英语阅读基本功之难句过关大全
英语阅读基本功之难句过关大全
英语阅读基本功之难句过关大全(一)定语从句英语和汉语中的定语有很大的不同。
汉语中定语只能前置,而英语中定语既可前置也可后置。
两者的不同,不仅表现在结构上,也表现在意义上。
英语中的定语从句有时从原因、结果、目的或条件等方面对中心词加以限定。
因此,在对语法结构、上下文逻辑关系深刻理解的前提下,为了更明确地表明这种逻辑关系,可以将定语从句翻译成相应的状语从句。
同时值得注意的是,定语从句与中心词之间常有分割成分,而该分割成分中与定语从句紧挨着的名词,常常会被误认为定语从句的中心词。
因此,遇到这种结构,一定要根据上下文和常识进行判断。
翻译定语从句时可采用提前译、顺序译、分译或转译等多种方法。
1. As far as the third factor is concerned, the history of science shows many instances in which the force of authority has operated in such a manner as to build up an exceedingly powerful resistance to further investigation; in some cases centuries elapsed before this resistance was eventually broken down, as happened in cosmology, for example.第一层: As far as the third factor is concerned , 状语从句1 the history 主of science 定shows 谓many 定instances 宾in which the force of authority has operated in such a manner as to build up an exceedingly power- 定语从句ful resistance to further investigation ; in some cases 状centuries 主elapsed 谓before this resistance was eventually broken down, as 状语从句2 happened in cosmology, for example.第二层: (状语从句1) As far as 引the third factor 主语is 系concerned 表语(定语从句) in which 引the force 主of authority 定has operated 谓in such a manner as to build up an exceedingly powerful re- 状sistance to further investigation(状语从句2) before 引this resistance 主was 系eventually 状broken down, 表as happened in cosmology,for example 定语从句第三层: (定语从句) as 引happened 谓in cosmology, 状for example. 插入语要点本句由两个分句构成,以分号连接。
56条英语阅读理解解题技巧汇总
1. 原句重复出现，200%错。
正确的一般都是有改动的，即同义替换。
2. 文章是按顺序出题的。
你要觉得不是，就是你可能做错了。
3. 选项中意思完全相反的2个选项，其中之一是对的。
（要有这个意识）。
4. 就一般而言，some people，表示作者不认同的观点。
few people，表示作者的观点。
5. 用文章里举例的句子来做为选项，直接排除。
200%错。
（要有能辨别这个选项是不是文章中例子的能力）。
6. 某某人说的话，或者是带引号的，一定要高度重视。
尤其是在段落的后半部分，很有可能就是某个问题的同义替换，即题眼。
7. 有时候，一句话可以设2个问题。
不过这种情况很少出现了，非常少。
8. 文章基本以5段为主（也有6段、7段的），要把握每段之间的关系。
一般来说，一段一个题，只是一般来说哦。
9. 一篇文章总会有5、6+个长难句，且总会在这里设问题。
所以，长难句必须要拿下！10. 每段的第一句很重要。
尤其总分结构的段。
有时候第一句话就是题眼。
在英语考试中，总分结构或者总分总的段落很多。
11. 若文章首段以why为开头的，这里若设题的话，选项里有because的，往往就是正确选项。
不过这种类型的题，很少见了。
12. 有时候每段的第一句话，仅仅是一个表述。
而在第2或3句以后，会出现对比或者转折。
一般来说，转折后面的是作者的态度。
你要注意的是，作者对什么进行了转折。
那个关键词你要找出来。
13. 在应该出现答案的地方，没有答案。
接着往下读。
答案可能会在下一段的开头部分。
因为文章都是接着说的，要有连贯性。
14. 一个长句看不懂，接着往下看，下一句可能是这个长句的解释说明。
若是，这个地方可能会出题。
要出题的话，答案就在这附近。
而实际情况是，文章在谈论某个问题或提出某个观点时，有时会再做进一步的解释说明。
这种情况下，这里往往会设问题。
15. 有些句子仅仅是解释补充，或者是起过渡作用的。
这样句子的特点是，句子比较短。
注意，答案一般不会在这儿出现。
英语阅读长难句破解方法
英语阅读长难句破解方法全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：英语阅读长难句破解方法在学习英语阅读的过程中，我们经常会遇到一些长难句，这些句子结构复杂，语法繁琐，让人感觉困难重重。
如何有效地破解这些长难句，提高阅读理解能力呢？下面就为大家介绍一些破解长难句的方法：1. 弄清句子结构在遇到长难句时，首先要弄清楚句子的结构，明确主谓宾等各个部分的关系。
可以通过画线标注不同部分，将句子拆解成更容易理解的片段，帮助我们更好地理解长难句的含义。
2. 注意连词长难句中常常会有大量的连词，比如and, but, although, because等等。
这些连词可以帮助我们理清句子的逻辑关系，明确句子各部分之间的联系。
在阅读长难句时，要格外留意这些连词，并理解它们在句子中的作用。
3. 寻找关键词长难句中常常会包含一些关键词，这些关键词可以帮助我们找到句子的主题和重点。
在阅读长难句时，要特别留意这些关键词，理解它们的含义和作用，从而更好地把握句子的主旨。
4. 利用上下文上下文是破解长难句的利器。
有时候我们无法直接理解一句话的含义，可以通过上下文的信息来推断句子的意思。
在阅读长难句时，要善于利用上下文的线索，帮助我们更好地理解句子的意思。
5. 多读多练最重要的破解长难句的方法就是多读多练。
只有通过不断的阅读和练习，我们才能提高自己的阅读理解能力，逐渐熟悉各种句子结构和语法规则，从而更轻松地理解长难句。
破解长难句的方法包括弄清句子结构，注意连词，寻找关键词，利用上下文，多读多练等。
通过不断的学习和练习，我们一定能够提高自己的阅读能力，更好地理解和运用英语长难句。
希望以上方法对大家有所帮助，祝大家阅读顺利！第二篇示例：英语阅读长难句破解方法英语是一门广泛使用的语言，对于学习者来说，阅读是提高英语能力的重要途径之一。
英语中存在很多长难句，给学习者阅读带来了很大困难。
本文将探讨英语阅读长难句的破解方法，帮助学习者提高阅读能力。
考研英语阅读必背50个长难句
考研英语阅读必背50个长难句1. It is difficult to the point ofimpossibility for the average reader under theage of forty to imagine a time when high- quality arts criticism could be found in most big-citynewspapers. (2010 T1 P2)对于平均年龄40岁以下的读者而言, 他们很难想象在大多数大城市的主流报纸上可以读到高质量的艺术评论的那一年代。
2. To read such books today is tomarvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general- circulation dailies. (2010 T1 P2)今天我们阅读这样的书籍,会惊讶于这样的一个事实:这些学术性文艺评论曾经被认为适合刊登在面向大众发行的日报上。
3. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers wouldwrite in detail and at length about the events they covered. (2010 T1 P3)在那些远去的日子里,主流报刊的评论家们详尽地评论所报道的事件,认为是理所当然的。
4. Curbs on business-method claimswould be a dramaticabout-face,because it was the Federal Circuit itself that introduced such patents with its1998 decision in the so- called State Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of poolingmutual-fund assets. (2010 T2 P3)对于商业方法专利授予的限制将会出现巨大的转变,因为正是联邦巡回法院在1998年被称为"州街银行案"的决议中引入了这类专利,其中的共有资产投资的管理方法被授予了专利。
英语六级阅读真题难点关键句500句
英语六级阅读真题难点关键句500句之第一部分1. Wearing a seat belt saves lives; it reduces your chance of death or serious injury by more than half.2. But it will be the driver’s responsibility to make sure that children under 14 do not ride in the front unless they are wearing a seat belt of some kind.3. However, you do not have to wear a seat belt if you are reversing your vehicle; or you are making a local delivery or collection using a special vehicle; or if you have a valid medical certificate which excuses you from wearing it.4. Remember you may be taken to court for not doing so, and you may be fined if you cannot prove to the court that you have been excused from wearing it.5. Professor Taiju Matsuzawa wanted to find out why otherwise healthy farmers in northern Japan appeared to be losing their ability to think and reason at a relatively early age, and how the process of ageing could he slowed down.6. With a team of colleagues at Tokyo National University, he set about measuring brain volumes of a thousand people of different ages and varying occupations.7. Computer technology enabled the researchers to obtain precise measurements of the volume of the front and side sections of the brain, which relate to intellect (智能) and emotion, and determine the human character.8. Contraction of front and side parts as cells die off was observed in some subjects in their thirties, but it was still not evident in some sixty and seventy-year-olds.9. The findings show in general terms that contraction of the brain begins sooner in people in the country than in the towns.10. White collar workers doing routine work in government offices are, however, as likely to have shrinking brains as the farm worker, bus driver and shop assistant.11. We know that you have a high opinion of the kind of learning taught in your colleges, and that the costs of living of our young men, while with you, would be very expensive to you.12. But you must know that different nations have different ways of looking at things, and you will therefore not be offended if our ideas of this kind of education happen not to be the same as yours.13. We are, however, not the less obliged by your kind offer, though we refuse to accept it; and, to show our grateful sense of it, if the gentlemen of Virginia will send us a dozen of their sons, we will take care of their education, teach them in all we know , and make men of them.14. In what now seems like the prehistoric times of computer history, the earth’s postwar era, there was quite a wide-spread concern that computers would take over the world from man one day.15. Already today, less than forty years later, as computers are relieving us of more and more of the routine tasks in business and in our personal lives. We are faced witha less dramatic but also less foreseen problem.16. Obviously, there would be no point in investing in a computer if you had to check all its answers, but people should also rely on their own internal computers and check the machine when they have the feeling that something has gone wrong.17. Certainly Newton considered some theoretical aspects of it in his writings, but he was reluctant to go to sea to further his work.18. For most people the sea was remote, and with the exception of early intercontinental travellers or others who earned a living from the sea, there was little reason to ask many questions about it , let alone to ask what lay beneath the surface. 19. The first time that the question “ What is at the bottom of the oceans?” had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed.20. At the early attempts, the cable failed and when it was taken out for repairs it was found to be covered in living growths, a fact which defied contemporary scientific opinion that there was no life in the deeper parts of the sea第一部分（1-20句译文）1、系好安全带能够挽救性命，它能将丧生和重伤的概率减少一半以上。
高考英语阅读理解长难句分析+附重点词汇用法
高考英语阅读理解长难句分析+附重点词汇用法长难句1：This tension between what we feel we can have and what we’re seemingly able to have is the niggling suffering, the anxiety we feel. This is where we usually think it’s easier to just give up. But we’re never meant to let go of the part of us that knows we can have more. The intelligence behind that knowing is us —the real us. It’s the part that believes in life and its possibilities. If you drop that, you begin to feel a little “dead”inside because you’re dropping “you”.译文：我们自己认为能拥有的和我们实际能拥有的之间的矛盾，总是让我们焦虑，备受折磨。
在这种处境中，我们通常会觉得还是放弃更容易吧。
但是我们永远不会放弃一部分自我，相信我们可以拥有更多的那部分自我。
“相信”背后的智慧就是“我们自己”——真正的“自己”。
正是这部分“自己”相信生活，相信生活充满可能性。
如果不再相信，心里会感觉有些东西在慢慢消失，因为你放弃了“你”。
点拨：benever meant to dosth：决不会做某事let goof：释放，松手放开drop：放弃dead：死气沉沉的，无生机的长难句2：Failure is probably the most exhausting experience a person ever has. There is nothing more tiring than not succeeding.译文：失败可能是一个人一生中最疲惫的经历。
英语阅读基本功—长难句过关之倒装结构
最牛英语口语培训模式：躺在家里练口语，全程外教一对一，三个月畅谈无阻！洛基英语，免费体验全部在线一对一课程：/ielts/xd.html（报名网址）第四章倒装结构英语中有时为了强调突出某一句子成分，或当否定词出现在句首时，或是由于同上文衔接等的缘故，常常采用倒装的结构，即：把正常的主+谓+宾（表）+补+状的语序打乱，把应该在后面出现的成分提到前面去，如：谓语出现在主语前面，谓语、宾语出现在主语前面，或状语放在句首等。
简单句中的倒装较容易辨认，但在长句中当同其他的句子结构混在一起时，倒装结构的辨认就有一定的困难，有时会误认为是其他的句子成分，如：分句独立结构，定语等，导致错判全句的主干，形成理解障碍。
ExerciseOf drugs or medicine she had almost none.Splendid is the architecture of Manhattan, the heart of the city, with its one hundred and more skyscrapers.Especially popular were his Sunday evening dinners, usually followed by musical performances.要点及参考译文要点：介词短语位于句首表示强调，这是一个倒装句。
译文：在毒品或者药物这两样东西中她几乎什么都没有。
要点：此句为倒装句，正常语序应为:" The architecture of Manhattan,... is splendid."因为主语太长，为了保持句子平衡，所以用了倒装语序。
译文：市中心曼哈顿的建筑有百余幢摩天大楼，甚为雄伟壮观。
要点：此句为倒装句。
因主语较长，并带有分词短语"followed..."作定语修饰"dinner"，为了保持句子平衡，将表语提前到句首。
英语四级100条阅读难句
ww w.T o p w a y E n g l i sh.c o m ww w.T o p w a y E n g l i s h.c o m一、定语从句的概念第一章定语从句第一节常见考点突破译文两个月以前格洛塔为一位50 岁的男士看病，这名男士吸烟咳嗽已有一年，但期间他没有采取任何措施，以致（2）延误了治疗。
4.T h e d i g it a l bread c r u m b s(碎屑)you l eave every w h er e m a k e it ea s y f or s t ra n ger s t o定语从句就是修饰主句里的名词或代词的从句，本质上相当（2）形容词二、定语从句的类型定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
大多数定语从句都对所修饰的名词或代词加以限制，去掉该从句后先行词将意义不全或失去意义而非限制性定语从句的作用在（2）补充翻译时常常另起一个句子与主句构成并列句例如：T ha t’s t he s a m e m an t ha t ask ed f o r he l p t he day be f o r e ye s t e r day.I mm i g r an t s a r e qu i ck l y fitti ng i n t o t h i s co m m on cu lt u r e,w h i ch m ay no t bea lt oge t he r e l eva ti ng bu t is ha r d l y po i s onou s.三、定语从句与同位语从句的区别1.同位语从句的形式与定语从句相似，它们之前都有先行词，但与先行词的关系有所不同：同位语从句与先行词同位或等同，定语从句与先行词则是修饰关系。
2.在定语从句中，关系词要代替先行词在从句中作适当的句子成分；而同位语从句的引导词则只起引导作用，没有代替前面名词在从句中作句子成分的作用。
2011年考研英语阅读基本功难句过关
2007年考研英语阅读基本功难句过关之分割结构分割结构就是指把英语句子中原来属于一个整体的句子成分分割开,一部分留在句子的原来位置,另一部分远离原来位置。
如：The best books are treasuries of good words, the golden thoughts, which, remembered and cherished, become our constant companions and comforters. 不难看出which become our constant companions and comforters原本是一个整体,被用作状语的过去分词remembered and cherished分割开。
常见的分割结构形式有同位语或同位语从句与先行词的分割,定语或and定语从句与先行词的分割,主语与谓语的分割,谓语与宾语的分割。
使用分割结构的目的是使语句结构平衡,避免头重脚轻,或者为了使表达的主题思想更加突出醒目,读起来更通顺流畅。
分割结构的存在说明了英语在结构形式和表达方法上的生动性和灵活性,但也造成了句子结构的错综复杂。
对于分割结构,只有从结构上和语意上弄清它才能避免理解上的错误,英译汉时要把原来属于一个整体部分的意义译出。
如： An unusual present was given to him for his birthday, a book on ethics.过生日的时候他得到了一件不寻常的礼物--一本关于伦理道德的书。
(present 和a book被分隔) 再如： After Galileo's work the feeling grew that there were universal laws governing the motion of bodies and that these laws might apply to motion in the heavens as well as on earth.在伽利略著作之后,这样的认识加强了,即认为存在着支配物体运动的普遍规律,这些规律不仅支配着地球上的也支配着天体上的物体的运动。
高考英语阅读长难句分析100句(无中文版)
高考英语阅读长难句分析100句1. According to a recent survey, four million people die each year from diseases linked to smoking.2. The latest surveys show that quite a few children have unpleasant associations with homework.3. No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet.4. People seem to fail to take into account the fact that education does not end with graduation.5. An increasing number of people are beginning to realize that education isnot complete with graduation.6. When it comes to education, the majority of people believe that educationis a lifetime study.7. Many experts point out that physical exercise contributes directly to a person's physical fitness.8. Proper measures must be taken to limit the number of foreign tourists and the great efforts should be made to protect local environment and history from the harmful effects of international tourism.9. An increasing number of experts believe that migrants will exert positiveeffects on construction of city. However, this opinion is now being questioned by more and more city residents, who complain that the migrants have brought many serious problems like crime and prostitution.越来越多的专家相信移民对城市的建设起到积极作用。
有关英语语法中《英语阅读》基本功之难句过关大全问题 (免费下载)_
（免费下载）英语阅读基本功之难句过关大全（一）2007-12-09 13:30第一章倒装句英语句子通常有两种语序,一种是自然语序(Natural Order),又称正装语序,另一种便是本章要介绍的倒装语序(Inverted Order)。
从形式上分,倒装有两种：全部倒装(Full Inversion)和部分倒装(Partial Inversion)。
谓语动词全部位于主语之前的称作全部倒装,例如：In front of me stood a boy. (我面前站着一个男孩。
)只将谓语动词的一部分(通常是助动词或情态动词)放在主语之前的称作部分倒装,例如：Only in this way can we do it better. (只有这样,我们才能做得更好一些。
)从使用目的区分,倒装也有两种情况,即语法倒装(Grammatical Inversion)和修辞倒装(Rhetorical Inversion)。
语法倒装是由于语法规则的要求而必须进行的倒装,例如：Who called me just now?(刚才谁打电话给我?)修辞倒装是出于修辞的需要而把正常语序转为倒装语序,例如：Out rushed the children.(孩子们冲了出去。
)H·Fowler归纳倒装的原因有九种,即疑问、命令、惊叹、假设、平衡、衔接、点题(signpost)、否定和韵律(metrical)。
这并不完全,还应加上强调和为使描写更加生动两种。
在英语中,倒装句俯拾即是,用得非常普遍,但汉语却很少用,所以在翻译倒装句时,仍应按原文词序翻译,并照顾汉语的习惯,以保持译文句子结构流畅、匀称。
本章只列举在阅读文章中常遇到的倒装现象,以使考生熟悉英语和汉语在语序上的差异。
1. Jack London poured into his writings all the pain of his life, the fierce hatred of the bourgeoisie that it had produced in him, and the conviction it had brought to him that the world could be made a better place to live in if the exploited would rise up and take the management of society out of the hands of the exploiters.第一层： Jack London 主 poured 谓 into his writings 状 all the pain 宾 of his life, 定 the fierce hatred 宾 of the bourgeoisie 定 that it had produced in him , 定语从句1 and 连 the conviction 宾 it had brought to him 定语从句2 that the world could be made a better place to live in if the exploited would rise 同位语从句 up and take the management of society out of the hands of the exploiters .第二层： (定语从句1) that 引 it 主 had produced 谓 in him 状(定语从句2) it 主 had brought to 谓 him 间宾(同位语从句) that 引 the world 主 could be made 谓 a better place 宾 to live in 定 if the exploited would rise up and take the man- 状语从句 agement of society out of the hands of the exploiters.第三层： (状语从句) if 引 the exploited 主 would rise up 谓 and 连 take 谓 the management 宾 of society 定 out of the hands of the exploiters 状要点本句为倒装句。
高考阅读理解高分必备：学会分析这18个英语长难句
高考阅读理解高分必备：学会分析这18个英语长难句阅读是英语考试的重中之重，对英语阅读中的长难句理解是攻克阅读的有效方法。
本文将着重讲解高考英语阅读真题中的长难句，希望提高大家阅读能力。
长难句解题思路1. 首先寻找连词：连词包含并列连词，从属连词和关系词，并且依据连词将长句划分成短句；2. 依据五大句型基本结构，判断短句的句子成分。
注意区分谓语动词和非谓语动词（现在分词，动名词，过去分词，不定式），明确句子的谓语动词，剥离定语，状语，从而确定句子的基本结构。
第1句：时间状语从句，定语从句When he returned, the boy was able to describe everything he had seen to the old man.长句分析：(1) when 引导的是时间状语从句;(2) he had seen: 是一个定语从句，修饰先行词everything. 由于定语从句缺少宾语，因此省略了关系代词that。
注意：先行词为不定代词everything时，关系代词不可使用Which；(3) to the old man: 是做动词describe的宾语补足语；(4) describe: 描述. Describe something to somebody : 向某人描述某物;长句翻译: 当他回来时，这个男孩能向老人描述他所看到的一切。
第2句：目的状语从句，宾语从句The robot will have to have a certain way to receive the program so that it knows what it is to do.长句分析：(1) so that : 引导了一个目的状语从句，so 前面的句子是主句，that 后面的句子是目的状语从句；(2) what 引导的是it knows的宾语从句,充当knows的宾语，it 是指示代词，指代的是robot. What在宾语从句中充当do的宾语；(3) have to : 不得不;劝告或建议时用;表示一定真实或肯定发生;(4) have a way to do something : 拥有做某事的方法；长句翻译：机器人必须有一个特定的方式来接收程序，这样它才能知道它要做什么。
六级阅读高分需掌握的72个难点关键句
1．It作先行主语和先行宾语的一些句型She had said what it was necessary to say.2．强调句型It is not who rules us that is important,but how he rules us. 3．"All+抽象名词"或"抽象名词+itself"（very+形容词）He was all gentleness to her.4．利用词汇重复表示强调A crime is a crime a crime.5．"something（much）of"和"nothing（little）of""something of"相当于"to some extent"，表示程度。
在疑问句或条件从句中，则为"anything of"，可译为"有点"，"略微等。
""译为毫无"，"全无"。
"much of"译为"大有"，"not much of"可译为"算不上"，"称不上"，"little of"可译为"几乎无"。
something like译为"有点像，略似。
"They say that he had no university education,but he seems to be something of a scholar.6．同格名词修饰是指of前后的两个名词都指同一个人或物，"of"以及它前面的名词构一个形容词短语，以修饰"of"后面的那个名词。
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2007年英语阅读基本功之难句过关大全第一章定语从句英语和汉语中的定语有很大的不同。
汉语中定语只能前置,而英语中定语既可前置也可后置。
两者的不同,不仅表现在结构上,也表现在意义上。
英语中的定语从句有时从原因、结果、目的或条件等方面对中心词加以限定。
因此,在对语法结构、上下文逻辑关系深刻理解的前提下,为了更明确地表明这种逻辑关系,可以将定语从句翻译成相应的状语从句。
同时值得注意的是,定语从句与中心词之间常有分割成分,而该分割成分中与定语从句紧挨着的名词,常常会被误认为定语从句的中心词。
因此,遇到这种结构,一定要根据上下文和常识进行判断。
翻译定语从句时可采用提前译、顺序译、分译或转译等多种方法。
1. As far as the third factor is concerned, the history of science shows many instances in which the force of authority has operated in such a manner as to build up an exceedingly powerful resistance to further investigation; in some cases centuries elapsed before this resistance was eventually broken down, as happened in cosmology, for example.第一层： As far as the third factor is concerned , 状语从句1 the history 主 of science 定shows 谓 many 定 instances 宾 in which the force of authority has operated in such a manner as to build up an exceedingly power- 定语从句 ful resistance to further investigation ; in some cases 状 centuries 主 elapsed 谓 before this resistance was eventually broken down, as 状语从句2 happened in cosmology, for example.第二层： (状语从句1) As far as 引 the third factor 主语 is 系 concerned 表语(定语从句) in which 引 the force 主 of authority 定 has operated 谓 in such a manner as to build up an exceedingly powerful re- 状 sistance to further investigation(状语从句2) before 引 this resistance 主 was 系 eventually 状 broken down, 表 as happened in cosmology,for example 定语从句第三层： (定语从句) as 引 happened 谓 in cosmology, 状 for example. 插入语要点本句由两个分句构成,以分号连接。
第一个分句的主干为"the history of science shows many instances","in which"引导的定语从句修饰"instances","such ...as ..."表结果,后接不定式；在第二个分句中,before 引出时间状语从句："before this resistance was eventually broken down";代词"as"在此是关系代词,引出定语从句："as happened in cosmology"。
resistance:抵抗(力)；阻力。
cosmology:宇宙论,宇宙哲学。
译文至于第三个因素,科学史中有许多事例表明,权威的力量起到这样一种作用：它给进一步的研究设置了一道极其牢固的障碍；在许多情况下,要花上几个世纪的时间才能最终打破这道障碍。
例如,在宇宙学中就发生过这样的事。
2. Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.第一层： Behaviorists 主 suggest 谓 that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his 宾语从句 or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.第二层： (宾语从句) that 引 the child 主 who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity 定语从句for appropriate responses will experience 谓 greater intellectual 定 development. 宾第三层： (定语从句) who 引 is raised 谓 in an environment 状 where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for ap- 定语从句propriate responses第四层： (定语从句) where 引 there 引 are 系 many 定 stimuli 主 which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses 定语从句第五层： (定语从句) which 引 develop 谓 his or her 定 capacity 宾 for appropriate 定responses要点根据上下文的逻辑关系可以看出,本句中suggest的词义不是propose,而是bring an idea into the mind, 所以翻译为"…的看法是"。
who引导的定语从句修饰child,根据上下文的语义关系,翻译成条件句；where引导的定语从句修饰environment,用合译法译出；which引导的从句修饰stimuli,用分译法进行翻译。
appropriate:适合的,相称的。
译文行为主义者的看法是,如果一个儿童在有许多刺激因素的环境里长大,而这些刺激因素能够开发其相应的反映能力,那么这个儿童将会有更好的智力发展。
3. I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities - those of love and of reason - are the aims of all social arrangements.要点本句为含有两个定语从句的主从复合句。
主句的谓语动词suggest可接动名词作宾语。
而宾语中的transform一词常用在"transform sth. from ... into..."结构中,译为"把…从…转变为…"。
句中两个in which分别修饰其先行词industrialism,翻译时宜采用前置法。
两个破折号之间的those of love and of reason为potentialities一词的同位语。
译文我建议把我们的社会制度从以最大限度的生产和最大限度的消费为目的的官僚主义管理下的产业体制转变为一个充分发挥人的潜能--即爱和理智的潜能--为其全部社会工作之目的的人道主义产业体制。
4. President Kennedy wanted people who raised questions, who criticized, on whose judgment he could rely, who presented an intelligent point of view, regardless of their rank or viewpoint.要点本句中"who...","who...","on whose...","who..."四个定语从句并列,共同修饰中心词"people"。
译文肯尼迪总统需要提问题的人、能提批评意见的人、做出可靠判断的人以及能提出明智看法的人,而不问他们的级别和观点。
5. In the "soap war" between Proctor and Gamble and Unilever, tremendous use is made of statistics to measure the dynamic difference in market resulting from the proportional allocation to advertising, which constitutes such a large part of their production costs before selling, so that they regard their production costs as production plus advertising costs.要点此句结构比较复杂,但主句很简单,主语为use,谓语为is made。