社会心理学《第三讲 行为与态度》

▪ One is to measure facial muscle responses to statements .
▪ Another ,the “implicit association test ” uses reaction times to measure how quickly people associate concepts .
▪ C: a hypothetical construct (ghost ,everybody is talking about but nobody has ever seen )
▪ D: general and integrated impression about a target
国内定义：
Saying becomes believing
▪ When induced to give spoken or written witness to something they doubt ,people will often feel bad about their deceit .nevertheless ,they begin to believe what they are saying ---provided they weren’t bribed or coerced（强迫） into doing so .
Yes No 2. I regularly eat at least five servings of fresh fruits and vegetables each day.
Yes No 3. I voted in the last election for which I was eligible.
2 = disagree
3 = neither agree nor disagree
4 = agree
5 = strongly agree
1.
Engaging in regular physical exercise three
times a week promotes good health.
2.
/avoidance
ATTITUDE SURVEY
▪ Please indicate the extent to which you agree with each
of the statements below, using the following scale:
1 = strongly disagree
▪ To what extent ,and under what conditions ,do the attitudes of the heart drive our outward actions ?
Are we all hypocrites（伪君子） ?
▪ Student attitudes toward cheating bore little relation to the likelihood of their actually cheating .
拉皮埃尔的实验
▪ 1934 ▪ 第一部分：现场研究-----带领一对中国留学生
夫妇，游历美国，行程数万里。到了66家旅馆和 184家饭店，只有一家拒绝接待。单独访问也未被 拒。 ▪ 第二部分：问卷研究-----6个月后，对去过的每 一家旅馆和饭店进行问卷调查。作为比较，对未 去过的一些饭店和旅馆也做了同样调查。结果？
态度是指个体对一定社会刺激所持有的，具有一 定结构、相对稳定和内化了的心理反应倾向。
▪ 1、态度是一种心理反应倾向，一种特殊的心理 过程。
▪ 2、态度的构成具有一定的结构。 ▪ 3、态度是相对稳定的心理反应倾向。 ▪ 4、态度是内化了的心理过程，经由经验组合
而成。 ▪ 5、态度是对一定社会刺激的心理反应倾向，
4.2 Attitude –behavior inconsistency
▪ For many years ,researchers have found that expressed attitudes (obtained from questionnaires or interviews ) often do not correspond to their behavior .
Yes No 4. Within the last year, I have personally done something to address the problem of homelessness (e.g., made a charitable contribution, talked with a homeless person, wrote my congressman regarding the problem of homelessness).
Eating a variety of foods each day, including
five or more servings of fresh fruits and vegetables,
contributes to wellness.
3.
It is essential that all citizens exercise their
4.2.2 When Do Attitudes Predict Behavior?
▪ Minimizing social influences on expressed attitudes
▪ Minimizing other influences on behavior
▪ Examining attitudes specific to the behavior
Result
▪ Only 1 in 20 believed that assigning the positive task to themselves was the most moral thing to do ,yet 80 percent did so .
▪ Flip coins :90 percent assigned themselves to the positive task!
4.2.3ttitudes?
▪ Role playing ▪ Saying becomes
believing ▪ The foot-in-the-door
phenomenon ▪ Evil acts and attitudes ▪ Interracial behavior
and attitudes ▪ Social movements
Role playing
▪ Role :a set of norms that defines how people in a given social position ought to behave .
▪ When enacting new social roles ,we may at first feel phony .but our unease seldom lasts .
right to vote if government is to effectively reflect the will
of the people.
4.
Homelessness is a serious social problem
that needs attention.
BEHAVIOR SURVEY
Summarize
▪ Our attitudes predict our actions if : 1.other influences are minimal 2.the attitude is specific to the action 3.the attitude is potent as when we are reminded of it
4.1 What is an Attitude ?
▪ Attitude : A favorable or unfavorable evaluative reaction toward something or someone ,exhibited in one’s beliefs ,feelings ,or intended behavior .
4. Behaviors and Attitudes
Social Psychology by David G. Myers 8th Edition
最早的态度实验
▪ 态度正式研究开始于19世纪末期。1888年， 朗格在有关反应时间的实验中发现，被试 如果集中注意即将作出的反应，其反应时 间比他集中注意即将来临的刺激时要短。 这种预先的倾向或准备的状态就是所谓的 态度。
是在主体与客体的相互联系之中形成的。
Tri-components of attitude ABC theory
▪ Cognitive –beliefs –facts and knowledge ▪ Affective –evaluative –preference ▪ Behavioral –intention –approach
When other influences on behavior are minimal ?
▪ A principle : The effects of an attitude become
more apparent when we look at a person’s aggregate or average behavior rather than at isolated acts .
▪ Please indicate whether or not you have performed each of the following actions:
Yes No 1. I take time to engage in regular physical exercise at least three times a week.