Renaissance(I)

Humanism
The Renaissance , therefore, in essence, is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars trid to get rid of those old feudalistic ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that express the interests of the rising bourgeoisie , and to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the Roman Catholic church.
The Enclosure Movement
With the discovery of the new sea routes, the
English merchants had been bringing enormous
wealth from the east. The rising English burghers mainly made their fortunes in the field of the wool trade. England had been famous for her wool and for centuries the English had been supplying the
happiness of this life for an after life. They argue that man
should be given full freedom to enrich their intellectual and emotional life. In religion they demanded the
意大利，然后在法、德、英等西欧各国和中欧各地，掀起了一股学习、研
究、介绍、宣传和讲解古代希腊罗马文化的热潮，一时形成一种运动。当 时的资产阶级认为这是继黑暗的中世纪之后，古代文化的复活和再生，因 此称之为文艺复兴。它标志着欧洲封建社会的没落和新兴资产阶级的觉醒 。这一时期欧洲的文学艺术达到了前所未有的辉煌，涌现出了一大批文学 巨匠和艺术大师，如莎士比亚等。
Humanism

Renaissance
This term refers to a great bourgeois cultural movement in Europe which began in the 14th century and continued to the mid-17th century. It first started from Italy and then spread all over Europe. Originally, the term means “rebirth”or “revival”. And the movement seems to be a rebirth or revival of ancient Greek and Roman culture, caused by a series of historical events, such as the new discoveries in geography and astrology, the religious reformation and the economic expansion.
Humanism
Humanism:
With the spreading of the Greek and Roman culture there appeared a number of humanist scholars who took great interests in the welfare of human beings. According to them , it was against human nature to sacrifice the
文艺复兴
文艺复兴是14世纪至17世纪初在西欧与中欧许多国家先后发生的一场资 产阶级的思想文化革命运动。文艺复兴这个词在英文和意大利文中，本意
都是“复活”、“再生”的意思。那么，复活再生什么呢？“复活”、“
再生”古代文化，即古希腊罗马文化。因为在这个时期，由于地理和天文 上的新发现，宗教改革运动，以及资本主义经济萌芽的初步发展，首先在
Quiz
I. Translate the following literary terms or words into Chinese: ballad; refrain ; burgher; Renaissance; Humanism; after life; asceticism Enclosure Movement; original sin; pilgrimage; outlaw; iambic pentameter; The University wits; bourgeoisie; personify
pasture and large number of peasants became landless men. Many peasants who were compelled to leave their land came to settle down in towns and cities and earned their living as labourers. Thus，two opposite classes came into being， the capitalist class and the labouring class.
Elizabeth(1558-1603).
2. The defeat of the Spanish Amada by the English navy in 1588 greatly strengthened the power of the monarch and accelerated the awakening of national consciousness.
以养羊的土地圈占起来发展养羊业。 同时， 新航路开辟后，扩大了世
界各地区、各民族之间的经济和文化交往。英国地处大西洋航运的中心 线上，对外贸易急剧扩大，从而进一步刺激了英国羊毛出口业和毛织业
的发展，推动了养羊业的发展。所谓圈地，即用篱笆、栅栏、壕沟把强
占Hale Waihona Puke 农圈地运动民份地以及公有地圈占起来，变成私有的大牧场、大农场。大批丧
II. Choose to analyze one of the characters described in “The Canterbury Tales” or Robin Hood.(100-200words)
失土地和家园的农民成为一无所有的雇佣劳动者。这是英国资本原
始积累的最重要手段之一 。圈地运动推动了英国工业革命的出现， 造就了大批的资本主义发展所需的自由劳动力，积累了资本，扩大 了市场，为工业革命准备了条件。 但对农民来说无疑是一场灾难。
在圈地运动中，无数农民倾家荡产，流离失所。而政府又颁布血腥
法令，不允许这些失去土地的人流浪。从这个角度说，圈地运动是 一场明显的“羊吃人”的运动。
weavers of Flanders with her wool. As the demand
for wool increased , some of the nobles and the burghers turned vast arable land into
The Enclosure Movement
圈地运动
指15世纪末叶至19世纪中叶西欧新兴资产阶级和新封贵族使用暴 力剥夺农民土地的过程。这种情况在英、德、 法、荷、丹等国都曾先 后出现过，而以英国的圈地运动最为典型。15世纪后，英国毛纺制呢 业迅猛发展 ，市场上的羊毛价格开始猛涨，使养羊变得有利可图，但 需要大片的土地。于是，贵族们把原来租种他们土地的农民赶走，把可
The English Renaissance
Historical background:
1. After a long year of foreign and domestic wars, England enjoyed a period of peace and prosperity during the reign of Queen
Humanism
most important thing on the earth for man. Humanism shattered the shackles of spiritual bondage of man’s mind by the Roman Catholic Church and opened his eyes to “a brave new world ”in front of him. The Relationship between Renaissance and Humanism: Renaissance was an intellectual as well as a literary movement. Humanism was its ideal.
人文主义
人文主义是欧洲文艺复兴时期形成的一种资 产阶级思想，也是一种再次肯定人的价值、人的 智慧、人的尊严、人对现世幸福的追求的思想和 学说。人文主义者主张以“人”为本，反对以 “神”为本；以“人性”反对“神性”；以“人 权”反对“神权”；以“人智”反对“神智”。 他们还主张国家统一，反对封建割据。人文主义 为近代欧洲资产阶级文学的发展奠定了基础，人 文主义文学是文艺复兴时期欧洲文学的主流。
reformation of the church. In art and literature, instead of