2014年10月自考《英语一》讲义 Unit 05_(含课文、生词表、课后练习及答案)

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2014年10月自考《英语一》讲义 Unit 12_(含课文、生词表、课后练习及答案)

Unit 12 Technology：A Double－Edged SwordA FAMOUS QUOTEThere is nothing either good or bad, but thinking makes it so.——William Shake 世界上之事物本无善之分，思想使然。

——威廉·莎William Shakespeare（1564-1616）, English playwright and poet.Shakespeare is universally recognized as the greatest of English writers and one of the most extraordinary creators in hum history.The thirty-seven plays associated with his name, including the major tragedies Hamlet, Lear, Othello, and Macbeth, and his romances and comedies, Twelfth Night and A Midsummer Night' Dream among them, have been translated into many languages and have crossed all kinds of cultur divide.威廉·莎士比亚（1564-1616），英国剧作家和诗人。

莎士比亚是全世界公认的最伟大的英国作家和最不常的人类历史创造者之一。

有37部剧作与他的名字相关，其中包括四大悲剧《哈姆雷特》、《李尔王》、《罗》和《麦克白》。

他的浪漫喜剧作品中有《第十二夜》和《仲夏夜之梦》等等。

这些作品都已经被翻译成多言并且跨越各种文化鸿沟。

Speaking ActivityClosing a ConversationSample DialogueRead the following conversation.Pay attention to how the speakers close their conversation.Steve: It's been fun talking to you.Jenny: It was really nice talking to you too.Steve: I've got to go now.But how about meeting up some time?Jenny: Yes.I'd like that.Steve: How about having dinner somewhere?Jenny: Why not? You name the date.Steve: OK.I'll call you so we can fix a time.Jenny: I look forward to that.Steve: Good.Jenny: All right.See you.Steve: See you.Bye.Guided PracticeDirections: You have just met someone at a party, but you have to leave the party early and goodbye to him/e your own information.You may use the following tips to help you.It's been fun talking to you.It was really nice talking to you.Nice talking to you too.I've got to go now.How about…？I look forward to that.All right.See you.Bye.New words1.privacy n.the state of being alone and not watched or disturbed by other people 隐私；私密2.feature v.to include a particular person or thing as a special feature 以……为特色；以…主要组成3.transparent adj.（of glass, plastic, etc.）allowing you to see through it 透明的4.isolate v.to separate somebody/something physically or socially from other people or thin （使）隔离，孤立5.coin v.to invent a new word or phrase that other people then begin to use 创造（新词语）6.cell n.a room for one or more prisoners in a prison or police station单间牢房；牢房7.unobserved adj.without being seen 不被看见（或发现）的8.behave v.to do things in a particular way 表现9.wired adj.connected to a system of computers 联机的10.metaphor n.a word or phrase used to describe somebody/something else, in a way that is different from its normal use 暗喻；隐喻11.surveillance n.the act of carefully watching a person suspected of a crime or a place wh crime may be committed 监视12.enormous adj.extremely large 巨大的；庞大的；极大的13.ubiquitous adj.seeming to be everywhere or in several places at the same time 似乎无所不的；十分普遍的14.whereabouts n.the place where somebody/something is 下落；行踪15.track v.to find somebody/something by following the marks, signs, information, etc., tha they have left behind them 跟踪；追踪16.survey n.an investigation of the opinions, behaviour, etc.of a particular group of peopl which is usually done by asking them questions 民意调查；民意测验17.scale n.the size or extent of something, especially when compared with something else 规范围，程度18.exchange n.an act of giving something to somebody or doing something for somebody and receiving something in return 交换；互换；交流19.expand v.to become greater in size, number or importance 扩大，增加，增强20.decade n.a period of ten years 十年，十年期21.electronic adj.relating to computers or something that is done by computers 电子的22.profile n.a description of somebody/something that gives useful information 概述；简介23.cyberspace n.the imaginary place where electronic messages, etc.exist while they are bei sent between computers 网络空间24.grant v.to agree to give somebody what they ask for, especially formal or legal permissi do something （尤指正式地或法律上）同意，准予，允许25.damage n.harmful effect 损害；伤害promise v.to do something that is against your principles or does not reach standards you have set 违背（原则）；达不到（标准）27.increasingly adv.more and more all the time 越来越多地；不断增加地28.maintain v.to make something continue at the same level , standard, etc.维持；保持29.defend v.to protect somebody/something from attack 保护；保卫30.expose v.to show something that is usually hidden 暴露；显露；露出Phrases and Expressions1.or rather used to correct something you have said, or to give more accurate information 确说2.in addition （to） used when you want to mention another person or thing after somethin else 除……以外（还）3.apply for to make a formal request, usually in writing, for something such as a job, a pl at college, university, etc.（通常以书面形式）申请，请求4.beyond one's control impossible for someone to control 无法控制5.call （one's）attention to to make people notice and be concerned or think about somethin 起（某人）对……的注意Proper namesThe New York Times《纽约时报》Jeremy Bentham 杰里米?边沁（英国哲学家、法学家）Text A Privacy in Our High-Tech SocietyText APre－reading Questions1.Do you worry about safety on the Internet? What problems have you encountered on the inte2.How do you protect yourself in today's high-tech society?Privacy in Our High-Tech SocietyA recent New York Times "House and Home" article featured the story of a man who lived in a glass house.Every wall in his home was transparent; he had no walls to hide behind, not even in bathroom.Of course, he lived in an isolated area, so he didn't exactly have neighbors peering i watching his every move.But he had chosen to live without any physical privacy in a home that allowed every action to be seen.He had created his own panopticon, a place in which everything open to view.The term panopticon was coined by Jeremy Bentham in the late eighteenth century when he was describing an idea for how prisons should be designed.The prisoner's cells would be placed in a circle with a guard tower in the middle.All walls facing the center of the circle would be glas that way, every prisoner's cell would be in full view of the guards.The prisoners could do noth unobserved, but would not be able to see the guard tower.They would know they were being watche or rather, they would know that they could be being watched — but because they could not see t guard tower, they would never know when the guard was actually monitoring their actions.It is common knowledge that people behave differently when they know they are being watched act differently when we know someone is looking; we act differently when we think someone else be looking.In these situations, we are less likely to be ourselves; instead, we will act the wa think we should act when we are being observed by others.In our wired society, many talk of the panopticon as a metaphor for the future.But in many the panopticon is already here.Surveillance cameras are everywhere, and we often don't even kno actions are being recorded.In fact, the surveillance camera industry is enormous, and these cam keep getting smaller and smaller to make surveillance easier and more ubiquitous.In addition, w leave a record of everything we do online; our cyber-whereabouts can be tracked and that inform can be used for various purposes.Every time we use a credit card, make a major purchase, answer survey, apply for a loan, or join a mailing list, our actions are observed and recorded.And mos us have no idea just how much information about us has been recorded and how much data is avail to various sources.The scale of information gathering and the scale of exchange have both expan so rapidly in the last decade that there are now millions of electronic profiles of individuals existing in cyberspace, profiles that are bought and sold, traded, and often used for important decisions, such as whether or not to grant someone a loan.① However, that information is essentially beyond our control.We can do little to stop the information gathering and exchange can only hope to be able to control the damage if something goes wrong.With so much information floating about in cyberspace, and so much technology that can reco and observe, our privacy has been deeply compromised.There are those who argue that information be gathered for the social good.However, I find it truly amazing that anyone would want to live transparent house at any time, especially in an age when individual privacy is becoming increas difficult to maintain and defend.② Perhaps the story of the man who lived in a glass house isattempt to call our attention to the fact that the panopticon is already here, and that we are just as exposed as he is.Key Sentences1.The scale of information gathering and the scale of exchange have both expanded so rapidl the last decade that there are now millions of electronic profiles of individuals existing in cyberspace, profiles that are bought and sold, traded, and often used for important decisions, as whether or not to grant someone a loan.过去十年间，信息收集以及信息交换的规模迅速扩展，网络空间存有无数个人电子档案，这些档案被买卖易，经常用于重要决策，如是否给某人发放贷款等。

2014年10月自考《英语一》讲义 Unit 07_(含课文、生词表、课后练习及答案)

Unit 7 Attitude Is AltitudeA FAMOUS QUOTEAttitude is a little thing that makes a big difference.——Winston Churchill态度微不足道，却意义深远。

——温斯顿·丘吉尔Winston Churchill （1874—1965）, British statesman and author known for his leadership of United Kingdom during the Second World War and often described as the "savior of his country".H served as Prime Minister twice and is the only British Prime Minister to have received the Nobe Prize in Literature.温斯顿·丘吉尔（1874—1965），英国政治家及作家。

在第二次世界大战期间展示了其领导才能，带领英得胜利。

常常被称之为“国家的拯救者”。

他（曾于1940－1945年及1951－1955年期间）两度出任英国首相且是1953年诺贝尔文学奖得主，他是诺贝尔文学奖获得者中唯一的一个英国首相。

Speaking ActivityAsking for and Giving DirectionsSample DialogueRead the following conversation. Pay attention to how the speakers ask for and give directi Steve: Excuse me. I was wondering if you could help me ?Jenny: Sure! What's up?Steve: I'm trying to find this office. Do you know where it is?Jenny: Yes. You need to go up this street and then turn right.Steve: At the lights on the corner?Jenny: Right. Then go down that street, and it's in the middle of the block.Steve: You mean the one next to the hotel?Jenny: Yes. The office is on the first floor.Steve: Got it. Thank you!Jenny: No problem!Guided PracticeDirections: Talk about the directions to the train station in your city with your partner. your own information. You may use the following tips to help you.I was wondering if you could…I'm trying to find…Do you know where…？You mean…go up/down this streetmake a…turnturn…at the lights on the cornerIt's…Text ANew Words1、motivator n. somebody who makes one want to do something, especially something that invo hard work and effort 鼓动者2、employee n. a person who, is paid to work for somebody 受雇者；雇员3、positive adj. thing about what is good in a situation 积极乐观的4、situation n. all the circumstances and, things that are happening at a particular time aa particular place 情况；形势；局面5、curious adj. having a strong desire to know about something 求知欲强的；好奇的6、mood n. the way you are feeling at a particular time 情绪；心情7、victim n. a person who has been attacked, injured or killed as the- result of a crime, a disease, an accident etc. 受害者；牺牲品8、complain v. to say that you are annoyed, unhappy or not satisfied about somebody/somethi 怨；埋怨；发牢骚9、protest v. to say or do something to show that you disagree with or disapprove of someth especially publicly （尤指公开）反对；抗议10、junk n. thing that are considered useless or of little value 无用的东西；无价值的东西11、reflect v. to think carefully and deeply about something 认真思考；沉思12、company n. a business organization that makes money by producing or selling goods or services 公司；商行13、involve v. if a situation, an event or an activity involves somebody/something, they ta part in it or are affected by it 牵涉；牵连14、accident n. an unpleasant event that happens unexpectedly and causes injury or damage事意外遭遇15、communications n. methods of sending information, especially telephones, radio, compute etc. 通信；交通联系16、surgery n. medical treatment of injuries or diseases that involves cutting open a perso body and often removing or replacing some parts 外科手术17、intensive care n. continuous care and attention, often using, special equipment, for pe in hospital who are very seriously ill or injured （医院的）特别护理；重症监护18、release v. to let somebody/something come out of a place where they have been kept or trapped 释放；放出；放走19、scar n. a mark that is left on the skin after a wound has healed 伤疤；伤痕20、decline v. to refuse politely to accept or to do something 谢绝；婉言拒绝21、scared adj. frightened of something or afraid that something bad might happen 害怕的；恐的；畏惧的22、consciousness n. the state of being able to use your senses and mental powers to unders what is happening 清醒状态；知觉23、paramedic n. a person whose job is to help people who are sick or injured, but who is n doctor or a nurse 护理人员；医务辅助人员24、wheel v. to move somebody/something that is in or on something that has wheels 用有轮之动25、emergency room n. he part of a hospital where people who need urgent treatment are take 院）急诊室26、burly adj. （of a man or a man's body） big, strong and heavy 高大强壮的；魁梧的27、allergic adj. having an allergy to something （对……）变应的，过敏的28、gravity n. ①the force that attracts objects in space towards each other, and that on t earth pulls them towards the centre of the planet, so that things fall to the ground when they dropped 重力；地球引力②serious behaviour, speech or appearance 严肃；庄严29、laughter n. the act or sound of laughing 笑；笑声30、attitude n. the way that you think and feel about somebody/something; the way that you behave towards somebody/something that shows how you think and feel 态度；看法Phrases and Expressions1、cut away to remove something from something by cutting 切除；砍掉；剪去2、reflect on to think carefully and deeply about something 对……沉思3、involve…in… to make somebody experience something, especially something unpleasant 把…涉到……4、take action to begin to do something to solve a particular problem 采取行动5、be allergic to① to have an allergy to something 对……过敏；厌恶②（in formal, humoro to have a strong dislike of something/somebody 对…十分反感；厌恶6、tanks to used to say that something has happened because of somebody/ something 幸亏；由因为Text A A MotivatorPre-reading Questions1. What kinds of situation cause you most stress? How do you try to react to them?2. Among all the people you know, who has the attitude to life that you most admire?A MotivatorHe was a natural motivator.If an employee was having a bad day, Michael was there telling the employee how he could lo the positive side of the situation. Observing this style really made me curious, so one day I w up to Michael and asked him, "I don't get it! You can't be a positive person all of the time. H you manage to be so positive all the time?" ①Michael replied, "Each morning I wake up and say to myself, 'You have two choices today. Yo choose to be in a good mood or you can choose to be in a bad mood.' I choose to be in a good mo Each time something bad happens, I can choose to be a victim or I can choose to learn from it. choose to learn from it. Every time someone comes to me complaining, I can choose to accept the complaining or I can point out the positive side of life. I choose to point out the positive si life. ""I don't think it's as easy as that," I protested. ②"Yes, it is," Michael said. "Life is all about choices. When you cut away all the junk, eve situation is a choice. You choose how you react to situations. You choose how people affect you mood. It's your choice how you live your life." I reflected on what Michael said.③Soon after, I left the company to start my own business. We lost touch, but I often thought about him when I was faced with difficult choices.④Several years later, I heard that Michael was involved in a serious accident, falling some feet from a communications tower. After 18 hours of surgery and weeks of intensive care, he was released from the hospital with rods placed in his back.⑤I saw him about six months after the accident. When I asked him how he was, he replied, "If were any better, I'd be twins. ⑥Do you want to see my scars?" I declined to see his wounds, bu did ask him what had gone through his mind as the accident took place.⑦"The first thing was the well-being of my soon-to-be-born daughter," Michael replied."Then, lay on the ground, I remembered that I had two choices: I could choose to live or I could choos die. I chose to live." "Weren't you scared? Did you lose consciousness?" I asked.Michael continued, "…the paramedics were great. They kept telling me I was going to be fin But when they wheeled me into the emergency room and I saw the expressions on the faces of the doctors and nurses, I got really scared. In their eyes, I read, 'he's a dead man.' I knew I nee to take action.""What did you do?"I asked."Well, there was a big burly nurse shouting questions at me," said Michael. "She asked if I allergic to anything. 'Yes,' I replied. The doctors and nurses stopped working as they waited f reply. I took a deep breath and yelled…'Gravity. 'Over their laughter, I told them, I am choosing to live. Operate on me as if I am alive, noif I'm dead. '"Michael lived, thanks to the skill of his doctors, but also because of his amazing attitude learned from him that every day we have the choice to live fully. Attitude, after all, is everything.Therefore do not worry about tomorrow, for tomorrow will take care of itself. Each day has enough trouble of its own. After all, today is the tomorrow you worried about yesterday.⑧Key Sentences1. Observing this style really made me curious, so one day I went up to Michael and asked h "I don't get it! You can't be a positive person all of the time. How do you manage to be so pos all the time?"他的这种方式着实让我好奇，所以有一天我找到迈克尔问：“我真弄不明白。

2014年10月自学考试英语一讲义 Unit 01_(含课文、生词表、课后练习与答案)

Unit 1 Foreign Language LearningA FAMOUS QUOTEA man who does not know a foreign language is ignorant of his own.——Johann Wolfgang von Goethe一个不懂得外语的人，也不会真正了解自己的母语。

——约翰·沃尔夫冈··歌德Johann Wolfgang von Goethe （1749-1832）, German poet, novelist, playwright, statesman and scientist. Goethe is one of the great figures in the history of German literature and best know his two-part poetic drama Faust, which he started around the age of twenty-three and didn't fin till shortly before his death sixty years later.约翰·沃尔夫冈··歌德享年83岁，德国诗人、剧作家、政治家和科学家。

他是德国历史上最伟大的人一。

他的最著名的上下两部诗剧《浮士德》，从23岁开始创作直至他临终前完成，耗时近六十年。

Speaking ActivityStarting a ConversationSample DialogueRead the following conversation. Pay attention to how the speakers greet and introduce each other.Steve: Hi. I don't think we've met. My name's Steve.Jenny: Hi, Steve. Nice to meet you. My name's Juanita, but everybody calls me Jenny.Steve: It's a pleasure to meet you, Jenny.Jenny: Sorry, what was your name again?Steve: Steve.Jenny: So Steve, what do you do for a living?Steve: I work at the public library. How about you?Jenny: I'm a university student.Steve: That's great. So, where do you study?Jenny: Carnegie Mellon University. CMU is a global research university recognized for world class arts and technology programs. It's the best university in the world for my major.Steve: Great for you! It was really nice meeting you.Jenny: Yeah. It was a pleasure meeting you too.注：卡基·梅隆大学成立于1990年，位于美国宾州的匹兹堡，是一所研究型的私立大学，也是美国的重学之一。

英语自考 00595英语阅读(一)201410 真题试卷

全国2014年10月高等教育自学考试英语阅读(一)试题课程代码：00595本试卷满分100分，考试时间150分钟.考生答题注意事项：1.本卷所有试题必须在答题卡上作答。

答在试卷上无效。

试卷空白处和背面均可作草稿纸。

2.第一部分为选择题。

必须对应试卷上的题号使用28铅笔将“答题卡”的相应代码涂黑。

3.第二部分为非选择题。

必须注明大、小题号，使用0．5毫米黑色字迹签字笔作答。

4.合理安排答题空间。

超出答题区域无效。

第一部分选择题I. CAREFUL READINGRead the following passages carefully. Decide on the best answer and blacken the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points, 2 points each)Passage 1Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.In the 1950s，the Sami of Finland had an economy based on fishing and reindeer herding (放养驯鹿)，which provided most of the food. Reindeer had several other important economic and social functions. They were used as animals to haul wood for fuel. Their hides were made into clothing. Reindeer were also key items of exchange, both in external trade and internal gift-giving. A child was given a reindeer to mark the appearance of its first tooth. When a couple became engaged, they exchanged a reindeer with each other and when they married, reindeer were the most important wedding gift By the 1960s，all this had changed because of the introduction of the snowmobile. After that，the herds were no longer kept closely domesticated (围养）for part of the year, during which they became tame. Instead, they were allowed to roam freely all year and thus became wilder. On snowmobiles, the men covered larger amounts of territory at round-up (把牲畜赶回畜栏）time to bring in the animals, and sometimes several round-ups occurred instead of one.Herd size declined dramatically. Reasons for the decline included the stress caused to the reindeer by the extra distance traveled during round-ups and the fear aroused by the noisy snowmobiles. Round-ups were now held at a time when the females were near the end of their pregnancy, another factor causing reproductive stress. As the number of snowmobiles increased, the number of reindeer decreased.Another economic change involved the dependence on the outside through links to the cash economy. Cash was needed in order to purchase a snowmobile, gasoline, and to pay for parts and repairs. This led to social inequality, which had notexisted previously: the cash cost of effective participation in herding exceeded the resources of some families，who had to drop out of serious participation in herding; the use of snowmobiles changed the age pattern of reindeer herding in favor of youth over age; thus, older herders were squeezed out; the snowmobile pushed many Sami into debt; the dependence on cash and indebtedness forced many Sami to migrate to cities for work.1.The first paragraph focuses on_____.A. the social pattern of the Sami in FinlandB. the influence of technology upon the SamiC. the problems of reindeer herding of the SamiD.the significance of reindeer in Sami culture2. Because of the introduction of snowmobiles, the reindeer_____.A. became tamerB. grew wilderC. increased in numberD. were harder to manage3. The introduction of snowmobiles led to more dependence on_____.A. the old peopleB. the familyC. the local economyD. the outside world4. The author’s attitude towards the introduction of snowmobiles is_____.A. objectiveB. positiveC. negativeD. neutral5. The Sami had to use cash to buy_____.A. wood and gasolineB. food and woodC. wedding gifts and foodD. snowmobiles and gasolinePassage 2Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.Fashion myths have led women to believe that they are more beautiful or sophisticated for wearing heels, but in reality, heels pose short as well as long term hardships. Women should fight the high heel industry by refusing to use or purchase them in order to save the world from unnecessary physical and psychological suffering.Fairly speaking，it must be noted that there is a positive side to high heels. First，heels are excellent for aerating (充氧）lawns. A simple trip around the yard in a pair of those babies eliminates all need to call for a lawn care specialist and provides the perfect sized holes to give lawn oxygen. Second, heels are quite functional for defense against oncoming enemies, who can easily be scared away with these sharp, deadly fashion accessories. Finally, anytime a hammer can’t be found, a high heel shoe makes the perfect substitute tool for pushing in a nail.Regardless of such practical uses for heels, the fact remains that wearing high heels is harmful to one’s physical health. High heels are known to cause problems such as deformed feet and tom toenails. The risk of severe back problems and twisted or broken ankles is three times higher for a high heel wearer than for a flat shoe wearer. Also of course, after wearing heels for a day, any woman knows she can look forward to a night of pain as she tries to comfort her swollen, throbbing feet.Besides the obvious physical damage heels can cause, they are also responsible for a large amount of psychological damage. A woman with a closet Ml of heels may endanger her own social well-being as well as that of a man who chooses todate her. A night on the town in a pair of shoes that makes a woman feel as if she is a towering ostrich is not something to look forward to. In addition, an evening with a woman twice his height may make an insecure man slightly less than comfortable. Instead of enjoying the date, he may be feeling uncomfortable about his own height as he attempts to equal her height by stretching his back，holding up his chin，and standing on tiptoe. Ultimately，the man will lose interest in the heel-wearer as he realizes that no woman is worth the price of his diminishing self-esteem. In short，a woman who feels likea walking skyscraper and a man who feels like an ant are not likely to feel high self-esteem.6. According to the author，women believe that high heels are____.A. stylishB. comfortableC. formalD. practical7.High heels are viewed by the author as____.A. tools to push in nailsB. devices to provide lawns with oxygenC. weapons to protect women against enemiesD. accessories harmflil to rather than good for women8. The expressio n “those babies” in Paragraph 2 refers to____.A. little shoesB. high heelsC. toy shoesD. flat heels9. Sufferings caused by high heels are____.A. cultural and economicB. cultural and spiritualC. physical and psychologicalD. social and material10. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that____.A. heel-wearers are more attractiveB. high heels make women feel safeC. men don’t love women wearing heelsD. men don’t like dating women taller than themPassage 3Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.Magaret Mead, an American scholar, went to Eastern Samoa in 1925 to spend nine months studying childrearing patterns and adolescent behavior. She sought to answer these questions: “Are the adolescent problems due to the nature of adolescence itself or to the civilization? Does adolescence present a different picture under different conditions?” She observed and interviewed fifty adolescent girls of three different villages. Her conclusion was that, unlike the typical experience in the United States, children in Samoa grew up in a relaxed and happy atmosphere. As young adolescents，they made a sexually free and unrepressed (不受压抑的）transition to adulthood. These findings had a major impact on thinking about child rearing in North America, prompting attempts at more relaxed forms of child rearing in the hope of raising less stressed adolescents.In 1983, five years after Mead’s death (at which point she had no chance for response), Derek Freeman, an Australian scholar, published a strong criticism of Mead9s work on Samoa. Freeman said that Mead’s findings on adolescence were wrong. Freeman, abiological determinist, believes that universally, adolescents are driven by hormonal (荷尔蒙的）changes that cause social and psychological problems. He claims that Mead’s work was flawed in two major ways. First, he says her fieldwork was inadequate because she spent a relatively short time in the field and she had insufficient knowledge of the Samoan language. Second, he says that her theoretical bias against biological determinists led her to overlook evidence that was contrary to her interests. He compares rates of adolescent crimes in Samoa and England and finds that they are similar in both cultures. On the basis of this result, he argues that sexual and social repression also characterized Samoan adolescence. In other words, Samoa is not so different from the West with its supposedly pervasive adolescent problems.Because of Mead’s reputation，Freeman’s criticism prompted a vigorous response from scholars, most in defense of Mead. One response in defense of Mead came from Eleanor Leacock, an expert on how colonialism affects native cultures. Leacock claimed that Free man’s position failed to take history into account; Mead’s findings applied to Samoa of the 1920s while Freeman’s analysis was based on data from the 1960s. By the 1960s, Samoan society had gone through radical cultural changes due to the influence of World War II and intensive exposure to Western influences. Freeman’s data，in her view，do not contradict Mead’s because they are from a different period.11. According to the information provided in the first paragraph, Magaret Meadwould probably agree that adolescent problems are____.A. sexually determinedB. racially basedC. culturally determinedD. historically based12. Derek Freeman believes that adolescent problems originate from____.A. biological factorsB. social influencesC. individual personalityD. cultural environment13. Derek Freeman considers Magaret Mead to be wrong in her____.A. fieldwork and theoryB. fieldwork and dataC.purpose and theoryD. purpose and subjects14. The word “prompted” in the last paragraph probably means____.A. triggeredB. proposedC. promotedD. suppressed15. In Eleanor Leacock’s view，Freeman’s accusation of Magaret Mead is groundless because he pays no attention to____.A. the sexual differenceB. the racial differenceC. the historical differenceD. the cultural differencePassage 4Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage.Substantial research suggests that, given the existing health tendency and health condition of an individual at a particular time, the probability of better or worse future health of spouses is affected by a variety of social factors that are subject to influence of his or her spouse.There are many ways in which spouses can influence each other’s probability of good health. Spouses can promote each other’s health by alleviating psychological stress. A substantial literature provides strong evidence that psychological stress causes illness, increases mortality risk, and is an important mechanism that links socio-economic characteristics to health andmortality. Stress-reducing mechanisms include removal of sources of stress, and management of stress through confidential conversation, psychiatric treatment (精神治疗)，physical exercise，recreation and other means. A spouse can provide or encourage all of these stress-reducing behaviors.Spouses can also promote each other’s health by providing supportive social co ntacts, and they can facilitate or inhibit each other’s social contact with supportive others. Evidence suggests that health is greatly advanced by supportive social contacts, including positive interaction with relatives, friends, co-workers and acquaintances. Recent data show that persons with more diverse social networks are more resistant to diseases than those with less diverse social networks.Spouses can also promote each other’s health by providing each other with money income, and they can help each other manage it effectively. Money does not buy health directly，but it can be used to purchase goods and services that make good health possible. These goods and services include nutritious food, a hygienic (卫生的）and safe environment, medical care, and facilities that reduce psychological stress. Unless estranged (分居的）or unusually wealthy，spouses share their financial resources and consume these health-promoting goods and services.16. The word “alleviating” in Paragraph 2 probably means____.A. increasingB. reducingC. removingD. enhancing17. Paragraph 3 emphasizes the influence of spouses in terms of____.A. personal incomeB. social networksC. psychological needsD. physical exercise18. How many supporting facts does the author provide for his argument?A. 2.B. 3.C. 4.D. 5.19. Spouses can promote each other’s good health with money income because_____.A. they can manage money income jointly and effectivelyB. they can make themselves cheerful with money incomeC. money is used to purchase health-promoting goods and servicesD. money is one of the best and most direct health-promoting means20. The passage focuses on____.A. how spouses promote each other’s healthB. spouses’ probability of better future healthC. the effect of psychological stress on healthD. how spouses set up stress-reducing mechanismsII. SPEED READINGSkim or scan the following passages, and then decide on the best answer and blacken the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points, 1 point each)Passage 5Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.The number of speakers of English in Shakespeare’s time is estimated to have been about five million. Today it is estimated that some 260 million people speak it as a native language, mainly in the United States, Canada, Great Britain, Ireland, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. In addition to the standard varieties of English found in these areas, there are a great many regional and social varieties of the language, as well as various levels of usage that are employed both in its spoken and written forms.It is virtually impossible to estimate the number of people in the world who have acquired an adequate working knowledge of English in addition to their own language. The purposes for which English is learned and the situations in which such learning takes place are so varied that it is difficult to define and still more difficult to assess what constitutes an adequate working knowledge for each situation.The main reason for the widespread demand for English is its present-day importance as a world language. Besides serving the infinite needs of its native speakers, English is a language in which some of the most important works in science, technology and other fields are being produced, and not always by native speakers. It is widely used for such purposes as meteorological (气象学的)and airport communications，international conferences, and the dissemination (传播）of information over the radio and television networks of many nations. It is a language of wider communication for a number of developing countries，especially former British colonies. Many of these countries have multi-lingual populations and need a language for international communication in such matters as government, commerce, industry, law and education as well as for international communication and for access to the scientific and technological developments in the West.21. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for this passage?A. Internal CommunicationB. English as a World LanguageC. The Standard Varieties of EnglishD. The Difficulties of Learning English22. Which of the following statements is NOT true?A. English is learned for different purposes.B. English learning takes place in various situations.C. Some 260 million people speak English as a native language.D. Some 260 million people use English as a working language.23. English speaking countries are listed in____.A. Paragraph 1B. Paragraph2C. Paragraph 3D. Paragraphs 1 and 224. Paragraph 3 is about____.A. who speaks EnglishB. why English is widespreadC. when English became popularD. how people learn to speak English25. English is widely used in countries____.A. affected by the culture of the U.S.B. formerly colonized by Great BritainC. geographically close to Great BritainD. technologically influenced by the U.S.Passage 6Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.In the 1950s, a collection of definitions of culture by A. L. Kroeber produced 164 different ones that had appeared in writings since 1700. The first definition was proposed by Edward Taylor. He said that “culture，or civilization is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a me mber of society." The phrase “that complex whole” is the most longstanding feature of this proposition. Note that two other features of Taylor’s definition have not stood the test of time. First，most scholars now avoid the use of “man”to refer to all humans and instead use words such as “humans”and “people.”While you may argue that the word “man”can be used to refer to all human beings，many studies indicate that this usage can be confusing. Second, most scholars no longer equate culture with civilization. The term civilization implies a sense of “highness”versus non-civilized “lowness”and sets up a distinction placing “us”（civilized nations of Europe and North America) in a superior pos ition to “them”-the other societies.In contemporary theories of culture, there are two important definitions. Clifford Geertz believes that culture consists of symbols, motivations, moods, and thoughts. This definition focuses on people’s perceptions，thoughts，and ideas，and does not include behavior as a part of culture. Cultural materialist Marvin Harris states that a culture is the total socially acquired life-way or life-style of a group of people. It consists of the patterned repetitive ways of thinking, feeling, and acting that are characteristic of the members of a particular society or segment of society. The definition of culture used in this book follows Harris’s more comprehensive approach.26. The scholar who defined culture as a “complex whole” was____.A. Clifford GeertzB. Marvin HarrisC. Edward TaylorD. A. L. Kroeber27. The use of “man” is now avoided by most scholars because the usage____.A. is too specificB. is out-datedC. causes confusionD. can be inclusive28. According to the passage, most scholars today____.A. prefer “culture” to “civilization”B. prefer “civilization” to “culture”C. equate “culture” with “civilization”D. use “culture” and “civilization” interchangeably29. The author plans to use the definition of culture as defined by____.A. Clifford GeertzB. A. L. KroeberC. Edward TaylorD. Marvin Harris30. The passage is mainly about____.A. sexual discriminationB. racial discriminationC. the definition of cultureD. the definition of civilization非选择题部分注意事项：用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔将答案写在答题纸上，不能答在试题卷上。

自考英语一课文翻译UINT 5

动物会思考，就会学习。某些动物比别的动物学得多。虽然鹦鹉在别的某些方面很愚蠢，但它会学说话。反舌鸟可以学会模仿很多不同的声音。马不用很长时间就能学会与它要干的活有关的很多事情。牧羊犬并不比别的狗知道得多，然而它却非常清楚怎样看护羊。
虽然动物会思考和学习，但它们不像人那样在做事的方式上进行任何真正的改进。每一种鸟都有自己的筑巢方式，而且这种方式总是一成不变。别的动物也是如此，它们没有任何新的花样，也不互相学习。但是大家都知道，人总是在寻找新的方式建造房屋，总是在寻找进行各种劳动的更佳方式。
有许多事动物知道怎样做，但它们要么未经学习就会，要么是以某种我们不了解的方式学会的。据说它们是靠本能做这样的事情，但没有人能说清楚本能是什么。正是靠着这种本能，鸟会筑巢，海狸会建坝和小屋。如果做这些事都是像人盖新房子那样经过了计划和仔细考虑，那么它们在做事情的方式上就会有所变化，有所改进。
我已经提到过海狸的建筑本能。一个英国人抓到一只小海狸，他先把它关在笼子里，过了一会儿，他把海狸放出来，放到一间有各种各样东西的房间里。海狸一出来就开始施展它的建筑本能。它收集起所有它能找到的东西：树枝，篮子，皮靴，衣服，棍子，煤块等等，并进行安排整理，好像要建一个坝。如果它真有头脑的话，它本应知道在一个没有水的地方建坝是毫无用处的。
还有一种关于食物混在一起吃的错误想法，即不能在同一餐中吃蛋白质食物和淀粉质食物。例如，很多人认为面包是一种淀粉质食物。虽然面包主要是一种淀粉质食物，但它也含有蛋白质。同样，牛奶可能是最好的单一食物，但它也含有蛋白质和淀粉。不要吃面包喝牛奶，这种说法是愚蠢的，就像不要把肉类和土豆一起食用一样。
第二部分 Text B
【课文译文】
动物会思考吗?
人们经常问这一问题：动物会思考吗?我认为有些动物思考得很多。很多动物就像在运动中的孩子一样。我们注意到，这一点就狗和猫而言常常是对的，但对别的动物也是一样。

英语必修一精品讲义：必修一unit5精品讲义.doc

必修1 Unit 5 Nelson Mandela----a modern hero纳尔逊·曼德拉——一位当代英雄一．考纲词汇梳理·活用单词荟萃1．核心单词(1)____________(n.) 质量；品质；性质→(形近词) ____________(n.) 数量(2)____________(adj.) 积极的；活跃的→____________(adv.) 积极地→____________(n.) 活动(3)____________(vt.) 献身；专心于→____________ (adj.) 忠实的；深爱的→____________ (n.) 关爱；奉献；忠诚(4)____________(vt.&vi.)投票;选举(n.)投票;选票;表决→____________(n.) 投票人；选举人(5)____________(vt.) 进攻;攻击;抨击 (n.)攻击;抨击;疾病发作→(形近词) attach (vt.) 把…附(在…上);重视(6)____________(adj.) 相等的；平等的→____________(n.) 平等；相等→____________(adv.) 同样地；相等地；公平地→____________(adj.) 不平等的；不公平的(7)____________(vt. & vi.) 逃脱；逃走；避开；泄露(8)____________(vt.) 教育；训练→____________(adj.) 受过教育的；有教养的→____________(n.) 教育→____________(n.) 教育工作者→____________(adj.) 教育的；有关教育的(9)____________(vi.) 请求；乞求→____________(过去式/过去分词) →____________(n.) 乞丐(10)____________(n.) 报酬；奖金 (vt.) 酬劳；奖赏→____________(adj.) 值得的；有益的；有回报的(11)____________ (n.) 意见；看法；主张2．阅读单词mean [miːn]吝啬的；自私的；卑鄙的generous ['dʒen(ə)rəs]慷慨的大方的easy-going 随和的．温和宽容的self [self]自我自身selfish ['selfɪʃ]自私的selfless ['selflɪs]无私的．忘我的selflessly ['selflisli]无私地；忘我地found [faʊnd]建设republic [rɪ'pʌblɪk]共和国.共和政体principle ['prɪnsɪp(ə)l]法则．原则；原理peaceful ['piːsfʊl; -f(ə)l]和平的.平静的.安宁的mankind [,mæn'kaɪnd]人类layer [ɪ'laɪəs]律师guidance ['gaɪd(ə)ns]指导．领导legal ['liːg(ə)l]法律的.依照法律的fee [fiː]费（会费、学费等）酬金helpful ['helpfʊl; -f(ə)l]有希望的youth [juːθ]青年；青年时期league [liːg]同盟；联双．联合会Youth League青年团stage [ste ɪd ʒ]舞台阶段；时期 violence ['va ɪəl(ə)ns]暴力；暴行 blow up 使充气；爆炸willing ['w ɪl ɪŋ]乐意的．自愿的 unfair [ʌn'fe ə]不公正的．不公平的 blanket ['blæŋk ɪt]毛毯．毯子 relative ['rel ət ɪv]亲戚；亲属 terror ['ter ə]恐怖恐怖时期恐怖活动 cruelty ['kr ʊəlt ɪ]残忍；残酷 sentence ['sent(ə)ns]判决，宣判 anti-【前缀】反；抗；阻 anti-black 反黑人的president ['prez ɪd(ə)nt]总统；会长；校长；行长 Nobel Peace Prize 诺贝尔和平奖 3. 联想积累1．表示“人物特点”的形容词全扫描 ①generous 慷慨的 ②active 积极的；活跃的 ③warmhearted 热心肠的 ④creative 富有创造力的 ⑤devoted 有献身精神的 ⑥energetic 有活力的⑦intelligent 聪明的 ⑧ambitious 有雄心壮志的 ⑨confident 有信心的 ⑩enthusiastic 充满热情的2．名词＋后缀ful 构成的形容词荟萃 ①peaceful 和平的 ②painful 痛苦的 ③harmful 有害的 ④powerful 强大的 ⑤cheerful 欢乐的 ⑥meaningful 有意义的 ⑦beautiful 美丽的 ⑧merciful 仁慈的；宽大的 ⑨helpful 有帮助的；有用的 ⑩careful 小心的；仔细的；谨慎的3．后缀“ent”形容词与“ence”名词大集合 ①violent 暴力的 violence 暴力 ②silent 沉默的 silence 沉默 ③different 不同的 difference 差异 ④patient 有耐心的 patience 耐心 ⑤confident 自信的 confidence 信心 ⑥evident 明显的 evidence 证据 ⑦intelligent 聪明的 intelligence 智力 ⑧independent 独立的 independence 独立短语聚焦1.失业 __________________2.事实上 __________________3.使充气；爆炸 __________________4.在危险,受罚,痛苦,忧虑等处境__________________ 5.求助于 __________________6.丧失勇气或信心 __________________7.当权；上台 __________________8.建立；设立 ___________________9.被判处……(徒刑) ___________________10愿意干某事 ___________________11.献身于…… ___________________12.投票赞成/反对 ___________________13.从某人的观点来看；依照某人的观点 ___________________词汇活用Ⅰ.单词填空（用所给单词的适当形式填空）1.It’s___________(legal) to read people's private letters without permission.2.I remembered the beatings and the__________(cruel)of the guards and my friends who had died.3.This is the first time I__________(see) the film .4.He thought of a way to stop the car from______ (steal).5.We were deeply moved by his___________(self)spirit.6.It’s wrong to see___________(violent) as the only way to solve problems.7.He___________(devote) to helping those who suffered from accidents and earthquakes.8.The baby looks so________(peace) when he's sleeping.9.Though he has met with many difficulties over the past two years，he is still______________(hope)．10.If you don't treat all your students equally,it is_________(fair)．Ⅱ.短语填空（用所给短语的适当形式填空）1.They always____________me when they are in trouble.2.The team had won no games and it________________.3.It is reported that many people are_____________in that country.4.He said they should not be___________studying for their degrees.5.Things have changed a lot since Obama____________.6.A policeman was killed when the car_____________.7.He is such a kind man that he is ready to help people_____________.8.People_______________a monument to honor those people who devoted their lives to their country.二．重点句型精讲·精练1.The last thirty years have seen the greatest number of laws stopping our rights and progress，until today we have reached a stage where we have almost no rights at all.(教材P34)过去三十年目睹了大量法律剥夺我们的权利，阻挡我们的进步，一直到今天我们还处于几乎什么权利都没有的阶段。

2014年10月自考《英语一》讲义 Unit 08_(含课文、生词表、课后练习及答案)

Unit 8 The Mystery of LifeA FAMOUS QUOTEDo not go where the path may lead, go instead where there is no path and leave a trail.— Ralph Emerson不要走己经铺好的路，而要走没人走过的路，开拓自己的路。

—拉尔夫·爱默生Ralph Emerson（1803-1882）, American essayist, lecturer, and poet, the most thought-provok American cultural leader of the mid-19th century. Through his essays, poems, and lectures, he established himself as a leading spokesman of transcendentalism and as a major figure in Americ literature.拉尔夫·爱默生（1803-1882），美国随笔散文作家、演讲者和诗人。

在19世纪中期，他是最发人深省的文化领袖。

爱默生通过其散文、诗歌和讲演，确立了自己作为超验主义的主要代言人以及美国文化的主要代表物。

Speaking ActivityMaking RequestsSample DialoguesRead the following conversation. Pay attention to how the speakers make requests and the responses they receive.Jackie: Excuse me. Can you do me a favour?Cashier: Sure. How can I help you, Miss?Jackie: Could you break a 20 for me?Cashier: Sure. How do you want it?Jackie: Could I have two 5's and the rest in l's?Cashier: Well, I have some 5's, but I don't have enough l's. Are quarters fine with you?Jackie: Oh, that's even better! In that case, I won't have to worry about the small change the laundry.Cashier: There you go!Jackie: Thanks a million!Guided PracticeDirection: Ask for room service in a hotel. You may use the following tips to help you.Excuse me. Could you help me, please?Sure. What can I do for you?Can you …?Could you…?Could I…？That's even better!Thanks a million!Text ANew Words1、embrace v. to put your arms around somebody as a sign of love or friendship; to accept a idea, a proposal, a set of beliefs 拥抱；欣然接受2、mystery n. something that is difficult to understand or to explain 奥秘3、terrain n. an area of land when you are mentioning its natural features 地形；地带4、 universe n. the whole of space and everything in it, including the earth, the planets a the stars 宇宙5、reveal v. to make something know to somebody 揭示；显示6、otherwise adv. in a different way to the way mentioned; differently不同地7、infant n. a baby or very young child 婴儿8、depart v. to leave a place 离开、离去9、tragedy n. a very sad event or situation, especially one that involves death 不幸；惨案10、injustice n. the fact of a situation being unfair and of people not being treated equal an unfair act or an example of unfair treatment 不公正11、innocent adj. not guilty of a crime, etc.; not having done something wrong 无辜的；清白12、species n. a group into which animals, plants, etc., that are able to bread with each o and produce healthy young are divided 物种13、survive v. to continue to live or exist 生存14、biology n. the way in which the body and cells of a living thing behave 生理15、hostage n. a person who is captured and held prisoner by a person or group, and who may injured or killed if people do not do what the person or group is asking 人质16、capacity n. the ability to understand or do something 领悟能力17、infinite adj. without limits; without end 无限的；无穷尽的18、conceive v. to form an idea, a plan, etc. in your mind 构想；设想19、incline v. to tend to think or behave in a particular way; to make somebody do this （使向于，有……的趋势20、honorable adj. （AmE）honest and fair, or deserving respect and admiration 可敬的；值得的21、celebrate v. to praise somebody/something 赞美；颂扬22、merely adv. used to emphasize a fact or something that you are saying 仅仅；只不过23、certainty n. the state of being certain 确定性24、testimony n. a thing that shows something else exists or is true 证明25、urge n. a strong desire to do something 强烈的欲望；冲动26、impulse n. a sudden strong wish or need to do something, without stopping to think abou results 冲动；一时的念头27、envision v. to imagine what a situation will be like in the future, especially a situat you intend to work towards 展望28、inconsequential adj. not important or worth considering 不重要的29、shell n. the hard outer part of eggs, nuts, some seeds and some animals 壳30、restless adj. constantly moving 运动不止的31、murmur n. a quietly spoken word or words; a soft continuous sound 喃喃声32、vast adj. extremely large in area, size, amount, etc. 辽阔的；巨大的33、magical adj. containing magic; used in magic 有魔力的34、membrane n. a thin layer of material used to prevent air, liquid, etc. from entering aparticular part of something 膜状物35、challenge n. a new or difficult task that tests somebody’s ability and skill 挑战Phrases and Expressions1、for certain without doubt 肯定2、in violation of taking an action that breaks a law, agreement or principle 违背3、visit…on/upon… to punish somebody or something 对……进行惩罚4、reach out to stretch your hand towards something in order to touch it, pick it up, etc.5、bear witness to to provide evidence of the truth of something 为……作证；证明Text A Embracing the MysteryPre-reading Questions1. What do you find most mysterious about the universe and about the world around you?2. Do you want to know more or do you sometimes have a fear of the unknown?Embracing the MysteryWhen every word has been written, and every phrase has been spoken, the great mystery of li will still remain. We may map the terrains of our lives, measure the farthest reaches of the universe, but no amount of searching will ever reveal for certain whether we are all children o chance or part of a great design.①And who among us would have it otherwise? Who would wish to take the mystery out of the experience of looking into a newborn infant's eyes? Who would not feel in violation of somethin great if we had knowledge of what has departed when we stare into the face of one who has died? These are the events that make us human, that define the distance between the stars and us.Still, life is not easy. Much of its mystery is darkness. Tragedies occur, injustices exist things happen to good people and suffering is visited upon the innocent. In order to live we mu take the lives of other species. In order to survive we may leave some of our brothers and sist by the side of the road. We are prisoners of time, victims of biology, and hostages of our own capacity.③At times the mystery of life seems too much and impossible to accept.We must stand against this. The world is a great mysterious place, and its possibilities ar infinite, governed only by what our hearts can conceive. If we incline our hearts toward the darkness, we will see darkness. If we incline them toward the light, we will see the light.④Those of great heart have always known this. They have understood that, honorable though it to see the wrong and try to correct it, a life well lived must somehow celebrate the promise th life provides.⑤ The darkness at the limits of our knowledge, the darkness that sometimes seem surround us is merely a way to make us reach beyond certainty, to make our lives a witness to h a testimony to possibility, an urge toward the best and the most honorable impulses that our he can conceive.It is not hard. There is in each of us, no matter how humble, a capacity for love. Even if lives have not taken the course we had envisioned, even if we are less than the shape of our dr we are part of the human family.⑥Somewhere, in the most inconsequential corners of our lives, the opportunity for love.If I am blind, I can run my hand across the back of a shell and celebrate beauty. If I have legs, I can sit in quiet wonder before the restless murmurs of the sea. If I am wounded in spir can reach out my hand to those who are hurting. If I am lonely, I can go among those who are desperate for love. There is no tragedy or injustice so great, no life so small and inconsequen that we cannot bear witness to the light in the quiet acts and hidden moments of our days.⑦And who can say which of these acts and moments will make a difference? The universe is vas is a magical membrane of meaning, stretching across time and space, and it is not given to us t know her secrets and her ways. Perhaps we are placed here to meet the challenge of a single mom perhaps we will touch something or someone that will change the world.⑧Key Sentences1. We may map the terrains of our lives, measure the farthest reaches of the universe, but amount of searching will ever reveal for certain whether we are all children of chance or part great design.我们或许可以描绘出我们人生的蓝图，可以测量宇宙的尽头，但是迄今为止没有任何的探索能够揭示，我命的存在是纯属偶然，还是一个伟大设计的一部分。

2014年10月自考《英语一》讲义 Unit 04_(含课文、生词表、课后练习及答案)

Unit 4 Friends and FriendshipA FAMOUS QUOTEThe best way to destroy an enemy is to make him a friend.——Abraham Lincoln摧毁敌人最好的办法就是把他变成朋友。

——亚伯拉罕·林肯Abraham Lincoln（1809 — 1865）, 16th President of the United States （1861 — 1865） and American civil war leader. He successfully led his country through its greatest constitutional, military and moral crisis — the American Civil War — preserving the Union while ending slaver and promoting economic and financial modernization. He was immortalized by his Emancipation Proclamation, his Gettysburg Address, and two outstanding inaugural addresses.亚伯拉罕·林肯，美国第16任总统（任期：1861年3月4日－1865年4月15日）美国南北战争的领导他成功地领导他的国家度过了宪法、军事和道德危机——南北战争——在结束奴隶制的同时维护了联邦的统一进了经济和金融现代化。

他的《解放黑奴宣言》、《葛底斯堡演说》、还有两篇杰出的就职演说使他名垂千Speaking ActivityTalking on the PhoneSample DialogueRead the following conversation. Pay attention to how the speakers talk on the phone.Operator: Hello. This is the emergency 911 operator.Taxi Driver: Help! Please help me!Operator: Yes, sir. Please calm down and explain exactly what's the matter.Taxi Driver: Calm down! My car has broken down and I have a lady passenger and she's going labor.Operator: Now relax, sir. Explain exactly where you are.Taxi Driver: I'm…I'm in the southbound lane of the Lincoln Expressway and the lady can't w Operator: Okay. What's your name, sir, and your passenger's?Taxi Driver: It's…It's Bob, and I have no idea about the woman. She's in no condition to t me.Operator: Okay. Now where are you? What's the nearest landmark you can see?Taxi Driver: Umm, I can see golden arches…there's a McDonald's.Operator: Ok, I've just sent off an ambulance. It should be there any second.Taxi Driver: Hey, is there anything I can do for the lady while we wait for the ambulance?Operator: Yes, uh, keep her calm and warm.Taxi Driver: Okay. Please hurry. …Oh, they're too late. …It's a boy!Guided PracticeDirections: Give a phone call to the nearest restaurant and order a takeout. Supply your ow information. You may use the following tips to help you.Hello. This is…Explain exactly where you are.What's your name, sir/madam?It's…What's the nearest landmark you can see?I can see…Okay. Please hurry.Text ANew Words1、kindergarten n. a school or class to prepare children aged five or younger for school 学班；幼儿园2、scrub v. to clean something by rubbing it hard, perhaps with a brush and usually with so and water 擦洗；刷洗3、upset adj. unhappy or disappointed because of something unpleasant that has happened 不高的；失望的4、bicker v. to argue about things that are not important （为小事）斗嘴，争吵5、lifelong adj. lasting or existing all through your life 终身的；毕生的6、sibling n. a brother or sister 兄；弟；姐；妹7、fulfillment n. （Am.E）the act of doing or achieving what was hoped for or expected 实现8、frequently adv. often 频繁地；经常9、subtle adj. not very noticeable or obvious 不易察觉的；不明显的；微妙的10、favoritism n. （AmE）the act of unfairly treating one person better than others because like them better 偏爱；偏袒11、bitterness n. the quality or state of feeling angry and unhappy because you feel that y have been treated unfairly 愤愤不平12、constantly adv. all the time; repeatedly 始终；一直，重复不断地13、teenager n. a person who is between 13 and 19 years old （13 至19岁之间的）青少年，青少女14、bonding n. the process of forming a special relationship with somebody or with a group people 人与人之间的关系（或联结）15、maid of honor n. （ especially in the US） a young woman who is not married and who is main bridesmaid at wedding （尤用于美国英语，指未婚的）首席女傧相，伴娘16、apartment n. a set of rooms for living in, usually on one floor of a building （通常指在楼层的）公寓套房Phrases and Expressions1、on one's hands and knees on the floor, with your hands and your lower legs on the ground 地上2、you name it used to say there are many things to choose from 凡你想得起的；不管什么3、long for to want something very much especially if it does not seem likely to happen soo 望4、get along to have a friendly relationship 和睦相处，关系良好Text APre-reading questions1. What are the most valuable gifts you have ever received?3. What shared memories do you have with your best friends?The Greatest GiftWhen I was a child I was shocked at the idea that my sisters could be my best friends. Now, wouldn't have it any other way.I'm five years old, and my mother is on her hands and knees, washing the kitchen floor. I'm telling her about a new girl in school, and she suddenly looks up at me and says, "Who are your best friends?"I'm not sure what to say. I've been friends with Jill since I was three or so, and I really Jaime, a friend in kindergarten."Jill and Jaime."My mother stops scrubbing the floor and starts to take off her yellow rubber gloves. "Well, about Karen and Cindy?"My sisters?" I don't know who their best friends are," I say."No," she says. "I'm saying, why aren't they your best friends?"She seems upset, as though I have hurt her feelings. "But they're my sisters.""Yes, but they can still be your best friends. Friends may come and go, but your sisters wi always be there for you."At the time, the idea of my two sisters being my closest friend seemed strange to me. We us fight all the time over toys, food, attention, what to watch on television — you name it, we bickered about it at some point. ①How could my sisters be my best friends? We weren't the same We all had our own friends in school.But my mother never let the three of us forget it: sisters are lifelong friends. Her wish —like most parents' — was to give us something that she had never had. Growing up as an only ch she longed for siblings. When she gave birth to three daughters — separated by only four years the fulfillment of her dream had only just begun. ② She had given us each a gift — our sister and she wanted to make sure we did not take that gift for granted. She would frequently tell us lucky we were. But there were other, more subtle ways that she encouraged us to grow closer. Sh never showed favoritism to one daughter over the other, so as not to cause jealousy or bitterne between us. She constantly took us places together — skating, shopping, swimming — so we deve common interests. And when we were teenagers, Mom always punished us equally, giving us yet ano bonding experience.We didn't always get along beautifully and fought just like any other siblings. But somewhe between Mom's lectures, the family vacations and the shared memories, we realized that our moth was right. ③Today I share things with my sisters that I share with no one else. My sister Cind I ran the New York City Marathon together, side by side, even holding hands when we crossed the finishing line. When my sister Karen got married, I was her maid of honor. Cindy and I traveled through Europe together and even shared an apartment for two years. The three of us trust each with our greatest secrets.It was twenty-three years ago that my mother first asked me who my two best friends were. ④Today she doesn't have to. She already knows.Key Sentences1. We used to fight all the time over toys, food, attention, what to watch on television —name it, we bickered about it at some point.我们从小一直为了玩具、食物、大人的关注、看什么电视节目而争吵，凡是可以争可以吵的，都吵过了2. When she gave birth to three daughters — separated by only four yours — the fulfillmen her dream had only just begun.母亲在四年内相继生了我们三姐妹，她的梦想也开始逐渐成为现实。

2014年10月自考《英语一》讲义 Unit 06_(含课文、生词表、课后练习及答案)

Unit 6 Life LessonsA Famous QuoteAll our dreams can come true, if we have the courage to pursue them.——Walt Disney 只要有追逐梦想的勇气，一切梦想皆能实现。

——沃尔特·迪斯尼Walt Disney（1901-1966）, American film maker, animator and entrepreneur who founded the animation and entertainment empire which bears his name. Perhaps the single most influential fi in American children's literature of the 20th century, Walt Disney set his personal stamp upon almost every classic story for children.沃尔特·迪士尼（Walter Elias Disney 1901.12.5—1966.12.15）美国电影制片人、动画大师、企业家是迪士尼公司——卡通及娱乐业的帝国——的奠基人。

或许他是二十世纪的美国儿童文学中唯一的最有影响力物，他设计的几乎每个经典卡通故事都给孩子们留下了极其深刻的印象。

Speaking ActivityShoppingSample DialogueRead the following conversation. Pay attention to how the speakers offer service and ask fo information.Shop assistant: Hello, can I help you?Customer: I'm looking for a pair of jeans.Shop assistant: What size do you take?Customer: Twenty-nine.Shop assistant: We have some very nice blue jeans here. They're on sale this week.Customer: Well, I actually prefer black jeans.Shop assistant: That's okay. We also have them in black.Customer: Where can I try them on?Shop assistant: The fitting room is over there.Guided PracticeDirections: Imagine a situation where you are doing some shopping. Work with your partner a use your own information. You may use the following tips to help you.Hello, can I help you?I'm looking for…What size do you take?They're on sale this week.I actually prefer…Where can I try them on?Text ANew Words1、ranch n. a large farm, especially in America or Australia, where cows, horses, sheep, et are bred 牧场2、fund-raising n. an activity of collecting money to support a charity or political campai organization 筹款3、itinerant adj. travelling from place to place, especially to find work 巡回的；四处奔波的4、trainer n. a person who teaches people or animals to perform a particular job or skill w or to do a particular sport 驯兽师；教练员5、stable n. building in which a horse or horses are kept and fed 马厩6、race n. a competition between people, animals, vehicles, etc. to see which one is the fa or fastest 赛跑7、track n. a piece of ground with a special surface for people, cars, etc. to have races o 道8、career n. the period of time that you spend in your life working or doing a particular t 经历；事业9、continually adv. repeatedly, frequently 频繁地10、senior n. a student in the last year at a high school or college 毕业班学生11、describe v. to say what somebody/something is like 描述；形容12、diagram n. a simple drawing using lines to explain where something is, how something wo etc.简图；示意图13、acre n. a unit for measuring an area of land; 4,840 square yards or about 4,050 square metres （meter）英亩14、location n. a place where something happens or exists; the position of something 地点；15、detailed adj. giving many detail and a lot of information; paying great attention to de 详细的16、square n. used after a number to give a measurement of area 平方17、project n. a piece of work involving careful study of a subject over a period of time, by school or college students 专题研究18、unrealistic adj. not showing or accepting things as they are 不切实际的；不实事求是的19、require v. to need something; to depend on somebody/something 需要；依靠20、original adj. existing at the beginning of a particular period, process or activity 原来起初的21、breeding n. the producing of young animals, plants, etc. （动植物的）生育，繁殖22、stock n. farm animals, such as cows and sheep, that are kept for their meat, wool, etc.畜；牲畜23、stud n. an animal, especially a horse, that is kept for breeding 种公畜；种马24、fee n. an amount of money that you pay for professional advice or services 专业服务费；25、rewrite v. to write something again in a different way, usually in order to improve it because there is some new information 重写；改写26、realistic adj. sensible and appropriate; possible to achieve 能够实现的27、reconsider v. to think about something again 重新考虑28、grade n. a mark given in an exam or for a piece of school work 成绩等级29、decision n. a choice or judgment that you make after thinking and talking about what is best thing to do 决定；抉择30、state v. to formally write or say something, especially in a careful and clear way 说明明31、assemble v. to come together as a group; to bring people or things together as a group 集；集合32、frame v. to put or make a frame or border around something 给…做框；给…镶边33、fireplace n. an open space for a fire in the wall of a room 壁炉34、stealer n. somebody who steals 窃贼35、fortunately adv. by good luck 幸运地36、gumption n. courage and determination 勇气；魄力Phrases and Expressions1、as a result because of this reason, as a consequence 因此；结果2、in detail including or considering all the information about something or every part of something 详细地3、make up one's mind to decide which of two or more choices you want, especially after thi for a long time 下决心4、be something of a… used for emphasizing that someone is fairly good at something 算得上5、give up on…to stop hoping that someone or something will change or improve 放弃；对…不望Text A Keep Your DreamText APre-reading Questions1. Do you have any childhood dreams? What are they?2. What would you do if someone told you that your dream would not come true?Keep Your DreamI have a friend named Monty Roberts who owns a horse ranch in San Isidro. He has let me use house to put on fund-raising events to raise money for youth at risk programs.Last time I was there he introduced me by saying, "I want to tell you why I let Jack use my house. It all goes back to a story about a young man who was the son of an itinerant horse trai who would go from stable to stable, race track to race track, farm to farm and ranch to ranch, training horses. ①As a result, the boy's high school career was continually interrupted. When was a senior, he was asked to write a paper about what he wanted to be and do when he grew up.""That night he wrote a seven-page paper describing his goal of some day owning a horse ranc wrote about his dream in great detail and he even drew a diagram of a 200-acre ranch, showing t location of all the buildings, the stables and the track. Then he drew a detailed floor plan fo 4,000-square-foot house that would sit on a 200-acre dream ranch."②"He put a great deal of his heart into the project and the next day he handed it in to his teacher. Two days later he received his paper back. On the front page was a large red F with a that read, 'See me after class. ' "③"The boy with the dream went to see the teacher after class and asked, 'Why did I receive a ' ""The teacher said, 'This is an unrealistic dream for a young boy like you. You have no mone You come from an itinerant family. You have no resources. Owning a horse ranch requires a lot o money. You have to buy the land. You have to pay for the original breeding stock and later you' have to pay large stud fees. ④There's no way you could ever do it.' Then the teacher added, 'I rewrite this paper with a more realistic goal, I will reconsider your grade'.""The boy went home and thought about it long and hard. He asked his father what he should dHis father said, 'Look, son, you have to make up your own mind on this. However, I think it is very important decision for you.' Finally, after sitting on it for a week, the boy turned in th same paper, making no changes at all."⑤"He stated, 'You can keep the F and I'll keep my dream. ' "Monty then turned to the assembled group and said, "I tell you this story because you are sitting in my 4,000-square-foot house in the middle of my 200-acre horse ranch. I still have th school paper framed over the fireplace."⑥ He added, "The best part of the story is that two su ago that same schoolteacher brought 30 kids to camp out on my ranch for a week. When the teache leaving, he said: 'Look, Monty, I can tell you this now. When I was your teacher, I was somethi a dream stealer. During those years I stole a lot of kids' dreams. Fortunately you had enough gumption not to give up on yours.' "Proper NamesSan Isidro圣伊西德罗（美国得克萨斯州一地名）Key Sentences1. It all goes back to a story about a young man who was the son of an itinerant horse trai who would go from stable to stable, race track to race track, farm to farm and ranch to ranch, training horses.这是很久以前的事，和一个男孩有关。

2014年10月自考《英语一》讲义 Unit 10_(含课文、生词表、课后练习及答案)

Unit 10 Media — Blessing or CurseA FAMOUS QUOTEWhoever controls the media, controls the mind.——Jim Mo 谁掌握了媒体，谁就控制了思想。

——吉姆·Jim Morrison （1943 — 1971）, American rock singer, poet and songwriter. As the lead singe lyricist of the rock band The Doors, Jim Morrison is one of the most legendary and influential figures in rock music history.吉姆·莫里森（1943 — 1971），美国摇滚歌手，诗人和流行歌曲作者。

吉姆·莫里森作为摇滚乐队“大（The Doors）的主唱者和词作者，是在摇滚乐历史上最富有传奇色彩的和最有影响力的人物之一。

Speaking ActivityTalking about Past EventsSample DialogueRead the following conversation. Pay attention to how the speakers talk about past events.Dad: How was school today?Emily: Really fun.Dad: Good. What did you do?Emily: We made paper kangaroos.Dad: You made paper kangaroos? OK. And what did you need to make your paper kangaroos? I me what kind of supplies did you need?Emily: We used crayons, papers and glue. And we had to follow directions.Dad: Well, good. Mum said you went to the junior high school after school.Emily: Yes, I rode my bike in the tennis court.Dad: Did you go by yourself?Emily: I went with Nathan, Sarah, and Rachel.Dad: Well, that's great. Now, let's get ready for dinner.Emily : OK.Guided practiceDirections: Talk with your partner about what you did at the past weekends. Take turns to s the conversation. You may use the following expressions to help you.What did you do yesterday?Did you go there yourself?Were you at home yesterday?I went to watch a movie.I didn't…New Words1、advertise v. to tell the public about product or a service in order to encourage people buy or to use it 做广告；登广告2、prime adj. main; most important; basic 主要的；首要的3、advertiser n. a person or company that advertises 广告商；广告公司4、sway v. to persuade somebody to believe something or do something 说服；使动摇5、persuasive adj. able to persuade somebody to do or believe something 有说服力的；令人信服6、locker n. a small cupboard that can be locked 储物柜7、prod v. to try to make somebody to do something, especially when they are unwilling 催促促8、pester v. to annoy somebody, especially by asking them something many times 打扰；纠缠；9、suggestion n. putting an idea into people's minds by connecting it with other ideas 暗示想10、specifically adv. connected with or intended for one particular thing only 特意；专门地11、campaign n. a series of planned activities that are intend to achieve a particular soci commercial or political aim 运动12、entitle v. to give a title to a book, play, etc. 给……命名（或题名）13、corporation n. a large business company （大）公司14、extraordinarily adv. extremely 极其15、animated adj. made to look as if they are moving 栩栩如生的；（似）能活动的16、naive adj. lacking experience of life, knowledge or good judgment and willing to believ that people always tell you the truth 缺乏经验的；幼稚的；轻信的17、genuinely adv. really 真正的；真实地18、costume n. the clothes worn by actors in a play or film/ movie, or worn by somebody to them look like something else 戏装；服装19、make-up n. substances used especially by women to make their faces look more attractive used by actor to change their appearance 化妆品20、bunch n. a group of people 群体21、uncomfortable adj. not letting you feel physically comfortable 使人不舒服的；令人不舒适22、moral adj. concerned with principles of right and wrong behavior 道德的23、dilemma n. a problematic situation, often one in which you have to make a very difficul choice between things of equal importance （进退两难的）窘境，困境24、manipulate v. to control or influence somebody/something, often in a dishonest way so t they do not realize it （暗中）控制，操纵，影响25、expose v. to put somebody/something in a place or situation where they are not protecte from something harmful or unpleasant 使面临，使遭受（危险或不快）26、rife adj. full of something bad or unpleasant 充斥的，充满的27、superficial adj. appearing to be true, real or important until you look at it more care 表面的；外表的28、reaction n. what you do, say or think as a result of something that has happened 反应；29、deliberate adj. done on purpose rather than by accident 故意的；蓄意的；存心的30、 ploy n. words or actions that are carefully planned to get an advantage over somebody 计谋；策略31、caffeine n. a drug found in coffee and tea that makes you feel more active 咖啡因32、ultimately adv. in the end; finally 最终；最后；终归Phrases and Expressions1、go to any, some, great, etc. lengths to put a lot of effort into doing something, especi when this seems extreme 竭尽全力；不遗余力2、care about to feel that something is important and worth worrying about 关注；在意；担忧3、act as/like to perform a particular role or function 充当；起作用4、strike a balance（between A and B）to manage to find a way of being fair to two opposing things; to find an acceptable position which is between two things 找到折中办法；平衡5、weigh（up）…against… to consider something carefully before making a decision 认真考虑衡；斟酌6、（it ' s）no/little/small wonder（that）… it is not surprising 不足为奇；并不奇怪Proper NamesMcDonald’s 麦当劳（大型连锁快餐集团）Text A Advertising to ChildrenPr-reading Questions1.Are you influenced by advertisements when you decide to buy something?2.Do you agree that children often fall victim to advertising?Advertising to ChildrenChildren are a prime target for advertisers and salesmen across the world. Not only are the easily swayed by advertising, they are also persuasive in encouraging their parents to buy a product. If a child wants something in their kid's locker, they will prod and annoy their paren until they get what they want. Anyone who has seen a child pester its parents knows the lengths children can go to. All it takes is a little suggestion from a single advertisement to send the their way.①McDonald's at one stage advised employees to specifically target children. In a campaign entitled "Kids are the Star", its employees were encouraged to pay special attention to childre to make sure they had a positive experience while eating at its restaurants. The reason for thi naturally, was not that the McDonald's corporation cared deeply about the well-being of childre everywhere, but that the pester-power that children have is extraordinarily effective at bringi their parents back for more visits.②The way that advertisers target children is simple. Big, bright lights, happy people and animated characters are all that is needed to encourage children to think a certain product is something they want. ③ This is because children are naive; they genuinely believe what an advertiser tells them. They do not realize that Ronald McDonald is just a guy in a costume and up, and that behind the counter of every McDonald's is a bunch of kids working in uncomfortable conditions for low pay.This poses a real moral dilemma for those who make the advertising decisions, or at least i should. While manipulating children into believing lies, especially encouraging them to eat unhealthy foods, is obviously bad, the purpose of business is to make money. How do you say no opportunity to reach such a wide audience of children, who act as advertisers themselves when t encourage other children and their parents to buy a particular product? ④One of the problems with today's society is that we think in terms of striking a balance. T is a belief that the impact on children of being exposed to damaging media can be "weigh up" ag how much money can be made and how much power can be gained.⑤ When thinking like this is invol it is no wonder today's world is rife with so many problems.The superficial reactions children get from eating McDonald's last about as long as they ar the place. This is not a coincidence; it is a deliberate ploy. The goal is that children arrive consume high amounts of caffeine, salt, sugar and fat. Their bodies have an instant positive reaction, and by the time they're "coming down", you're on the way home.If you want what's best for your children, keep them away from the television as much as yo possibly can. It is bad for their brains, and ultimately bad for your wallet! Take them outside to McDonald's but to the beach or somewhere where they can enjoy life.Key Sentences1.Anyone who has seen a child pester its parents knows the lengths children can go to. All takes is a little suggestion from a single advertisement to send them on their way.凡见过小孩子纠缠父母的人都知道了孩子不达目的誓不罢休，而要激起孩子的欲望，只需一则广告的小小示。

《大学英语自学教程》上册课后习题答案Unit 5

自考英语一《大学英语自学教程》上册课后习题答案Unit 5Unit 5Text AExercises for the TextI.1.b2.d3.d4.c5.cII.1.bravery2.eager3.civilized4.overseas5.substitute6.foundation7.mixture 8.belief 9.protein10.containIII.1.pianos/violins2.firemen3.data4.deer5.potatoes/tomatoesIV.1.The soldiers ate a great number of potatoes during World War II.2.One wrong idea was that by eating an animal people could get some of the good qualities of that animal for themselves.3.It has yet to be proved whether fish is the best brain food or not.k contains rich protein.Therefore,many people drink it for breakfast.5.Today many people have wrong ideas about some foods.Vocabulary ExercisesI.1.a.civilizeb.civilizedc.civilization2.a.freeb.freedomc.freely3.a.digestb.digestiblec.digestiond.digestive4.a.scientistsb.scientificc.scienceII.1.mixture2.poisonous3.suppose4.digest5.widespread6.overseas7.similar 8.foundation 9.eager10.substituteIII.1.digestion2.mixture3.belief4.civilizationbinationIV.1.We have not found a substitute for him yet.2.Children are eager to become as strong and brave as the heroes in the movies.3.He is supposed to run fastest among us.4.Some stories are widespread,while others are not.5.As a matter of fact,meat and potatoes can be eaten together.6.School are often thought of as a small society.Text BExercises for the TextI.1.T2.F3.T4.F5.T6.T7.T8.F9.F 10.TII.1.true2.run races / wrestle / have mock fights together3.Frogs / owls4.sport / very grave5.their dams and their houses6.take care of sheep7.find new ways8.new fashions / none from each other9.methods10.instinct11.ant / frog / owl / beaver / parrot / horse / dog /elephant / sheep / spider Vocabulary ExercisesI.1.d2.c3.b4.a5.eII.1.D2.A3.C4.D5.D6.D7.A8.B9.B 10.CGrammar ExercisesI.Simple sentences are 8,10.Compound sentences are 2,4,6,7,9. complex sentences are 1,3,5.II.1.B2.D3.D4.C5.B6.A7.C8.C9.D 10.A。

2014年10月自考《英语一》讲义 Unit 11_(含课文、生词表、课后练习及答案)

Unit 11 Effective CommunicationA FAMOUS QUOTE Think like a wise man but communicate in the language of the people.——William Yeats 像智者那样思考，像大众那样交流。

——威廉·叶芝 William Yeats （1865-1939）, Irish poet, playwright, and perhaps the greatest poet of the 20th century.He won the Nobel Prize in literature in 1923 and was the leader of the Irish Literary Renaissance. 威廉·叶芝（1865-1939），爱尔兰诗人、剧作家，可能是20世纪最伟大的诗人。

叶芝曾经赢得1923年的诺贝尔文学奖，他是“爱尔兰文艺复兴运动”的领袖。

Speaking ActivityTalking about Future EventsSample Dialogue Read the following conversation.Pay attention to how the speakers talk about future events. Jack: Are you going to London next week? Ann: Yes. Jack: It's rather cold there. Ann: Yes.I'm afraid I couldn't fall asleep at night. Jack: Have you reserved a hotel? Ann: Yes.Holiday Inn. Jack: Holiday Inn is offering a human bed-warming service at three hotels in Britain this month. Ann: A human bed-warming service? Jack: Yes.If requested, a bed-warmer at the hotel will dress in a fleece sleeper suit before slipping between the sheets. Ann: That sounds great, but I hope the warmer will shower first.Guided Practice Directions: Ask your partner what he/she plans to do during the coming vacation.You may use the following tips to help you. Are you going to…next week? …is offering…service How long will you stay…? I will…for… That sounds great, but I hope...Text ANew Word 1、frustrated adj.feeling annoyed and impatient because you cannot do or achieve what you want 懊恼的；沮丧的 2、anxious adj.feeling worried or nervous 焦虑的；忧虑的；担心的 3、essential pletely necessary; extremely important in a particular situation or for a particular activity 必不可少的；极其重要的 4、co-worker n.a person that somebody works with, doing the same kind of job 合作者；同事 5、passively adv.accepting what happens or what people do without trying to change anything or oppose them 消极地；被动地 6、establish v.to start having a relationship, especially a formal one, with another person, group or country 建立（尤指正式关系） 7、tip n.a small piece of advice about something practical 指点；实用的提示 8、nonverbal adj.not involving words or speech 不涉及言语的；非言语的 9、percentage n.the number, amount, rate of something, expressed as if it is part of a total which is 100; a part or share of a whole 百分率；百分比 10、tone n.the quality of somebody's voice, especially expressing a particular emotion 语气；腔调；口吻 11、facial adj.connected with a person's face; on a person's face 面部的 12、truthfully adv.giving the true facts about something 真实地；如实地 13、manner n.the way that somebody behaves and speaks towards other people 举止；态度 14、signal n.a movement or sound that you make to give somebody information, instructions, a warning, etc.信号；暗号 15、point of view n.the particular attitude or opinion that somebody has about something 观点；态度；意见 16、echo v.to repeat what somebody else has just said 重复（别人的话） 17、rephrase v.to say or write something using different words in order to make the meaning clearer 换个说法说，改变词句 18、perform v.to do something, such as a piece of work, task or duty 做；履行；执行 19、technique n.a particular way of doing something, especially one in which you have to learn special skills 技巧；技艺；工艺 20、temptation n.the desire to do or have something that you know is bad or wrong 引诱；诱惑Phrases and Expressions 1、be aware of to know or realize something 知道；意识到 2、be responsible for to be the cause of something 作为原因；成为起因 3、put…aside to ignore or forget something, usually a feeling or difference of opinion 忽视；不理睬；忘记Text A Active ListeningPre-reading Questions 1.Have you ever found yourself turning a deaf ear to your friends? 2.What kind of body language do your friends and yourself use?Active Listening Do you ever get frustrated when you realize that the personyou've been talking to was not really listening at all? Do others ever complain that you don't listen? Don't be too anxious if the answer to either or both questions is "yes". Although we may not be aware of it, many of us have poor listening skills, and strong listening skills are important for everyone, not only for second language learners.Good communication is essential to forming good relationships with people of all kinds, from family, friends and neighbours to co-workers, bosses and even government officials! We often focus on saying what we want to say in an effective way and forget that listening carefully to others is just asimportant.The good news is that we can learn how to improve our listening skills.One key to improvement is developing "active listening" skills.Much of the time we listen passively.By making an effort to listen actively, we can improve our learning skills and establish successful relationships more easily. Here are a few tips to help you start listening more actively: Firstly, never underestimate the importance of nonverbal communication."Nonverbal" simply means "without words".One study found that nonverbal factors were responsible for 93 percent of communication effectiveness.While not all experts agree that the percentage is as high as this, they do agree that nonverbal communication is extremely powerful.① So, when you listen to another person, pay close attention to their tone of voice, facial expression and body language.Sometimes, for example, a person's words may be positive but their nonverbal communication is not.When a person's words do not agree with their nonverbal signals, you may need to consider how truthfully they are speaking. Also, you can use nonverbal methods to encourage another person to communicate with you.Making eye contact, using friendly facial expressions and having a relaxed and open manner are all helpful.You can use nonverbal signals such as nods of the head or smiles to let the speaker know you are interested and truly listening withoutinterrupting their speech too much. Another key to active listening is having an open mind.Do your best to put your own feelings and opinions aside while you listen, and encourage the speaker to fully express their ideas.Try to imagine that you are in the same situation as the speaker.In this way, you will better understand their point of view. One more tip is to "echo" what the speaker has said.By repeating or rephrasing their words, such as by saying, "So, you feel unhappy" or "This caused problems for you?", you are performing two important functions of an active listener.One is showing the other person that you have been following what they have been saying, and the other is giving the speaker the chance to correct you if you have misunderstood.This technique is especially useful in highly emotional situations or situations where there is disagreement. Avoid the temptation to start talking about your own ideas or views.If you do that, you have stopped listening and started talking. Once you put your mind to listening more actively, you will find the practice has many benefits.②Key Sentences 1.While not all experts agree that the percentage is as high as this, they do agree that nonverbal communication is extremely powerful. 虽然不是所有专家都认同有这么高的比率，但是他们确实认为非言语沟通的作用不可小觑。

2014年10月自考《英语一》讲义 Unit 09_(含课文、生词表、课后练习及答案)

Unit 9 Making Every Minute CountA FAMOUS QUOTEA man who dares to waste one hour of time has not discovered the value of life.——Charles 胆敢浪费一小时的人还没有发现生命的价值。

——查尔斯·Charles Darwin （1809-1882）, British naturalist who developed the theory of evolution by natural selection and the survival of the fittest. This theory forms the basis for the modern evolutionary studies. Darwin’s most famous books are The Origin of Species and The Descent of 查尔斯·达尔文（1809-1882），英国生物学家，通过物竞天择说和适者生存说发展了进化论。

这一理论成奠定了现代进化论研究的基础。

达尔文最著名的两本著作是：《物种起源》和《人类的由来》。

Speaking ActivityAsking for InformationSample DialogueRead the following conversation. Pay attention to how the speakers ask for more informationHostess: Pompas Restaurant. How may I help you?Ron: I'd like to reserve a table for dinner.Hostess: How large a group are you expecting?Ron: Six couples.Hostess: Would you like to reserve a private dining room?Ron: That sounds like a good idea.Hostess: All right. May I have your name, sir?Ron: My name is Ron Kollitz. K-O-L-L-I-T-Z.Hostess: What time will you be arriving?Ron: Around 7:30 pm.Hostess: All right, Mr. Kollitz. We've reserved a private dining room for you at 7:30 pm. T you for calling Pompas.Ron: Thank you very much.Guided PracticeDirections: Imagine a situation where you need to book a dinner table for a company. Use yo own information. You may use the following tips to help you.How may I help you?How large…?Would you like to…?May I have your name, sir?What time…?Thank you for…Text ANew Words1、share v. to tell other people about an idea, secret, problem etc. 分享；告诉2、volunteer n. a person who does a job without being paid for it 志愿者3、surprised adj. feeling or showing surprise 惊奇的；惊讶的4、stare v. to look at somebody/something for a long time 盯着看；注视5、insult v. to say or do something that offends somebody 侮辱；冒犯6、senior moment n. an occasion when somebody forgets something, or does not think clearly （thought to be typical of what happens when people get older）尊长表现（老年人失忆、忘事、糊涂型状况）7、imply v. to suggest that something is true or that you feel or think something, without saying so directly 暗示8、permit v. to allow somebody to do something or to allow something to happen 允许；准许9、explain v. to tell somebody about something in a way that makes it easy to understand 解说明10、experience n. an event or activity that affects you in some way 经历11、powerful adj. having a strong effect on your mind or body 有强烈作用的12、near-death experience n. an occasion when you almost die 濒死经历13、confess v. to admit something that you feel ashamed or embarrassed about 承认14、one's last breath n. the last moment of a person's life 最后一口气；临终15、down adj. sad or depressed 沮丧；情绪低落Phrases and Expressions1、drop in on to pay an informal visit to a person 顺便访问2、from time to time occasionally but not regularly 不时；偶尔3、a bit slightly or to a small degree 有点儿4、in a sense in one way 从某种意义上说5、clear ... up to solve or explain something 解释；解答6、not that I know of used to say that you think the answer is "no", judging from the information you have. 据我所知没有7、bring sb. to their knees to defeat somebody, especially in a war 打败某人Text A The Most Exciting Thing EverPre-reading Questions1.What is the most exciting thing you have done recently?2.What methods do you use to cheer yourself up when you have a bad time?The Most Exciting Thing Ever"The last thing I did was the most exciting thing ever!" he said.I couldn't wait to hear what it was. "I can't imagine what you might have done — but whate it was you must share it with me," I said.①I was visiting the senior center where I'm a regular volunteer, and I'd dropped in on this gentleman from time to time. At this moment he looked at me with a somewhat surprised look on h face. We stared at each other, and I became a bit uncomfortable. Had I misunderstood what he ha said? Had he said something else, and had I insulted him?"Oh, I'm sorry. Did I misunderstand you?" I finally said."What did I say?" he replied.I thought, maybe he was having a senior moment."Didn't you just say, the last thing I did was the most exciting thing ever?" I repeated."Yes, I did.""Well, what was it? What was the most exciting thing you ever did?" I asked."Oh, I see," he replied. "You're waiting for me to tell you that I won something or accompl some great thing, right?""Well, yes. Isn't that what you implied?" I asked."In a sense, yes. But permit me to clear things up," he said. "You look like a healthy man are you?" he asked."Basically. I mean I have problems, but nothing life-threatening that I know of.""Then you might not understand this," he said. And, placing his arm around my shoulder, he explained. "About a year ago I nearly died. I had a heart attack that almost ended my life. It an experience that brought me to my knees and lifted me back up again. It was then that I reall began to see how valuable every moment of my life is."②He stood in front of me and, placing his hands on my shoulders, said, "Every last thing I d the most exciting thing I have ever done. It's one more moment, day, week, month past the day I almost died. To me, that's exciting!"How very powerful that thought was. Ever since, I have always believed that everyone should a near-death experience so that they can appreciate life more.,③ I confess I've never had one.I lived through something similar when my son and wife both had cancer. Nearly losing them cert changed the way I look at life. Now, when my last breath does finally come, I will see the real value of "the last thing I did."Feeling down? Thinking you have nothing to be excited about in your life? Think again. Try appreciating life so very much that the last thing you do will be the most exciting thing you e do.④Key Sentences1.I couldn't wait to hear what it was. "I can't imagine what you might have done — but wha it was you must share it with me," I said.我急切地想听听那件事是什么。

2014年10月自考《英语一》讲义 Unit 03_(含课文、生词表、课后练习及答案)

Unit 3 Green TransportationA FAMOUS QUOTEThe earth provides enough to satisfy every man's need, but not every man's greed.—— Mohandas Gandhi地球可以满足人类的需求，但无法填平人类的欲壑。

——莫汉达斯·甘地Mohandas Gandhi（1869-1948）, preeminent leader of the Indian nationalist movement against British rule, also a worldwide icon of nonviolent political resistance.圣雄甘地（1869 – 1948 ）是印度民族主义运动的杰出领导者，他带领国家反抗英国的殖民统治。

他也世界范围的“非暴力”政治抵抗运动的偶像。

Speaking ActivityMaking an ApologySample DialogueRead the following conversation. Pay attention to how the speakers apologize and accept an apology.Becky: Curt.Curt: Oh, hi.Becky: Can I talk to you for a minute?Curt: I'm really busy right now.Becky: Just a minute. I promise it won't take long.Curt: Okay. Let's talk over here.Becky: Curt, I'm really sorry I told Joyce that you had a crush on her. We were talking las Friday and it just slipped out.Curt: But I told you about Joyce in confidence.Becky: I know. It's totally my fault. I really regret saying anything. I wish I could take back. I just want you to know I'm really sorry and I hope you'll accept my apology.Curt: What's done is done. I was really annoyedwhen I found out this morning, but I've got it now.Guided PracticeDirections: Work with your partner and make up a situation in which you apologize to him or You may use the following phrases to help you.I must apologize for…Please forgive me for my…I'm terribly sorry for…It's all my fault.Never mind.Forget it.Text ANew Words1、manifesto n. a written statement in which a group of people, especially a political part explain their beliefs and say what they will do if they win an election 宣言2、privilege n. a special right or advantage that a particular person or group of people 特益；优惠待遇3、haunt n. a place that somebody visits often or where they spend a lot of time 常去的场所4、symbolize v. to be a symbol of something 象征；是……的象征；代表5、independence n. the freedom to organize your own life, make your own decisions, etc. wit needing help from other people 自主；自立6、peer n. a person who is the same age or who has the same social status as you 身份（或地相同的人；同龄人；同辈7、assistance n. help or support 帮助；援助；支持8、beckon n. to appear very attractive to somebody 吸引；诱惑9、transportation n. a system for carrying people or goods from one place to another using vehicles, road, etc. 交通运输系统10、available adj. （of things） that you can get, buy or find 可获得的；可购得的；可找到的11、propaganda n. ideas or statements that may be false or exaggerated and that are used in order to gain support for a political leader, party, etc. 宣传；鼓吹12、transition n. the process or a period of changing from one state or condition to anothe 渡；转变13、vehicle n. a thing that is used for transporting people or goods from one place to anot such as a car or lorry/truck 交通工具；车辆14、commute n. the journey to and from work every day 上下班路程15、aware adj. knowing or realizing something 知道；意识到；明白16、negative adj. bad or harmful 坏的；有害的17、impact n. the powerful effect that something has on somebody/something 巨大影响；强大作18、sprawl n. an act of spreading to cover a large area in an untidy way; something that sp like this 随意扩展蔓延；蔓延物19、fatality n. a death that is caused in an accident or a war, or by violence or disease （故、战争、疾病等中的）死亡20、subject v. to make somebody/something experience, suffer or be affected by something, usually something unpleasant 使经受；使遭受21、rarely adv. not very often 罕有；很少；不常22、coupe n. a car with two doors and usually a sloping back （通常斜背的）双门小汽车23、primary adj. main; most important; basic 主要的；最重要的；基本的24、slippery adj. difficult to hold or to stand or move on, because it is smooth, wet or polished 滑的；滑得抓不住（或站不稳、难以行走）的25、practical adj. （of things） useful or suitable 有用的；适用的26、sensible adj. （of clothes, etc.） useful rather than fashionable （服装等）朴素而实用的27、occasional adj. happening or done sometimes but not often 偶尔的；偶然的28、inconvenience n. a person or thing that causes problems or difficulties 带来不便者；麻烦（或事物）29、eavesdrop v. to listen secretly to what other people are saying 偷听，窃听（其他人说话）30、gossip n. a person who enjoys talking about other people's private lives 喜欢传播流言蜚人；爱说长道短的人31、giggle v. to laugh in a silly way because you are amused, embarrassed or nervous 咯咯地傻笑32、toddler n. a child who has only recently learnt to walk 学步的儿童；刚学会走路的孩子33、nap n. a short sleep, especially during the day （日间的）小睡，打盹34、camaraderie n. a feeling of friendship and trust among people who work or spend a lot o time together 同事情谊；友情35、vibrant adj. full of life and energy 充满生气的；生机勃勃的36、majesty n. the impressive and attractive quality that something has 雄伟壮观；庄严；威严37、sacred adj. very important and treated with great respect 受尊重的；受崇敬的38、resource n. a supply of something that a country, an organization or a person has and c use, especially to increase their wealth 资源Phrases and Expressions1、on demand done or happening whenever somebody asks 一经要求2、except for used before you mention the only thing or person about which a statement is n true （用于所言不包括的人或事物前）除…之外3、leave…behind to leave a person, place or state permanently 永久离开（某人、某地或某国）4、subject…to…to make somebody/something experience, suffer or be affected by, something usually something unpleasant 使经受；使遭受5、believe in to think that something is good, right or acceptable 认为某事好（或对、可接受Proper NamesPike Place Market派克市场（位于美国西雅图）Seattle Center 西雅图中心Puget Sound普吉特海湾（位于美国华盛顿州）Mount Rainier 雷尼尔山（美国华盛顿州西部喀斯喀特山脉的一座火山）Text APre-reading Questions1.Which means of transport do you prefer in daily life?2.What are the greenest ways to travel?Bus Chick's ManifestoWhen I was in the third grade, I started riding the Metro bus alone. At first, I was only allowed to ride to school, but eventually my parents extended the privilege to include my favor childhood haunts: ①Grandma's apartment, Pike Place Market and, in the summer, Seattle Center. then, the bus symbolized independence. It gave me a power rare among my eight-year-old peers: t ability to get around the city without the assistance of an adult.②By the time I turned 16, a new power beckoned: a form of transportation that was available demand and did not require an umbrella or an extra pair of gloves. ③Like most young Americans, believed the auto industry's propaganda that a car was necessary for my transition to adulthood For the next ten years — except for a short time in college, when I found myself unable to aff vehicle of my own —I left the bus behind. But then I accepted a job at a software company base miles outside the city.⑤During my commutes, I became more aware of the negative impact of car culture: pollution, sprawl, isolation and fatalities. I began to question my right to subject m beloved city to the impact of my choices. ⑥So I returned to my roots and began riding the bus work. Eventually, I was using my car so rarely that I decided to try living without one. I sold lovely silver coupe in March 2003 and have used the bus as my primary means of transport ever s ⑦Riding the bus isn't always fun. I don't like riding it on rainy days, when the floor is slippery and the windows are so fogged- up that you can't see your stop. ⑧I don't like standin when the bus crowded. I don't like drivers who ride the brakes. ⑨I don't like practical hairst or sensible shoes. Despite these occasional inconveniences, I will never go back to driving, be what I believe is this:I believe in sitting next to my neighbors, in saying "How're you doing today?" and "Nice weather, isn't it?" I believe in feeling the sun on my skin, in breathing fresh air and moving body. I believe in eavesdropping. I believe in novels you can't put down. I believe in business people and teenage lovers, middle-aged gossips and giggling toddlers. I believe in watching and listening. I believe in naps. I believe in the camaraderie that develops among riders late at nwhen the smooth-voiced driver plays jazz loud enough for everyone to enjoy.I believe in clean air, in keeping cities populous and vibrant, and in protecting our remai farmland and forests. I believe in the beauty of Puget Sound and the majesty of Mount Rainier. believe that human life is sacred, that the world's resources should be shared and that every c matters.⑩I believe that change is possible — if all of us ride.Key Sentences1. At first, I was only allowed to ride to school, but eventually my parents extended the privilege to include my favorite childhood haunts: ……起初，我只是被准许乘车去学校，但最终父母给我更多的权利，我可以去我最喜欢的儿童场所：……2. It gave me a power rare among my eight-year-old peers: the ability to get around the cit without the assistance of an adult.它给予我在其他八岁的同龄人中一项少有的权力：在没有成人的协助下，去往城市的任何一个角落。

自考英语(一)复习资料第五章(1)

自考英语(一)复习资料第五章(1)本课主要单词1. fallacy n. 谬误；谬论；错误的推理或信念That the earth is flat used to be a popular fallacy.（地球是扁平的这一谬误曾一度很流行。

）Needless to say，this statement is based on fallacy.（不消说，这是一个基于谬误推理的陈述。

）2. quality n. 质量；品质，特性adj. 优质的，高级的He is a man of many good qualities.（他具有许多优秀品质。

）The quality of your products is superior to that of ours.（你们的产品质量比我们的好。

）You have no reason to deprive me of the right to a quality education.（你没有理由剥夺我受良好教育的权利。

）qualify v. 使合适，使胜任I am not very sure if he is qualified for the job.（我不很必定他是否胜任这份工作。

）His skills qualify him for the job.（他的技艺使他有资格担任这一工作。

）qualified adj. 有资格的；称职的He is trying hard to make himself a qualified teacher.（他在努力使本身成为一个称职的教师。

）3. savage adj. 野蛮的，未开化的；凶猛的，残酷的n.野蛮人，粗野的人Most of the time elephants are tame but they can be very savage.（大多数时候大象很温顺，但他们也会大发野性。

）No one can put up with his savage manners.（谁也忍受不了他的粗暴态度。

自考公共英语(一)课文翻译(unit5)

自考公共英语（一）课文翻译（unit5）Unit 5Text A关于饮食的错误不雅点许多原始时代的人都相信，若是吃了某种动物就能使他们本身得到那种动物所具备的某些优良特性。

例如，他们认为，若是吃鹿肉就能跑得跟鹿一样快。

某些野蛮部落相信，若把在战斗中表示得很勇敢的敌人的肉吃掉了，那就会使本身变得勇敢。

吃人现象的开始发生可就是因为人们巴望使本身变得像敌人一样的强壮和勇敢。

在文明社会的人们中，一度认为生姜的根具有魔力可以改善人的记忆力；蛋类的食品能使人的嗓音变得甜美；西红柿也被认为有魔力，他们把西红柿叫做爱情苹果，认为吃了西红柿的人会堕入情网。

关于西红柿后来又生出来一种错误不雅点——西红柿有毒。

那些认为西红柿有毒的人们，若是知道在第二次世界大战期间，数百万磅的西红柿曾供应给海外的士兵食用，他们该会大吃一惊。

即使在今天，关于饮食也有许许多多的错误不雅点，其中有些错误不雅点流传甚广。

一种错误不雅点就是认为鱼是最佳的健脑食品，就象吃鱼对人的肌肉，皮肤和骨骼发育有好处一样。

但是没有任何人能证明鱼对人的大脑比其他许多种食物都更加有什么好处。

还有一种错误不雅点就是，就餐时不应该喝水，用水把食物冲到胃里去代替咀嚼并不是一个好主意。

但是人们发现就餐时喝点水是有好处的，水可以使胃的消化液更加自由地流动，这有助于消化食物。

科学家告诉我们饮用混和食物的一些不雅点是没有按照的。

几年前有种看法很遍及，那就是在同一餐中绝不应当又喝橙汗又喝牛奶，因为橙汗中的酸性物质会使年奶凝结成乳块而难以消化。

事实上，牛奶在胃里总是遇到胃的消化液就会变成乳块的，把牛奶变成乳块是在消化牛奶过程中的第一个步。

还有一种类似的错误不雅点，就是在同一餐中既吃鱼又吃冰淇淋会形成一种有毒的化合物。

关于搭配食物还有一种错误不雅点，那就是在同一餐中不能既吃蛋白质又吃碳水化合物。

例如，很多人认为是碳水化合物食品的面包，的确面包中碳水化合物是主要的成份，但面包里也含有蛋白质。

自考英语(一)复习资料第七章(5)

自考英语(一)复习资料第七章(5)3．被动语态的用法：1）动作的施动者很明显，没有必要提到时：如：The rubbish hasn’t been collected.垃圾没有清走。

Your hand will be X-rayed.你的手要照X片。

2）不知道、不确切知道或忘记了谁是施动者。

如：The minister was murdered.部长被谋杀了。

You will be met at the station.有人会到车站去接你。

3）使用被动语态可以避免说出别扭的句子。

如：When he arrived home a detective arrested him.他回到家时，一名侦探逮捕了他。

（主动）此句最好表示为：When he arrived home he was arrested by a detective.他回到家里就被一名侦探逮捕了。

（被动）变为被动后，可以避免改换主语。

4) 主动句中主语是不定代词one，通常可以表示为被动语态。

如：One sees this sort of advertisement everywhere.这样的广告到处可见。

（主动）This sort of advertisement is seen everywhere. 这样的广告到处可见。

（被动）5）当动作的实施者即主动句中的主语是泛指人们时：这样的动词有：assume, believe, claim, consider, estimate, find, know, report, say, think等，通常可以表示为被动语态。

如：People believe him to be honest.人们相信他是诚实的。

He is believed to be honest.相信他是诚实的。

6）新闻报道，书刊介绍等文体中，突出描述的客不雅性。

如：Three people have so far been killed in the storms sweeping across the north of England and Southern Scotland.在席卷英格兰北部和苏格兰南部的暴风雨中，三人丧生。