NOCN UNIT LIST-April-2012
2012-第二章 配合物的结构及异构现象
六配位 化合物
八面体 几何异构体数目
例
MA2B2C2
5
[Pt(NH3)2(OH2)2Cl2]
八面体配合物几何异构体数目 类型 MA6 MA5B MA4B2 MA3B3 MA4BC 数目 1 1 2 2 2
类型 MA3B2C
数目 3
MA2B2C2
5
MABCDEF
15
几何异构体的鉴别方法 (1) 偶极矩
量研究工作，随着各种现代结构测定方法的建立，配合
物的结构和异构现象更成为配位化学的重要方面。 配位多面体：把围绕中心原子的配位原子看作点，以线 按一定的方式连接各点就得到配位多面体。 用来描述中心离子的配位环境。
早在1893年维尔纳（瑞士）建立配位理论时，
就已经提出了使中心离子周围配体之间的静电斥力 最小，配合物最稳定，即配体间应尽力远离，从而 采取对称性分布，而实际测定结构的结果证实了这 种设想。 配合物的配位数与其空间结构有一定的联系，
例：Pt(II)配合物的偶极矩(Debye)：
顺式 [Pt(PPr3n)2Cl2] 11.5 反式 0
[Pt(PEt3)2Cl2]
（2） X射线衍射法
10.7
0
该方法可确定原子在空间的确切位置（三维坐 标），因此可用来鉴定几何异构体。 例：trans-[Cu(py)2Cl2] (平面正方形)。
如：[HgI3]-、[Pt(PPh3)3]
N C Cu C N Cu C N C
N C Cu C N Cu C
KCu(CN)2
已经确认的如 KCu(CN)2, 它是一个聚合的阴离子, 其中每个Cu (I)原子与两个C原子和一个N原子键合。
化学式为 ML3 化合物并不一定都是三配位. 如 AlCl3、AuCl3为四配位(确切的分子式为Au2Cl6)；
2012报关员试题-查找报关单填制错误
1、中华人民共和国海关进口货物报关单预录入编号：海关编号进口口岸（1）备案号进口日期申报日期经营单位（2）运输方式2 （3）运输工具名称MAERSK WALVIS BAY/1108提运单号（4）收货单位（5）宁波新达再生资源有限公司3302961244 （5）贸易方式4500（6）征免性质299征税比例（7）许可证号（8）启运国（地区）波多黎各装货港（9）境内目的地浙江宁波其他批准文号（10）成交方式2运费（11）保费杂费合同协议号件数（12）包装种类裸装毛重（千克）净重（千克）（13）集装箱号MSKU7346855/20/xxxx(14)随附单证用途（15）标记唛码及备注P:SEPAX2011014513MSKU7964909/20/xxxx甬关业务许可（2011）3104051号（16）项号商品编号商品名称、规格型号（17）数量及单位原产国（地区）（18）单价（19）总价币制（20）征免43028千克1150 49482.20 全免MAERSK LINE BILL OF LADING FOR OCEAN TRANSPORTOR MULTIMODAL TRANSPORTSCAC MAEUB/L No.861473666ShipperTUNG TAI GROUP 1726 ROGERS A VENUE SAN JOSE,CA95112 TBL:+1 408 573 XXXX FAX:+1 408 573 XXXX Booking No.861473665Export references Svc Contract40071Notily PartySAME AS CONSIGNEEUesselMAERSK WALVIS BAY V oyage110%Place of ReceiptPort of LoadingSan Juan,Puerto Rico Port of DischargeNingbo,CNPlace of DeliveryPARTICULARS FINISHED SHIPPERKind of Packages;Description of Goods;Marks&Nos;Container NO./Seal No. Gross Weight Measurement 2 containers said to contain 2LOOSEMetal Scrap-Motors43028.000 KGS 40,0000 CBM2 containers said to contain 2 LOOSEMetal Scrap-MotorsMSKU7346855 20 DRY 8'6 1 LOOSE 19468.00 KGS 20.00 CBMShipper Seal:0193338MSKU7964909 20 DRY8'6 1 LOOSE 23560.00 KGS 20.00 CBMShipper Seal:BJ99737SHIPPER'S LOAD.STOW.WEIGHT AND COUNTFREIGHT PREPAIDCY/CYAbove particulars as declared by Slupper,but without responsbility of or repmiert ation bycarrierFreigh & Charges Rate Unit Currency Prepaid CollectCarrier's Receipt.Total number of containers or packages received by carrier2 containers Place of Issue of B/L The WoodLandsNumber & Sequance of Original B(s)/L 1/THREE Place of Issue of B/L The WoodlandsDeclared Value 2 containers Shipped on Board DATE(Local Time)2011-03-21____________________________________________Maersk Agency U.S.A.,INC - WoodlandAs Agent(s) for the CarrierTUNG TAI GROUP1726 Roger AvenueSan Jose,CA 95112U.S.ATEL:+1(408)573-8681INVOICE & PACKING LISTBILL TO: DATE: 3/12/2011NINGBO XINDA RECYCLING RESOURCES CO.,LTD INVOICE NO.:INV-861473645NO.3 DINGHAI ROAD NINGBO RECYCLING CONTRACT NO.: SC012711-GEBLRESOURCES PROCESSING PARK VESSEL: MAERSK WALVIS BAYTEL:0574-8629XXXX V.1108801,DINGJIAO STREET,HANGZHOU,CHINA TERMS OF PRICE: CNF NINGBO CHINA____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ DESCRIPTION QUANTITY UNIT PRICE AMOUNTMETAL SCRAP- 43.028MT USD 1,150/MT USD 49,482 20MOTOR SCRAP____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ PACKING/CONTAINER NO. GROSS WEIGHT NET WEIGHTMSKU7964909 1⨯20' 23,560.00 KGS 23,560.00KGS Seal#0193338TOTAL 2⨯20' 43028.00 KGS 43028.00 KGSWIRE INSTRUCTIONGS FOR PAYMENT:Beneficiary: TUNG TAI GROUPAccount Number: 10876-03XXXBank Name: BANK OF AMERICASWIFT Code: BOFAUS6S909 E.HILLSDALE BLVD FOSTER CITY,CA 94404 U.S.A2、中华人民共和国海关进口货物报关单预录入编号：海关编号进口口岸（1）备案号E521490 00019进口日期申报日期（2）经营单位瑞峰金属制品有限公司4419940817 （3）运输方式2（4）运输工具名称FOREST ARROW/1106提运单号收货单位(5)贸易方式0615 (6)征免性质502征税比例许可证号(7)启运国（地区）日本（8）装货港香港境内目的地批准文号（9）成交方式1（10）运费保费杂费合同协议号（11）件数2 （12）包装种类散装毛重（千克）净重（千克）（13）集装箱号0 (14)随附单证A:xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx(15)用途加工返销（16）标记唛码及备注（17）项号商品编号商品名称、规格型号（18）数量及单位（19）原产国（地区）单价总价币制（20）征免14370千克116 全免东莞瑞峰金属制品有限公司自境外购入镀锌钢卷一批。
国际贸易单证(商业发票、提单、装箱单等)样本
Of checking and is not a part of this Bill of Lading contract. The carrier has
INVOICE NO.
Hk565656
DATE
April 15,2010
Marks and Numbers
Number and kind of package
Description of goods
Quantity
Package
G.W
N.W
Meas.
Jun
Seoul
c/no. 1-100
90000 PAIRS OF BABY’S COTTON SOCKS ART.NO: BCS 003 AT USD1.00/PAIR CIF BUSAN INCOTERM 2000 AS PER S/C NO.787878.
COMMERCIAL INVOICE
ISSUER
SHIJIAZHUANG JIN-FENG LABOR PROTECTION APPLIANCES CO.,LTD
NO.18 JIAN-AN ROAD,NANWEIVILLAGEOF YUHUA DISTRICT,SHIJIAZHUANG,HEBEI,CHINA
90,000 pairs
100 cartons
（in a 20’gp）
5000 kgs
4500
kgs
0.75×0.65×0.60M3
TOTAL:
5000 kgs
4500
kgs
SAY TOTAL:
PTX_3对慢性心力衰竭患者心功能的评价及临床意义_郑颖
中国热带医学2012年第12卷第4期CHINA TROPICAL M EDICINE Vol.12No.4April 2012心力衰竭是一种复杂的临床症状群，为各种心血管疾病的严重阶段。
长期以来，因其高发病率及病死率而日益成为当今社会最主要的健康问题之一。
近年来，普遍认为正确评估心力衰竭患者心功能具有重要临床意义。
随着心力衰竭炎症机制研究的深入，炎症系统激活在慢性心力衰竭发生发展过程中起重要作用[1]。
正五聚蛋白-3（Pentraxin-3，PTX-3）是C 反应蛋白超家族成员之一，在促炎细胞因子诱导下，在炎症局部由血管内皮细胞、单核巨噬细胞和受损心肌细胞等产生[2，3]。
本研究通过测定慢性心力衰竭患者血清PTX-3浓度，探讨PTX-3对左心室功能不全的评价作用及其诊断价值。
1对象和方法1.1病例资料选择2009年12月~2010年12月住院的慢性心力衰竭（采用Framingham 诊断标准）患者130例，36~79岁，其中男83例，女47例，平均年龄（61.3±8.2）岁。
按照NYHA 心功能分级进行分组：心功能Ⅱ级组44例，心功能Ⅲ级组47例，心功能Ⅳ级组39例，各组间年龄、性别差异无统计学意义。
病因以冠心病最多，为100例（76.9%），其次为高血压55例（42.3%），糖尿病29例（22.3%），其他20例（15.4%）。
所有患者均进行常规查体和血生化检查、血尿便常规检查、X 线胸片、心电图及超声心动图检查，并根据各项检查结果，对伴有急、慢性炎症性疾病患·论著·PTX-3对慢性心力衰竭患者心功能的评价及临床意义郑颖，张利，秦海斌，涂涛，肖宜超，周胜华，刘启明*摘要：目的探讨慢性心力衰竭患者血清正五聚蛋白-3（PTX-3）浓度对心功能的评价作用。
方法选择住院的慢性心力衰竭患者130例，用酶联免疫吸附测定法检测受试者血清PTX-3浓度，超声心动图测定患者左心室射血分数及二尖瓣舒张早期流速峰/二尖瓣舒张晚期流速峰值。
Unit1 词汇学案黑龙江省哈尔滨市南岗区哈工大附中2022-2023学年人教版八年级英语下册
哈工大附中17级英语学科导学案Unit 1 What’s the matter?第 1 课时Section A & Section B词汇主备人：李巍巍词汇讲解：Section A P1-P21.matter ['m____tə(r)] n. 问题，事情1）课文原句: 怎么了？出什么事了？What’s the matter?= What’s ________________/______________?= What’s the _____________/______________?你怎么了？What’s the ______________ ______________ you?练习：( ) – Jenny, could you tell me _____________?-- I broke my arm last night.A. what the matter is with youB. what is the matter with youC. what the matter was with you2）v. 要紧，有关系-- 对不起。
-- Sorry.-- 没关系。
-- It doesn’t ____________________.3）事实上___________________________=____________________=____________________ 4）No matter what you say, I like to listen.no matter what = ____________________ 无论什么no matter how = _____________________ 无论如何no matter where =____________________ 无论在哪no matter who = ____________________ 无论是谁no matter when = ____________________ 无论何时2.sore [s___(r)] adj. 疼痛的，酸痛的课文原句: 我后背疼。
ICME2012,KOREA
The 12th International Congress on Mathematical EducationFirst AnnouncementJuly 8 ~ 15, 2012, COEX, Seoul, KoreaICME-122012, KOREAA Word of Welcome from the IPCSung Je ChoChair of the International Programme CommitteeThe International Programme Committee (IPC) for ICME-12 would like to extend its warmest greetings to all of you. The IPC is doing its very best to put together a rich, varied and multi-faceted scientific programme for the Congress, with the aim of attracting and addressing the entire community of researchers and practitioners in mathematics education from all over the world. It is our ambition to provide nourishment for thought and inspiration for practice to the established mathematics educator of world renown and to the novice in the field attending an ICME for the first time, and to everyone else who takes an interest in mathematics education.In the programme structure of ICME-12, we have attempted to combine the best of the traditional components which have served to make the past ICMEs great successes.The main components of the scientific programme are outlined below. A few others are likely to be added at later stages. In this Announcement, no names of speakers or group organizers will be given. As soon as decisions have been made and invitations accepted, names will appear on the ICME-12 web site. Questions and proposals concerning matters pertaining to the programme should be addressed to the Chair of the IPC.We, in the IPC, look forward to seeing you at ICME-12!Sung Je ChoChair of the International Programme CommitteeMain Program ComponentsPlenary ActivitiesLectures or panels on themes of current actuality and relevance to the practice of the international community of mathematicseducators will be presented by experts invited by the IPC.National PresentationsIt is customary to select a small number of countries so that the international mathematics community may gain a closer knowledge on the state and trends of mathematics education in those countries. National representatives of those countries are asked to make the presentations.ICME-12 Survey TeamsSurvey Teams, first created in ICME-10, are groups entrusted to carry out a survey of the latest developments regarding a certain theme or issue of mathematics education. Emphasis is placed on pinpointing new knowledge, new perspectives, and emerging challenges. The teams’ work will be presented in a lecture at the Congress. Survey Teams ensure we are made aware of developments in the field addressed since the time of the previous ICME, thus giving continuity to ICME.Regular LecturesThese lectures will be presented by experts invited by the IPC.Topic Study Groups (TSGs) The purpose of a TSG is to gather participants interested in a certain topic in mathematics education. The organizing team of each TSG will review, select and organize contributions, some by invitation and some by submission by interested participants, which account foradvances, new trends, and important work donein the last few years on the topic the TSGaddresses.Discussion Groups (DGs) DG’s are meant to gather Congress participants who wish to actively discuss, in a genuinely interactive way, certain challenging orcontroversial issues and dilemmas –of a substantial, non-rhetorical nature–pertaining to the theme of the DG. The topics for the discussion group will be generated from the future participants for ICME-12 throughICME-12 web site.Workshops Workshops will provide hands-on experience to delegates wishing to learn new skills. These workshops are created via proposals to the IPC.Sharing Experiences Groups (SEGs) SEGs are small and intimate groups designed to exchange and discuss experiences pertaining to research and/or teaching. SEG’s are formed viaproposals to the IPC.Poster Exhibition and Round Tables Participants are invited to submit proposals for t he display and presentation of posters. Round ta bles will address groups of posters developed onthe same theme.Submissions and ProposalsPresentation of papers will take place only within one of the programme components mentioned in this Announcement.Organizers will be appointed for each of the different items in the programme and all submissions of papers or proposals should be addressed directly to them. Until then, submissions or proposals may be sent to the Chair of the International Programme Committee.For several reasons it will not be possible for all papers that have been accepted by the organizers to be presented orally at ICME-12. For such papers, the Presentation by Distribution scheme, which was invented for ICME-9, will also be implemented at ICME-12. This is to ensure that all papers will be made available to all participants in the relevant groups.Members of the IPCMichèle ARTIGUEUniversité Paris Diderot - Paris 7artigue@math.jussieu.frÉvelyne BARBINCentre François VièteFaculté des sciences et des techniquesevelyne.barbin @wanadoo.fr,evelyne.barbin@univ-nantes.frBill BARTON (Ex officio, President of ICMI)The University of Aucklandb.barton@auckland.aMorten BLOMHOEJIMFUFARoskilde Universitymorten@mmf.ruc.dkGail BURRILLMichigan State Universityburrill@Jaime CARVALHO E SILVA(Ex officio, Secretary- General of ICMI) Universidade de Coimbrajaimecs@mat.uc.ptSung Je CHO (Chair)Seoul National Universitysungjcho@snu.ac.krJohann ENGELBRECHTUniversity of Pretoriajohann.engelbrecht@up.ac.zaBernard R. HODGSONUniversité Lavalbhodgson@mat.ulaval.cahttp://www.mat.ulaval.ca/pages/hodgson/Gabriele KAISERUniversity of Hamburggabriele.kaiser@uni-hamburg.dehttp://www.erzwiss.uni-hamburg.de/Personal/Gkaiser/ Mercy KAZIMAUniversity of Malawimkazima@chanco.unima.mwPetar KENDEROVHigher Attestation Commissionvorednek@, kenderovp@cc.bas.bgMasataka KOYAMAHiroshima Universitymkoyama@hiroshima-u.ac.jpOh Nam KWONSeoul National Universityonkwon@snu.ac.krFrederick K.S. LEUNGThe University of Hong Konghraslks@hku.hkHee Chan LEWKorea National University of Educationhclew@knue.ac.krShiqi LIEast China Normal Universitysqli@Cheryl PRAEGERUniversity of Western Australiapraeger@.auMarcela SANTILLÁNDirectora General de Educación para Profesionales de la Educaciónm.santillan@upn.mxHyun Yong SHIN (Chair of the LOC)Korea National University of Educationshin@knue.ac.krK. (Ravi) SUBRAMANIAMTata Institute of Fundamental Research,subra@hbcse.tifr.res.in, ravi.k.subra@Yuriko YAMAMOTO BALDINUniversidade Federal de São Carlosyuriko@dm.ufscar.br, yuriko.baldin@.brPractical InformationVenueAll of the Congress activities will take place at the COEX, Convention & Exhibition Center, located in the city of Seoul, Korea. Seoul is both the capital and the heart of the Republic of Korea. Seoul is the financial, political, commercial, recreational, educational, and cultural center of Korea.CostsThe registration fee is 400 US dollars. For information on living costs in Korea, we will post the detailed information on the website.Second AnnouncementA Second Announcement for ICME-12 (with registration forms, exact costs and all essential information) will be available in the autumn of 2011.Conference Web SiteProspective participants are advised to take notice of the conference web site which is the main source of information on the Congress. The web site will be regularly updated before, during, and after the Congress.Visa InformationPlease be aware that Korea requires entry visas for citizens of some countries. The ICME-12 web site will contain a list of those countries exempt from visa requirements, as well as links to official Korean government pages with information on the subject. This information, however, may vary over time. For the latest be sure to contact the Korean embassy or consulate nearest to you.Bear in mind that the visa granting process can take between one and three months; you are advised to start the process as early as possible.What is ICME?The International Congress on Mathematical Education (ICME) is held every four years under the auspices of the International Commission on Mathematical Instruction (ICMI). It is, however, planned and organized by separate committees, which operate independently of the ICMI. The aim of the Congress is to present the current states and trends in mathematics education research and in the practice of mathematics teaching at all levels. The Congress will gather a broad spectrum of participants, such as researchers in mathematics education, teacher trainers, practicing teachers, mathematicians, and others interested in mathematics education.Organization of ICME-12Hyun Yong ShinChair of the Local Organizing CommitteeThe organizational planning and the financial aspects of the Congress are handled by the Local Organizing Committee (LOC). On behalf of the LOC we are very much looking forward to welcoming you to ICME-12 in Seoul, 2012.。
Summary list of harmonised standards
EUROPEAN COMMISSION Directorate-General for Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEsGoods in the Single Market and Enforcement StandardisationBrussels, 4.12.2020Summary of references of harmonised standards published in the Official Journal – Regulations (EC) No 765/2008 and (EC) No 1221/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council, Directive 2006/42/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and Union acts incorporating the reference provisions of Decision No 768/2008/EC 1 of the European Parliament and of the CouncilThe summary below consolidates the references of harmonised standards published by the Commission in the Official Journal of the European Union (OJ). It reproduces information already published in the L or C series of the OJ as indicated in columns (2), (5) and/or (7). It contains all references which, when the summary was generated, still provided a presumption of conformity together with references already withdrawn from the OJ.The Commission services provide this summary for information purposes only. Although they take every possible precaution to ensure that the summary is updated regularly and is correct, errors may occur and the summary may not be complete at a certain point in time. The summary does not as such generate legal effects. This summary was generated on 4 December 2020.Legislationreference(A) ESO(B)Reference number of thestandard (C)Title of the standard(D)Date of start of presumption of conformity (1) OJ reference for publication in OJ (2)Restriction(3) Date of start of presumption of conformity with restriction (4) OJ referencefor publicationof a restrictionin OJ(5)Date ofwithdrawalfrom OJ (end of presumption of conformity)(6) OJ reference for withdrawalfrom OJ (7) 765/2008 CEN EN ISO 9000:2005 Quality management systems - Fundamentals andvocabulary (ISO 9000:2005)16/06/2009 OJ C 136 - 16/06/2009 - - 15/09/2018OJ C 412 -11/12/2015 765/2008 CEN EN ISO 9000:2015 Quality management systems - Fundamentals and vocabulary (ISO 9000:2015)11/12/2015OJ C 412 -11/12/2015- - - 765/2008 CENEN ISO 9001:2008, EN ISO 9001:2008/AC:2009 Quality management systems - Requirements (ISO 9001:2008)16/06/2009OJ C 136 -16/06/2009- - 15/09/2018 OJ C 412 - 11/12/2015 765/2008 CEN EN ISO 9001:2015Quality management systems - Requirements (ISO 9001:2015)11/12/2015 OJ C 412 -11/12/2015- - -1OJ L 218, 13.8.2008, p. 82–128Commission européenne/Europese Commissie, 1049 Bruxelles/Brussel, BELGIQUE/BELGIËContact : *****************.euLegislationreference(A)ESO(B)Reference number of thestandard (C)Title of the standard(D)Date of start of presumption of conformity (1) OJ reference for publication in OJ (2)Restriction(3) Date of start of presumption of conformity with restriction (4) OJ referencefor publicationof a restrictionin OJ(5)Date ofwithdrawalfrom OJ (end of presumption of conformity)(6) OJ reference for withdrawalfrom OJ (7) 765/2008 CEN EN ISO 14001:2004 Environmental management systems - Requirements withguidance for use (ISO 14001:2004)16/06/2009OJ C 136 -16/06/2009- - 15/09/2018 OJ C 412 - 11/12/2015 765/2008 CENEN ISO 14001:2004, EN ISO 14001:2004/AC:2009 Environmental management systems - Requirements with guidance for use (ISO 14001:2004)16/06/2009 OJ C136 - 16/06/2009 - - 15/09/2018OJ C 412 -11/12/2015 765/2008 CEN EN ISO 14001:2015 Environmental management systems - Requirements with guidance for use (ISO 14001:2015)11/12/2015 OJ C 412 -11/12/2015 - - -765/2008 CEN EN ISO 14004:2010 Environmental management systems - General guidelines on principles, systems and support techniques (ISO 14004:2004)05/10/2011 OJ C 292 - 05/10/2011 - - 30/04/2019OJ C 209 -10/06/2016765/2008 CEN EN ISO 14004:2016 Environmental management systems - General guidelines on implementation (ISO 14004:2016)10/06/2016 OJ C 209 - 10/06/2016 - - -765/2008 CEN EN ISO 14015:2010 Environmental management - Environmental assessment of sites and organizations (EASO) (ISO 14015:2001)05/10/2011 OJ C 292 - 05/10/2011 - - -765/2008 CEN EN ISO 14020:2001 Environmental labels and declarations - General principles (ISO 14020:2000)16/06/2009 OJ C 136 - 16/06/2009 - - - 765/2008 CEN EN ISO 14021:2001 Environmental labels and declarations - Self-declared environmental claims (Type II environmental labelling) (ISO 14021:1999)16/06/2009 OJ C 136 - 16/06/2009 - - 30/06/2012OJ C 149 - 25/05/2012 765/2008 CENEN ISO 14021:2001, EN ISO 14021:2001/A1:2011 Environmental labels and declarations - Self-declared environmental claims (Type II environmental labelling) (ISO 14021:1999)25/05/2012 OJ C 149 - 25/05/2012 - - 31/10/2018OJ C 293 -12/08/2016765/2008 CEN EN ISO 14021:2016 Environmental labels and declarations - Self-declared environmental claims (Type II environmental labelling) (ISO 14021:2016)12/08/2016 OJ C 293 - 12/08/2016 - - - 765/2008 CEN EN ISO 14024:2000 Environmental labels and declarations - Type Ienvironmental labelling - Principles and procedures (ISO 14024:1999)16/06/2009 OJ C 136 - 16/06/2009 - - 31/12/2020OJ C 209 - 15/06/2018765/2008 CEN EN ISO 14024:2018 Environmental labels and declarations - Type Ienvironmental labelling - Principles and procedures (ISO 14024:2018)15/06/2018 OJ C 209 - 15/06/2018 - - - 765/2008 CEN EN ISO 14031:1999 Environmental management - Environmental performance evaluation - Guidelines (ISO 14031:1999)16/06/2009 OJ C 136 - 16/06/2009 - - 28/04/2014OJ C 348 - 28/11/2013765/2008 CEN EN ISO 14031:2013 Environmental management - Environmental performance evaluation - Guidelines (ISO 14031:2013)28/11/2013 OJ C 348 - 28/11/2013 - - -765/2008 CEN EN ISO 14040:2006 Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Principles and framework (ISO 14040:2006)16/06/2009 OJ C 136 - 16/06/2009 - - - 765/2008 CEN EN ISO 14044:2006 Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Requirements and guidelines (ISO 14044:2006)16/06/2009 OJ C 136 - 16/06/2009 - - 31/12/2020OJ C 209 - 15/06/2018765/2008 CENEN ISO 14044:2006, EN ISO 14044:2006/A1:2018 Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Requirements and guidelines (ISO 14044:2006) 15/06/2018 OJ C 209 - 15/06/2018 - - -765/2008 CEN EN ISO 14050:2010Environmental management - Vocabulary (ISO 14050:2009)05/10/2011OJ C 292 - 05/10/2011- - -Legislation reference(A) ESO(B)Reference number of thestandard(C)Title of the standard(D)presumption ofconformity(1)forpublicationin OJ(2)Restriction(3)presumption ofconformity withrestriction(4)for publicationof a restrictionin OJ(5)from OJ (endof presumptionof conformity)(6)forwithdrawalfrom OJ(7)765/2008 CEN ENISO14063:2010 Environmental management - Environmentalcommunication - Guidelines and examples (ISO14063:2006)05/10/2011OJ C 292 -05/10/2011- - -765/2008 CEN ENISO14064-1:2012 Greenhouse gases - Part 1: Specification with guidance atthe organization level for quantification and reporting ofgreenhouse gas emissions and removals (ISO 14064-1:2006)28/11/2013OJ C 348 -28/11/2013- -01/07/2022OJ L 408 -04/12/2020765/2008 CEN ENISO14064-1:2019 Greenhouse gases - Part 1: Specification with guidance atthe organization level for quantification and reporting ofgreenhouse gas emissions and removals (ISO 14064-1:2018)04/12/2020OJ L 408 -04/12/2020- - -765/2008 CEN ENISO14064-2:2012 Greenhouse gases - Part 2: Specification with guidance atthe project level for quantification, monitoring andreporting of greenhouse gas emission reductions orremoval enhancements (ISO 14064-2:2006)28/11/2013OJ C 348 -28/11/2013- -01/07/2022OJ L 408 -04/12/2020765/2008 CEN ENISO14064-2:2019 Greenhouse gases - Part 2: Specification with guidance atthe project level for quantification, monitoring andreporting of greenhouse gas emission reductions orremoval enhancements (ISO 14064-2:2019)04/12/2020OJ L 408 -04/12/2020- - -765/2008 CEN ENISO14064-3:2012 Greenhouse gases - Part 3: Specification with guidance forthe validation and verification of greenhouse gas assertions(ISO 14064-3:2006)28/11/2013OJ C 348 -28/11/2013- -01/07/2022OJ L 408 -04/12/2020765/2008 CEN ENISO14064-3:2019 Greenhouse gases - Part 3: Specification with guidance forthe verification and validation of greenhouse gasstatements (ISO 14064-3:2019)04/12/2020OJ L 408 -04/12/2020- - -765/2008 CEN ENISO14065:2012 Greenhouse gases - Requirements for greenhouse gasvalidation and verification bodies for use in accreditationor other forms of recognition25/05/2012OJ C 149 -25/05/2012- -31/12/2013OJ C 258 -07/09/2013765/2008 CEN ENISO14065:2013 Greenhouse gases - Requirements for greenhouse gasvalidation and verification bodies for use in accreditationor other forms of recognition (ISO 14065:2013)07/09/2013OJ C 258 -07/09/2013- - -765/2008 CEN ENISO15189:2012 Medical laboratories - Requirements for quality andcompetence (ISO 15189:2012, Corrected version 2014-08-15)13/03/2013OJ C 074 -13/03/2013- - -765/2008 CEN ENISO15195:2003 Laboratory medicine - Requirements for referencemeasurement laboratories (ISO 15195:2003)05/10/2011OJ C 292 -05/10/2011- -01/07/2022OJ L 408 -04/12/2020765/2008 CEN ENISO15195:2019 Laboratory medicine - Requirements for the competence ofcalibration laboratories using reference measurementprocedures (ISO 15195:2018)04/12/2020OJ L 408 -04/12/2020- - -765/2008 CEN ENISO/IEC17000:2004 Conformity assessment - Vocabulary and generalprinciples (ISO/IEC 17000:2004)16/06/2009OJ C 136 -16/06/2009- - -765/2008 CEN ENISO/IEC17011:2004 Conformity assessment - General requirements foraccreditation bodies accrediting conformity assessmentbodies (ISO/IEC 17011:2004)16/06/2009OJ C 136 -16/06/2009- -31/12/2020OJ C 092 -09/03/2018Legislationreference(A)ESO(B)Reference number of thestandard (C)Title of the standard(D)presumption of conformity (1) for publicationin OJ(2) Restriction(3) presumption of conformity with restriction (4) for publicationof a restrictionin OJ(5)from OJ (endof presumption of conformity)(6) for withdrawalfrom OJ (7)765/2008 CEN EN ISO/IEC 17011:2017 Conformity assessment - Requirements for accreditation bodies accrediting conformity assessment bodies (ISO/IEC 17011:2017)09/03/2018 OJ C 092 - 09/03/2018 - - -765/2008 CEN EN ISO/IEC 17020:2012 Conformity assessment - Requirements for the operation of various types of bodies performing inspection (ISO/IEC 17020:2012)25/05/2012 OJ C 149 - 25/05/2012 - - - 765/2008 CEN EN ISO/IEC 17021:2011 Conformity assessment - Requirements for bodiesproviding audit and certification of management systems (ISO/IEC 17021:2011)05/10/2011 OJ C 292 - 05/10/2011 - - 08/07/2017OJ C 412 -11/12/2015765/2008 CEN EN ISO/IEC 17021-1:2015 Conformity assessment - Requirements for bodiesproviding audit and certification of management systems - Part 1: Requirements (ISO/IEC 17021-1:2015)11/12/2015 OJ C 412 - 11/12/2015 - - -765/2008 CEN EN ISO/IEC 17024:2012 Conformity assessment - General requirements for bodies operating certification of persons (ISO/IEC 17024:2012) 07/09/2013 OJ C 258 - 07/09/2013 - - - 765/2008 CEN EN ISO/IEC 17025:2005,EN ISO/IEC17025:2005/AC:2006 General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories (ISO/IEC 17025:2005)16/06/2009 OJ C 136 - 16/06/2009 - - 01/07/2021OJ L 408 - 04/12/2020765/2008 CEN EN ISO/IEC 17025:2017 General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories (ISO/IEC 17025:2017) 09/03/2018 OJ C 092 - 09/03/2018 - - -765/2008 CEN EN ISO/IEC 17029:2019 Conformity Assessment - General principles and requirements for validation and verification bodies (ISO/IEC 17029:2019)04/12/2020 OJ L 408 - 04/12/2020 - - -765/2008 CEN EN ISO 17034:2016 General requirements for the competence of reference material producers (ISO 17034:2016)08/09/2017 OJ C 298 - 08/09/2017 - - -765/2008 CEN EN ISO/IEC 17040:2005 Conformity assessment - General requirements for peer assessment of conformity assessment bodies and accreditation bodies (ISO/IEC 17040:2005)16/06/2009 OJ C 136 - 16/06/2009 - - -765/2008 CEN EN ISO/IEC 17043:2010 Conformity assessment - General requirements for proficiency testing (ISO/IEC 17043:2010)28/11/2013 OJ C 348 - 28/11/2013 - - -765/2008 CEN EN ISO/IEC 17050-1:2010 Conformity assessment - Supplier's declaration of conformity - Part 1: General requirements (ISO/IEC 17050-1:2004, corrected version 2007-06-15) 05/10/2011 OJ C 292 - 05/10/2011 - - -765/2008 CEN EN ISO/IEC 17050-2:2004 Conformity assessment - Supplier's declaration ofconformity - Part 2: Supporting documentation (ISO/IEC 17050-2:2004)16/06/2009 OJ C 136 - 16/06/2009 - - -765/2008 CEN EN ISO/IEC 17065:2012 Conformity assessment - Requirements for bodies certifying products, processes and services (ISO/IEC 17065:2012)07/09/2013 OJ C 258 - 07/09/2013 - - -765/2008 CEN EN ISO/IEC 17067:2013 Conformity assessment - Fundamentals of product certification and guidelines for product certification schemes (ISO/IEC 17067:2013)12/02/2016 OJ C 054 - 12/02/2016 - - - 765/2008 CEN EN ISO 19011:2002 Guidelines for quality and/or environmental management systems auditing (ISO 19011:2002)16/06/2009 OJ C 136 - 16/06/2009 - - 31/05/2012OJ C 149 - 25/05/2012 765/2008 CEN EN ISO 19011:2011Guidelines for auditing management systems (ISO 19011:2011)25/05/2012OJ C 149 - 25/05/2012- - 01/01/2021OJ L 263 -16/10/2019Legislation reference(A) ESO(B)Reference number of thestandard(C)Title of the standard(D)Date of start ofpresumption ofconformity(1)OJreferenceforpublicationin OJ(2)Restriction(3)Date of start ofpresumption ofconformity withrestriction(4)OJ referencefor publicationof a restrictionin OJ(5)Date ofwithdrawalfrom OJ (endof presumptionof conformity)(6)OJreferenceforwithdrawalfrom OJ(7)765/2008 CEN ENISO19011:2018 Guidelines for auditing management systems (ISO19011:2018)16/10/2019OJ L 263 -16/10/2019- - -765/2008 CEN ENISO22870:2006 Point-of-care testing (POCT) - Requirements for qualityand competence (ISO 22870:2006)05/10/2011OJ C 292 -05/10/2011- -30/11/2019OJ C 076 -10/03/2017765/2008 CEN ENISO22870:2016 Point-of-care testing (POCT) - Requirements for qualityand competence (ISO 22870:2016)10/03/2017OJ C 076 -10/03/2017- - -765/2008 CEN ENISO15189:2007 Medical laboratories - Particular requirements for qualityand competence (ISO 15189:2007)05/10/2011OJ C 292 -05/10/2011- -30/11/2015OJ C 074 -13/03/2013765/2008 CEN ENISO/IEC17020:2004 General criteria for the operation of various types of bodiesperforming inspection (ISO/IEC 17020:1998)16/06/2009OJ C 136 -16/06/2009- -01/03/2015OJ C 149 -25/05/2012765/2008 CEN ENISO/IEC17024:2003 Conformity assessment - General requirements for bodiesoperating certification of persons (ISO/IEC 17024:2003)16/06/2009OJ C 136 -16/06/2009- -01/07/2015OJ C 258 -07/09/2013765/2008 CEN EN45011:1998 General requirements for bodies operating productcertification systems (ISO/IEC Guide 65:1996)16/06/2009OJ C 136 -16/06/2009- -15/09/2015OJ C 258 -07/09/2013Column legendReference information on legislation and standards(A) Reference number of a relevant Directive or Regulation under which it was published in the OJ(B) European standardisation organisation that adopted the relevant standard(C) Reference number of a relevant European standard or of a European standard and its amendment(s)(D) Title of a European standardDates and OJ references for establishing a presumption of conformity(1) Date when a presumption of conformity starts or started in cases where a reference was published in the OJ without restriction. This date is usually, but not always, the same as the OJ reference datein column (2)(2) Reference number and date of a relevant publication in the L or C series of the OJ in cases where a reference was published in the OJ without restrictionDates and OJ references for establishing a presumption of conformity with restriction(3) Restriction published in the OJ to restrict a presumption of conformity – this includes restrictions on the basis of formal objections(4) Date when a presumption of conformity with restriction starts or started in cases where a reference was published in the OJ with restriction. This date is usually, but not always, the same as the datein column (5)(5) Reference number and date of a relevant publication in the L or C series of the OJ in cases where a reference was published in the OJ with restrictionDates and OJ references for ending a presumption of conformity(6) Date when a presumption of conformity ends or ended(7) Reference number and date of a relevant publication in the L or C series of the OJ where the date of withdrawal from the OJ (date in column (6)) was published。
65 2012 EC
COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) No 65/2012of 24 January 2012implementing Regulation (EC) No 661/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council asregards gear shift indicators and amending Directive 2007/46/EC of the European Parliament andof the Council(Text with EEA relevance)THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION,Having regard to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union,Having regard to Regulation (EC) No 661/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 July 2009 concerning type- approval requirements for the general safety of motor vehicles, their trailers and systems, components and separate technical units intended therefor ( 1 ) and in particular Article 14(1)(a) thereof,Whereas:(1) Regulation(EC) No 661/2009 requires the installation of gear shift indicators (GSI) on all vehicles, which are fittedwith a manual gearbox, of category M 1 with a reference mass not exceeding 2 610 kg and vehicles to which type- approval is extended in accordance with Article 2(2) of Regulation (EC) No 715/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 June 2007 on type-approval of motor vehicles with respect to emissions from light passenger and commercial vehicles (Euro 5 and Euro 6) and on access to vehicle repair and maintenance information ( 2 ).(2) Regulation(EC) No 661/2009 requires the technical details of its provisions on GSI to be defined by imple menting legislation. It is now necessary to set out the specific procedures, tests and requirements for such type- approval of GSI.(3) Directive2007/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 September 2007 establishing aframework for the approval of motor vehicles and their trailers, and of systems, components and separate technical units intended for such vehicles (Framework Directive) ( 3 ) should therefore be amended accordingly.(4) The measures provided for in this Regulation are in accordance with the opinion of the Technical Committee — Motor Vehicles,HAS ADOPTED THIS REGULATION:Article 1 ScopeThis Regulation applies to vehicles of category M 1 which comply with the following requirements:— they are fitted with a manual gearbox,— they have a reference mass not exceeding 2 610 kg or type- approval is extended to them in accordance with Article 2(2) of Regulation (EC) No 715/2007. This Regulation does not apply to ‘vehicles designed to fulfil specific social needs’ as defined in Article 3(2)(c) of Regulation (EC) No 715/2007.Article 2 DefinitionsFor the purposes of this Regulation, the following definitions shall apply in addition to the definitions set out in Regulation (EC) No 661/2009:(1) ‘vehicle type with regard to the GSI’ means a group ofvehicles, which do not differ with respect to functional characteristics of the GSI and the logic used by the GSI to determine when to indicate a gearshift point. Examples of different logics include, but are not limited to:(i) upshifts indicated at specified engine speeds;(ii) upshifts indicated when specific fuel consumptionengine maps show that a specified minimum fuel consumption improvement will be delivered in the higher gear; (iii) upshifts indicated when torque demand can be met inthe higher gear;(2) ‘functional characteristics of the GSI’ means the set of inputparameters, such as engine speed, power demand, torque and their variation in time, determining the GSI indicationand the functional dependence of the GSI indications on these parameters; (3) ‘operational mode of the vehicle’ means a state of thevehicle, in which shifts between at least two forward gears may occur;( 1 ) OJ L 200, 31.7.2009, p. 1. ( 2 ) OJ L 171, 29.6.2007, p. 1. ( 3 ) OJ L 263, 9.10.2007, p. 1.(4) ‘manual mode’ means an operational mode of the vehicle,where the shift between all or some of the gears is always an immediate consequence of an action of the driver;(5) ‘tailpipe emissions’ means tailpipe emissions as defined inArticle 3(6) of Regulation (EC) No 715/2007.Article 3Assessment of manual gearboxFor the purpose of assessing whether a gearbox meets the definition according to Article 3(16) of Regulation (EC) No 661/2009, a gearbox having at least one manual mode according to Article 2(4) of this Regulation shall be considered as a ‘manual gearbox’. For this assessment, automatic changes between gears, which are performed not to optimise the operation of the vehicle but only under extreme conditions for reasons such as protecting or avoiding the stalling of the engine, are not considered.Article 4EC type-approval1. Manufacturers shall ensure that vehicles placed on the market, which are covered by Article 11 of Regulation (EC) No 661/2009, are equipped with GSI in accordance with the requirements of Annex I to this Regulation.2. To obtain an EC type-approvalfor the vehiclescoveredby Article 11 of Regulation (EC) No 661/2009, the manufacturer shall fulfil the following obligations:(a) draw up and submit to the type-approval authority aninformation document in accordance with the model set out in Part 1 of Annex II to this Regulation;(b) submit to the type-approval authority a declaration layingdown that, according to the manufacturer’s assessment, the vehicle complies with the requirements set out in this Regulation;(c) present to the type-approval authority a certificate established in accordance with the model set out in Part 2 of Annex II to this Regulation; (d) either(i) submit to the type-approval authority the GSI gear shiftpoints determined analytically as provided for in the lastparagraph of point 4.1 to Annex I; or(ii) submit to the technical service responsible for conducting the type-approval tests a vehicle which isrepresentative of the vehicle type to be approved toenable the test described in point 4 of Annex I to becarried out.3. Based on the elements provided by the manufacturer under points (a), (b) and (c) of paragraph 2 and the results of the type-approval test referred to in point (d) of paragraph 2, the type-approval authority shall assess compliance with the requirements of Annex I.It shall issue an EC type-approval certificate according to the model set out in Part 3 of Annex II to this Regulation for the vehicles covered by Article 11 of Regulation (EC) No 661/2009 only if such compliance is established.Article 5Monitoring the effects of legislationFor the purpose of monitoring the effects of this Regulation and evaluating the need for further developments, manufacturers and type-approval authorities shall make available to the Commission, upon request, the information set out in Annex II. This information shall be treated in a confidential manner by the Commission and its delegates.Article 6Amendments to Directive 2007/46/EC Annexes I, III, IV, VI and XI to Directive 2007/46/EC are amended in accordance with Annex III to this Regulation.Article 7Entry into forceThis Regulation shall enter into force on the 20th day following its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union.This Regulation shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member States. Done at Brussels, 24 January 2012.For the CommissionThe PresidentJosé Manuel BARROSOANNEX ISPECIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR VEHICLES EQUIPPED WITH GEAR SHIFT INDICATORS (GSI)GSItheappearanceof1. Characteristic1.1. The shift recommendation shall be provided by means of a distinct visual indication, for example a clear indicationto shift up or up/down or a symbol that identifies the gear into which the driver should shift. The visible indication may be complemented by other indications, including audible ones, provided that these do not compromise safety.1.2. The GSI must not interfere with or mask the identification of any tell-tale, control or indicator, which is mandatedor supports the safe operation of the vehicle. Notwithstanding point 1.3, the signal shall be designed so that it does not distract the driver’s attention and to avoid interfering with proper and safe vehicle operation.1.3. The GSI shall be located in compliance with paragraph 5.1.2 of UNECE Regulation No 121. It shall be designedsuch that it can not be confused with any other tell-tale, control or indicator the vehicle is equipped with.1.4. An information display device may be used to display GSI indications provided that they are sufficiently differentfrom other indications so as to be clearly visible and identifiable by the driver.1.5. Temporarily, the GSI indication may be automatically overridden or deactivated in exceptional situations. Suchcircumstances are those that may compromise the safe operation or integrity of the vehicle, including activation of traction or stability control systems, temporary displays from driver assistance systems or events relating to vehicle malfunctioning. The GSI shall resume normal operation after the exceptional situations ceased to exist, and withina delay of 10 seconds or longer, if justified by specific technical or behavioural reasons.toallmodes)(applicablemanualGSIrequirements2. Functionalfor2.1. The GSI shall suggest changing the gear when the fuel consumption with the suggested gear is estimated to belower than the current one giving consideration to the requirements laid down in points 2.2 and 2.3.2.2. The GSI shall be designed to encourage an optimised fuel efficient driving style under reasonably foreseeabledriving conditions. Its main purpose is to minimise the fuel consumption of the vehicle when the driver follows its indications. However, regulated tailpipe emissions shall not be disproportionately increased with respect to the initial state when following the indication of the GSI. In addition, following the GSI strategy should not have any negative effect on the timely functioning of pollution control devices, such as catalysts, after a cold start. For this purpose vehicle manufacturers should provide technical documentation to the type-approval authority, which describes the impact of the GSI strategy on the vehicle’s regulated tailpipe emissions, under at least steady vehicle speed.2.3. Following the indication of the GSI must not compromise the safe operation of the vehicle, e.g. to prevent stallingof the engine, insufficient engine braking or insufficient engine torque in the case of high power demand.providedbe3. Informationto3.1. The manufacturer shall provide the following information to the type-approval authority. The information shall bemade available in the following two parts:(a) the ‘formal documentation package’ that may be made available to interested parties upon request;(b) the ‘extended documentation package’ that shall remain strictly confidential.3.1.1. The formal documentation package shall contain:(a) a description of the complete set of appearances of the GSIs which are fitted on vehicles being part of thevehicle type with regard to GSI, and evidence of their compliance with the requirements of point 1;(b) evidence in the form of data or engineering evaluations, for example modelling data, emission or fuelconsumption maps, emission tests, which adequately demonstrate that the GSI is effective in providing timely and meaningful shift recommendations to the driver in order to comply with the requirements ofpoint 2;(c) an explanation of the purpose, use and functions of the GSI in a ‘GSI section’ of the user manual accompanying the vehicle.3.1.2. The extended documentation package shall contain the design strategy of the GSI, in particular its functionalcharacteristics.3.1.3. Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 5, the extended documentation package shall remain strictly confidentialbetween the type-approval authority and the manufacturer. It may be kept by the type-approval authority, or, at the discretion of the type-approval authority, may be retained by the manufacturer. In the case the manufacturer retains the documentation package, that package shall be identified and dated by the type-approval authority once reviewed and approved. It shall be made available for inspection by the approval authority at the time of approval or at any time during the validity of the approval.3.2. The manufacturer shall provide an explanation of the purpose, use and functions of the GSI in a ‘GSI section’ ofthe user manual accompanying the vehicle.beshallpointsshiftdeterminedthetoaccordingoffuel4. ThegeareconomyimpactrecommendedGSIfollowing procedure:4.1.Determination of vehicle speeds at which GSI recommends shifting up gearsThis test is to be performed on a warmed up vehicle on a chassis dynamometer according to the speed profile described in Appendix 1 to this Annex. The advice of the GSI is followed for shifting up gears and the vehicle speeds, for which the GSI recommends shifting, are recorded. The test is repeated 3 times.V n GSI shall denote the average speed at which the GSI recommends shifting up from gear n (n = 1, 2, …, #g) into gear n + 1, determined from the 3 tests, where #g shall denote the vehicle’s number of forward gears. For this purpose only GSI shift instructions in the phase before the maximum speed is reached are taken into account and any GSI instruction during the deceleration is ignored.For the purposes of the following calculations V0 GSI is set to 0 km/h and V#g GSI is set to 140 km/h or the maximum vehicle speed, whichever is smaller. Where the vehicle cannot attain 140 km/h, the vehicle shall be driven at its maximum speed until it rejoins the speed profile in Figure I.1.Alternatively, the recommended GSI shift speeds may be analytically determined by the manufacturer based on the GSI algorithm contained in the extended documentation package provided according to point 3.1.4.2. Standard gear shift pointsV n std shall denote the speed at which a typical driver is assumed to shift up from gear n into gear n + 1 without GSI recommendation. Based on the gear shift points defined in the type 1 emission test (1) the following standard gear shift speeds are defined:V0 std= 0 km/h;V1 std= 15 km/h;V2 std= 35 km/h;V3 std= 50 km/h;V4 std= 70 km/h;V5 std= 90 km/h;V6 std= 110 km/h;V7 std= 130 km/h;V8 std= V#g GSI;V n min shall denote the minimum vehicle speed the vehicle can be driven in the gear n without stalling of the engine and V n max the maximum vehicle speed the vehicle can be driven in the gear n without creating damage to the engine.If V n std derived from this list is smaller than V n + 1 min, then V n std is set to be V n + 1 min. If V n std derived from this list is greater than V n max, then V n std is set to be V n max(n = 1, 2, …, #g – 1).If V#g std determined by this procedure is smaller than V#g GSI, it shall be set to V#g GSI.(1) Defined in Annex 4a of UNECE Regulation No 83, 05 series of amendments.4.3. Fuel consumption speed curvesThe manufacturer shall supply the type-approval authority with the functional dependence of the vehicle’s fuel consumption on the steady vehicle speed when driving with gear n according to the following rules.FC n i shall denote the fuel consumption in terms of kg/h (kilograms per hour) when the vehicle is driven with the constant vehicle speed v i= i × 5 km/h – 2,5 km/h (where i is a positive integer number) in the gear n. These data shall be provided by the manufacturer for each gear n (n = 1, 2, …, #g) and v n min≤v i≤v n max. These fuel consumption values shall be determined under identical ambient conditions corresponding to a realistic driving situation that may be defined by the vehicle manufacturer, either by a physical test or by an appropriate calculation model agreed between the approval authority and the manufacturer.4.4. Vehicle speed distributionThe following distribution should be used for the probability P i that the vehicle drives with a speed v, where v i– 2,5 km/h < v ≤v i+ 2,5 km/h (i = 1, …, 28):Where the maximum speed of the vehicle corresponds to step i and i < 28, the values of P i + 1to P28shall be added to P i.4.5. Determination of the model fuel consumptionFC GSI shall denote the fuel consumption of the vehicle when the driver follows the advice of the GSI:FC GSI i= FC n i, where V n – 1 GSI≤v i< V n GSI(for n = 1, …, #g) and FC GSI i= 0 if v i≥V#g GSIFC GSI¼Σ28 i¼1P iÜ FC GSI i=100FC std shall denote the fuel consumption of the vehicle when standard gear shift points are used:FC std i= FC n i, where V n – 1 std≤v i< V n std(for n = 1, …, #g) and FC std i= 0 if v i≥V#g GSIFC std¼Σ28 i¼1P iÜ FC std i=100The relative saving of fuel consumption by following the advice of the GSI of the model is calculated as:FC rel. Save= (1 – FC GSI/FC std) × 100 %4.6. Data recordsThe following information shall be recorded:— the values of V n GSI as determined according to point 4.1,— the values FC n i of the fuel consumption speed curve as communicated by the manufacturer according to point 4.3,— the values FC GSI, FC std and FC rel. Save as calculated according to point 4.5.Description of vehicle speed profile referred to in point 4.1The tolerances for deviation from this speed profile are defined in point 6.1.3.4 of Annex 4a of UNECE Regulation No83, 05 series of amendments.Graphical representation of the speed profile referred to in point 4.1; solid line: speed profile; dashed lines:tolerances for deviation from this speed profileThe following table provides a second by second description of the speed profile. Where the vehicle is unable to attain 140 km/h, it shall be driven at its maximum speed until it rejoins the above speed profile.ANNEX IIPART 1Information documentMODELInformation document No … relating to EC type-approval of a vehicle with regard to gear shift indicators.The following information, if applicable, must be supplied in triplicate and include a list of contents. Any drawings must be supplied in appropriate scale and in sufficient detail on size A4 or on a folder of A4 format. Photographs, if any, must show sufficient detail.If the systems, components or separate technical units have electronic controls, information concerning their performance shall be supplied.Information set out in points 0, 3 and 4 of Appendix 3 to Annex I of Regulation (EC) No 692/2008 (1):4.11. Gear shift indicator (GSI)4.11.1. Acoustic indication available yes/no (2). If yes, description of sound and sound level at the driver’s ear in dB(A).(Acoustic indication always switchable on/off): ...........................................................................................................................4.11.2. Information according to point 4.6 of Annex I (manufacturer’s declared value): ...........................................................4.11.3. Information according to point 3.1.1 of Annex I: ....................................................................................................................4.11.4. Information according to point 3.1.2 of Annex I: ....................................................................................................................4.11.5. Photographs and/or drawings of the gear shift indicator instrument and brief description of the systemcomponents and operation: ...............................................................................................................................................................4.11.6. Information on the GSI in the vehicle’s user manual: .............................................................................................................(1) OJ L 199, 28.7.2008, p. 1.(2) Delete where not applicableMODELEC type-approval certificateMODEL(maximum format: A4 (210 × 297 mm))EC TYPE-APPROVAL CERTIFICATEStamp of EC type-approval authority Communication concerning the— EC type-approval (1)— extension of EC type-approval (1)— refusal of EC type-approval (1)— withdrawal of EC type-approval (1)of a type of a vehicle with regard to gear shift indicatorwith regard to Regulation (EU) No 65/2012 as last amended by Regulation (EU) No …/2012 (1)EC type-approval number: ................................................................................................................................................................................. Reason for extension: ..........................................................................................................................................................................................SECTION I0.1. Make (trade name of manufacturer): .................................................................................................................................................0.2. Type: ............................................................................................................................................................................................................0.2.1. Commercial name(s), (if available): .....................................................................................................................................................0.3. Means of identification of type, if marked on the vehicle ........................................................................................................0.3.1. Location of that marking: .....................................................................................................................................................................0.4. Category of vehicle: .................................................................................................................................................................................0.5. Name and address of manufacturer: ..................................................................................................................................................0.8. Name(s) and address(es) of assembly plant(s) .................................................................................................................................0.9. Name and address of the manufacturer’s representative (if any) .............................................................................................(1) Delete where not applicable1. Additional information (where applicable): see addendum2. Technical service responsible for carrying out the test and evaluations:3. Date of test report:4. Number of test report:5. Information according to point 4.6 of Annex I to Regulation (EU) No 65/2012 (determined at type-approval):6. Remarks (if any): see addendum7. Place:8. Date:9. Signature:Attachments: Information packageTest reportAdditional information: …Addendum to EC type-approval certificate No … concerning …AMENDMENTS TO FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE 2007/46/ECDirective 2007/46/EC is amended as follows:1. In Annex I the following points are inserted:‘4.11. Gear shift indicator (GSI)4.11.1. Acoustic indication available yes/no (1). If yes, description of sound and sound level at the driver’s ear in dB(A).(Acoustic indication always switchable on/off)4.11.2. Information according to point 4.6 of Annex I to Regulation (EU) No 65/2012 (manufacturer’s declared value)4.11.3. Photographs and/or drawings of the gear shift indicator instrument and brief description of the systemcomponents and operation:’2. In Annex III the following points are inserted:‘4.11. Gear shift indicator (GSI)4.11.1. Acoustic indication available yes/no (1). If yes, description of sound and sound level at the driver’s ear in dB(A).(Acoustic indication always switchable on/off)4.11.2. Information according to point 4.6 of Annex I to Regulation (EU) No 65/2012 (determined at type-approval)’3. Part I of Annex IV is amended as follows:(a) in the table, the following point 63.1 is inserted:(b) in the Appendix, in the table, the following point 63.1 is inserted:4. In the Appendix to Annex VI, in the table, the following point 63.1 is inserted:5. Annex XI is amended as follows:(a) In Appendix 1, in the table, the following point 63.1 is inserted:(b) In Appendix 2, in the table, the following point 63.1 is inserted:(c) In Appendix 3, in the table, the following point 63.1 is inserted:(d) In Appendix 4, in the table, between the columns headed ‘Regulatory act reference’ and ‘M2’ a column ‘M1’ isadded and the following point 63.1 is inserted:。
The Open Archival Information System (OAIS)Reference Model and its Usage
queries
orders
Consumer
9-12 October 2002
OAIS Functional Entities
Preservation Planning
P R O D U C E R
Descriptive Info.
Data Management
Descriptive Info.
Interpreted Using its Data Object
SpaceOps 2002
Yields Representation Information
9
Information Object
9-12 October 2002
Information Package Definition
Content Information
Preservation Description Information
An Information Package is a conceptual container holding two types of information – Content Information – Preservation Description Information (PDI)
SpaceOps 2002 12 9-12 October 2002
Reference Model Summary
Reference model is to be applicable to all digital archives, and their Producers and Consumers Establishes common terms and concepts for comparing implementations, but does not specify an implementation Identifies a minimum set of responsibilities for an archive to claim it is an OAIS Provides detailed models of both archival functions and archival information Discusses OAIS information migration and interoperability among OAISs
带有可选展频时钟 (SSC) 的时钟缓冲器 时钟倍乘器
OUTV SSC_SEL SSC_SEL INSSC_SEL 0SSC_SEL 1GNDVDD OE OUT FSCDCS503-Q1ZHCS946B –MARCH 2012–REVISED JUNE 2012带有可选展频时钟(SSC)的时钟缓冲器/时钟倍乘器查询样品:CDCS503-Q1特性•符合汽车应用要求•单一3.3V 器件电源•具有下列结果的AEC-Q100测试指南：•宽温度范围-40°C 至105°C–器件温度2级•节省空间的8引脚薄型小外形尺寸(TSSOP)封装–-40°C 至105°C 环境温度范围应用范围–器件人体模型(HBM)静电放电(ESD)分类等级•要求通过SSC 和/或者时钟倍乘来减少电磁干扰H2(EMI)的车载应用–器件充电器件模型(CDM)ESD 分类等级C3B •带有可选展频时钟(SSC)的易于使用的时钟生成器产品的一部分•带有可选输出频率和可选SSC 的时钟倍乘器•通过两个外部引脚可控制SSC–±0%，±0.5%，±1%，±2%中心展频•可使用一个外部控制引脚来选择x1或者x4的频率倍乘•通过控制引脚进行输出禁用图1.方框图Please be aware that an important notice concerning availability,standard warranty,and use in critical applications of Texas Instruments semiconductor products and disclaimers thereto appears at the end of this data sheet.CDCS503-Q1ZHCS946B–MARCH2012–REVISED 说明CDCS503-Q1是一款带有可选频率倍乘的可展频、LVCMOS输入时钟缓冲器。
Aprilaire Models 1210 1310 1410 Owner s Manual
Model 1210, 1310 & 1410 Owner’s ManualThank you for your recent Aprilaire® Air Cleaner purchase. We sincerely appreciate your business and are pleased to add your name to our growing list of customers. With this purchase, you have invested in the highest quality equipment currently available. Research Products Corporation is the largest manufacturer of central air cleaners and humidifiers and a recognized leader in the heating and air conditioning industry today.Please be assured that in addition to product quality, we arealso committed to performance as well as customer satisfaction. iMPortAnt: Scheduled replacement of the Aprilaire® filtering media is necessary. See page 3 for details.Now, please take a few minutes and read this booklet. This will familiarize you with the benefits you will receive from the equipment you just purchased and help you understand the routine maintenance that will be required. Be sure to register your warranty with us for our records and your protection.Your Aprilaire® Air Cleaner is an investment in healthful comfort for your family and protection for your home and furnishings. With this purchase, you have invested in an air cleaner that is many times more efficient than ordinary furnace or air conditioning filters with which you may be familiar. There are many benefits you may expect from your Aprilaire® Air Cleaner. This manual is furnished to acquaint you with these benefits, and with operation and maintenance information to insure the high level of performance this high efficiency air cleaner is designed to provide.Household dust is typically an accumulation of particles in a sizerange of .01 micron up to 100 microns. Pollens and spores , which can aggravate allergy symptoms, are usually in the 10-100 micron size range.The visible household dust particles, and nearly all pollen and spore particles, therefore, can be caught and permanently held, very easily, if you can get them to the air cleaner. With central high efficiency air cleaners, the blower of your heating/air conditioning system performs the air movement function.Continuous air cleaning will be accomplished when your thermostat is set for continuous air circulation (“Fan On”). If continuous air cleaning is not required, or desired, set your thermostat to “Fan Auto”.For those who choose periodic cleaning, (as opposed to continuous cleaning through continuous furnace blower operation), the most important period is during—and for several hours after—vacuuming your home. The vacuuming process (unless you have a central vacuum system) stirs up a large volume of dust particles which must be drawn into your air cleaner.Many of the dust particles generated, while vacuuming, are so heavy they “fall” out of the airstream before they can be drawn out of your living area. This is why it is important to do household dusting several hours after vacuuming. Normally once the heavy particles “fall out”, they are only reintroduced to the air by vacuuming, or similarly vigorous activity.Where allergy symptoms, which are aggravated by pollens and spores, are a concern, continuous cleaning is strongly encouraged.To recap, when removing household dust is the major benefit you are seeking, you should operate your air cleaner during and following periods when dust is being generated or “stirred up”. For pollens and spores which aggravate an allergy condition, your cleaner must be operated continuously when these pollutants are in the environment. The air cleaner can only be effective when air containing the contaminants is drawn through the filtering media.Replace the filtering media with genuine Aprilaire SelfSeal ™ filters, available from your installing contractor. iMPortAnt: Follow the step by step directions on the filter carton to ensure that it is installed in the proper orientation – the outlet side of the filtering media is the expanded metal.The model number for your replacement filtering media can be found on the label inside the air cleaner door (see figure 3).CHAnging tHe filterfigure 390-1766Replacement Label oninside of doorThe only maintenance required is the periodic replacement of the disposable Aprilaire ® Filtering Media which you can do in a few minutes. The frequency of replacement will vary with operation time, the number of particles generated in the home and is affected by: number of people and their activities, the amount of carpeting, pets, size of home, number of smokers, the pollution level of the area. Aprilaire recommends replacing the media each year. However, if you do not run your blower continuously the media may last up to two years. Air conditioning systems larger than 3.5 tons, or heating systems larger than 130,000 BTUs per hour (1400 cfm), will require more frequent attention if operated continuously.iMPortAnt: Turn the thermostat mode to off and the fan to auto before removing aircleaner door.3Visit us on-line at to register your Aprilaire product. If you do not have on-line access, please mail a postcard with your name, address, phone number, product purchased and date of purchase to: Research Products Corporation, P.O. BOX 1467, Madison, WI 53701.Your WArrAntY registrAtion inforMAtion Will not Be sold or sHAred outside of tHis CoMPAnY.WArrAntY registrAtionAprilaire Air Cleaners are so effective at removing particles and contaminants that are harmful to your family and your HVAC equipment, we offer you this guarantee. Should your new indoor air conditioning coil require professional cleaning in the next 10 years while properly using an Aprilaire Air Cleaner, we will pay $100 toward the cost of having the indoor coil cleaned by a licensed contractor.This commitment applies to new HVAC equipment with a new indoor air conditioner coil (less than six months old) installed with an Aprilaire Air Cleaner. The Aprilaire Air Cleaner must be installed by a licensed HVAC contractor. The Aprilaire Air Cleaner must be properly maintained as per directions in the owner’s manual including use of only Aprilaire brand media replacement.For redemption details, please visit /cleancoil or call 1-800-334-6011.APrilAire 10 YeAr CleAn Coil CoMMitMentfiltering MediA rePlACeMent reCorddatedealer namedatedealer nameYour Research Products Corporation Aprilaire Media Air Cleaner is expressly warranted for five (5) years from the date of installation to be free from defects in materials or workmanship, except, however, for the disposable media which will have to be replaced from time to time depending upon the use. Research Products Corporation’s exclusive obligation under this warranty shall be to supply, without charge, a replacement for any part of the Media Air Cleaner which is found to be defective within such five (5) year period and which is returned not later than thirty (30) days after said five (5) year period by you or your original supplier to Research Products Corporation, Madison, WI 53701, together with the model number and installation date of the Media Air Cleaner.THIS WARRANTY SHALL NOT OBLIGATE RESEARCH PRODUCTS CORPORATION FOR ANY LABOR COSTS AND SHALL NOT APPLY TO DEFECTS IN WORKMANSHIP OR MATERIALS FURNISHED BY YOUR INSTALLER AS CONTRASTED TO DEFECTS DISCOVERED IN THE AIR CLEANER ITSELF.IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE SHALL BE LIMITED IN DURATION TO THE AFORESAID FIVE YEAR PERIOD. RESEARCH PRODUCTS CORPORATION’S LIABILITY FOR INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, OTHER THAN DAMAGES FOR PERSONAL INJURIES, RESULTING FROM ANY BREACH OF THE AFORESAID IMPLIED WARRANTIES OR THE ABOVE LIMITED WARRANTY IS EXPRESSLY EXCLUDED. THIS LIMITED WARRANTY IS VOID IF DEFECT(S) RESULT FROM FAILURE TO HAVE THIS UNIT INSTALLED BY A QUALIFIED HEATING AND AIR CONDITIONING CONTRACTOR. IF THE LIMITED WARRANTY IS VOID DUE TO FAILURE TO USE A QUALIFIED CONTRACTOR, ALL DISCLAIMERS OF IMPLIED WARRANTIES SHALL BE EFFECTIVE UPON INSTALLATION.Some states do not allow limitations on how long an implied warranty lasts or the exclusion or limitation of incidental or consequential damages so the above exclusion or limitations may not apply to you.This warranty gives you specific legal rights and you may also have other rights which vary from state to state.For fulfillment of warranty parts, call Aprilaire at 1-800-334-6011.P.O. Box 1467 • Madison, WI 53701-1467 • Phone: 800/334-6011 • Fax: 608/257-4357 • 10009758 1.12B2701227APrinted in U.S.A.© 2012 Aprilaire – A division of Research Products Corporation。
Homework1_2012
Homework No.1 for the course ofModeling and Control of High-Frequency Power Electronic Circuits Note: Please submit the Homework No.1 to z.s.z.881006@ before 12th, April. Don ’t forget to contain your information, including your name and student number in your homework or emails.Naming your homework files with your student number will be better.All the work must be your own!1. Consider the following power stage (Boost Converter):inV oV LWhere the parameters are: V in =48V, V o =100V, L 1=1.5mH , R o =20 , C o =320uF, f s =50kHzPlease simulate the transient response of the converter from zero initial state to steady state, using the discrete time ideal switch model and the average model of the power stage respectively . During the simulation, you may use any circuit simulators such as pSpice, Saber, MA TLAB, Psim, SIMetrix/SIMPLIS etc. and assume that all components are ideal.1) Show and discuss the waveforms of inductor current and capacitor voltage for both models (discrete time and average) at the following switching frequencies: 50kHz, 25kHz, 5kHz and 1kHz. Discuss the performance and validity of the average model in each case.TIP: In the average model, substitute the conceptual DC transformer by controlled sources. In the discrete time ideal switch model, no close loop control is needed, and a pulse generator can be used to generate switch driving signal.2) Perturb both models around the operating point (48V /50kHz) with a superimposed sinusoidal input. Simulate with non-zero initial conditions oninductor and capacitor, and focus on the steady state of operation. Show the waveform of the capacitor voltage c v for the following cases of sinusoidalperturbation (amplitude-frequency):10V- 5 kHz 10V- 5 kHz2V -25 kHz 10V- 25 kHzBased on the simulation results, please make observations of Gene Wester’s Average Model and its validity for a subsequent small signal linearization.2. Consider the following power stage (Buck-Boost Converter):DS o V +Derive the state-space model and the transfer functions of this converter in CCM(Continuous Conduction Mode). Plot the transfer functions ˆˆ/o vd and ˆˆ/o in v v . Please organize the transfer functions in the format used in the class notes. The parameters are: V in =24V , D=0.6, L 1=1.5mH, R o =12Ω, C o =3300uF,f s =50kHz, R c =10m Ω, R L =15m Ω.。
丹佛斯手册
2520L0232 • Rev BD • Nov 2012General, Orbital Motors Technical InformationSauer-Danfoss is Europe’s largest producer of high torque low speed hydraulic motors.We can offer more than1600 different hydraulic motor versions categorised in types, variants and sizes.The motors vary in size [rated displacement] from 8 cm3 [0,49 in 3] to 800 cm3 [48,91 in 3] per revolution. Speeds range up to approx. 2500 min -1 for the smallest type and up to approx 600 min -1 for the largest type.Maximum operating torques vary from 13 Nm [115 lbf•in] to 2700 Nm [24.000 lbf•in] peak and maximum outputs are from 2,0 kW [2,7 hp] to 70 kW [95 hp].Characteristic features:• Smooth running over the entire speed range• Constant operating torque over a wide speed range • High starting torque• High return pressure without the use of drain line [High pressure shaft seal]• High efficiency• Long life under extreme operating conditions • Robust and compact design• High radial and axial bearing capacity• For applications in both open and closed loop hydraulic systems • Suitable for a wide variety of hydraulics fluids© 2010 Sauer-Danfoss. All rights reserved.Sauer-Danfoss accepts no responsibility for possible errors in catalogs, brochures and other printed material. Sauer -Danfoss reserves the right to alter its products without prior notice. This also applies to products already ordered provided that such alterations can be made without affecting agreed specifications. All trademarks in this material are properties of their respective owners. Sauer-Danfoss, the Sauer-Danfoss logotype, the Sauer-Danfoss S-icon, PLUS+1™, What really matters is inside® and Know-How in Motion™ are trademarks of the Sauer-Danfoss Group.Front page: F300 028, F300 029, F300 023, F300 025, F300 026, F300 024, F300 021, F300 027, F300 023, Drawing: 151-1837A Wide Range of Hydraulic MotorsA Wide Range of Orbital MotorsOMV OMTOMTWOMSOMPWOMHOMROMROMPOMSSOMLOMMDH DSF300 030F300 020TMTGeneral, Orbital Motors Technical InformationA Wide Range of Hydraulic Motors (continue)Conversion Factors The programme is characterised by technical features appealing to a large numberof applications and a part of the programme is characterised by motors that can be adapted to a given application. Adaptions comprise the following variants among others:•Motors with corrosion resistant parts•Wheel motors with a recessed mounting flange•OMP, OMR motors with needle bearings•OMR motors in low leakage version•OMR motors in a super low leakage version•Short motors without bearings•Ultra short motors without bearings•Motors with integrated positive holding brake•Motors with integrated negative holding brake•Motors with tacho connection•Motors with speed sensor•Motors with integrated flushing valve•OMT/ OMV/TMT motors with reinforced parts•Motors can be supplied paintedThe Sauer-Danfoss LSHT motors are used in the following application areas:•Construction equipment•Agricultural equipment•Material handling & Lifting equipment•Forestry equipment•Lawn and turf equipment•Special purpose•Machine tools and stationary equipment•Marine equipment1 Nm = [8.851 lbf.in] 1 cm3= [0.061 in3]1 N = [0.2248 lbf] 1 l = [0.22 UK gal]1 bar = [14.50 psi] 1 l = [0.264 US gal]1 mm = [0.0394 in] °F = [1.8 °C + 32]A Wide Range of Orbital Motors3 520L0232 • Rev BD • Nov 2012General, Orbital MotorsTechnical InformationContents andTechnical LiteratureSurveySurvey of Literature with Technical Data on Sauer-Danfoss Orbital Motors Detailed data on all Sauer-Danfoss motors can be found in our motor catalogue, which is divided into 4 individual subcatalogues:•Technical data on small motors: OML and OMM•Technical data on medium sized motors: OMP, OMR, OMH and OMEW•Technical data for medium-sized motors: DH and DS•Technical data on large motors: OMS, OMT, and OMVThe most important data on all Sauer-Danfoss orbital motors is highlighted in a general survey brochure.For Technical informations on the individual variants, please contact the Sauer-Danfoss Sales Organisation.Contents and Technical Literature SurveySurvey of technical data on Sauer-Danfoss orbital motors (4)Orbital motors, general (5)Selection of motor type (7)Main types (7)Motor variants (9)Selection of motorsize (13)Build-up of the function diagram (13)Use of the function Diagram (16)Minimum speed (17)Bearing dimensioning (18)Hydraulic systems (20)Max. pressure on the shaft seal (20)Drain line (21)Braking (22)Brake motors (25)Installation, starting up and maintenance (26)Oil types (27)Temperature, viscosity and filtering (28)4520L0232 • Rev BD • Nov 20125520L0232 • Rev BD • Nov 2012General, Orbital Motors Technical Information Operating PrincipleOrbital motors convert hydraulic energy (pressure, oil flow) into mechanical energy (torque and speed).Sauer-Danfoss orbital motors are of fixed displacement high-torque design. For a given oil flow and given pressure the displacement (size of motor) determines the speed and torque. For a given displacement (size of motor) the speed is determined by the oil flow rate and the torque is determined by the pressure differential.Gearwheel setThe operating principle of the motors is based on an internal gear design, con-sisting of a fixed external gear reaching against an internal gear through which the output torque and speed are trans-mitted. There are two forms of external gear: the OML, OMM, OMP and DH have plain teeth, whereas the OMR, DS, OMH, OMEW, OMS, OMT, OMV and TMT have teeth fitted with rollers.Distributor valveThe distributor valve is driven synchronously by the internal gear through a cardan shaft ensuring that the individual chambers of the motor are filled and emptied precisely - without losses. There are two forms of distributor valve:• Spool valveOML, OMM, OMP , OMR, DH, DS and OMH motors have a spool valve: the distributor valve has been integrated with the output shaft. The cardan shaft must therefore rotate the distrib-utor valve as well as transfer mechani-cal energy from the gear-wheel set to the output shaft.• Disc valve with valve driveOMS, OMT, OMV and TMT motors have a disc valve: The distributor valve has been separated from the output shaft and it is driven by a short cardan shaft [valve drive]. A balance plate counter -bal-ances the hydraulic forces aroundthe distributor valve.B: Spool valveD: Gearwheel setA: Output shaft D: Valve drive B: Cardan shaft E: Check valve C: Gearwheel setF: Disc valveOrbital Motors, GeneralGeneral, Orbital Motors Technical Information Orbital Motors, GeneralOperating Principle (continue)Disc valve on the output shaft•OMEW motors have a disc valve-mounted on the output shaft. Thecardan shaft rotates the disc valve andtransfers mechanical energy from thegearwheel to the output shaft. Thehydraulic forces are equalised by thebalance plate.B: Disc valve D: Gearwheel set6520L0232 • Rev BD • Nov 20127520L0232 • Rev BD • Nov 2012General, Orbital Motors Technical InformationSelection of MotorSelection of Motor TypeOML, OMM, OMP, OMPW, DH - Rollerless gear rim- Spool valve integrated with output shaft - Output shaft supported in slide bearings OMPW N- Rollerless gear rim- Spool valve integrated with output shaft - Output shaft supported in needle bearings OMR, OMH, DS- Gear rim with rollers- Spool valve integrated with output shaft - Output shaft supported in slide bearings OMRW N- Gear rim with rollers- Spool valve integrated with output shaft - Output shaft supported in needle bearings OMEW- Gear rim with rollers- Disc valve on output shaft- Output shaft supported in needle bearings OMS, OMT, OMV- Gear rim with rollers- Disc valve with separate valve drive- Output shaft supported in tapered roller bearings TMT- Gear rim with rollers- Disc valve with separate valve drive- Output shaft supported in tapered roller bearingsFeatures of main typesOML, OMM, OMP, OMPW, DHCompact design. The rollerless gear rim makes these types suitable for long operating periods at moderate pressures, or short operating periods at high pressures.OMPW NCompact motor suitable for long operating periods at moderate pressures or short oper-ating periods at high pressures. The needle bearings on the output shaft make OMPW N suitable for applications with static and dynamic radial loads.OMR, OMH, DSThe rollers in the gear rim reduce local stress, spread the tooth load over their projected area and reduce the tangential reaction forces on the inner gear reducing friction to a minimum. This gives long operating life and better efficiency even at continuous high pressures. Gearwheel sets with rollers are recommended for operation with thin oil and for applications having continually reversing loads.8520L0232 • Rev BD • Nov 2012General, Orbital Motors Technical Information OMRW NBecause of the rollers in the gear rim OMRW N is suitable for continuous operation under demanding operating conditions: e.g. high pressures, thin oil, or frequent rever-sals. The needle bearings of the output shaft make OMRW N suitable for absorbing static and dynamic radial loads.OMEWOMEW motors have a disc valve mounted on the output shaft, i.e. hydraulic and mechan-ical losses are reduced to a minimum and the gearwheel set is fitted with rollers. OMEW is therefore ideal for continuous operation in demanding conditions. The output shaft runs in needle bearings capable of absorbing static and dynamic radial loads. OMEW motors are fitted with a high-pressure seal; therefore the drain line can be omitted.OMS, OMT, OMVOMS, OMT, and OMV are suitable for continuous operation under rough operating conditions: e.g. high pressures, thin oil, or frequent reversals. The tapered roller bear-ings make the motors suitable for absorbing static and dynamic radial loads. Besides the separately driven and hydraulically balanced disc valve, hydraulic and mechanical losses are reduced to a minimum. This gives the motors high efficiency - even at high pressures, and good starting characteristics.TMTThe marked for hydraulic motors has developed generally increasing expectations of the motor performance, and espacially of a higher pressure level. On some applications the present motor program no longer fulfils the marked demand. The TMT motors comply with these expectations providing the same good characteristics as the OMS, OMT and OMV motors.If the application requires very smooth running at low speeds the choice of OMS, OMT, OMV or TMT is recommended.Features of Main Types (continue)Selection of Motor TypeGeneral, Orbital Motors Technical InformationMotor Variants Motor VariantsMotors with corrosion resistant partsOMP and OMR motors are available ina version with corrosion resistant parts:OMP C and OMR C. The corrosion resis-tant parts are: output shaft (1), key (2),front cover (3), and front cover screws (4).The dust seal (5) is of nitrile rubber withstainless steel cap.OMP/OMR with dust seal capOMP and OMR motors are also availablewith a dust seal cap. These motors areparticularly suitable for sweepers, etc.where resistance to high dust concentra-tions is a requirement.Wheel motorOMP, OMR, OMS, OMT and OMV motorsare available in wheel motor versions.The recessed mounting flange makesit possible to fit a wheel hub or a winchdrum so that the radial load acts midwaybetween the two motor bearings. Thisgives the best utilisation of the bearingcapacity and is a very compact solution.Type designations of wheel motors areOMPW, OMPW N, OMRW N, OMEW,OMSW, OMTW, and OMVW.OMP/OMR with needle bearingFor applications that want to use theOMP/OMR but must also consider otheroperating conditions such as high staticradial load, frequent starts/stops andvibration on the shaft, we can offer OMP/OMR with an output shaft running inneedle bearings.Type designation: OMP N, OMR N.9 520L0232 • Rev BD • Nov 201210520L0232 • Rev BD • Nov 2012General, Orbital Motors Technical Information Super low leakage motorThe OMR motor is available in a spe-cial version that keeps spool valve and output shaft apart and supports the output shaft in needle bearings. This motor is particularly suitable for applica-tions with demands for exceptionally low leakage.Type designation: OMR NA.Short motorsOMS, OMT and OMV motors are available in short versions. It can be an advan-tage to use a short motor for gears that already have the capacity to absorb radial and axial forces.Type designations are OMSS, OMTS and OMVS.Ultrashort motorOMS, OMT, OMV and TMT are available with ultrashort installation dimensions, i.e. without bearings and output shaft. The ultrashort design allows an opti-mised integration of the motor in the counterpart. Special installation condi-tions please contact the Sauer-Danfoss Sales Organisation.Type designations: OMSU, OMTU, OMVU and TMTU.Motors with integrated positive holding brakeOMS is available in a version with integral holding brake. This is a drum brake activated mechanically (positive brake). Type designation for OMS with integral holding brake is OMS B.Motors with integrated negative holding brakeOMR motors are available with inte-grated multi-disc brake that is released by hydraulic pressure. The brake motor can be used in closed loop or open loop systems.Type designation: OMR FMotor Variants (continue)151-1188.10Motor VariantsMotor VariantsMotor Variants (continue)Motors with integrated negative holding brakeOMT and TMT with integrated multi-disc brake is available in four versions:OMT FH, OMT FL, OMT FX and TMT FL. The brake is a spring activated multi-disc type that is released by a hydraulic pres-sure. OMT FH can work with high drop pressure [e.g. piloted from a shuttle valve in open loop systems], whereas OMT FL, OMT FX and TMT FL release the brake at low pressure [e.g. piloted from the charge pump in closed loop systems]. OMT FX are particularly well-suited for applica-tions that require very short installation dimensions, - for example in road rollers and wheels.The design of the OMT F and TMT F motors allows the brake to be used as dynamic emergency brake as well.Motors with integrated flushing valve Without any change to their outerdi-mensions, OMS, OMT, OMV and TMT are available with an integrated flushing valve.The integrated flushing valve ensures continuous renewal and cooling of the oil in the closed circuit. The flushing valve is activated by the high pressure side of the motor and allows the flushing flow to pass to the drain line and the tank. Type designation: OMS V, OMT V, OMV V and TMT V .Motors with tacho connectionOMS, OMT and OMV motors are available in a version with tacho drive shaft. With a tacho connection the speed of the motor can be registered.Type designations are OMS T, OMT T andOMV T.Motor Variants (continue)Motor VariantsMotors with speed sensorOMM, OMP, OMR, OMS, OMSW, OMT and OMV are available with integrated speed sensor. The electric output signal is a standardized voltage signal that may for example be used with Sauer-Danfoss' electronic module type EHSC to control the speed of the motor. The speed is registered by an inductive sensor. Signal processing and amplification are integrated in the housing of the sensor. Type designation: OM - EM.OMT N motorOMT is available in a short version with high bearing capacity. The motor is very suitable for the propulsion of road rollers and similar equipment.Type designation: OMT NSelection of Motor SizeSelection of Motor SizeWhen a certain motor type has been selected in accordance with the requirements of the individual application, the size of the motor is determined according to the torque and speed required for the application.For this purpose use the bar chart on the first pages of the subcatalogues and the func-tion diagram for the individual motor.The function diagram for a hydraulic motor shows the relation between operatingtorque M (vertical axis) and speed n (horizontal axis) at different pressure drops ∆p and oil flows Q.The curves for constant pressure drop and constant oil flow form a network superim-posed on the coordinate system grid. The curves for constant power output N (hyperbo -las] and constant total efficiency ηt are also plotted. The latter curves have a ring form, to as on mussel shells. For this reason function diagrams are often called shell diagrams.Build-up of the Function DiagramContinuous operation/intermittent operation/peak loadThe function diagrams are divided up into a dark area A and two light areas B.The dark area A represents the continuous range of the motor. Within this range the motor is able to run continuously with optimum efficiency and operating life.The two light areas B represent the intermittent range of the motor. It is advantageous to make use of the intermittent range when the motor works with varying loads, but also to allow for braking torques when reversing direction.It is permissible to subject the motor to intermittent speed or intermittent pressure drop for max. 10% of every minute. The motor should not be subjected to intermittend speedand intermitend pressure drop at the same time.Build-up of the Function Diagram (continue)The upper limits for intermittent pressure drop and torque must not be exceeded for more than 1% of every minute (peak load). The max. peak load value is stated in the technical data for each type of motor. High pressure peaks occur, for example, whena pressure relief valve opens or a directional valve is opened or closed. Pressure relief valves and dual shock valves should be set so that pressure peaks do not exceed the max. peak values. In systems with large pressure oscillations the pressure and torque peaks should be measured with electronic equipment.To give problem-free operation the motor size should be selected using the permis-sible continuous and intermittent values while making sure that pressure peaks do not exceed the max. peak values.EfficiencyThe total efficiency ηt is the product of the volumetric efficiency (ηv) and the hydraulic-mechanical efficiency (ηhm). Thus ηt = ηv x ηhm.ExampleAn OMS 125 is to drive a shaft at a speed of 375 min-1 (rpm) with an applied torque of 310 Nm [2745 lbf•in].If the volumetric efficiency was 100% the oil quantity would be the geometric displace-ment times the number of revolutions.Theoretical supplied oil quantity:Metric US unitsQ theor =Displ. (cm3) • speed (min-1)(l/min)Q theor =Displ. [in3] • speed [rpm][US gal/min] 1000 231=125.7 • 375∼ 47 l/min =7.67 • 375 ∼12.45 US gal/min1000 231Volumetric efficiencyThe volumetric efficiency is an expres-sion for the proportion of the appliedquantity of oil [as a percentage] that isconverted to output shaft revolutions(speed). The remaining quantity of oil(leakage) is led across clearances andsealing surfaces to act as a lubricant/coolant.When the load (pressure drop) increases,leakage also increases.The quantity of oil supplied to thegearwheel set thus diminishes, and thenumber of revolution (speed) falls.Selection of Motor Sizeof the efficiencyHowever, the actual supplied oil quantity is 50 l/min [13.2 US gal]. The volumetric efficiency can be calculated as follows: MetricUS unitsηv = 47 • 100 ∼ 94%ηv = 12.45 • 100 ∼ 94%5013.2Hydraulic mechanical efficiencyThe hydraulic mechanical efficiency is an expression for the proportion of appliedpressure (as a percentage) that is con-verted to output shaft torque. The remaining pressure is loss; either mechanical loss at low speeds or hydrau-lic loss at high speeds, as can be seen on the torque graph (pressure-drop curve). Mechanical loss is greatest at motor start-up because a film of lubricant hasnot yet been built up on moving parts.After a few revolutions the film is estab -lished and friction is reduced (the curveBuild-up of the Function Diagram (continue)Selection of Motor Sizesteepens). Hydraulic loss is greatest at high speeds because of the high pressure losses in ports and oil channels when oil flow is high. Therefore the pressure drop across the gearwheel set becomes less and the motor yields less torque.OMS 125 has a minimum starting torque of 260 Nm [2300 lbf•in] at a pressure drop of 175 bar [2540 psi], as given in the OMS technical data table. When the lubricant film is established, the motor yields 310 daNm [2745 lbf•in] with the same pressure drop.On the function diagram the pressure drop curve does not intersect the torque axis, but min. starting torque at max. continuous and max. intermittent pressure drop is given in the technical data for each motor type.Example:To calculate the hydraulic-mechanical efficiency ηhm , it is necessary to first read off (mea-sure) the motor torque T mot eff for a given oil flow and given pressure drop. The diagram on page 13 shows that an OMS 125 gives a torque of 310 Nm [2745 lbf•in] for a pressure drop of 175 bar [2540 psi] and an oil flow of 50 l/min [13.20 US gal/min].The theoretical motor torque for the same pressure drop can be calculated as follows: MetricUS unit T theo =Displ. (cm 3) • pressure drop (bar) (Nm) T theo = Displ. (in 3) • pressure drop (psi)[lbf•in] 62.8 6.28MetricUS unitsT theo = 125.7 • 175 ∼ 350 Nm T theo =7.67 • 2540∼ 3102 lbf-in62.8 6.28Dividing the read-off (measured) torque by the theoretical torque gives the hydraulic-mechanical efficiency:ηhm = 310 • 100 ∼ 89% ηhm = 2745 • 100 ∼ 89%3503102Total efficiencyIt is now possible to calculate the total efficiency of OMS 125 at ∆p = 175 bar [2540 psi] and Q = 50 l/min [13.2 US gal/min]: ηt = ηv • ηhm = 94 • 89∼ 84 %100 100With an acceptable degree of accuracy the same total efficiency can be read from thefunction diagram efficiency graphs, page 13.The function diagram is for use when the right Sauer-Danfoss motor (and pumps, etc.) has to be selected for an application.For example, a motor is required with an output:Max. cont. speed: 425 min -1 (rpm) Max. cont. torque: 260 Nm [2300 lbf•in]In the subcatalogues and in the survey brochure the maximum speed and torque of the different motors can be compared. The smallest motor able to meet the requirements is to be found in the OMR or OMS series. But only OMR 125, OMS 125, and OMS 160 can meet both the required speed and torque.The function diagrams for OMR 125, OMS 125 and OMS 160 can now be used. Find the operating point concerned, i.e. the torque on the vertical axis T = 260 Nm [2300 lbf•in], speed on the horizontal axis n = 425 min -1 (rpm).The position of the operating point (T,n) in relation to the curves for constant pressure drop ∆p, constant oil flow Q, and constant total efficiency ηt , gives the following associ-ated values:Selection of Motor SizeBuild-up of the Function Diagram (continue)Use of the Function DiagramBuild-up of the Function Diagram (continue)Selection of Motor SizeWhich is now the most important factor in an overall economic and technical assessment: the initial price of the hydraulic system, its efficiency or its operating life?If the answer is the price of the motor, the choice is an OMR 125. The choice between OMR 125 and OMRW 125 N is made according to the required bearing load.If the efficiency of the motor is all-important, the choice is an OMS 125. The slightly higher initial price of OMS 125 compared with OMR 125 will often be compensated for by a better system design with associated savings in running costs and reduced heat generation. As an additional advantage OMS 125 also requires the least oil flow.When it comes to operating life being the most important factor, the choice is an OMS 160. It has the least working pressure and thereby gives the longest system operating life.When the size of motor has been decided, the capacity of the pump can be determined. If, for example, the choice had been an OMS160 , the pump would have had to be able to deliver 70 l/min[18.49 US gal/min] at 119 bar [1726 psi].If a hydraulic motor is to be installed in an existing system with a given pump, then the choice of motor is largely predetermined.At very low speeds, the motors may run less smoothly. This is why a min. speed is stated for each type of motor. In borderline cases a motor of the desired type should be tested under the required operating conditions in the system concerned before finally selecting the motor size and type.To obtain smooth running at very low speed the motor leakage must be constant. Therefore it is recommended that a motor with disc valve (OMS, OMT, OMV or TMT) be chosen, but avoid choosing motors with the smaller displacements. The best results are achieved with a constant load, a return pressure of 3-5 bar [45-70 psi] and an oil viscosity of min. 35 mm2/s [164 SUS].Minimum SpeedIn many applications the hydraulic motors must absorb both- external radial and axial forces acting directly on the output shaft of the motor (e.g. from the weight of a vehicle)- radial forces produced by torque transfer from gearwheels, chainwheels, V-belts or winch drums.For such applications hydraulic motors with built-in rolling bearings are particularly suit-able. Two different types of bearing are used in Sauer-Danfoss hydraulic motors:1) Needle bearings in OMPW N, OMRW N and OMEW.The needle bearings are capable of absorbing large radial forces. As the motors have separate axial bearings, the operating life of the needle bearings is not affected by the size of the axial load.2) Tapered roller bearings in OMS, OMSW, OMT, OMTW, OMV, OMVW and TMT The tapered roller bearings can absorb large radial and axial forces.The largest possible bearing capacity for the individual motor type is obtained by using OMPW N, OMRW N, OMEW, OMSW, OMTW, or OMVW because the recessed mounting flange makes it possible to fit for example wheel hubs and winch drums so that the radial load is applied centrally to the two bearings.Motor with needle bearingsMotor with tapered roller bearingsBearing DimensioningShaft Load and Bearing Life TimeIt is a general rule that life time and speed are inversely proportional: life is doubled when speed is halved. So life can easily be calculated for other speeds than those given in the sections on shaft load in the individual subcatalogues. The relation is expressed by the formula:L new = L ref x n refn new where L new is the life time at speed n new , and L ref and n ref are the data for the given motor type found in the subcatalogue.Relationship between Bearing Life Time and SpeedBearing DimensioningRelationship betweenShaft Load andBearing Life TimeRelationship between Permissible Shaft Load and SpeedMaximum Radial Shaft Load In certain applications the motor must run at low speeds while the bearings must absorb high loads. This is the case for example when the motors are vehicle support elements. In such cases the following relationship between speed and bearing load (with unchanged bearing life time) must be taken into account:3.3P new = nrefP ref n newP new is the shaft load at n new. P ref and n ref are data from the subcatalogue.For n ref = 200 min-1 [rpm] we have the following table forP new:P refn newmin-1 (rpm)2550100200300400500600700 P newP ref 1.88 1.52 1.23 1.000.880.810.750.720.68The calculations above are solely for bearing life time and load capacity. But there is also a limit to how much load the other parts of the motor (bearing housing, mounting flange and output shaft) can carry. For this reason the maximum shaft load is limited to avoid the risk of mechanical breakdown.The maximum shaft load is shown in the shaft load diagrams for OMPW N, OMRW N, OMEW, OMS, OMT, OMV and TMT motors.Please contact the Sauer-Danfoss sales organisation for hydraulics if motors are to be subjected to shaft loads higher than the maximum, or where there are particularly high dynamic effects (shock factor > 3).Lower shaft loads result in longer life time of the bearings. The exact relationship is shown by the following formula:L new=P ref 3.3L ref P newL new is the bearing life at a shaft load of P new, and L ref and n ref are data from the subcata-logue.Note:- The formula applies to OMPW N, OMEW and OMRW N regardless of the relation between the axial and radial loads.- With the other motors the formula only applies if there is a constant relation between the axial and radial loads.。
信用证格式
Main Reference NO:LC1783912001425Transaction Reference NO:LC1783912001425Unit Code:17839 Operator:cn001163 Module Name:IMLC Function Name:Issue LC Transaction Date:2012-04-25 Transaction Time:14:51:31 Event Time: 4MT700B1:Outgoing SWIFT Header 1F01BKCHCNBJA45A0000000000B2:Receiver's BIC CodeI700CITITWTXXXXXNCitibank Taiwan Limited27:Sequence of Total1/140A:Form of Documentary CreditIRREVOCABLE20:Documentary Credit NumberLC178391200142531C:Date of Issue12042540E:Applicable RulesUCP LATEST VERSION31D:Date and Place of Exppiry120515ISSUING BANK'S COUNTER50:ApplicantLORDSTAR SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENTGROUP ADD:ROOM 2404,INTERNATIONALCULTURE BUILDING,NO.3039,SHENNANCENTRAL ROAD,SHENZHEN,GUANGDONG59:BeneficiaryPRIME VIEW COMMUNICATIONS LIMITEDC/O E INK HOLDINGS INC.ADDRESS:3,LI-SHIN RD.1,SCIENCE-BASED.INDUSTRIAL PARK,HSINCHU, TAIWAN32B:Currency Code, AmountUSD165000.0039A:Percentage Credit Amount Tolerance00/0041D:Available With...By...ISSUING BANKBY DEF PAYMENT42P:Deferred Payment DetailsAT 45 DAYS AFTER L/C ISSUING DATE43P:Partial ShipmentsALLOWED43T:TransshipmentALLOWED44E:Port of Loading/Airport of DepartureJIANGSU FTZ44F:Port of Discharge/Airport of DistinationHONGKONG44B:For Transportation to...SHENZHEN44C:Latest Date of Shipment12050245A:Description of Goods and/or ServicesCOMMODITY: ELECTRONIC PAPER DISPLAYPART NUMBER: ED080XC2QUANTITY: 3000 PCSUNIT PRICE: USD55.00/PCTOTAL AMOUNT: USD165,000.00PRICE TERM: DDP SHENZHENGOODS ORIGIN: TAIWAN46A:Documents Required1. MANUALLY SIGNED COMMERCIAL INVOICE IN 3 ORIGINALS INDICATINGL/C NO. AND CONTRACT NO.XNKJ20120423..2. DELIVERY LIST IN 1 ORIGINAL AFTER THE GOODS ARRIVED IN LINK-ETECHNOLOGY (HONGKONG) LIMITED, INDICATING ISSUING DATE WHICHWILL BE REGARDED AS SHIPMENT DATE..3. WEIGHT MEMO/PACKING LIST IN 3 ORIGINALS ISSUED BY BENEFICIARYINDICATING QUANTITY/GROSS AND NET WEIGHTS OF EACH PACKAGE ANDPACKING CONDITIONS.47A:Additional Conditions1. ALL DOCUMENTS TO BE FORWARDED IN ONE COVER.MAIL ADDRESS:BANK OF CHINA LTD.,SHENZHEN BR.,ATTN:INT'L DEPT.,INT'L FINANCIAL BLDG.,NO.2022 JIANSHE ROAD, SHENZHEN 518001,GUANGDONG ,CHINA..2. PLEASE PROVIDE ONE EXTRA COPY OF COMMERCIAL INVOICE ANDDELIVERY LIST FOR OUR FILE..3. AMOUNT OF EACH DRAWING MUST BE ENDORSED BY THE PRESENTINGBANK ON THE REVERSE OF THIS ORIGINAL L/C AND COVERING LETTERMUST BE SO CERTIFIED..4. IN THE EVENT THAT DOCUMENTS PRESENTED ARE DETERMINED TO BEDISCREPANT,WE MAY SEEK A WAIVER OF SUCH DISCREPANCIES FROM THEAPPLICANT.SHOULD SUCH A WAIVER BE OBTAINED, WE MAY RELEASE THEDOCUMENTS AND EFFECT SETTLEMENT, NOTWITHSTANDING ANY PRIORCOMMUNICATIONS TO THE PRESENTER THAT WE ARE HOLDING DOCUMENTS ATTHE PRESENTER'S DISPOSAL, UNLESS WE HAVE BEEN INSTRUCTEDOTHERWISE BY THE PRESENTER PRIOR TO OUR RELEASE OF DOCUMENTS..5. A DISCREPANCY FEE EQUAL TO USD60.00 WILL BE DEDUCTED FROM THEPAYMENT FOR EACH SET OF DOCUMENTS CONTAINING DISCREPANCY(IES)..6. BENEFICIARY'S CERTIFICATE CONFIRMING THEIR ACCEPTANCE ORREJECTION OF THE AMENDMENTS ISSUED UNDER THIS L/C QUOTING THERELEVANT AMENDMENT NUMBER IS REQUIRED FOR PRESENTATION UNDERTHIS L/C.SUCH CERTIFICATE IS NOT REQUIRED IF NO AMENDMENT HASBEEN ISSUED UNDER THIS L/C..7. APPLICANT'S COUNTRY: CHINA.71B:ChargesALL BANKING CHARGES ARE FOR THEACCOUNT OF APPLICANT.48:Period for PresentationDOCUMENTS MUST BE PRESENTED WITHIN21 DAYS AFTER THE DATE OF ISSUANCEOF THE DELIVERY LIST BUT WITHINTHE VALIDITY OF THIS CREDIT.49:Confirmation InstructionsWITHOUT78:Instruction to the Paying/Accepting/NegoUPON OUR RECEIPT OF THE DOCUMENTS IN ORDER, WE SHALL HONOUR THEPRESENTATION AS INSTRUCTED.。
发动机部英语常用词汇-Engine-wordlist
上缸盖
19 LCD
lower cylinder head
下缸盖
20
upper cylinder head assy 上缸盖总成
21
lower cylinder head
下缸盖总成/毛坯
22
valve seat intake/exhaust 进/排气门座圈
23 VS
valve seat
气门座圈
24 VG
三坐标测量机
10 IMI
incoming material inspection 来料检验
11 PLM
product lifetime
产品生命周期管理
12
quick-change fixture
快换夹具
13
cross-hatch instrument
网纹检测仪
14
bed-plate assembly machine 下缸体装配机
平衡轴链条
117
roller rocker
滚子摇臂
118
tapered pipe
锥形管
119
ball plug
球形堵塞
120
vacuum pump
真空泵
121
oil pan assy
油底壳总成
122
engine oil cooler （tube） 机油冷却器(管)
123
guard - engine oil cooler with filter
ENG
ENG ENG
ENG
127 128
129
130
131
132 133 134 135 136
137
138 AGV 139 140
世界各国药监局网站list_mra_websites_nov2012
List of Globally identified Websites of Medicines RegulatoryAuthorities*(as of November, 2012)AFRO ‐ Regional Office for Africa1.Algeria: http://www.ands.dz/pharmacie-med/sommaire.htmpharmacovigilance: .dz/2.Angola: .ao/3.Benin: http://www.sante.gouv.bj/dpm.php4.Botswana: .bw/- MoH - no MRA5.Burkina Faso: .bf/6.Burundi: http://www.minisante.bi/7.Cameroon: http://www.minsante.cm/8.Cape Verde: http://www.arfa.cv/index.php9.Central African Rep: no website identified10.Chad: /oros, The: no website identified12.Congo, The: no website identified13.Cote d'Ivoire: /14.Democratic Republic of Congo: http://www.minisanterdc.cd/fr/index.php15.Equatorial Guinea: no website identified16.Eritrea: website does not exist17.Ethiopia: .et/18.Gabon: website does not exist19.Gambia: .gm/20.Ghana: .gh/21.Guinea: no website identified22.Guinea-Bissau: no website identified23.Kenya: /24.Lesotho: no website identified25.Liberia: .lr/index.php26.Madagascar: .mg/index.php27.Malawi:.mw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=55&Itemid=85* This list is indicative. WHO/EMP will be thankful for any correction and addition.28.Mali:.ml/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31&Itemid=7229.Mauritania:.mr/MSAS/Left/Presentation/Administrationcen/DirectionPharmacieLaboratoires.htm30.Mauritius: .mu/portal/site/mohsite31.Mozambique: .mz/pt/medicamentos32.Namibia: .na/33.Niger: http://www.gouv.ne/index.php?id_page=3034.Nigeria: /35.Rwanda: .rw/36.Sao Tome & Principe: no website identified37.Senegal:http://www.sante.gouv.sn/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=145538.Seychelles:.sc/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=255&Itemid=26039.Sierra Leone: .sl/home/regulatory-bodies/pharmacy-board40.South Africa: /41.Swaziland: .sz/42.Togo: no website identified43.Uganda: http://www.nda.or.ug/44.United Republic of Tanzania: http://www.tfda.or.tz/45.Zambia: .zm/46.Zimbabwe: http://www.mcaz.co.zw/AMRO ‐ Regional Office for the Americas1.Antigua and Barbuda: no website identified2.Argentina: .ar/3.Bahamas: /hospitals_overview_bnda.php4.Barbados: no website identified5.Belize: no website identified6.Bolivia: .bo/snis/enlaces_salud/dinamed/index.htm7.Brazil: .br/eng/index.htm8.Canada: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhp-mps/index-eng.php9.Chile: http://www.ispch.cl/10.Colombia: .co/11.Costa Rica: http://www.ministeriodesalud.go.cr/ MoH department withinformation on site12.Cuba: http://www.cecmed.sld.cu/13.Dominica: no website identified14.Dominican Republic: .do/15.Ecuador: no website identified16.El Salvador: no website identified17.Grenada: no website identified18.Guatemala: http://portal.mspas.gob.gt/regulacion_y_control_de_productos_farmaceuticos_y_afines.html MoH department with information on site19.Guyana: MoHdepartment .gy/prg_adm_food_drugs.php20.Haiti: website does not exist21.Honduras: http://www.dgrs.gob.hn/22.Jamaica: / pharmacies and pharmacists, not medicines23.Mexico: http://www.cofepris.gob.mx/24.Nicaragua: no website identified25.Panama: http://www.minsa.gob.pa/ MoH department with informationon site26.Paraguay: .py/programas/index.php?id=627.Peru: http://www.digemid.minsa.gob.pe/28.Saint Kitts and Nevis: no website identified29.Saint Lucia: no website identified30.Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: no website identified31.Suriname: no website identified32.Trinidad andTobago: .tt/sitepages/default.aspx?id=9333.United States of America: /34.Uruguay: http://www.msp.gub.uy/subcategorias_8_1.html35.Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of): .ve/EMRO ‐ Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean1.Afghanistan: website does not exist - only MoH2.Bahrain: no website identified3.Djibouti: no website identified4.Egypt: .eg/5.Iran (Islamic Republic of): no website identified6.Iraq: no website identified7.Jordan: http://www.jfda.jo/en/default/8.Kuwait: no website identified9.Lebanon: .lb/en/Drugs/DrugsListWithLinks.htm10.Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: no website identified11.Morocco: .ma/Medicaments/Pages/default.aspx12.Oman: .om/nv_menu.php?fNm=pharma/regulation.htm13.Pakistan: .pk/14.Qatar: .qa/moh/ under construction15.Saudi Arabia: .sa/En/Home/default.htm16.Somalia: no website identified17.Sudan: .sd/18.Syrian Arab Republic: no website identified19.Tunisia: http://www.dpm.tn/20.United Arab Emirates: .ae/en/Page_431.aspx21.Yemen: /EURO ‐ Regional Office for Europe1.Albania: .al/2.Andorra: http://www.salutibenestar.ad/ MoH department withinformation on site3.Armenia: http://www.pharm.am/index.php?langid=24.Austria: http://www.ages.at/ages/ueber-uns/english-what-is-ages/5.Azerbaijan: http://www.pharm.az/ under construction6.Belarus: http://www.rceth.by/7.Belgium: http://www.fagg-afmps.be/8.Bosnia and Herzegovina: .ba/9.Bulgaria: http://www.bda.bg/10.Croatia: http://www.almp.hr/?ln=en&w=o_agenciji11.Cyprus: .cy/moh/phs/phs.nsf/dmlindex_en/dmlindex_en?opendocument12.Czech Republic http://www.sukl.cz/13.Denmark: http://www.dkma.dk/14.EMEA: http://www.emea.europa.eu/ (also: DG Enterprise)15.Estonia: http://www.sam.ee/16.Finland: http://www.nam.fi/17.France: http://www.afssaps.fr/18.Georgia: /02/gdna/home/0,2803,132319894,00.html19.Germany: http://www.bfarm.de/gb_ver/ and: http://www.zlg.nrw.de/and http://www.pei.de/EN/home/node-en.html?__nnn=true20. Greece: http://www.eof.gr/web/guest/home21. Hungary: http://www.ogyi.hu/main_page/22. Iceland: http://www.imca.is/23. Ireland: http://www.imb.ie/24. Israel: .il/ MoH department with information on site 25. Italy: .it/and http://www.agenziafarmaco.it/section8983.html26. Kazakhstan: http://www.dari.kz/?lang=rus27. Kyrgyzstan: http://pharm.med.kg/28. Latvia: .lv/index.php?setlang=en&large29. Lithuania: http://www.vvkt.lt/index.php?332772390330. Luxembourg: http://www.ms.public.lu/fr/activites/pharmacie-medicament/index.html MoH department with information on site31. Malta: .mt/32. Monaco: no website identified33. Montenegro: /ulms/34. Netherlands: http://www.cbg-meb.nl/ 35. Norway: http://www.legemiddelverket.no/templates/InterPage____16645.aspx?filterBy=CopyToGeneral36. Poland: .pl/ 37. Portugal: http://www.infarmed.pt/38. Republic of Moldova: http://www.amed.md/index_eng.html39. Romania:http://www.anm.ro/en/home.html40. Russian Federation: http://www.roszdravnadzor.ru/41. San Marino: no website identified42. Serbia: .rs/43. Slovakia: http://www.sukl.sk/en44. Slovenia: http://www.jazmp.si/index.php?id=56 45. Spain: http://www.agemed.es/en/actividad/sgInspeccion/home.htm46. Sweden: kemedelsverket.se/english/47. Switzerland: http://www.swissmedic.ch/index.html?lang=en48. Tajikistan: under construction http://health.tj/en/index.php?option=com_content&task=vie w&id=6&Itemid=749. The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia: no website identified50. Turkey: .tr/51. Turkmenistan: no website identified52. Ukraine: http://www.pharma-center.kiev.ua/view/en/index53. United Kingdom: /index.htm波兰检索入口：.pl/挪威：http://www.legemiddelverket.no/Sider/default.aspx54.Uzbekistan: no website identifiedSEARO ‐ Regional Office for South‐East Asia1.Bangladesh: .bd/2.Bhutan: .bt/3.DPR Korea: no website identified4.Democratic Republic of Timor Leste: website does not exist5.India: http://cdsco.nic.in/6.Indonesia: http://www.pom.go.id/7.Maldives: .mv/web/8.Myanmar: no website identified9.Nepal: .np/req_modern_medicine.php10.Sri Lanka: http://203.94.76.60/DRA/home.htm11.Thailand: http://www.fda.moph.go.th/eng/index.stm泰国检索入口：http://fdaolap.fda.moph.go.th/logistics/drgdrug/DSerch.asp?id=drug WPRO ‐ Regional Office for the Western Pacific1.Australia: .au/2.BruneiDarussalam: .bn/pharmacyservices/drugregistration.htm3.Cambodia: no website - only MoH4.China: /a.China, Hong Kong Special AdministrativeRegion: .hk/eps/root/en/level.htmlb.China, Province of Taiwan: .tw/eng/5.Cook Islands: no website identified6.Fiji: .fj/ira.html#.T7fIR8WznXo7.Japan: http://www.pmda.go.jp/english/index.html8.Kiribati: no website identifiedo's People's Democratic Republic: no website identified10.Malaysia: .my/index.cfmand .my/index.cfm11.Marshall Islands: no website identified12.Micronesia, Federated States of: no website identified13.Mongolia: http://www.moh.mn/ MoH, .mn/ statespecialized inspection agency, .mn/ Department of Health14.Nauru: no website identified15.New Zealand: /16.Niue: no website identified17.Palau: no website identified18.Papua New Guinea: website does not exist19.Philippines: .ph/20.Republic of Korea: http://www.kfda.go.kr/eng/21.Samoa: no website identified22.Singapore: .sg/23.Solomon Islands: no website identified24.Tonga: no website identified25.Tuvalu: no website identified26.Vanuatu: no website identified27.Vietnam: .vn/Methodology of identifying websitesLinks that were not working and websites that only mentioned the name of a MRA were not listed as MRA websites (links in black).The existence or nonexistence of websites could not be confirmed for some countries.No website identified means that through the above search methodology, no website was found. Website does not exist means that National Programme Officers have confirmed that there is no website.MoH = ministry of healthMRA = Medicines Regulatory Authorities。
纳芯微-NSM2012 高精度霍尔电流传感器 数据手册说明书
NSM2012 基于霍尔原理，高精度，具有共模磁场抑制，可达3000V隔离的电流传感器Datasheet (CN) 1.0Product OverviewNSM2012是一款集成路径电流传感器，具有1.2mΩ极低的导通电阻，减少了芯片上的热损耗。
纳芯微创新的隔离技术以及信号调理设计能够满足高隔离等级的同时感测流过内部B usbar的电流。
内部采用差分霍尔对，因此对外部杂散磁场有很强的抵御能力。
NSM2012支持比例输出和固定输出模式，固定模式方便客户ADC差分采样Vref以及Vout的电压以减少外部共模干扰（比如温度等）。
对比同样Shunt+隔离运放的电流采样方式，NSM2012省去了原边供电并且Layout简单方便，同时具有极高隔离耐压以及Lifetime稳定性。
在高边电流检测应用中只需用一颗NSM2012即可达到600V pk工作电压，无需加任何保护器件即可耐受6kV浪涌电压。
由于NSM2012内部精确的温度补偿算法以及出厂精度校准，此电流传感器在全温度工作范围都可以保持很好的精度，客户无需做二次编程。
支持3.3V/5V供电电压（不同供电版本）。
Key Features•高带宽以及快速响应时间•400kHz带宽• 1.5us响应时间•高精度电流测量•差分霍尔检测可抵御外界杂散磁场•满足UL标准的高隔离等级•耐受隔离耐压（V ISO）:3000Vrms•最大浪涌隔离耐压（V surge）:6kV•CMTI > 100V/ns•CTI（I）•爬电距离/电气间距：4mm•纳芯微创新的斩波以及旋转电流激励技术使得零点温漂很小•比例输出或者固定输出•工作温度：-40℃ ~ 125℃•原边导通电阻：1.2mΩ•SOIC8封装•满足UL62368/EN62368安规认证•ROHSApplications•光伏•工业电源•电机控制•OBC/DCDC/PTC Heater•充电桩Device InformationFunctional Block DiagramsFigure 1. NSM2012 Block DiagramINDEX1. PIN CONFIGURATION AND FUNCTIONS (3)2. ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS (4)3. ISOLATION CHARACTERISTICS (4)4. SPECIFICATIONS (5)4.1C OMMON C HARACTERISTICS (TA=-40°C TO 125°C,VCC=5V OR 3.3V, UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED) (5)4.2NSM2012-30B3R-DSPR C HARACTERISTICS (TA=-40°C TO 125°C,VCC=3.3V, UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED) (6)4.3NSM2012-30B5R-DSPR C HARACTERISTICS (TA=-40°C TO 125°C,VCC=5V, UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED) (6)4.4NSM2012-10U5R-DSPR C HARACTERISTICS (TA=-40°C TO 125°C,VCC=5V, UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED) (7)4.5NSM2012-20B5R-DSPR C HARACTERISTICS (TA=-40°C TO 125°C,VCC=5V, UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED) (8)4.6T YPICAL P ERFORMANCE C HARACTERISTICS (9)NSM2012-30B3R-DSPR[1] (9)NSM2012-30B5R-DSPR[1] (9)NSM2012-10U5R-DSPR[1] (10)NSM2012-20B5R-DSPR[1] (11)5. FUNCTION DESCRIPTION (13)5.1.O VERVIEW (13)5.2.NSM2012R版本(单端比例输出) (13)5.3.NSM2012F版本(固定输出版本) (13)5.4.NSM2012专业术语定义 (13)6. APPLICATION NOTE (16)6.1.典型应用电路 (16)6.2.PCB L AYOUT (16)6.3.热评估实验 (17)7. PACKAGE INFORMATION (18)8. ORDER INFORMATION (19)9. TAPE AND REEL INFORMATION (20)10. REVISION HISTORY (21)1. Pin Configuration and FunctionsR Version F VersionFigure 1.1 NSM2012 PackageTable 1.1 NSM2012 Pin Configuration and Description2.Absolute Maximum Ratings3.Isolation Characteristics4.Specifications[1]: 被设计保证。
2012年北京大学留学生入学考试英语试卷
2012年北京大学留学生入学考试英语试卷试卷使用说明1．第一部分、第二部分和第三部分的section A（即1-65题）为客观题，答题请用“标准化考试答题卡”即“Answer Sheet I”。
2．“标准化考试答题卡”即“Answer Sheet I”上的试卷类型不填。
3．“标准化考试答题卡”即“Answer Sheet I”必须用铅笔填写。
4．第三部分的Section B和第四部分为主观题，答题请用“Answer Sheet II”。
5．“Answer Sheet II”必须用钢笔、圆珠笔或签字笔书写。
6．答题请用“标准化考试答题卡”即“Answer Sheet I”和“Answer Sheet II”，做在试题册上无效。
Part I Vocabulary and Structure (25%)Directions: There are 25 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I.1.This incident _______the need for better safety measures.A. exposesB. InvolvesC. illustratesD. infers2. You should not _____ the peace of others by speaking so loudly.A. prohibitB. banC. collapseD. disturb3. Ruth should have been here three hours ago so she‟s ____decided not to come after all.A. occasionallyB. evidentlyC. barelyD. constantly4. I do not agree with what Mary said just now, but she‟s a quite good speaker _____.A. whatsoeverB. moreoverC. neverthelessD. furthermore5. Mike _____to be the wrong man for the job.A. turned overB. turned onC. turned inD. turned out6. I plan to _____some time to visit my parents this weekend.A. set asideB. set backC. set outD. set on7. Information is sometimes _____ from patients when it is thought it might hurt them.A. held upB. held onC. held backD. held out8. I could barely _____the traffic sign through the rain.A. make upB. make outC. make ofD. make for9. I ______ everything I said about George—he‟s been really nice to me recently.A. take overB. take offC. take backD. take on10. Nobody could _____ a satisfactory explanation of the accident.A. come up withB. come throughC. come uponD. come into11. The visitor told me things about Mary which I didn‟t believe, but still I nodded my head as if to ______ what he had said.A. convinceB. confirmC. confessD. convey12. The new law says that part-time, _____ workers will be granted the same social provisions as full-time employees.13. _____assurances from government officials that an investigation is in progress, his whereabouts remain unknown.A. DespiteB. AmidC. Due toD. By 14. The _____of private health insurance mean that many elderly people may not be comprehensively covered under its terms.A. intuitionsB. circumstancesC. LimitationsD. Instruments15. The purpose of our organizations to give care to those ____by AIDS and help prevent its spreading.A. upsetB. affectedC. grabbedD. handicapped16. The last bus ____ , we had to walk home.A. goingB. having goneC. has goneD. had gone17. ____I am concerned, playing video games not only takes much time but is also harmful to health.A. For one thingB. For whatC. As long asD. As far as18. This is _____ a good chance ______ none of us wants to miss it.A. such …thatB. so…thatC. too…toD. /…such that19. It‟s a terrible thing, living with the knowledge _____the doctors are not able to save his life.A. whatB. thatC. whichD. where20. You used to take piano lessons, ____ you?A. doB. don‟tC. didD. didn‟t21. Steve proposed that the report ______ by fax.A. sendingB. is sentC. be sentD. being sent22. It ______ 30 years since I got to know him in Hangzhou.A. isB. wasC. had beenD. being23. ________ my grandma taught me has become a very important part of my life.A. WhatB. ThatC. WhichD. For24. He sat there quietly, _____ thinking about long-lost friends and classmates.A. as forB. as ifC. as toD. as of25. _____ my delight, our school football team won the game easily.A. InB. OfC. ToD. ForPart II. Cloze (10%)Directions; there are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer sheet I.In social life, time plays a very important part. In the United States, guests tend to feel they are not ___26___ regarded if the invitation to a dinner party is extended only three or four days __27___ the party date. ___28____ this is not true in all countries. In other areas of the world, it may be considered foolish to make an appointment too far in ___29____, because plans which are made for a date more than a week away tend to be __30____.The __31____ of time differ in different parts of the world. ___32____, misunderstandings arise between people from cultures that __33___ time differently. Promptness is much __34____ in American life, for example. If people are not prompt, they may be regarded as impolite or not fully __35___. In the U.S. no one would think of ___36___ a business associate waiting for anhour. It would be too impolite. When ___37___meet, a person who is five minutes late is __38__ to make a short apology. If he is less than five minutes late, he will say a few words of __39__, though perhaps he will not __40__ the sentence.To Americans, forty minutes of waiting is the __41__ of the “insult period”. No matter __42__ is said in apology, there is little that can remove the __43__ done by an hour‟s wait. __44__ in some other countries, a forty-minute waiting period was not unusual. Instead of being the very end of the __45__ waiting scale, it was just the beginning.26. A. chiefly B. greatly C. largely D. highly27. A. in B. after C. at D. before28. A. Then B. But C. So D. Also29. A. advance B. ahead C. front D. time30. A. forgotten B. neglected C. mistaken D. overlooked31. A. means B. meanings C. significance D. senses32. A. Even B. Moreover C. Thus D. Ever33. A. treat B. deal C. consider D. cope34. A. treasured B. valued C. expended D. priced35. A. acceptable B. responsible C. Reasonable D. accountable36. A. retaining B. preventing C. getting D. keeping37. A. equivalents B. same C. parallels D. equals38. A. expected B. wanted C. asked D. hoped39. A. description B. exposition C. explanation D. Excuse40. A. achieve B. fulfill C. complete D. accomplish41. A. period B. limit C. term D. beginning42. A. how B. who C. what D. which43. A. destruction B. violation C. damage D. breakage44. A. So B. If C. Yet D. Even45. A. allowable B. agreeable C. conceivable D. receivablePart III. Reading Comprehension (55%)Section A: There are four passages in this section. Each passage is followed by five questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I.(40%)Passage oneOne of the favorite baseball players in the United States during the 1930's was Leo Frangio. He was born and raised in New York City. As a boy, he was often in trouble with school authorities. He and his friends used to stay away from school to play baseball.He dropped out of high school to begin playing professional ball. In 1931, as a rookie ( 新手) with the New York Canaries, Leo hit 38 home runs ( 本垒打). For the next five years he hit 40 to 45 home runs a year. In 1936 he had his best year, hitting 54 home runs with a 365 batting average.Leo was a hero to people everywhere, but it was the children that he felt closest to. He frequently visited hospitals to talk with sick children. He never got married so he always spent Christmas day with children who didn't have any parents. The children liked him as much as Santa Claus.In 1937 Leo had a bad year. After he hit 52 home runs again in 1938, the Canaries decided to trade him. Talks were being held with the Blue Birds an the Robins when Leo said that he was going to retire. He said he would never play for a team other than the Canaries.After leaving baseball Leo had several different jobs. First he had a job as PR (public relations) man for a sporting goods company. He didn't enjoy the work, though, and he quit after one year. Then he tried working as a sports writer. Since he was not such a good writer, however, he soon gave that up, too.Finally in 1940, he began working as a radio announcer for baseball games. He became very popular because he made the game sound so exciting. During the next fifteen years he added much to the language of baseball. But as TV became more and more popular Leo decided to quit announcing. He moved back to New York where he is still active in teaching children to play baseball.46. Which team did Leo play for?A. The Canaries.B. The Robins.C. The Orioles.D. The Blue Birds.47. When was Leo's best year as a player?A. 1938.B. 1936.C. 1931.D. 1937.48. What job did Leo have the longest?A. Playing baseball.B.Working as a PR man.C. Announcing on the radio.D. Working as a sports writer.49. Why did Leo quit announcing?A. Because he was going to be traded.B. Because he became a sports writer.C. Because he went back to New York.D. Because TV became popular.50. Why did Leo Frangio become popular as a radio announcer?A. He was a very good baseball player.B. He made the game sound exciting.C. He made the game winD. He was loved by children very much. Passage twoAll around us is a world of tiny living things called microbes. They are everywhere—in the air, in the soil, in the water we drink. They are on our food, hands, clothes, and everything we touch. The dust that settles on the furniture carries them. They are on walls, ceiling, floors. They may be very tiny—most of them too small to be seen—but they are constantly doing things all about us. Some of the things they do are very useful. The cheese and bread that we eat have become the foods they are because of the work of microbes. We owe our sauerkraut, pickles, vinegar, sour cream, and favorite kinds of sour milk to microbes. Our earth stays fertile because of the activity of the billions of microbes in the soil.Microbes are responsible, too, for some annoying things that happen every day in your home. If you forget to change the water in a vase of flowers, it begins to smell; microbes are at work. Bread left in a package too long gets moldy. Your clothes may mildew. Your food may spoil. All of these things mean microbes at work.Microbes are also at work when people get sick. In fact, most people think of microbes as something to be destroyed. It is true that certain microbes do cause disease, but they are a very small part of the microbe population. Out of every thirty thousand kinds of microbes, the chancesare that just one is harmful and likely to cause disease. Most microbes are harmless. And some microbes themselves produce the most powerful weapons we have yet found to conquer disease. They “wonder drugs” such as penicillin and s treptomycin are products of the activity of microbes.51. Paragraph 1 mainly gives the information that ______.A. microbes are everywhere around us.B. microbes are tiny living things.C. our earth stays fertile because of microbes.D. microbes do some useful things.52. Which of the following statements is NOT implied in the passage?A. Not all of the microbes should be destroyed.B. Microbes do annoying things as well as useful ones.C. It‟s very easy to get rid of microbes.D. Harmful microbes are very small in percentage.53. The term “Wonder drugs”in Paragraph 3 means ______.A. the drugs that cause wonder .B. the medicine that surprises humans.C. the medicine that works wellD. the drugs that are very special.54. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?A. Microbes do everything good for human beings.B. Without microbes we can not survive on earth.C. If all microbes are destroyed human beings can be free from disease.D. Although the harmful microbes are small in number, they are the most dangerous in power.55. Which of the following is the best title of the passage?A. The Benefits of MicrobesB. The Life of Microbes.C. The World of MicrobesD. Annoying MicrobesPassage threeUnhappiness used to be considered an unavoidable part of human existence. Knowledge and rationality can help us overcome this dilemma.Most people oscillate between bursts of happiness and long periods of unhappiness. Only recently have we realized that happiness need not merely be an involuntary emotional response to outside events.Unhappiness can exist only when our actions, perceptions or expectations are not in alignment with objective reality---when we do not understand what is really happening in the objective reality. Then what is Objective Reality?Objective reality is everything that simply exists. Nature is the small part of Objective Reality that surrounds us and people are just as much part of Objective Reality, as trees, the ocean or other galaxies.If we could have total knowledge of Objective Reality, we would be in complete alignment with the world. Conflicts and problems would disappear because they only arise when our perceptions are in conflict with Objective Reality.In order to understand Objective Reality, we need to have a view of the way the world really is. We need to separate relevant knowledge , such as Gravity and Probability, from knowledge that is irrelevant to human existence, such as the Big Bang. From cosmology to geology, form evolution to psychology, we need to provide ourselves with the clearest possible perspective of the way things really are.Above all, we must understand that human “Problems”are always the result of our misalignment with reality. In order to be aligned with objective reality we need to separate the wheat from the chaff. The more we did, the more chaff we have to shovel. From politics to love , form economics to sex.Persons who rely on religion for guidance through the hardships of life have to overcome an obstinate hindrance: They need to abandon the illusory comforts of a belief system that is filled with irrationality.Many people are ineffective in recognizing the reality of problematic situations and thus can not choose between happiness and unhappiness. However, it is within the grasp of modern man to acquire a thorough understanding of Objective Reality.Yet, even with the modern science, it is still impossible for man to have total knowledge of reality. Therefore it is not possible for him to be in total alignment with Objective Reality at all times.Conflicts and problems are unavoidable, Yet, by perceiving Objective Reality as clearly as possible, we can minimize our conflicts and thus optimize our happiness.56. _____ can help people avoid being unhappy according to the author of the passage.A. EducationB. Objective realityC. Knowledge and rationalityD. Irrationality57. What is the possible meaning of the underlined word oscillate in paragraph 2?A. HesitateB. Move back and forthC. ChangeD. Go58. Which of the following is irrelevant knowledge to human existence?A. GravityB. GeologyC. EvolutionD. Big Bang59. By using the analogy of “separating wheat from chaff”, the author means that _____.A. Politics, love, economics and sex are just like chaff.B. in order to get more wheat, we have to shovel more chaff.C. in order to be aligned with objective reality, we have to know how to separate.D. human “problems” are actually the result of our misalignment with reality.60. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?A. A belief system is illusory because it is filled with irrationality.B. Many people don‟t know how to be happy because they do not recognize the reality of problematic situations.C. By perceiving Objective Reality, we can be the happiest.D. It is impossible for man to have total knowledge of reality. Therefore it is not possible for him to be in total alignment with Objective Reality at any time.Passage FourThere are very many factors involved in the development of a good team. However, here we shall concentrate on three in particular, namely: communication, team balance and leadership.Communication is clearly an important part of interpersonal interaction and , of course, teamwork is all about interpersonal interaction. Open communication is a fundamental part of good teamwork so far as it allows team members to understand each other‟s point of view, to share ideas, to express feelings and to articulate plans. Poor communication can be a major barrier to effective teamwork. Wrestling with the complexities of communication is therefore part of the challenge of developing an effective team.The balance of a team involves having people whose experience, skills, perspectives, interests and contributions complement one another, rather than duplicate or counteract each other. For example, it is no good having a team full of creative people who have lots of new ideas,but do not have the people who have the stamina to see those ideas through to completion. Similarly, a team that is full of people who are steady, strong workers but have little spark or creativity, will also be impoverished by comparison with a balanced team. If it is not to become stale and sterile, a team needs people who are prepared to risk conflict by challenging existing norms and assumptions, but, by the same token, a team also needs its peacemakers. Differences between team members can, in themselves, lead to conflict but the diversity of the team and the balance that this diversity can achieve will generally make up for any such conflicts.Leadership refers to the ability to create and sustain a positive working culture to motivate or even inspire staff to play their part in creating a work environment in which there are high standards of practice, a high level of commitment and a positive approach. A key part of leadership is “Vision”. This refers to the ability to keep a clear focus on what the team is trying to achieve, what its objectives are in terms of its overall strategy and aims. It is very easy for a team of people who are under pressure from various directions to lose their focus on what the team is all about and what purpose it is intended to fulfill. A good leader is somebody who not only keeps a clear focus himself or herself on the team‟s purpose and direction, but also ensures that that vision is shared by the team members and that they are not allowed to drift too far away from it.A good leader is somebody who promotes high morale by playing a key role in creating an atmosphere in which staff feel valued and supported. This helps to prevent such problems as gossip, rumor-mongering and backbiting, which can be so detrimental to a team‟s functioning.Effective teamwork therefore depends on a good leader, the right balance of the right people and the channels of communication remaining open between them. If these three core ingredients can be brought together, then there is every chance of a very effective team developing .61. According to the passage, the underlined word “stamina”(in Para. 3) means _______.A. flexibilityB. wisdomC. powerD. perseverance62. What is the author‟s attitude towards the conflict in a balanced team?A. The conflict always happens between some people who are steady and strong workers and the creative ones.B. The diversity of the team and the balance that this diversity can achieve will generally make up for any such conflicts.C. Without the conflict, the team would be better.D. Peacemakers can resolve the conflict.63. What is a key part of leadership in the author‟s view?A. The ability to keep a clear focus on what the team is trying to achieve, what its objectives are in terms of its overall strategy and aims.B. The ability to create and sustain a positive working culture.C. The ability to motivate or even inspire staff.D. The ability to create a work environment in which there are high standards of practice, a high level of commitment and a positive approach.64. Which statement is NOT true according to the passage?A. Poor communication among team members can be a major hindrance to effective teamwork.B. In a balanced team, team members‟ experience, skills, perspectives, interests and contributions are totally different.C. An atmosphere in which the staff feel valued and supported can help prevent the problems such as unkind and unpleasant talk about someone who is absent.D. A good team leader is a person who not only focuses himself/herself on the purpose and direction of the team, but also makes sure that other members of the team share this focus.65. What is the main idea of the passage?A. There are very many factors involved in the development of a good team.B. One of the key aspects of effective teamwork is open communication.C. No matter how good a team may be, conflicts will inevitably occur some time.D. Effective teamwork depends on a good leader, the right balance of the right people and the channels of communication remaining open between them.Section B: In this section, there is a passage with 15 blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once. Write the corresponding letter for each blank on Answer Sheet II. (15%)A man may usually be known by the books he reads as well as by the company he keeps; for there is a companionship of books as well as __1___ men; and one should always live in the best company, whether it be of books or of men.A good book may be among the best of friends. It is the same today that it always was, and it will never change. It is the most patient and cheerful of companions. It does not turn its back __2__ us in times of adversity or distress. It always receives us with the same kindness; amusing and instructing us in youth, and comforting and consoling us in age.Men often discover their affinity to each other by the mutual love they have for a book just __3__ two persons sometimes discover a friend by the admiration which both entertain for a third. There is an old proverb, …Love me, love my dog.” But there is __4___ wisdom in this:” Love me, love my book.” The book is a truer and higher bond of union. Men can think, feel, and sympathize with each other through their __5___ author. They live in him together, and he __6__them.A good book is often the best urn of a life enshrining the best that life could think out; for the world of a man‟s life is, for the most part, but the world of his thoughts. Thus the best books are treasuries of good words, the golden thoughts, __7___, remembered and cherished, become our __8___ companions and comforters.Books possess __9__ essence of immortality. They are by far the __10__lasting products of human effort. Temples and statues decay, but books __11__. Time is of no account with great thoughts, which are as fre sh today as when they first passed through their author‟s minds, ages __12__. What was then said and thought still speaks to us as vividly as ever from the printed page. The only effect of time have been to sift out the bad products; for nothing in literature __13___what is really good can long survive.Books introduce us into the best society; they bring us into the __14__of the greatest minds that have ever lived. We hear what they said and did; we see the as if they were really alive; we sympathize with them, enjoy with them, grieve with them; their experience becomes ours, and we feel as if we were in a measure actors with them in the scenes which they describe.The great and good do not die, even in this world. Embalmed in books, their spirits walk abroad. The book is a living voice. It is an intellect __15__which on still listens.Word BankA. toB. surviveC. ofD. favoriteE. whichF. thatG. butH. inI. ifJ. constantK. ago L. an M. as N. more O. mostP. upon Q. the R. at S. though T. presence1. ___________2. ____________3. ____________4. _____________5._____________6. ___________7. ____________8. ____________9.______________ 10._____________ 11. ___________ 12. ___________ 13. ____________ 14. ____________ 15. ____________Part IV: Proofreading (10%)Directions: In the following passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes, ONE in each numbered line. You may have to change a word, add a word, or just delete a word. If you change a word, cross it and write the correct word beside it. If you add a word, write the missing word between the words(in brackets) immediately before and after it. If you delete a word, cross it out with a slash(/). Put your answers on Answer Sheet II.Examples:eg. 1 (1) The meeting begun 2 hours ago.Correction put on Answered Sheet II; (1) begun beganeg. 2(2) Scarcely they settled themselves in their seats in the theatre when the curtain went up Correction put on Answered Sheet II; (2) (Scarcely ) had (they)eg. 3(3) Never will I not do it again.Correction put on Answered Sheet II; (3) notIn bringing up children, every parent watches eagerly the child'sacquisition (学会) of each new skill—the first speaking words, the first independent 1. _____________ steps, or the beginning of reading and writing. It is often tempting to hurrythe child beyond his natural learning rate, but this can set up dangerousfeelings of failure and state of worry in the child. This might happen at 2. ______________ any stage. A baby might be forced to use a toilet too early, a young childmight be encouraged to learn to read before he knows the meaning of thewords he reads. On the other hand, though, if a child left alone too much, 3. ______________or without any learning opportunities, he loses his natural enthusiasm forlife and his desire to find out new things for himself.Parents vary greatly in their degree of strict towards their children. 4. ______________ Some may be especially strict in money matters, others are sever over times of coming home at night or punctuality for meals. In general, thecontrols imposed represent the needs of the parents and the values of thecommunity as many as the child's own happiness. 5. ______________ As regards the development of morality standards in the growing child, 6. ______________ consistency is very important in parental teaching. To forbid a thing one dayand excuse it the next is not foundation for morality (道德). Also, parents should 7. ______________ realize that “example is more better than precept”. If they are not sincere and 8. ______________ do not practice what they preach (说教),their children may grow confused andemotionally insecure when they grow old enough to think themselves, 9. _____________and realize they have been to some extent fooled.A sudden awareness of a marked difference between their parents'principles and their morals can be a dangerous disappointment. 10.______________Proofreading keys;1. speaking--- spoken2. state----states3. left----- is left4. strict---strictness5. many---much6. morality---moral7. not---no8. more---去掉9．Think ---think for10. can be ---can be aA man may usually be known by the books he reads as well as by the company he keeps; fo r there is a companionship of books as well as of men; and one should always live in the bes t company, whether it be of books or of men.通常看一个读些什么书就可知道他的为人，就像看他同什么人交往就可知道他的为人一样，由于有人以人为伴，也有人以书为伴。
运筹学习题答案第七章
最优 最优决策 决策 的效益值
0
0
0
64
1
108
2
114
3
124
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School of Management
运筹学教程
第七章习题解答
工厂1
状态（可
决策（分配资金）
能的投资
数）
01234
4
124 155 154 124 66
最优 决策
最优决 策的效 益值
1
155
最优解是：工厂1追加投资1百万，年利润41万；工 厂2追加投资2百万，利润50万；工厂3追加投资1百万， 利润64万。总利润是155万元。
试求最合理靠的码头及航线，使总路程最短。
Image
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School of Management
运筹学教程
第七章习题解答
No Image
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School of Management
运筹学教程
第七章习题解答
7.3 某厂每月生产某种产品最多600件，当月生 产的产品若未销出，就需存贮(刚入库的产品，该月不 付存贮费)。月初就已存的产品需支付存储费，每100 件每月1千元。已知每100件产品的生产费为5千元。 在进行生产的月份工厂要支出经营费4千元．市场需求 如表7-19所示，假定1月初及4月底库存量为零，试问 每月应生产多少产品，才能在满足需求条件下，使总 生产及存贮费用之和最小。
运筹学教程
第七章习题解答
7.10 用顺序解法计算7.1题，7.4题。 解：略。
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11 美国甲状腺学会2012年《未分化型腺癌处理指南》简介
组织病理学和鉴别诊断
３．１．１鉴别诊断形态学诊断加上适当相关的免疫组化用 于排除其他侵犯性较小而可治的类似于ＡＴＣ的实体瘤（强， 中等），如低分化型甲状腺癌、甲状腺鳞状细胞癌等。 ３．１．２细胞学及病理学手段细针抽吸活检（ｆｉｎｅｎｅｅｄｌｅ
ａｓ—
ｃａｎｃｅｒ，ＡＴＣ）是所有甲状
腺来源的肿瘤中致死率最高的，其平均生存期为５个月，１年 生存率仅为２０％。所幸的是，ＡＴＣ仅占所有甲状腺癌的 １．７％。美国癌症联合会（Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ 实施相应的会诊及处理。 美国甲状腺协会（Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ 立以Ｒｏｂｅａ
ＤＯＩ：１０．３７６０／ｃｍａ．ｊ．ｉｓｓｎ．１６７４—６０９０．２０１３．０２．０２３
作者单位：３１１２００杭州师范大学附属萧山第一人民医院甲乳外 科（郭顺利）；２００２３３上海交通大学附属第六人民医院外科，上海交通 大学甲状腺疾病诊治中心（谢婧、康杰、邓先兆、丁政、伍波、樊友本） 通信作者：樊友本，Ｅｍｉａｌ：ｆａｎｙｏｕｂｅｎ２００６＠１６３．ｔｏｍ
ＡＴＣ诊断后治疗一旦ＡＴＣ的诊断建立，应当迅速
地由一个多学科甲状腺癌治疗小组制定计划，负责治疗（强，
万方数据
一１６６一
低）。
中华内分泌外科杂志２０１３年４月第７卷第２期Ｃｈｉｎ Ｊ
Ｅｎｄｏｃｒ Ｓｕｒｇ，Ａｐｒｉｌ ２０１３，Ｖ０１．７，Ｎｏ．２
合化疗）肿瘤有切除可能时，可考虑手术切除（强，低）。患 者有局部症状且体力状态差，宜行姑息放疗法（强，低）。不 可手术切除而接受放疗的患者或是术后患者，条件允许下尽 量行适形调强放射疗法（ｉｎｔｅｎｓｉｔｙ—ｍｏｄｕｌａｔｅｄ
ｒａｄｉｏｔｈｅｒａｐｙ，ＩＭ—
３．２．４预后因素因为ＡＴＣ是致死率高的侵袭性肿瘤平均 生存时间仅为５～６个月，而１年生存率仅为２０％。应评估 每位患者预后相关因素如年龄、性别、肿瘤大小、组织学、临 床分期（强，中等）。 ３．３治疗及照顾目标对患者疾病治疗做决定的医生应邀 请多学科专家会诊，这些专家有可能正在或以后参与患者的 治疗，而且应当在与患者讨论“治疗目标”之前进行（强， 低）。患者必须具有知情同意或做特殊医学决定的能力。如 果患者可能出现决定能力减弱或受损时，可通过精神科或临 床伦理科会诊来评估（强，低）。如果患者需要代理决定者， 治疗医生必须确定此代理人的任命是根据患者陈述的意愿 （书面或口头），或是与医院伦理学家或律师一同依法决定的 （强，低）。关于患者自主权和利益等，《指南》建议在多学科 治疗组会诊时，必须安排一次与患者的见面会，充分告知不 同治疗选择（包括姑息治疗）的潜在风险和益处。临床处理 应参考患者意愿（强，低）。应鼓励患者起草一份声明任命代 理决定者，列出遗嘱或是其他临终意愿。可讨论ＡＮＤ（允许 自然死亡）和ＤＮＲ（不进行复苏）（强，低）。 ３．４缓解疾病的方法 ３．４．１手术的价值或作用 如果为病灶局限和可达到Ｒ１
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Sub Sector Area 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.4 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3
Understanding Nutrition, Performance and Healthy Eating Understanding the Role of Young People as Peer Mentors Communication between Children aged 0-3 Years and Adults Developing Skills in Caring for Young Children Introduction to Developing Language and Communication Skills in Children Introduction to Food and Nutrition for Children and Young People Introduction to Preparing, Presenting and Keeping Food for Children and Young People Planning for the Physical Care Needs of Children aged 0-3 Years Respecting Children Understanding Child Development Understanding Children's Social and Emotional Development Understanding Growth, Social and Emotional Development of Children Understanding Human Growth and Development Understanding Play for Early Learning Understanding Play Understanding the Intellectual and Language Development of Children Aged from Birth to Eight Using Craft Activities with Children and Young People Assist with Animal Accommodation Assist with Feedstuffs for Small Animals Assist with the Care of Animals
Credit Status Value 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 1 6 NEW UNIT NEW UNIT NEW UNIT NEW UNIT
NEW UNIT
NEW UNIT
NEW UNIT NEW UNIT
NEW UNIT Qualifications approved October 2011
Unit Title Assist with the Movement and Handling of Small Animals Principles of Dealing with Animal Accommodation Principles of the Care of Animals Principles of the Movement and Handling of Small Animals Understanding Soils and Crop Plants Developing an Awareness of Soil Types and Garden Habitats Developing Practical Floristry Skills* Developing Skills for Sowing and Growing Plants Developing Skills for Using and Maintaining Garden Tools Developing Skills in Garden Horticulture* Introduction to Amenity Horticulture Skills Introduction to Cultivating Plant Cuttings Introduction to Garden Horticulture Introduction to Garden Maintenance Skills Introduction to Planting in a Container Introduction to Practical Floristry Skills Introduction to Propagation of Plants Cultivating Compost and Soils Cultivating Herbs Understanding Organic Horticulture Understanding Plant Pruning Understanding Sowing and Growing Techniques Understanding Techniques used in Floristry Understanding the Skills Required for Floristry Assist with Maintaining the Health and Wellbeing of Animals 2 of 17
STEP-UP VERSION 2
Ofqual Unit Reference Number L/503/2985 R/503/2986 Y/600/0471 F/500/5444 T/500/5120 H/600/9142 H/601/0095 D/600/9138 Y/600/9140 H/600/9139 L/601/0124 K/601/0096 H/502/7324 L/502/7320 L/502/7253 Y/502/7322 D/502/7273 T/502/6971 R/502/7321 M/500/5584 J/500/5445 J/500/5560 A/500/5586 L/500/5561
NOCN SKILLS TOWARDS ENABLING PROGRESSION (STEP-UP) UNIT LIST
Ofqual Unit Reference Number L/500/5091 R/500/5092 H/502/3371 K/500/5096 M/500/5097 M/500/5004 T/500/5005 K/502/3372 M/502/3373 K/500/5521 T/500/5523 K/500/5101 F/500/5007 R/500/5531 R/503/3183 Y/503/3184 R/500/5108 R/600/0470 H/600/0473 A/502/4588 Unit Title Sub Sector Area 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 3.1 3.1 3.1 1 of 17 Level Credit Status Value 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 NEW UNIT
Sub Sector Area 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.3
Level 1 1 1 1 1 E3 1 E3 E3 1 E3 E3 E3 E3 E3 E3 E3 1 1 1 1 1 1 E3 1
Unit Title Developing Confidence Working with Animals Developing Confidence Working with Animals Principles of Dealing with Feedstuffs for Small Animals Understanding Biology and Environmental Study Understanding Ecology and Conservation Developing Skills in Assembling Mechanical Components Developing Skills in Electronic Assembly Developing Skills in Making Engineering Components Using Hand Tools Developing Skills in Planning and Making a Machined Product Developing Skills in Using a Bench/Pedestal Drilling Machine Developing Skills in Wiring Electrical Circuits and Components Developing Skills in Joining Materials Using Welding Carry out a systematic cycle check Clean and Prepare a Cycle for Use Lubricate and tension a single speed cycle chain Remove and Replace a Cycle Rim Brake Assembly Remove and Replace Cycle Saddles, Seat Posts and Handlebars Remove and Replace Cycle Wheels, Tyres and Inner Tubes Repair a Cycle Puncture Checking and Maintaining a Car's Tyre Pressure and Tread Checking and Maintaining Car Tyre Pressures and Tread Checking and Maintaining Fluid Levels on a Car Identification of Basic External and Internal Car Parts Identification of Basic External and Internal Car Parts 3 of 17