国际贸易实务双语教程Chapter10 The Conclusion of Sales Contracts31页PPT文档

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国际贸易实务双语Chapter 10

As we know, people make contracts for many purposes. For instance, there are contracts of insurance, contracts for the sale of goods and land, contracts of hire, contracts of employment, contracts of carriage and many others.
n.
contractual
adj.
承运，运输，输送；车辆， (旧时载客的) 四轮马车；〈英〉火车客车车厢；运费雇用；就业；职业法律约束的协议有效的；有法律效力的；本质的；要点 (的)；必要的；精华的必需品；基本要素；必不可少的东西要约，出价；表示愿意提议；企图；供奉提议；出价，开价；试图；求婚接受，承诺；接纳； [金融]承兑；无怨接受 (逆境、困境等)；赞成合同的，契约的；契约性
display
n.
vt.
price-marked goods
unqualified
adj.
consideration
n.
履行合同能力要约人，出价人；发价(盘)人受约人; 被发价人，受盘人函件，通知广告，宣传；公告；出公告，做广告简介，说明书；(即将出版的书等的)内容介绍；计划书，意见书；(讲义等的)大纲提出要约的邀请展览，陈列；陈列品，展览品；显示器；炫耀显示；陈列；展开，伸展；夸示，炫耀明码标价的商品绝对的；不合格的；无限制的；无资格的；对价；考虑，考察；照顾，关心；报酬；尊敬
对价指乙方的权利所得到的利益或由另一方承受的忍耐遭受的损害损失或者所给予的责任
Chapter Ten Sales Contracts 销售合同

国际贸易实务双语教程课后题答案

ount which is a summary statement of the flow of all international economic and financial transactions between one nation (eg.the United States ) and the rest of the world over some period of time, usually one year. 7. Merchandise Exporting and Importing. 8. Yes. There are great differences between them. 1) direct investment takes place when control follows the investment. It usually means high commitment of capital, personnel, and technology abroad. It aims at gaining of foreign resources and foreign markets. Direct investment may often get higher foreign sales than exporting. And sometimes it involves two or more parties. 2) While portfolio investments are not under control. And they are used primarily for financial purposes. Treasures of companies, for example, routinely more funds from one country to another to get a higher yield on short term investments. 9. MNE is the abbreviation of the multinational enterprise. Its synonyms are NNC (the multinational corporation) and

国际贸易实务双语教程Chapter10 The Conclusion of Sales Contracts-30页精选文档

1. The withdrawal of an offer 2. The revocation of an offer
Invalidation of an Offer
1. The expiry date 2. Rejection 3. Counter-offer 4. Force Majeure 5. In case that the offeror or offeree becomes
Definition
An offer is a proposal of terms and conditions presented in a potential contract by one party, called the offeror, to anther party, called the offeree.
Counter Offer
Counter offer means a reply to the offer made by the offeree, not accepting completely the terms of the offer and with the proposal to modify or change it.
2. The validity time in an offer not stipulated definitely
3. An oral offer
The time for an offer coming into effect
The Withdrawal and the Revocation of an offer
incapable of legal transaction (such as insanity, death etc.), the offer is invalid.

国际贸易实务双语教程第二版习题参考答案

Unit 1 A brief introduction to international tradeKeyI. Answer my questions1. International trade is business which involved the crossing of national borders2. Sales expansion, resource acquisition and diversification of sales and supplies.3. To gain profit.4. To seej out foreign markets and procurement.5. There are four major forms which are the following:Merchandise exports and Imports, Service Exports and Imports, Investment and Multinational Enterprise.6. It is the account which is a summary statement of the flow of all international economic and financial transactions between one nation (eg.the United States ) and the rest of the world over some period of time, usually one year.7. Merchandise Exporting and Importing.8. Yes. There are great differences between them.1) direct investment takes place when control follows the investment. It usually means high commitment of capital, personnel, and technology abroad. It aims at gaining of foreign resources and foreign markets. Direct investment may often get higher foreign sales than exporting. And sometimes it involves two or more parties.2) While portfolio investments are not under control. And they are used primarily for financial purposes. Treasures of companies, for example, routinely more funds from one country to another to get a higher yield on short term investments.9. MNE is the abbreviation of the multinational enterprise. Its synonyms are NNC (the multinational corporation) and TNC (transnational corporation).10. Examples are travel, transport, fee, royalties, dividends and interest.11. The choice of forms is influenced by the objective being pursued and the environments in which the company must operate.12. It is limited by the number of people intere sted in a firm‟s products and services and by customers‟ capacity to make purchase.13. This is because at an early stage of international involvement these operations usually take the least commitment and least risk of a firm‟s resources.14. Royalties means the payment for use of assets from abroad, such as for trademarks patens, copyrights, or other expertise under contract known as licencing agreements.Royalties are also paid franchising.15. It is a way of doing business in which one party (the franchiser) the use of a trademark that is an essential asset for the franchisers‟ business.II Match each one on the left with its correct meaning on the right1. J2.A3.E4.B5.C6.D7.I8.G9.F 10.HIII Translate the following terms and phrases into Chinese1 购买力11经济复苏；恢复2潜在销售量12 经济衰退3加价，涨价13间接投资4国内市场14有形货物5制成品15有形进出口6边际利润16收入及支出；岁入及岁出7市场占有率17超额能力8贸易歧视18贸易中间人（商）；经纪人9时机选择19全部包建的工程承包方式10经销周期20许可证协定IV Case Study1 [Answer]：Batteries called "white elephant" exported from China were very popular in Southeast Asia, because "white elephant" was a lucky thing in Southeast Asia, but no one was interested in it in the market of Europe and the United States. The boss of the company was very strange that the quality of the battery or the price of reasons, so he asked his staff to investigate. Finally he found that is the brand "white elephant" to be blame. The brand's name translated into English was "white elephant" which meant something were no use but cumbersome in Western countries. It was really a bad translation from culture information perspective. The meaning derived from a legend. According to the legend, there was a king who hated a minister, so he gave a white elephant to the minister for punishment. The minister has to take care of the white elephant, he couldn't give it to others or kill it because it's the king gave it to him. However, the appetite of the white elephant was so great, and the minister became poorer. So it showed people in western countries would not buy the battery for the consumers have no willing to buy something useless but cumbersome.V. OpenVI.Translate the following into English1. Trade is often the …engine‟ of growth. However oversimplified this metaphor may be, it does serve to underline the importance of foreign trade in the process of growth. A healthy expansion of exports may not always be sufficient condition for rapid and sustained growth, but a strong positive association between the two is clearly undeniable. Trade expansion contributes to economic growth in many ways. Among them are the benefits of specialization; the favorable effects of international competition on domestic economic efficiency; the increased capacity to pay for the imports required in development and more generally the stimulus to investment.2. International trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goods and services produced in another country. In addition to visible trade, which involves the import and export of goods and merchandise, there is also invisible trade, which involves the exchange of services between nations. Nations such as Greece and Norway have large maritime fleets and provide transportation service. This is a kind of invisible trade. Invisible trade can be as important to some nations as the export of raw materials or commodities is to others. In both cases, the nations earn the money to buy necessities.3. There exist different ways of conducting international business. Exclusive sale means the seller gives the overseas client the exclusive right of selling a particular product in a designated area within a specified period of time. In this kind of business transaction, the product is bought by the exclusive seller and therefore he should sell the product by himself, assuming sole responsibilities for his profit and loss. Exclusive sale is different from agency where only commission is involved. And difference exists between general contract and exclusive sales because the exclusive seller enjoys exclusive right in a particular area.4. There is no country in the world that can produce all the products it needs. Thus countries joinin international division of labor for effective production and reproduction. Sometimes a country can buy goods and services from abroad on a barter basis. Barter means doing business by exchanging goods of one sort for goods of another sort without using money. Barter trade itself is not enough to meat a cou ntry‟s import needs. But as a form of international trade, it is still attractive in developing countries where foreign exchange is in short supply and inflow of foreign funds is far from sufficient to meet their obligations in external trade.Unit 2 General Procedures of Export and Import TransactionI. Answer the following questions(Omited)II. Filling the blanks with the suitable words in the text:1.meeting/satisfying;2.agent, foreign/overseas;mission;4.own;5.setting;6.patent;7.profits;8.outlets; 9.joint, venture; 10.subsidiaryIII. J udge the following statement, mark True (T) or False(F)1F 2. T 3. F 4. F 5.F 6.F 7.T 8.F 9.F 10. TIV. Explain the meaning of the words or phrases below as requested1. Offer: An offer is a proposal made by sellers to buyers in order to enter into the contract.2. Withdrawal: It means an offer by the offerer has been withdrawn before it is reached to the offeree in order to prevent its entry into force.3. Enquiry: An enquiry is a request for business information, such as price lists, catalogue, samples, and details of the goods or trade terms. It can be made either by the importer or the exporter.4. Acceptance: Acceptance is a statement made by other conduct of the offerees indicating unconditional consent to an offer.5. Shipping agent: Shipping agent(船代）is a ship owner's representative whose job is to find the ships to carry.V. Compose a letter of enquiry with the following particulars:KeysMessrs. Arthur Grey & Son,19 Cheapside,London, E.C.2Dear Sirs,We have obtained your name and address from China Council for Promotion of International Trade and learned that you are one of the leading exporters of Ice Box in your district.We are now interested in 100 sets of the said article and should be pleased if you would let us know whether you can supply us with the quantity and quality we desire. Please quote us your best price on CIF Guangzhou basis. When offering, please state clearly terms of payment, time of delivery, packing conditions together with illustrated catalogue for our consideration.We are looking forward to your early reply.Yours faithfully,VI. Please make your offer according to the following particulars:KeyDear Sirs,Thank you for your letter of 5th May. We are glad to learn of the inquiries you have had from your customers for our raincoats. Our "D.D." range is particularly suitable for warm climates, and during the past years we have supplied this range to dealers in several tropical countries, from many of whom we have already had repeated orders. This range is popular not only because it is light in weight, but also because the material used has been specially treated to prevent excessive condensation on the inside surface.For the quantities you mention we are pleased to quote as follows:"D.D." Raincoats100 men's medium @ US$14.50 US$ 1,450100 men's small 14.0 1,400100 women's medium 13.2 1,320100 women's small 12.7 1,270US$ 5,440Payment: by irrevocable L/C at sightShipment: Shipment will be effected within three or four weeks after receiving the L/C.This offer is subject to our final confirmation. We feel you may be interested in our other products and enclose some pamphlets for your reference.We are awaiting your early orders.Yours sincerely, VII. Write a counter-offer according to the following particulars:Keys:Dear Sirs,We thank you for your quotation May 10 for 1,000 sets of Hair IceBox. We find your price as well as delivery date satisfactory, however, we would give our suggestions of an alternation of your payment terms.Our past purchase of other household electrical appliances from you has been paid as a rule by confirmed, irrevocable letter of credit at sight. On the basis, it has indeed cost us a great deal. From the moment to open credit till the time our buyers pay us, the tie-up of our funds lasts about four months. Under the present circumstances, this question is particular taxing owing to the tight money condition and unprecedentedly high bank interests.In view of our long business relations and our amicable cooperation prospects, we suggest that you accept either “cash against documents on arrival of goods” or “drawing on us at 60 day‟s sight”.Your first priority to the consideration of the above request and an early favorable reply will be highly appreciated.Yours sincerely,VIII. Translate the followings into English1). Economic activity began with the cavemen, who was economically self-sufficient. He did his own hunting, found his own shelter, and provided for his own needs. As primitive populations grewand developed, the principle of division of labor evolved. One person was more able to perform some activity than another, and therefore each person concentrated on what he did best. While one hunted, another fished. The hunter then traded his surplus to the fisherman, and each benefited from the variety of diet.In today‟s complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations are self-sufficient nations are self-sufficient. Nations have utilized different economic resources; people have developed different skills. This is the foundation of international trade and economic activities.Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for many reasons. The first, as mentioned above, is that no nation has all of the commodities than it needs. Raw materials are scattered around the world. Large deposits of copper are mined in Peru and Zaire, diamonds are mined in South Africa, and petroleum is recovered in Middle East. Countries that do not have these resources within their own boundaries must buy from countries that export them.Foreign trade also occurs because a country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs. Although the United States is a major producer of sugar, it consumes more than it can produce internally and thus must import sugar.Third, one nation can sell some items at a lower cost than other countries. Japan has been able to export large quantities of radios and television sets because it can produce them more efficiently than other countries. It is cheaper for the United States to buy these from Japan than to produce them domestically.Finally, foreign trade takes place because of innovation or style. Even though the United States produces more automobiles than any other country, it still imports large quantities of autos from Germany, Japan and Sweden, primarily because there is a market for them in the United States.2). The different kinds of trade nations engaged in are varied and complex, a mixture of visible and invisible trade. Most nations are more dependent on exports than on any other activity. The earnings from exports pay for the imports that they need and want. A nation‟s balance of payment is a record of these complex transactions. By reflecting all of these transactions in monetary terms , a nation is able to combine the income it receives, for example, from exports, tourists expenditures, and immigrant remittances. This combined incomes is then spent on such items as manufactured goods from other countries, travel for its citizens to other countries, and the hiring of construction engineers.IX. Case Study[Answer]:A 公司与B公司的第一封信函可视为发盘，在该发盘中A公司对包装做出了要求。

Chapter_10_Negotiation_and_Conclusion_of_Contracts_in_International_Sales_of_Goods

《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》第14条（1）款规定：“向一个或一个以上特定的人提出的订立合同的建议，如果十分确定并且表明发价人在得到接受时承受约束的意旨，即构成发价。一个建议如果写明货物并且明示或暗示地规定数量和价格或规定如何确定数量和价格，即为十分确定。”
In other words, it refers to trading terms put forward by offerors to offerees, on which the offerors are willing to conclude business with the offerees. 即：发盘是交易的一方向另一方提出各项交易条件，并愿意按这些条件达成交易、签订合同买卖某种商品的意思表示。
询盘，又称为“询价”或“邀请发盘”，是指买方为了购买或者卖方为了销售货物而向对方提出有关交易条件的询问。询盘在法律上称为“要约邀请”（Invitation to offer）。我国《合同法》规定：要约邀请是希望他人向自己发出要约的意思表示。询盘的主要目的是诱使对方发盘。
Inquiry
The seller and the buyer both can make an inquiry.
Offer
There are two kinds of offers: Firm offer with engagement Non-firm offer without engagement
Invitation for Offer
Examples For Model A, We quote USD800 per set CIF Sydney. We are glad to quote for your reference as follows:… We offer subject to your reply reaching us within 5 days … We quote for Item AA …, subject to our final confirmation

国际贸易实务双语教程Chapter10 The Conclusion of Sales Contracts

3. With the indication that the offer is binding upon the offeror.
4. An offer comes into effect only when it reaches the offeree.
Validity time of an offer
Counter Offer
Counter offer means a reply to the offer made by the offeree, not accepting completely the terms of the offer and with the proposal to modify or change it.
2. The validity time in an offer not stipulated definitely
3. An oral offer
The time for an offer coming into effect
The Withdrawal and the Revocation of an offer
1. The withdrawal of an offer 2. The revocation of an offer
Invalidation of an Offer
1. The expiry date 2. Rejection 3. Counter-offer 4. Force Majeure 5. In case that the offeror or offeree becomes
The key elements constituting an acceptance
1. An acceptance must be made by the specific offeree.

国际税收(双语)_Chapter 10 International Tax Treaty_

主讲人：葛夕良浙江财经大学Answers to some textbookquestions in Chapter 10International tax treaty is a written agreement concluded by two or more countries or special jurisdictions concerning tax affairs. There are various categories of tax treaties. If classified by the amount of participating countries, it can be divided into two types, one is bilateral tax treaty which is concluded by two countries, the other is multilateral treaty which is concluded by more than two countries.*If classified by content of treaty, it can also be divided into two types, one is one-item tax treaty which only contains one specific tax or tax issue, the other is comprehensive tax treaty which contains a series of tax issues. And it can also be divided by type of taxes, income taxes, inheritance taxes, value added taxes and so on.*What we refer to in the field of international taxation is a comprehensive bilateral income tax treaty.There are some tax benefits that international taxpayers can gain from tax treaties. Relieving or reducing International Double Taxation is the fundamental and most important benefit. Protecting against discrimination for tax purpose is another benefit that international taxpayers can gain, which can ensure international taxpayers get a fair treatment in non-resident country.What’s more, nearly all tax treaties provide some mechanisms under which taxpayers and countries can resolve disputes under the treaty. So taxpayers can safeguard the legal tax benefits. Last but not least, international taxpayers can enjoy the lower rates of withholding taxes and tax reductions or exemptions.*International tax treaties are considered in supreme laws of many countries. In these countries, tax treaty provisions fully override conflicting domestic law provisions.*In some countries, international tax treaties are considered of equal weight to domestic tax law. In these countries, a conflict between domestic tax law and the tax treaty rule must be resolved under the dispute resolution mechanisms of either domestic law or the tax treaty.*1. Fiscal (Tax) Residency*2. Permanent Establishment*3. Withholding Taxes*4. Income from Employment*5. Tax Exemptions for Persons or Entities *6. Harmonization of Tax Rates*7. Provisions Unique to Inheritance Taxes *8. Double Tax Relief*9. Mutual Enforcement*10. Dispute Resolution*11. Limitations of Benefits*12. Priority of Law“Tax treaty shopping” generally refers to a situation where a person, who is resident in one country (the “home” country) and who earns income or capital gains from another country (the “source” country) , is able to benefit from a tax treaty between the source country and yet another country (the “third” country). This situation often arises where a person is resident in the home country but the home country does not have a tax treaty with the source country.主讲人：葛夕良浙江财经大学T h a n k s f or w a t c h i ng。

国际贸易实务双语教程课后题答案

KeyChapter1I. Answer my questions1. International trade is business whose activities involve the crossing of national borders. It includes not only international trade and foreign manufacturing but also encompasses the growing services industry in areas such as transportation, tourism, banking, advertising, construction, retailing, wholesaling, and mass communications. It includes all business transactions that involve two or more countries. Such business relationship may be private or governmental.2. Sales expansion, resource acquisition and diversification of sales and supplies.3. To gain profit.4. To seej out foreign markets and procurement.5. There are four major forms which are the following:Merchandise exports and Imports, Service Exports and Imports, Investment and Multinational Enterprise.6. It is the account which is a summary statement of the flow of all international economic and financial transactions between one nation (eg.the United States ) and the rest of the world over some period of time, usually one year.7. Merchandise Exporting and Importing.8. Yes. There are great differences between them.1) direct investment takes place when control follows the investment. It usually means high commitment of capital, personnel, and technology abroad. It aims at gaining of foreign resources and foreign markets. Direct investment may often get higher foreign sales than exporting. And sometimes it involves two or more parties.2) While portfolio investments are not under control. And they are used primarilyfor financial purposes. Treasures of companies, for example, routinely more funds from one country to another to get a higher yield on short term investments.9. MNE is the abbreviation of the multinational enterprise. Its synonyms are NNC (the multinational corporation) and TNC (transnational corporation).10. Examples are travel, transport, fee, royalties, dividends and interest.11. The choice of forms is influenced by the objective being pursued and the environments in which the company must operate.12. It is limited by the number of people interested in a firm’s products and services and by customers’ capacity to make purchase.13. This is because at an early stage of international involvement these operations usually take the least commitme nt and least risk of a firm’s resources.14. Royalties means the payment for use of assets from abroad, such as for trademarks patens, copyrights, or other expertise under contract known as licencing agreements.Royalties are also paid franchising.15. It is a way of doing business in which one party (the franchiser) the use of a trademark that is an essential asset for the franchisers’ business.II Match each one on the left with its correct meaning on the right1. J2.A3.E4.B5.C6.D7.I8.G9.F 10.HIII Translate the following terms and phrases into Chinese1 购买力11 经济复苏；恢复2 潜在销售量12 经济衰退3 加价，涨价13 间接投资4 国内市场14 有形货物5 制成品15 有形进出口6 边际利润16 收入及支出；岁入及岁出7 市场占有率17 超额能力8 贸易歧视18 贸易中间人（商）；经纪人9 时机选择19 全部包建的工程承包方式10 经销周期20 许可证协定IV Translate the following into English1. Trade is often the ‘engine’ of growt h. However oversimplified this metaphormay be, it does serve to underline the importance of foreign trade in the process of growth. A healthy expansion of exports may not always be sufficient condition for rapid and sustained growth, but a strong positive association between the two is clearly undeniable. Trade expansion contributes to economic growth in many ways. Among them are the benefits of specialization; the favorable effects of international competition on domestic economic efficiency; the increased capacity to pay for the imports required in development and more generally the stimulus to investment.2. International trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goods and services produced in another country. In addition to visible trade, which involves the import and export of goods and merchandise, there is also invisible trade, which involves the exchange of services between nations. Nations such as Greece and Norway have large maritime fleets and provide transportation service. This is a kind of invisible trade. Invisible trade can be as important to some nations as the export of raw materials or commodities is to others. In both cases, the nations earn the money to buy necessities.3. There exist different ways of conducting international business. Exclusive sale means the seller gives the overseas client the exclusive right of selling a particular product in a designated area within a specified period of time. In this kind of business transaction, the product is bought by the exclusive seller and therefore he should sell the product by himself, assuming sole responsibilities for his profit and loss. Exclusive sale is different from agency where only commission is involved. And difference exists between general contract and exclusive sales because the exclusive seller enjoys exclusive right in a particular area.4. There is no country in the world that can produce all the products it needs.Thus countries join in international division of labor for effective production and reproduction. Sometimes a country can buy goods and services from abroad on a barter basis. Barter means doing business by exchanging goods of one sort for goods of another sort without using money. Barter trade itself is not enough to meat a country’s imp ort needs. But as a form of international trade, it is still attractive in developing countries where foreign exchange is in short supply and inflow of foreign funds is far from sufficient to meet their obligations in external trade.I. Answer the following questions(Omited)II. Filling the blanks with the suitable words in the text:1.meeting/satisfying;2.agent, foreign/overseas;mission;4.own;5.setting;6.patent;7.profits;8.outlets;9.joint, venture; 10.subsidiaryIII.Translate the followings into English1). Economic activity began with the cavemen, who was economicallyself-sufficient. He did his own hunting, found his own shelter, and provided for his own needs. As primitive populations grew and developed, the principle of division of labor evolved. One person was more able to perform some activity than another, and therefore each person concentrated on what he did best. While one hunted, another fished. The hunter then traded his surplus to the fisherman, and each benefited from the variety of diet.In today’s complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations areself-sufficient nations are self-sufficient. Nations have utilized different economic resources; people have developed different skills. This is the foundation of international trade and economic activities.Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for many reasons. The first, as mentioned above, is that no nation has all of the commodities than it needs. Raw materials are scattered around the world. Large deposits of copper are mined in Peru and Zaire, diamonds are mined in South Africa, and petroleum is recovered in Middle East. Countries that do not have these resources within their own boundaries must buy from countries that export them.Foreign trade also occurs because a country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs. Although the United States is a major producer of sugar, it consumes more than it can produce internally and thus must import sugar. Third, one nation can sell some items at a lower cost than other countries. Japanhas been able to export large quantities of radios and television sets because it can produce them more efficiently than other countries. It is cheaper for the United States to buy these from Japan than to produce them domestically.Finally, foreign trade takes place because of innovation or style. Even though the United States produces more automobiles than any other country, it still imports large quantities of autos from Germany, Japan and Sweden, primarily because there is a market for them in the United States.2). The different kinds of trade nations engaged in are varied and complex, a mixture of visible and invisible trade. Most nations are more dependent on exports than on any other activity. The earnings from exports pay for the imports that they need and want. A nation’s balance of payment is a record of these complex transactions. By reflecting all of these transactions in monetary terms , a nation is able to combine the income it receives, for example, from exports, tourists expenditures, and immigrant remittances. This combined incomes is then spent on such items as manufactured goods from other countries, travel for its citizens to other countries, and the hiring of construction engineers.I. Translate the followings from Chinese into English:1 terms of payment2 written form of contract3 execution of the contract4 sales contract5 purchase confirmation6 terms of transaction7 trading partners 8 the setting up of a contract9 trade agreement 10 consignment contract11 the contract proper 12 extension of the contract13 the contracting parties 14 special clause15 general terms and conditionsII. Answer the following questions in English:1 A contract is an agreement which sets forth bind obligations of the relevant parties. And any part that fails to fulfill his contractual obligations may be sued and forced to make compensation.2 There are two parties of business contract negotiations: oral and written. The former refers to direct discussions abroad; written negotiations often begin with enquiries made by the buyers.3 A written contract is generally prepared and signed as the proof of the agreement and as the basis for its execution. A sales or purchase confirmation is less detailed than a contract, covering only the essential terms of the transaction. It is usually used for smaller deals or between familiar trade partners.4 The setting up of a contract is similar to that of a trade agreement or any othertype of formal agreements. It generally contains: 1) the title. The type of the contract is indicated in the title; 2) the contract proper. It is the main part of a contract; 3) the signature of the contracting parties indicating their status as the seller or the buyer; 4) the stipulations on the back of the contract and are equally binding upon the contracting parties.5 It generally contains the time of shipment, the mode of payment described in addition to an exact description of the goods including the quantity, quality, specifications, packing methods, insurance, commodity inspection, claims, arbitration and force majeure, etc.III. Translate the following into Chinese:合同是在双方达成协议的基础上制定的，而协议又是双方进行商务谈判的结果。

国际贸易实务双语教程Chapter10 The Conclusion of Sales Contracts

2. The validity time in an offer not stipulated definitely
3. An oral offer
The time for an offer coming into effect
The Withdrawal and the Revocation of an offer
The key elements constituting an acceptance
1. An acceptance must be made by the specific offeree.
2. The contents of the acceptance must be in compliance with the offer, that is to say, the modification on the offer is usually regarded as a counter offer as stated above.
Acceptance
Implication of an acceptance The key elements constituting an acceptance The period for an acceptance coming into effect Late Acceptance The Withdrawal of An Acceptance
Definition of Contract
A contract is an agreement reached by two or more than two parties concerned, in order to establish, modify or terminate the civil right and obligation of the parties.

国际贸易实务英文版课后练习答案

练习参考答案Chapter 1流动性过剩excess liquidity自给自足self-sufficient经济资源economic resources直接投资direct investment国际收支balance of payments易货交易barter出口退税export tax rebate倾销dumping出口型经济增长export-driven economic growth东道国host country贸易差额balance of trade贸易顺差／贸易逆差favorable ／unfavorable balance of trade欧盟European Union国际收支顺差／国际收支逆差favorable ／unfavorable balance of payments 有形贸易visible trade无形贸易invisible trade货物贸易trade in goods效劳贸易trade in servicesⅢThe chart above shows the U.S.imports from China,U.S.exports to China and thetrade balance.The U.S.has a negative trade balance with China,and it has been growing. During the period from 1997 to 2003,imports from China have grown 244％while exports toChina have grown 221％，indicating that the trade deficit is increasing.There had alreadybeen a sizeable trade balance deficit with China in 1996,totalling ＄39.5 billion at the end of theyear.Ⅳ1.Export goods are tangible goods sent out of countries.2.Trade in services are international earnings other than those derived from the exporting andimporting of tangible goods．3.Import goods are tangible goods brought in.4.International trade is all business transactions that involve two or more countries.5.FDI is one that gives the investor a controlling interest in a foreign pany.6.Investment is used primarily as financial means for a pany to earn more money on itsmoney with relative safety.Ⅴ1.International trade,is the fair and deliberate exchange of goods and ／or services acrossnational boundaries.It concerns trade operations of both import and export and includesthe purchase and sale of both visible and invisible goods.2.In today’s plex economic world,neither individuals nor nations are self-sufficient. Nations participate in the international trade for many reasons.As to the economicreasons,no nation has all of the economic resouces 〔land,labor and capital〕that it needsto develop its economy and culture,and no country enjoys a particular itemsufficientenough to meet its needs.As for the preference reasons,international trade takes placebecause of innovation of style.Besides,every nation can specialize in a certain field andenjoy a parative advantage in some particular area in terms of trade so that they needto do business with each other to make use of resources more efficiently and effectively.3.In measuring the effectiveness of global trade,nations carefully follow two key indicators,namely,balance of trade and balance of payments.4.FDI,the abbreviation form Foreign Direct Investment,means buying of permanent property and business in foreign nations.It occurs when acquisition of equity interest in a foreign pany is made.The great significance of FDI for China might be that：FDIsolve the problem of capital shortage for China so that China may spend the money onimporting advanced equipment and technologies for its infrastructure,national supportingindustry,key projects,etc.Chapter 2关税壁垒tariff barriers非关税壁垒non-tariff barriers从量税specific duties配额quota保护性关税protective tariff市场失灵market failure幼稚产业infant industry许可证制度licensing system财政关税revenue tariff政府采购government procurement贸易保护主义trade protectionism从价税Ad valorem Duties最低限价floor price本地采购规那么“buy local〞rules增加需raise domestic demandDomestic content 国含量Red-tape barriers 进口环节壁垒Export susidies 出口补贴Binding quota 绑定配额Absolute quotas 绝对配额VER 自愿出口限制Tariff-rate quotas 关税配额Zero quota 零配额“Buy local〞rules 本地采购原那么Ⅱ1.Protectionism means the deliberate use or encouragement of restrictions on imports toenable relatively inefficient domestic producers to pete successfully with foreign producers.保护主义是指蓄意使用或鼓励进口限制，以此使本国相对效率低的产品能成功地和外国产品竞争。

国际贸易实务Practical International Trade

School of International Economics
3.2.2 General Terms and Conditions
3. Force Majeure (不可抗力)
The time of shipment might be extended, or a part or whole of the contract cancelled without liability attached to the sellers
School of International Economics
3.2 Body
1. Basic terms and conditions 2. General terms and conditions
School of International Economics
3.2.1 Basic Terms and Conditions
Formal or informal Oral or written Sealed or unsealed
“Law of Economic Contracts Involving Foreign Interests” (China)
An Agreement in writing on the
School of International Economics
3.2.2 General Terms and Conditions
1. Amendment of Letter of Credit
If the L/C is not in accordance with the terms of contract, amendments should be made immediately by the buyers

国际贸易实务(英文版)(第二版)

present a Certificate of Protest (拒付证明）from a notary public Draft with the word “without recourse” can hardly be discounted
Types of draft
Clean draft vs. documentary draft 光票与跟单汇票
Determinant Factors of Payment
Nature of merchandise Industry norms/practices Distance between buyer and seller Potential currency fluctuation Political & economic stability Relationship between buyer and seller
C: The payee/beneficiary
The party who is supposed to receive the payment usually the exporter or the bank at which the drawer has his account Present B/E to the payer for payment or acceptance
Two results: being honored or dishonored
Procedure of a B/E practice
Payment 付款--- Draft honored by payment
For sight draft, the payer pays to the payee a specified sum of money indicated on the draft at presentation.