他身后留下他的所有古老的偏见和方式，收到他的生活已经接受，他的新政府遵循的新模式新，而新职，他认为。

· · ·在这里个人的所有国家都成为一个男人，他们的劳动力和子孙后代新一轮融化总有一天会导致世界。

美国是一个新好男人，原则的行为后，新的巨大变化，他因此必须招待新的想法，和形式·新意见·这是一个美国人。

据克雷弗克，在那些日子里，美国有没有考虑到欧洲人的或其后代混血儿，如美洲印第安人和黑人其他民族。

今天，美国情况较为复杂。

在美国家庭中，有可能是儿子，儿媳或女儿女婿与欧洲后裔或非裔美国人和亚裔移民尽管这些白人混血与其他黑人或亚洲人的家庭占少数。

为了理解这一点，美国，让我们回到美国的过去。

A New Land美国大陆的人居住，作为两个结果长期持续的移民运动，第一个来自亚洲，欧洲和非洲的第二位。

第一乐章开始大概25 000年前，当西伯利亚部落，在新的狩猎区或从追求寻求避难的敌人，在越过白令海峡到达阿拉斯加。

到1492年，超过10-20万人，误称为居住克里斯托弗哥伦布在美洲，印第安人。

他们发展了自己的原住民文化，从原始的部落那些从简单到复杂不等的阿兹特克人，印加人，玛雅人和灿烂的文明。

英语国家社会与文化入门(大学英语专业英美文化概况)Unit 5

•
• 美国是当今世界农业最发达的国家，也是世界上唯一的人均粮食年产量超过1吨的国家，是最大的粮食出口国。除其得天独厚的自然条件外，“以农立国”的传统和完备的农业支持保护体系，是促进美国农业持续稳定发展的重要保障。 • （一）世界领先水平的农业现代化和农业生产率 • （二）以高度商业化的家庭农场为基础 • （三）农业生产高度区域化和一体化 • （四）农业协会发挥着较大作用
• 亚当· 斯密（1723～1790）是经济学的主要创立者。1723 年亚当斯密出生在苏格兰法夫郡（County Fife）的寇克卡迪（Kirkcaldy）。亚当· 斯密的父亲也叫亚当· 斯密，是律师、也是苏格兰的军法官和寇克卡迪的海关监督，在亚当斯密出生前几个月去世；母亲玛格丽特（Margaret）是法夫郡斯特拉森德利（Strathendry）大地主约翰· 道格拉斯（JohnDouglas）的女儿，亚当斯密一生与母亲相依为命，终身未娶 • 主要领域：政治哲学、伦理学、经济学 • 著名思想：古典经济学、现代自由市场、劳动分工 • 国富论&道德情操论 • 分工理论，货币理论，价值论，分配理论，资本积累理论，赋税理论，
The current recession
• Economic crisis – the great depressions in 1930s • Severe recession – in late 2007 • Not yet emerge from the financial crisis
• 金融危机又称金融风暴(The Financial Crisis) ，是指一个国家或几个国家与地区的全部或大部分金融指标（如：短期利率、货币资产、证券、房地产、土地价格、商业破产数和金融机构倒闭数）的急剧、短暂和超周期的恶化。 • 从美国次贷危机引起的华尔街风暴，现在已经演变为全球性的金融危机。这个过程发展之快，数量之大，影响之巨，可以说是人们始料不及的。大体上说，可以划成三个阶段：一是债务危机，借了住房贷款人，不能按时还本付息引起的问题。第二个阶段是流动性的危机。这些金融机构由于债务危机导致的一些有关金融机构不能够及时有一个足够的流动性对付债权人变现的要求。第三个阶段，信用危机。就是说，人们对建立在信用基础上的金融活动产生怀疑，造成这样的危机。

《英语国家社会与文化入门》上册第五单元

The UK EconomyTextThe United Kingdom of Great Britain is a major developed capitalist country. It is now the world’s sixth largest economy and has a gross domestic product（GDP）of US$2645 billion (2010) and is forecast to have the strongest business environment of all major European economies, but also a member of the World Trade Organization. It is a leading global nation, as the second largest exporter and third largest importer of commercial services, and the tenth largest exporter and sixth largest importer of merchandise (2007).Absolute Decline and Relative DeclineBy the 1880s the British economy was dominant in the world, producing one third of the world’s manufactured goods, half its coal and iron, half its cotton. The amount of British shipping was greater than that in the rest of the word put together. But even by 1990 this was no longer the case, the UK having been overtaken by both the United States and Germany; and certainly from1945 until the present, the story of the UK economy is usually thought of as one of decline. This is understandable but rather misleading, as it has in fact been a period of steady economic growth and rapidly increasing living standards. Britain remains one of the Group of Seven large industrial economies. But there are reasons for describing this period as one of decline. Britain entered the post-war world as one of the successful allies of the Second World War, with some of its chief competitor nations such as Germany and Japan, economically destroyed. Also Britain was the centre of a still vast empire. According to the figures, The UK was second only to the United States in the international economy. Thus Britain was then in an apparently strong economic position, a position it clearly no longer occupies, which indicates some sort of decline.But the basic positive-seeming facts describing the size of the economy, the high proportion of the world trade that was British, and so on, in 1945, did not reveal important negative facts about the UK’s position even t hen. Firstly the country had gone heavily into debt in order to finance the war, selling many of its accumulated overseas assets, and borrowing large amounts from the United States and Canada. These debts meant that the UK entered the post-war era with a major economic problem.Secondly, the era of empire was over. India, popularly known as “The Jewel in the Crown” of the British Empire, gained its independence in1947, only 2 years after the end of the war. This was the largest element in the empire, providing raw materials and a big market for British goods. This relationship with India was no longer available, and the rest of the empire quickly followed India to independence, leaving Britain as just a medium-size European country, with a population only one fifth the size of the U.S.Thirdly, despite the relatively rapid and trouble-free process of decolonization, Britain was still forced to maintain a substantial and expensive military presence in many overseas locations until the process was completed (mostly by the end of the 1960s). Also its position as one of the shapers of the post-war world required substantial military contributions-both as one of NATO’s major partners, and as a member of the UN Security Council. All this had the result that Britain spent a higher proportion of its national wealth (and especially of its research and development budget) on the military than most of its competitors. Military expenditure tends not to generate an economic return in quite the same way as other industrial investment. Fourthly, although Britain was quite badly damaged by German bombing during the war, its industry survived comparatively unaffected. This contrasted greatly with some of its competitors — especially the main losers in the conflict, Germany and Japan, who almost had to start again from nothing. This apparent disadvantage for them may have worked in their favour in that as they had to invest, they could invest in the most modern equipment and new products. British industry however could continue with its older factories and pre-war products, and given its other economic problems, did so —a problem in the long-term. It also meant that output was initially very low potentially large economies: so while Britain looked securely wealthier than them in 1945, a catching-up with the UK was inevitable as they recovered.This failure to invest sufficiently in industry also reflects a long-standing and continuing problem in the UK economy. Even without the particular circumstances of the post-war world, relatively low rates of investment (the amount of money business put aside from profits to reinvest in the business in new products and production methods) were characteristic of the British economy in relation to other developed economies. Economists have pointed to the lack of a close relationship between industry and banks in the UK — again a contrast, particularly with the two most successful post-war economies, Japan and Germany, where banks and industrial firms have very close links. Economic historians have suggested that this may be due to the fact that the UK was the first economy to industrialize, and industrial firms, without foreign competition, grew used to financing their own development, without need to borrow from banks. Banks therefore, not able to find good investment opportunities in the UK, looked overseas for investment opportunities. A low rate of domestic industrial investment coupled with a very high rate of overseas investment is still a characteristic of the UK economy. So, amongst European nations, Britain is the largest investor in China, but sells fewer of its own manufactured goods here than do Germany or France.The point to note is that the comparatively strong economic position Britain found itself in 1945 was in many ways deceptive. So the decline from Britain’s apparently good fortunes at that point until now is thus not as extraordinary as it might seem, being the result of already existing basic problems. And it should also be remembered that this was not an absolute decline: Britain is not poorer, or producing less than it was in 1945, in fact (like most countries) it is a lot wealthier and more productive than it was then. The problem is that though is has improved, other countries haveimproved more rapidly, hence the slide form being the 2nd largest economy (after the United States) to being the sixth, as it is at present. And even many smaller economies have overtaken the UK in terms of output per head of population. So the UK has experienced economic decline, but this decline is relative to some other economies rather than absolute. Nevertheless, this relative failure is a serious cause of concern to the UK governments.Recent HistoryThe British economy went through a particularly bad period in the 1970s. The oil price rises at that time led to very high rates of inflation (up to 25%). This caused many workers to strike for more pay. The fall in the value of the UK currency (The Pound) even forced the Labour (socialist) government to borrow from the International Monetary Fund. British industry, notably the car industry, appeared to be doing badly, with increasing imports relative to export. All these negative economic facts led to a change of government at the next general election, in 1979, when the British people voted in the Conservative party under Margaret Thatcher, with the promise of a radical programme of reform. Bureaucracy was reduced (foreign exchange controls were lifted, rules governing banks loosened, (for example). And throughout the 1980s an extensive programme of privatization was carried out, with many state-owned businesses (such as steel, telecom, gas, aerospace) joining the private sector. It seemed in some ways to be successful in that inflation came under control, and businesses, especially the newly privatized businesses, made profits. The negative aspect was a rapid increase in unemployment, rising to almost 12% at its worst. So while companies were more efficient, producing the same amount with less workers, and therefore being able to pay higher wages and make higher profits, the cost was paid by the unemployed who had to live on low incomes from state support. The national economy as a whole continued to grow at lower rates than its competitors. In the recession 1990-1992, the economy even shrunk by2.3%.Since then however, the picture has been brighter, with four years of steady growth, at rates higher than that in the rest of the EU. Unemployment has now fallen to 7.7%, which is among the lowest in the EU. Inflation has remained under control at very low levels. Investment has increased, encouraged by low interest rates. Britain’s membership of the EU has also made it an attractive location for inward investment by companies from outside the EU (especially the US and Japan), of which it has received a larger share than any other EU country. Overall it is second only to the US as a destination for international direct investment. It is also itself a major source of international investment — in fact it is the second biggest international investor in the world (1995).The Current UK EconomyNational economies can be broken down into three main areas: “primary” industries, such as agriculture, fishing, and mining; “secondary” industries, whichmanufacture complex goods from those primary products; and tertiary industries, often described as services, such as banking, insurance, tourism, and the selling of goods.Britain’s agricultural sector is small (producing1.4% of the national wealth) but efficient, producing 58% of the UK’s food needs with only 2% of its workforce. There quarters of Britain’s land is used for agriculture, with about a quarter of that under crops- wheat and barley are two commonest. The rest is grazing for animals, including cattle (both dairy, and beef), though sheep are the most numerous livestock. The beef industry has been hit badly by BSE disease in cattle leading to a 1996 ban on beef exports. The best agricultural land is in the south-east of England.The fishing industry provides 55% of the UK demand for fish. Scottish ports land the majority of the fish caught.Energy production is an important part of the UK economy, accounting for 5% of the national wealth. Since the 1970s, when oil and gas were discovered under the North Sea, Britain has become a major oil and gas producer, in addition to its older coal mining industry, which now only accounts for about 1/4 of energy supplies, the rest being divided between oil, gas, and nuclear energy. This abundance of energy resources means that the UK has become an overall exporter of energy. The technology required to extract oil from the difficult offshore conditions has givenUK companies a strong position in the offshore oil industry around the world. Threeof the biggest the companies in Britain are to be found in the energy sector: Shell (half Dutch), British Petroleum (BP), and B ritish Gas. The world’s larg est mining company, RTZ, is a UK company which operates mines all over the world.Britain has large deposits of coal, mined for more than 300 years. Today, coal can be produced more cheaply in other countries and so many British factories and mines have closed. During the 1960s, oil and gas were discovered under the North Sea. With the extraction of North Sea oil and gas that started in the 1970s, until the 2000s the UK was self sufficient in energy, and the UK was a net exporter of oil and gas in recent decades.Due to the decline in North Sea production, and the costs of mining and using coal cleanly, it is expected that the UK will become a major importer of oil and gas by 2015. To avoid this, drastic actions must be taken to reduce energy demand. After becoming a net exporter of gas in 1997, the UK became a net importer again in 2004. From the mid 1990s new renewable energy sources began to play an increasingly important role in the electricity generated. In 1997, there were 550 wind turbines and over 30 wind farms in the UK. The government has made a promise that 10%of the energy of the UK will come from renewable sources by 2010.In the secondary sector of the economy, manufacturing industry remains important, producing 22% of national wealth. British companies are active in all major fields of manufacturing industry, but are particularly strong in pharmaceuticals (the British company Glaxo-Wellcome is the biggest drug company in the world), chemicals (ICI is the second largest paint manufacturer in the world), aerospace (overall the UK industry is third in size in the world) and food and drink (Scotch whisky being a majorexport). Britain has a big electronics industry (the fourth largest in the world) but like the car industry (which includes Ford, GM, Peugeot, Nissan, Toyota) this is in many cases foreign-owned. Britain’s last major independent car company, Rover, was recently bought by the German company BMW. A high-technology engineering industry has developed around the motor-racing business, with many of the world’s racing cars, both for Formula One, and the American Indycar series, being designed and built in Britain. McClaren and Williams are two of the most successful of these companies. The recently privatized British Steel is the world’s sixth largest steel company.Although the UK is the world’s sixth largest manufacturer by output, some sectors within British manufacturing have, for some tine now, been characterized by declining employment and productivity. A major challenge comes from emerging economies which are able to produce goods more cheaply than the UK. The global economic slowdown and rising energy and materials costs have also affected manufacturers.However, it is believed that modern British manufacturing can thrive by playing to its strengths of design, technology, creativity, innovation and service. To do this successfully, British manufacturing needs a constant stream of well-qualified and multi-skilled graduates. Globalization also offers new opportunities with the discovery of new markets.Over the past decade, Britain manufacturing has become increasingly hi-tech, resulting in more standardized working hours and better conditions of service for employees.Like most developed economies Britain has seen a relative shrinking of the importance of secondary industry and a spectacular growth in tertiary or service industries, which now produce 65% of national wealth. A lot of this is domestic activity such as retailing, tourism and so on, but Britain is also a major international provider of services, accounting for about 10% of the wo rld’s exports of such services.70% of the UK’s workforce are employed in the service sector. The financial sector is an important part of this service industry, as London is one of the top three financial centres in the world. It has the greatest concentration of foreign banks in the world, accounts for 20% of all international bank-loans, and is the world’s largest foreign exchange market. As well as banking, dealing in commodities and insurance are important processed in “The City”— the name given to the historic area at the centre of London where all this business is concentrated, at the heart of which is the London Stock Exchange, one of the business share-dealing centres in the world. Advertising is another major business service in which UK companies are highly successful.The UK went into a recession in the second quarter of 2008. It is the first time that the UK GDP has contracted for six consecutive quarters. In December 2009, the Office of National Statistics revised figures for the third quarter of 2009 showed that the economy shrank by 0.2%, compared to a 0.6% fall the previous quarter.The current recession in the UK is the longest since modern records began in the 1950s. Germany, France, Japan have all come out of recession technically and the UKhasn’t. It has been suggested that the UK is lagging behind its European neighbors because the UK went into the 2008 recession later.Case Study: The Aerospace IndustryAfter those of the US, the UK’s aerospace industry is the next largest, capable of producing the full range of aerospace products from civil and military aircraft (including helicopters) to missiles, satellites, and jet engines. It produces 2% of UK national output, accounting for 8% of manufactured export goods.Aerospace is one of the UK’s highest value adding manufacturing sectors. The UK has Europe’s largest aerospace industry and the second largest after t he USA, in the word in terms of employment.The first powered flight in the world was made by the Wright Brothers in the US in 1903. It was 1908 when the first such flight was made in the UK. But only a few years later came the First World War which forced the rapid development of the aviation industry, and by 1918 the British industry was the biggest and most sophisticated in the word, producing 1250 aircraft each month.After the war the new aircraft types provided the base for the development of the civil aviation industry. A concerted First World War bomber crossed the Atlantic Ocean in 1919, and a civil airline, Imperial Airways, was started in 1924. International air races provided an incentive for technological development, and a British plane, the Supermarine S6B, powered by a Rolls Royce engine, broke many speed records. Rolls Royce became the most successful aero-engine manufacturer at this time. The aircraft-building industry was reduced to a few major companies by a series of mergers.One of the most significant developments of the inter-war period was the development of radar by the UK’s Marconi company in 1922. And when English man Frank Whittle developed the word’s first practical jet engine in 1937, the foundations had been laid for the three major branches of the aviation industry: aircraft, engines and aviation electronics, with British companies prominent in each field.Sadly, in 1939 war came again to provide another spurt of technological change, with many successful British aircraft designs in action, such as the Spitfire fighter and Lancaster bomber, and culminating in the jet-powered Meteor. The Rolls Royce Merlin engine became the best-selling aero-engine of all time with 166 000 produced. The wartime government, seeing the importance that the aircraft industry had gained (it employed 1.8 million workers by the end of the war), planned a range of civil aviation types to take over from wartime production. These included the world’s first jet-powered civil airliner: The Comet.However, the years following the Second World War were problematic for the UK industry. It continued to produce the full-range of products, even selling some of its aircraft to the United States. But in most markets British companies were in head on competition with American companies such as Boeing and McDonnel-Douglas, which were larger, having the advantage of being preferential customers for the enormous US market, both civil and military. The British industry merged into two main aircraft groups: the British Aircraft Corporation, and Hawker-Siddeley Aviation, withRolls-Royce as the main engine builder, and Westland in helicopters,. Nevertheless British civil airliners of the 1960s such as the Trident and the VC10 sold much less well than their American equivalents. Nor did British military aircraft sell very well overseas, with the exception of the unique Vertical Take-off and Landing Harrier, bought by the US Marines amongst others.The answer to the problem lay in collaborative projects with other European aircraft manufacturers which faced the same problems. The first of these was between Britain and France to produce the world’s first supersonic civil airliner, Concorde. The aircraft was a technical success but a commercial failure, only 16 being built for British Airways and Air France. However the successful collaboration led to more such programmes between Britain and France, including the Jaguar combat aircraft, and three types of helicopter, including the Lynx, which holds the world speed record for helicopters.Many other collaborative programmes between Britain and other European countries developed, including the Tornado combat aircraft – a project between Britain, Germany, and Italy. The current European Fighter Aircraft is another such venture. Westland have developed their latest helicopter in association with an Italian company.But the most successful programme has been in civil airliners where the Airbus series of aircraft has effectively competed with American companies. This is an ongoing programme between France, Germany, Britain and Spain. British companies build the wings. British Aerospace build their own range of regional jets, including the successful 146 (popular with Chinese airlines) famous for being the quietest jet airliner. It is likely that these smaller aircraft will go into a European joint-venture too. The industry has been through some major changes of ownership in the last twenty-five years. Rolls-Royce, in attempting to build a revolutionary new engine for the American company, Lockheed, went bankrupt, and had to be rescued by the government in 1971. BAC and Hawker Siddeley were also nationalized – as one company, British Aerospace, in 1977 by the Labour government. But bothRolls-Royce and British Aerospace were privatized in the 1980s by the Conservatives and have since been very successful both in individual projects and in international joint-ventures. The third main arm of the current industry is GEC Avionics, producing a wide range of electronic systems including the technologically advanced cockpit of the latest Boeing 777 airliner. Smaller companies produce a wide range of equipment from ejection seats to landing gears.The Aerospace industry is profitable, with over 300 companies employing 170 000 people. Its overseas sales accounted for around 12% of total world aerospace exports. It has been through difficult times, particularly in the 1970s, moving in and out of public ownership. But it has found success in links with Europe – a pattern it shares with the rest of the UK economy.。

英语国家概况美国经济课件

英语国家概况美国经济
19
2. Since American Independence
• The South—rural and dependent on the North for capital and manufactured goods
• Economic policy under President Lincoln:
• When elected for a second term, Jackson opposed renewing the bank’s charter.
• Businesses panicked in both 1834 and 1837.
英语国家概况美国经济
17
2. Since American Independence
▪ small iron forges (冶炼厂)
英语国家概况美国经济
11
1. The Colonial Period
Gristmill
Iron forge
英语国家概况美国经济
12
1. The Colonial Period
• Clear regional patterns of development by the 18th century:
• U.S. Constitution established the nation as a unified market.
• no tariffs or taxes on inter-state commerce;
• Federal government could regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the states, establish uniform bankruptcy laws, create money and regulate its value, fix standards of weights and measures, establish post offices and roads, and fix rules governing patents (专利权、专利品) and copyrights.

英语国家社会与文化入门(大学英语专业英美文化概况)Unit 2

新西兰的教育体制被视为世界上最好的教育体制之一，他们通过学校、大学、技工学院和其它教育机构提供高质量教育，新西兰的教育体系源于英国的传统教育体制，全国实行统一的教育体系，教育经费开支占政府开支第三位。惠灵顿维多利亚大学,奥克兰大学,梅西大学 ,林肯大学
Economy

农业畜牧业发达，是新西兰经济的基础，新西兰农牧产品出口量占其出口总量的50%，羊肉、奶制品和粗羊毛的出口量均居世界第一位。新西兰还是世界上最大的鹿茸生产国和出口国，生产量占世界总产量的30%。畜牧业用地为1352万公顷，占国土面积的一半。乳制品与肉类是新最重要的出口产品。新西兰渔产丰富，是世界第四大专属经济区，200海里专属经济区内捕鱼潜力每年约 50万吨。农业高度机械化。主要农作物有小麦、大麦、燕麦、水果等。粮食不能自给，需从澳大利亚进口。

Forestry & Fishing One of the largest fishing areas—Exclusive Economic Zone Energy Self-sufficient Overseas trade Farming,fishing,horticulture,manufacturing,th e construction and computer software sectors & tourism

外贸

出口：油类、乳制品、肉类、木材和木制品、鱼类、机械。粗羊毛出口量居世界第一位，占世界总产量的25%。进口：机器及设备、车辆和飞机、石油、电子产品、纺织品、塑料。
新西兰最美丽的地方非属岛屿湾，那里主要城市有：派西亚，拉塞尔和怀唐伊。拉塞尔是新西兰第一个首都，派西亚，属于岛屿湾中间位置，有更多的酒店。怀唐伊，1840年，毛利人和欧洲人在怀唐伊的条约屋（Treaty House）共同签署了《怀唐伊条约》。这所房子至今仍屹立在开阔、祥和的公园之内。这里的其它重要景点有雕梁画栋的毛利会堂（Maori Meeting House）、毛利人最大的战舟、旅游中心和艺术馆。怀唐伊在新西兰人心目中占有极其重要的位置――是对新西兰历史和文化感兴趣的游客“必到”之处。

英语国家社会与文化入门(大学英语专业英美文化概况)Unit 8

• 1.此刻打盹，你将做梦；而此刻学习，你将圆梦。 2.我荒废的今日，正是昨日殒身之人祈求的明日。 3.觉得为时已晚的时候，恰恰是最早的时候。 4.勿将今日之事拖到明日。 5.学习时的苦痛是暂时的，未学到的痛苦是终生的。 6.学习这件事，不是缺乏时间，而是缺乏努力。 7.幸福或许不排名次，但成功必排名次。 8.学习并不是人生的全部。但，既然连人生的一部分——学习也无法征服，还能做什么呢？ 9.请享受无法回避的痛苦。 10.只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。
Education for all
• In 1994 :GI Bill of Rights~Financial aid – soldiers • A few years later • Women & black • The end of 1960s:Affirmative action programs • 1970s • success
•
美国的高等教育大致分为研究生课程和本科课程。其中，研究生课程又分为学术性较强的学术研究生院(Graduate School) 和职业研究生院(Professional School)两大类。 • 美国的大学一般采用学期制(Semester)和季度制(Quarter)。学期是自该年的8月底至来年的5月20日左右的这段时间，以圣诞节至 1月15日左右的假期为届，分为秋学期和春学期2个学期，每学期17-18周。季度制是将一年分成4个阶段，夏季学期主要是暑假时间或组织暑期补习班，每学期11周左右。约有70%的大学采用学期制。
• 11.谁也不能随随便便成功，它来自彻底的自我管理和毅力。 12.时间在流逝。 13.现在淌的哈喇子，将成为明天的眼泪。 14.狗一样地学，绅士一样地玩。 15.今天不走，明天要跑。 16.投资未来的人是，忠于现实的人。 17.教育程度代表收入。 18.一天过完，不会再来。 19.即使现在，对手也不停地翻动书页。 20.没有艰辛，便无所获。

英语国家社会与文化入门(下册)(简称国概)美国重要单元之一UNIT4——political system

Absolute Decline and RelativeDecline到19世纪80年代英国经济在世界上占主导地位产生一个世界上，一半的煤，铁，半制成品的棉花三分之一。

英国航运数额更大的世界其他地区加起来比。

但即使到1900年这不再是这样，英国有超过都被美国和德国，当然也从1945年到现在，对英国经济的故事通常是作为一个思想的下降。

这是可以理解的，而是误导，因为它实际上一直是经济稳定增长时期，迅速提高生活水平。

英国仍然是七工业经济大集团之一。

但也有描述为这一时期下降的原因之一。

中英双方作为第二次世界大战的成功盟友之一战后世界，同其主要竞争对手的一些国家，如德国和日本，经济遭到破坏。

同时英国是一个更加庞大帝国的中心。

数字显示，英国是仅次于美国在国际经济中。

因此，英国当时显然是在强大的经济地位，它的地位显然不再占据，这表明一些下降排序。

但基本的正面描述的经济规模表面上的事实，世界贸易是英国比例很高，因此在1945年，没有透露有关英国的立场，重要的负面事实即使这样。

首先该国了负债累累，以资助战争，累计出售其海外资产多，借用美国和加拿大的大量资金。

这些债务意味着英国进入一个重大的经济问题，战后时代。

其次，帝国时代已经结束。

印度，俗称为“在大英帝国的皇冠”珠宝称，1947年取得独立，只有2年后战争结束。

这是在帝国的最大元素，提供原材料，并为英国商品的大市场。

这与印度的关系已不再可用，帝国的其它国家也纷纷仿效印度独立，剩下的只是一个中等规模的欧洲国家，英国的人口只有五分之一的美国的大小，第三，尽管相对快速和顺利的非殖民化自由的过程中，英国仍然不得不维持一个庞大而昂贵的地方，许多海外的军事存在，直到该进程完成（主要是由60年代末）。

此外，政府立场的其中一个职位的塑造者，战后世界需要大量的军事贡献，作为北约的主要伙伴之一两者，作为安理会常任理事国。

所有这一切的结果是英国用于军事比其大多数竞争对手其国民财富（尤其是其研究和开发预算）的比例较高。

英语国家概况(美国经济)(课堂PPT)

Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
1. The Colonial Period
❖Massachusetts—settled by Pilgrims to escape religious persecution
❖Other colonies—like Virginia and Pennsylvania, founded as business ventures
▪ contribution to England’s colonizing process of the would-be United States
▪ charter companies ▪ King provided a charter or grant conferring
economic rights as well as political and judicial authority
Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
1. The Colonial Period
❖English investors turned over colonial charters to the settlers.
▪ enormous political implications
▪ small iron forges (冶炼厂)
Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
1. The Colonial Period
Gristmill
Iron forge

Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press

美国经济(英文版)_PPT幻灯片

Proprietorship Partnerships corporations
Types of Businesses
Corporations are very important organization in the US society. They are the pillar and dynamic force.
A fourth development was the emergency of new forms of business organization, notably the bank and the corporation, which facilitated the growth of indussuch fields as: Information technology, computers, space, nuclear energy,
electronics and military products. It is the largest automobile maker of the world. US dollar is used as an international currency. Western economists regard the US as the dynamic and engine
American Economy
“The Wealth of Nations”
Adam Smith
Development of Free Enterprise
The story of American economic growth is a story of people inventing new devices and processes, starting new business and launching new ventures. For each of these endeavors, money is needed. That money is known as capital.

英语国家概况：TheU.S.Economy美国经济

英语国家概况：The U.S.Economy美国经济下⾯是店铺整理的英语国家概况：The U.S. Economy美国经济，欢迎⼤家阅读! The U.S. Economy 1)Factors that contribute to the fast growth ofthe economy: ①the geographical location of the United Statespovides very good conditions for the country to growand become strong. ②the United States has been blessed by being a landrich in mineral resources and fertile farm soil,together with a moderate climate. ③America has been fortunate in having enough people to provide the labour necessary for aconstantly expanding economy. ④the quality of available labour. The United States has a skilful and willing labour force. 经济快速增长的⼏个因素： 1.美国的地理位置为国家的发展壮⼤提供了良好的条件; 2.美国有幸是⼀块矿产资源丰富、⼟壤肥沃的陆地，⽓候温和; 3.拥有⾜够的劳动⼒以满⾜不断发展的经济增长; 4.这些劳动⼒的质量。

美国拥有技术⾼和能动性好的劳动⼒⼤军。

2)Characteristics of the U.S. economy: characterised by a high degree of monopoly. 经济特征：已⾼度垄断为特点。

英语国家社会与文化入门(大学英语专业英美文化概况)Unit 5

• Railroads beginning • Transpation link – increase business activity • Farming – thereafter industry • Spared devastation-two world war • Auto industry appear- high technology & high-tech • Post-industry era
• • • • • • • •
Economic difficulty begin – early 1980s Exports declined Smaller farms are disappearing Not full-time Critics accuse Farming aid – indispensable Problems – harm ,diseases This bond linking past,present and future is fundamental to the American way of life
American Agriculture
• • • • • • • Heart – earliest days Outwards – changed GNP Virtus of farmer – infancy Agribusiness Standard high, new technology Alternate period- prosperity and recession
• 亚当· 斯密（1723～1790）是经济学的主要创立者。1723 年亚当斯密出生在苏格兰法夫郡（County Fife）的寇克卡迪（Kirkcaldy）。亚当· 斯密的父亲也叫亚当· 斯密，是律师、也是苏格兰的军法官和寇克卡迪的海关监督，在亚当斯密出生前几个月去世；母亲玛格丽特（Margaret）是法夫郡斯特拉森德利（Strathendry）大地主约翰· 道格拉斯（JohnDouglas）的女儿，亚当斯密一生与母亲相依为命，终身未娶 • 主要领域：政治哲学、伦理学、经济学 • 著名思想：古典经济学、现代自由市场、劳动分工 • 国富论&道德情操论 • 分工理论，货币理论，价值论，分配理论，资本积累理论，赋税理论，

英语国家社会与文化入门---美国经济

1. Thomas Edison
2. Samuel F. B. Morse
3. Alexander Graham Bell
4. Elias Howe/Isaac Singer
5. Cyrus McCormick
The McCormick Reaper
6. George Eastman
7. Charles Goodyear
Cotton and Cloth, Interchangeab le Parts, From Agriculture to Cities …..
Events
The Industrial Revolution that occurred in the 19th century was of great importance to the economic future of the United States. industrial developments led the way to Industrialization in America:
Milling machine
Birth date Birth place
Cotton Gin Patent. It shows sawtooth gin blades, which were not part of Whitney's original patent
Date of death Education
Railroads were of supreme importance to the increase in trade throughout the United States. In fact, by the start of the Civil War, railroads linked the most important Mid West cities with the Atlantic coast. Railroads further opened the west and connected raw materials to factories and markets. A transcontinental railroad was completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah. With the great advances of the Industrial Revolution, inventors continued to work throughout the rest of the 19th and early 20th century on ways to make life easier while increasing productivity. The foundations set throughout the mid-1800's set the stage for inventions such as the light bulb (Thomas Edison), telephone (Alexander Bell), and the automobile (Karl Benz). Further, Ford's creation of the assembly line which made manufacturing more efficient just helped form America into a modern industrialized nation. The impact of these and other inventions of the time cannot be underestimated

美国经济政治和文化

美利坚合众国
The United States of America
国歌：国鸟：国花：所属洲：国庆日：政体：执政党：现任领导人：
星条旗永不落白头海雕（秃鹰）玫瑰花北美洲 1776年7月4日总统制共和制民主党巴拉克·奥巴马
面积：人口：主要宗教：常用语言：官方语言：
9,629,091平方公里 301,610,970人（2007年统计）天主教基督新教英语英语
美IT产品的出口开始减少
•一位美国前总统说：“我们的政治和经济联系由于美国文化对全世界的吸引力而得到补充。这是我们可以利用的软力量。”美国一位专家评论说：“中国的软实力中文化的吸引力还相对较弱。相比较于美国的电影、音乐和其他文化产品，中国似乎没有一个突出的享誉世界的文化品牌。
•
2015年过半，目前共有3部好莱坞影片的中国票房超越其本土票房。第一名是毫无疑问的《速度与激情7》，该片一度成为中国影史票房冠军，3.9 亿美元的成绩比其本土票房多出近4000万美元。在中国创下惊艳纪录之后，该系列的出品、发行方环球影业提前启动了续集的摄制，并选择香港为下一集的主要拍摄地，剑指中国市场。
经济
一、1945－1960，经济增长的黄金时期经济政策由战时经济转为和平经济推行凯恩斯主义
，GNP翻1.5番，杜鲁门推出21点战后复兴计划，国防开支增大第四点计划（1947年6月与马歇尔计划同时出台。各种变革在这一时期完成，美国成为世界经济的霸主。二、The 1960s-the 1970s,美国经济转型期特点：经济继续增长的同时，孕育着新的危机。国家广泛干预和调节经济，刺激美国经济继续增长，但财政支出过大，经济出现滞胀的危险三、The 1980s-1990s，美国经济的恢复与增长时期美国经济的缓慢恢复与曲折增长。

英语国家社会与文化入门(大学英语专业英美文化概况)Unit 11

• • • • • • •
Why liberty vs equality Not always compatible The Pledge of Allegiance Specific issues-climate crisis Conservative-Republican Progressivist-Democrat Hard to epitomise the USA
The ongoing tensions between liberty and equality
• • • • Liberty/freedom Interchangeably Freedom-oppse salves The beginning of liberty
• • • • •
Equality/(social) Justice Treat fairly Level playing field French Revolution Fraternity
• • • • • • • • • • • • •
社会阶层 2004年美国社会学家 Leonard Beeghley 调查出的五类美国社会阶层分布如下[61]，收入单位都是美元：位于加州圣何塞郊区的一片中产家庭聚集区高收入家庭占5%——家庭净财富在100万以上，普遍具有大学以上文化；
– 其中顶级高收入家庭占0.9%——千万富翁与亿万富豪；
• • • • • • • • That of internet Reason WWW Characteristic Liberty(freedom),equality(social justice) No guarantees-nobel or base purpose Individualistic and democratic Limitation