机械制造专业英语课后翻译标准答案
机械专业英语第三版课后答案
机械专业英语第三版课后答案1、There is _______ meat in the fridge.Lets go and buy some. [单选题] *A. little(正确答案)B. a littleC. fewD. a few2、85．You’d better? ? ? ? ? a taxi, or you’ll be late. [单选题] * A．take(正确答案)B．takingC．tookD．to take3、The rain is very heavy _______ we have to stay at home. [单选题] *A. butB. becauseC. so(正确答案)D. and4、--Why are you late for school today?--I’m sorry. I didn’t catch the early bus and I had to _______ the next one. [单选题] *A. wait for(正确答案)B. ask forC. care forD. stand for5、Ladies and gentlemen, please fasten your seat belts. The plane _______. [单选题] *A. takes offB. is taking off(正确答案)C. has taken offD. took off6、Look! There are some boats ______ the river.（）[单选题] *A. on(正确答案)B. overC. betweenD. in7、She passed me in the street, but took no（）of me. [单选题] *Attention (正确答案)B. watchC. careD. notice8、The story has _______ a lot of students in our class. [单选题] *A. attracted(正确答案)B. attackedC. appearedD. argued9、This is the news _______ you want to know. [单选题] *A. that(正确答案)B. whatC. whenD. who10、—Is this ______ football, boy? —No, it is not ______.（）[单选题] *A. yours; myB. your; mine(正确答案)C. your; meD. yours; mine11、If you don’t feel well, you’d better ask a ______ for help. [单选题] *A. policemanB. driverC. pilotD. doctor(正确答案)12、We had ____ wonderful lunch last Saturday. [单选题] *A. /B. theC. oneD. a(正确答案)13、67．—What can I do for you?—I'm looking at that dress.It looks nice.May I ________？[单选题] *A．hold it onB．try it on(正确答案)C．take it offD．get it off14、During the Spring Festival, people in Northern China usually eat _______ as a traditional Chinese food. [单选题] *A. pizzaB. dumplings(正确答案)C. hamburgersD. noodles15、26．There’s some fruit in the kitchen. We ________ buy any. [单选题] *A．need toB．needn’t toC．don’t needD．don’t need to(正确答案)16、We have _______ a double room with a bath for you in the hotel. [单选题] *A. boughtB. reserved(正确答案)C. madeD. taken17、—______ Tom play the piano?—Yes, very well. （）[单选题] *A. Can(正确答案)B. MayC. MustD. Should18、My dog is very _______. It is safe to touch it if you want to. [单选题] *A. luckyB. deliciousC. friendly(正确答案)D. helpful19、When Max rushed to the classroom, his classmates _____ exercises attentively. [单选题] *A. didB. have doneC. were doing(正确答案)D. do20、What time _______ he get home every day? [单选题] *A. isB. does(正确答案)C. doD. am21、—What can I do to help at the old people’s home?—You ______ read stories to the old people. （）[单选题] *A. could(正确答案)B. mustC. shouldD. would22、( )He gave us____ on how to keep fit. [单选题] *A. some advicesB. some advice(正确答案)C. an adviceD. a advice23、Our campus is _____ big that we need a bike to make it. [单选题] *A. veryB. so(正确答案)C. suchD. much24、—Tony, it’s cold outside. ______ wear a jacket?—OK, mom.（）[单选题] *A. Why not(正确答案)B. Why don’tC. Why did youD. Why do you25、What did you _______ at the meeting yesterday? [单选题] *A. speakB. tellC. say(正确答案)D. talk26、—What’s wrong with you, Mike?—I’m really tired because I studied for today’s test ______ midnight last night. （）[单选题] *A. althoughB. unlessC. until(正确答案)D. so that27、--_______ does Ben go to school?--By bus. [单选题] *A. How(正确答案)B. WhatC. WhereD. Why28、37．—What will you be ___________?—I'm not sure. Maybe I'll be a doctor like my father. [单选题] *A．right nowB．in the future(正确答案)C．at onceD．at the moment29、The family will have _______ good time in Shanghai Disneyland. [单选题] *A. theB. a(正确答案)C. anD. /30、32．There are about __________ women doctors in this hospital. [单选题] *A．two hundred ofB．two hundreds ofC．two hundredsD．two hundred (正确答案)。
机械制造专业英语课后短语翻译
英语课后重点短语LESSON 1(P15)1)the fundamental concept 基本概念2)cross section 横截面3)the internal stresses produced in the bar 棒内应力4)continuous distribution of bydrostatic pressure 净水压力的连续分布5)the tensile load 拉伸载荷6) a uniform distribution over the cross section 横截面上的均匀分布7)arbitrary cross-sectional shape 任意横截面形状8)tensile stress 拉应力9)compressive stresses 压应力10)a normal stress 正应力11)through the centroid of the cross sectional area 通过质心的横截面积12)the uniform stress condition 均应力状态13)the stress distribution at the end of the bar14)high localized stresses 局部高应力15)an axially loaded bar 轴向加载杆16)a tensile strain 拉伸应变17)an elongation or stretching of the material 延长或拉伸的材料18)a compressive strain 压应变19)the ratio of two lengths20)purely statical and geometrical considerations 从纯静态和几何关系考虑LESSON 2(P25)1)the main manifestations of capacity 功能的主要表现形式2)the maximum unit load(stress) 最大单位载荷3)stress-strain diagram 应力-应变图4)the simple tensile test 简单拉伸试验5)the percentage elongation at rupture 断裂延伸率6)the end of tensile specimens 拉伸试样的末端7)permanent deformation 永久变形8)the resulting load-displacement curve 所产生的载荷-位移曲线9) a substsntial yielding of the material 大量高产的物质10)yield point 屈服点11)the trainsition from elastic to plastic behavior12)material property table 材料性能表13)plastic defomation 塑性变形14)a specified standard length of the specimen 指定的标准试样的长度15)at the moment of rupture 在破裂时16)short cylindrical specimens 短圆柱试样17)ductile materials 任性材料18)high stress concentration 高应力集中19)ultimate tensile strength 极限抗拉强度20)strain hardening zone 应变硬化区LESSON 3(P37)1)circular cross section 圆截面2)the position of mountings 安装位置3)nominal size 标准尺寸4)length of shaft subjected to twist 轴的受扭长度5)minimize stress concentration 尽量减小应力集中6)from the standpoint of stress 从应力角度7)equations for a shaft in pure torsion 轴纯扭转的方程式8)diameter of solid shaft 实心轴的直径9)outside diameter of hollow shaft 空心轴的外径10)the amount of twist in a shaft 轴的扭转量11)torsional deflection 扭转变形12)shear modulus of elasticity 剪切弹性模量13)be closer to the vertical load 接近于垂直载荷14)the endurance limit 疲劳极限15)the allowable shearing stress 许用剪切应力16)equation for equivalent moments 方程的等效力矩17)the design stress values for flexure 设计弯曲应力值18)the angle of twist 扭转角19)antifricton bearings 滚动轴承20)the amount of twist in a shaft 轴的扭转量LESSOM 4(P51)1)herringbone gears 人字齿轮2)spiral gears 螺旋齿轮3)worn gears 蜗轮4)bevel gears 圆锥齿轮5)hypoid gears 准双曲面齿轮6)sizes of spur-gear teeth 齿轮轮齿的尺寸7)the automotive rear axle drives 汽车后桥驱动8)rack-and-pinion drives 齿条和小齿轮驱动器9)diametral pitch 径节10)pitch circle 节圆11)the tangency point 切点12)pressure angles 压力角13)an involute curve 渐开线14)the radial distant 径向距离15)at right angles 成直角16)the average number of teeth in contact17)the reciprocal of the diametral pitch 对等径节18)to change inches to millimeters 把英寸换算成毫米19)a line perpendicular to the centerlines 垂直中心线的直线20)center distance between two meshed gears 两个齿轮的中心距LESSION 5(P62)1)plate cams 盘形凸轮2)cylindrical cams 圆柱凸轮3)the cam assembles in automatic record players 汽车发动机上的凸轮组件4)cam profiles 凸轮轮廓5)make a full-scale template 制造一个实体样板6)in the course of several revolutions of the cam 在凸轮中转几圈7) a tangential plate cam 切向盘形凸轮8) a translation cam 移动凸轮9)the groove in the periphery of the cam 凸轮表面的槽10)a guided vertical reciprocated follower 做垂直运动的往复件11)a constant-diameter cam 等径凸轮12)automatic washing machines13)a face cam 面凸轮14)the edge of a pivoted follow 摆动从动件的边缘15)a reciprocating knife-edged follower 作往复运动的刀口式从动件16)miniature snap-action electrical switchies 小的速动开关17)a pivoted flat-faced follower 安装在摆臂上的滚子从动件18)air pilot values19)the abrupt change in cam profile 在凸轮轮廓上的突变20)a Scotch yoke mechanism 苏格兰的克机构LESSION 6(P73)1)developing and demanding industry 一个处在发展中社会需要的产业2)propeller shaft 传动轴3)suspension components4) a sliding splined type of joint 滑动花键连接5)two rear axle shafts 两个后半轴6)to mesh with a larger bevel gear 与更大的锥齿轮啮合7)the universal joint 万向节8) a steering wheel 转向轮9)unevenness of road surfaces 路面的不平度10)the transverse line of the axle shafts 后横半轴11)to cause excessive tyre wear 造成轮胎的过度磨损12)the exactly similar diameter 直径非常接近13)quarter-elliptic leaf springs 四分之一随圆形钢板板式弹簧14)the transmission of shock 冲击15)road surface variation 路面变化16)the final-drive gears 最终传动齿轮副17)the precise alignment of shaft 精确同轴18)a rotating drum 转动筒鼓19)a hand lever 手刹杆20)be locked in the one position 被固定某一位置LESSION 8(P99)1)bulk deformation of metals 金属的变形2)forging，rolling or extruding 锻造滚压挤压3)plastic deformation 塑性变形4)impact blows 冲击5)the recrystallization point of the mental6)hot working and cold working 热加工和冷加工7)better surface finish8)hammer forging 锤锻9)striking the hot metal 锻打热金属10)a slow squeezing action 缓慢加压11)open dies and closed dies 开模和闭模12)bevel gears with traight or helical teeth 用直齿或螺旋加工锥齿轮13)impression dies 型腔模14)each of several die cavities 每一个模膛15)mass production16)a homogeneous circumferential grain fiow 均匀的周向纤维流17)the three-dimensional description 三维描述18)computer simulation 计算机仿真19)hydraulic presses 液压压力20)be rough- and finished-machined 粗加工和精加工LESSION 9(P110)1)carrying high-amperage current 携带高安培电流2)the electrode and the work-piece 电机和工件3)the weld pool 焊接熔池4) a column of ionized gas called plasma 一个列的电离气体称为等离子体5)the oxides and nitrides 氧化物和氮化物6)the positive ions 阳离子7)deleterious substances 有害物质8)the newly solidified mental 刚凝固的金属9)in overhead welding 仰焊10)current density 电流密度11)deposition rate 沉积速率12)an unbalanced magnetic field 不平横磁场13)arc blow 电弧偏吹14)the electrode coating 电极涂层15)in overhead position 在仰焊的位置16)the cooling rate of the deposited metal 沉积金属的冷却速度17)a more homogeneous microstructure 更均匀的微观结构18)a smooth flow of molten metal 顺畅熔融19)cellulosic-coated electrodes 纤维质涂层的焊条20)perpendicular to the current path 与电路垂直LESSION 10(P123)1)plain carbon steel 碳素钢2)carbon content 碳含量3)low carbon steel 低碳钢4)medium carbon steel 中碳钢5)high carbon steel 高碳钢6)be cold worked 冷加工7)be heat treated 热处理8)contain 20 point of carbon 含20%的碳9)in the hot-rolled condition 在热轧条件下10)heat-treat-hardened plain carbon steel 热处理硬化普通碳钢11)free-machining steels 易切削钢12)hot short 热脆性13)cold shortness 冷脆性14)the isothermal transformation curves 等温移动曲线15)grain refinement 细化晶粒16)stainless steel 不锈钢17)AISI steels 美国钢铁协会钢18)Iron-carbon equilibrium diagram 铁碳平衡表19)Tool and die steel 工具钢和模具钢20)High corrosion chemical resistance 高耐腐蚀和耐化学性能LESSION 11(P134)1)allotropic materials 同素异晶材料2)plain low carbon steel 普通低碳钢3)hypoeutectiod steel 亚共析钢4)normalized steel 正火钢5)hypereutectoid steel 过共析钢6)eutectoid composistion 共析钢7)grain houndaries 晶界8)ferrite matrix 铁氧体矩阵9)about 60℃about the Ac1 temperature 大约Ac1温度以上60摄氏度10)the nose of the I-T curve I-T曲线鼻共处11)cooling rate 冷却速率12)quenching shock 淬火介质13)thermal stress 热应力14)thermal shock 热冲击15)a tempered steel 回火钢16)temper brittlement 回火脆性17)in the tempering or drawing proceduce 在回火阶段18)hardened steel 硬化钢19)full annealing 充分退火20)to dissolve all the cementite 溶解渗碳体LESSION 15(P177)1)turning，facing and boring 车削，车端面和镗孔2)split nut 对开螺母3) a single setup of the workplace 工件在一次性定位安装4)headstock assembly 主轴箱组件5)tailstock assembly 尾座组件6)carriage assembly 溜板箱组件7)lead screw and feed rod 丝杠和光杆8)two sets of parallel，longitudinal ways 两组平行的导轨9)to assure accuracy of alignment 为了保证装配的精确度10)a set of transmission gears 一套传动齿轮11)the maximum size of bar stock 棒料的最大尺寸12)gear box 齿轮箱13)a V-belt or silent-chain drive V型带和无声传动装置14)carbide and ceramic tools 硬质合金和金属陶瓷刀15)the inner ways of the end 床身的内侧导轨16)tailstock quill 尾座套筒17)a graduated scale 通常情况18)in the direction normal to the axis of rotation of the work 在垂直工件旋转轴线方向19)manual movement of the carriage 托盘的手工移动20)per revolution of the spindle 主轴旋转一周LESSION 16 (P188)1) a multiple-tooth cutter 多齿铣刀2)progressive formation 逐渐成形3)in a direction perpendicular to the axis of the cutter 在垂直刀具轴线的方向4)the metal removal rate 金属切除率5)produce good surface finish 产生好的表面光洁度6)in job-shop and tool and die work7)teeth located un the periphery of the cutter body8)slab milling 板铣9)face milling 端面铣削10)up milling 逆铣11)down milling 顺铣12)the direction of feed of the workpiece 工件的进给方向13)the clamping device 夹具14)the smoothness of the generated surface 铣削表面的平整度15)the sharpness of the cutter edges 切削刃的锋利程度16)at the end of the tooth engagement17) p rofile cutters 仿形铣刀18) c arbide- and ceramic- tipped cutters 硬质合金及陶瓷-硬质合金刀具19)negative-rake-angle cutters 负倾角刀20)arbor cutters and shank cutters 乔木刀和柄刀。
(机械制造行业)机械外文翻译中英文
Engine lathes, of course, are general-purpose machine used in production and maintenance shop all over the the world. Sized ranger from small bench models to huge heavy duty pieces of equipment. Many of the larger lathes come equipped with attachments not commonly found in the ordinary shop, such as automatic shop for the carriage.
Because the high quality and low price of ball and roller bearing depends on quantity production,the task of the machine designer becomes one of selection rather than design. Rolling-contact bearings are generally made with steel which is through-hardened to about 900HV,although in many mechanisms special races are not provided and the interacting surfaces are hardened to about 600HV. It is not surprising that,owing to the high stresses involved,a predominant form of failure should be metal fatigue, and a good deal of work is based on accept values of life and it is general practice in b load capacity of the bearing as that value below which 90 percent of a batch will exceed life of one million revolutions.
机械设计制造及其自动化专业英语课后题
Aliuminum 铝copper 铜nicke 镍titanium 钛structural strength 结构强度deep drawing 拉伸加工hardenability 硬化性machinability 可加工性cold drawn冷拔steel sheet钢板percent reduction in area 断面收缩率endurance limit 疲劳极限rolled-steel shapes 轧制钢板corrosion resistance 抗腐蚀性rupture 断裂non-ferrous 非钢的stress-strain curve 应力应变曲线yield point 屈服点percentage elongation 伸长率necking 颈缩sensitivity 灵敏性Kinematic elements运动员素External appearance外观Sound judgment准确判断Fatigue strenghth结构强度Enviroment damage环境损害Ductile or brittle韧性或脆性Blow out吹息Interference fit joint干涉配合关节定义 defintion力 f orce轴axle非金属nometal结构structure载荷load用途use性质properties低碳钢low-carbon高强度钢hinger-strengt steel热处理heat treatment屈服强度yield strength弹性模量elastic modulus伸长率percentage elongation韧性toughness内应力internal stresses应变硬化strain hardening横截面cross-sectional area断面收缩率reduction in area比例极限limit of proportionality屈服极限yield limit延性ductiliy机械性质mechanical propertiece 用..除..divide byT he distinction between a mental and nonmetal is not away clear cutEngineers would not be particularly interest in such a metal if absolute pure metal were to be producedOf the 50 or so metallic elements,only a few produce and used in large quantities in engineer practices.In the elastic range,the deformation of the specimen disappeared after the load was removed.Logically speaking,once the elastic limit is exceeded,the metal should start to yield,and finally break,without any increase in the value of stressThe purpose of design calculations is to predict the stress or deformation in the part in order that it may safely carry the load which will be imposed on it and that it my last for the expected life of machineDynamic loads are generally more dangerous than strain loads and fatigue strength must be consideredWhen loaded the material deforms and the amount of deformation depends on the size of the load。
机械专业英语课后答案
一单元1)the fundamental concepts基本概念2）cross section横截面3）the internal stresses produced in the bar内应力产生在杆内4)continuous distribution of hydrostatic pressure液压力连续的分布5）the tensile load拉伸载荷6）a uniform distribution over the cross section均匀分布在整个横截面7）arbitrary cross-sectional shape随机的横截面形状8）tensile stresses拉应力9）compressive stresses压应变力10）a normal stress 正压力11) through the centroid of the cross sectional area 通过横截面区的质心12) the uniform stress condition 均匀压力13) the stress distribution at the ends of the bar 载荷在铁上均匀作用14) high localized stresses 非常高的局部压力15) an axially loaded bar杆承受轴向载荷16) a tensile strain 拉应力17) an elongation or stretching of the material材料伸长18) a compressive strain压应变19) the ratio of two lengths两个长度的比值20)purely statical and geometrical considerations 纯静态和几何角度1）That branch of scientific analysis which deals with motions, times and forces is called mechanics and is made up of two parts, statics and dynamics.科学分析的一个分支,它涉及的运动中,时间和力量被称为力学和由两大部分、静力学和动力学。
2012机械设计制造及其自动化专业外语参考答案
一词汇a 英译汉Dimension 尺寸Machine tool Adhesiveness Compound rest复合刀具台机床粘性Apron 挡板，Climb-cut Peripheral milling Slab milling阔面铣削同向铣削Centerless grinding无心轮磨Machinery Cylindrical hole Snag 障碍机械圆柱孔Coarseness 粗糙度Up-milling逆铣Abrasive belt磨带Profile Machine table剖面机表Rectilinear Protecctive guards 直线防护String milling连续铣削b 汉译英刚度，硬度hardess 圆柱形端铣刀cylindric end mill 进给速度feed speed 托架bracket软刚，低碳钢mild steel沉头螺钉sunk screw螺线spiral 平面磨surface grind镗床boring machine 摩擦离合器friction clutch多刃刀具multipoint tool 牛头刨床shaping machine被动皮带轮Passive pulley润滑油lubricating oil燕尾槽dovetail groove 卡盘chuck材料去除装备Material removal equipment插入式磨削Plug-in grinding冷却液coolant 床头箱headstock二翻译句子1) The slides a nd slideways of a machine tool locate and guide members which move relative to each other,usually changing the position of the tool relative to the workpiece.车刀机床的滑块和滑道s使定位和导向构件之间将对移动，常常用于改变工件与工作台的相对位置2）In order to maintain a constant angular velocity, the individual tooth profile must obey the fundamental law of gearing: for a pair of gears to transmit a constant angular velocity ratio, the shape of their contacting profile must be such that the common normal passes through a fixed point on the line of the centers为了维持一个恒定的角速度,单个齿廓必须遵守啮合基本定律:对于一对以固定角速度传动的齿轮,他们的传动比两轮连心线被齿廓接触点公共法线分割的两顿先吨的反比3）Plain milling cutters are adapted to cut by teeth with cutting edges situatued on the surface of a cylinder which can be circumscribed on cutter. face mills are adapted to cutting by teeth with cutting edges situated on the surface of the mill and partially on its cylindrial surface平铣刀适用于使用位于圆柱面上的齿上的切削刃工作的铣削，平面铣刀适用于使用位于铣刀表面和其部分圆柱面的齿上的切削刃做的铣削4）Pressures angles for spur gear are usually 14.5 or 20 degrees, although other values can be used. Meshing gears must have the same pressure angles.虽然其他值也也可以使用，但齿轮的压力角经常为14.5度或20度，相啮合的齿轮必须有相同的压力角5）The cross section of the milled surface corresponds to the outline or contour of the milling cutter or combination of cutters used.加工表面的界面要与使用的刀具或组合刀具的外轮廓一致6）Lets us now discuss the different concepts associated with the manufacturing accuracy required modern mass-production technologies.让我们来讨论有关现代大规模生产技术所要求的制造精度的不同概念。
机械工程专业英语第二版必考翻译(完整版)
机械工程专业英语第二版必考翻译(完整版)————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：1.With low-power machinery or vehicles the operator can usually apply sufficient force through a simple mechanical linkage from the pedle or handle to the stationary part of the brake. In many cases, however, this force must be multiplied by using an elaborate braking system.（P5）用低能机器或传力工具，操作者通过向踏板或把手的一个简单机械连接构件作用足够的力量到车闸固定的部分。
大多数情况，然而，用一个详细（复杂）的车闸系统使这个力量成倍增加。
2. The fundamental principle involved is the use of compressed air acting through a piston in a cylinder to set block brakes on the wheels. The action is simultaneous on the wheels of all the cars in the train. The compressed air is carried through a strong hose from car to car with couplings between cars; its release to all the separate block brake units, at the same time, is controlled by the engineer. (Braking Systems)（P5）相关的基本原理是使用压缩气体，通过气缸内的活塞将闸块压在车轮起作用。
机械设计制造及其自动化专业英语课后题
机械设计制造及其自动化专业英语课后题第一单元3. Aliuminum铝copper 铜nicke镍titanium 钛structural strength结构强度deep drawing拉伸加工4. 定义defition 力torce 轴axle(roller) 非金属nometal 结构structure 载荷load 用途use(application)性质properties(nature)(character)第二单元4.hardenability硬化性machinability可加工性cold drawn 冷拔steel sheet钢板percent reduction in area断面收缩率endurance limit疲劳极限rolled-steel shapes 轧制钢板corrosion resistance 抗腐蚀性rupture断裂5.低碳钢low-carbon 高强度钢hinger-strengt steel热处理heat treatment屈服强度yield strength弹性模量elastic modulus伸长率percentage elongation韧性toughness内应力internal stresses第三单元4.non-ferrous 非钢的stress-strain curve应力应变曲线yield point屈服点percentage elongation伸长率necking 颈缩sensitivity 灵敏性5.应变硬化strain hardening横截面cross-sectional area断面收缩率reduction in area比例极限limit of proportionality 屈服极限yield limit 延性ductiliy机械性质mechannicalpropertiece用..除..divide…by…第六单元3.tangential notes肤浅的事情flexible manufacturingsystem 柔性制造系统machine instruction机器指令economy of scale规模经济Hardwireyd logic controller硬固线逻辑控制transfer-line运输线，流水线numerically control(NC)数字控制direct numerical control(DNC)直接数字控制computer numerical control(CNC)计算机数字控制4.计算机辅助制造computer-aided manufacturing数控机床手工、半自动化或全自动化manal semiautomatic or full automation 尽管机械制造业一直在持续发展，但知道20世纪50年代才出现又一个重大发展。
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应力与应变第一单元That branch of scientific analysis which motions, times and forces is called mechanicsand is made up of two parts, statics and dynamics.研究位移、时间和力运动乘力是科学分析法的一个分歧，被称作力学，力学由两大部静力学和动力学。
分组成，For example, if the force operating on a sleeve bearing becomes too high, it will squeeze outthe oil film and cause metal-to-metal contact, overheating and rapid failure of the bearing.例如：如果止推轴承上的作用力过大的话，会挤出油膜，引起金属和金属之间的相互接触，轴承将过热而迅速失效。
and of place application, direction, concept Our intuitive of force includes such ideas asmagnitude, and these are called the characteristics of a force.。
力的直观概念包括力的作用点、大小、方向，这些被称为力的三要素All bodies are either elastic or plastic and will be deformed if acted upon by forces. When thedeformation of such bodies is small, they are frequently assumed to be rigid, i.e., incapableof deformation, in order to simplify the analysis.的，如果受到力的作用就产生变形。
当变形很小塑性所有的物体既可以是弹性的也可以是以此来简化分析。
的时候它们被假设成刚体，也就是不产生变形,The rigid-body assumption cannot be used in internal stresses and strains due to the appliedforces to be analyzed. Thus we consider the body to be capable of deforming.刚体假设不能应用于内应力和内应变的分析，所以在实际力的分析时，要考虑物体的形变。
If all the forces acting on a particle are balanced, the particle will either remain at rest orwill continue to move in a straight line at a uniform velocity.如果作用在质点上所有的力是平衡的，质点将会保持静止或做做匀速直线运动。
材料的强度与塑性第二单元A tensile test consists of slowly pulling a sample of material with a tensile load until it breaks.The ends of tensile specimens are usually enlarged to provide extra area for grip-ping and toavoid having the sample break where it is being gripped.实验包括慢慢加载拉伸载荷直到断裂。
拉伸试件两端加粗为了提供装夹区域和避免试拉伸件断裂。
The usual manner of conducting the test is to deform the specimen at a constant speed. For moving and the fixed testing universal machines, the motion between example, in thecrossheads can be controlled at a constant speed.通常进行实验的方法就是使试件以恒定速度发生变形。
例如，在万能拉伸实验机上，固定端和移动的十字滑块之间的变形是以恒定速度进行的。
The load that must be applied to enforce this displacement rate varies as the test proceeds.This load F may be divided by the cross-sectional area A to obtain the stress in the specimenat any time during the test.除以横F随着实验的进行，用来产生位移的载荷是随位移的变化而变化。
在实验中，载荷可以得到任意时刻点的应力。
截面积Afeasible. Stress and is where is of actual However measurement ΔL preferable this strainbased on the initial (undeformed) dimensions, Ai and Li, are called engineering stress andstrain.的应力和应变称原始然而，在可行的位置上ΔL的实际测量是更可取的，基于尺寸Ai和Li 为工程应力和工程应变。
and brittle materials behave differently in compression test as well. Thecompression Ductiletest is conducted on short cylindrical specimens placed between parallel plates.材料在压缩实验中表现的特性是不相同的。
压缩实验是把短圆柱形试件放在两塑性和脆性平行平板之间进行的。
the of for The compression test diagram these materials retains the qualitative featurestension test diagram. The ultimate compressive strength of a brittle material is determinedin the same way as in tension.保持了拉伸实验图性能上的特征。
脆性材料的最大压缩强度与最大拉伸强实验图材料压缩度得到的方法相同。
轴设计第三单元Virtually all machines contain shafts. The most common shape for shafts is circular and thecross section can be either solid or hollow (hollow shafts can result in weight savings).的或实心的圆形截面（空几乎所有的机器都有轴，最常用的外形是圆形的，横截面是空心心轴可以减少重量）。
A shaft must have adequate torsional strength to transmit torque and not be overstressed. Itdeviate does not one must also be torsionally still enough so that mounted componentexcessively from its original angular position relative to a second component mounted on thesame shaft.强度来传递扭矩而不会破坏，同样也必须有足够的扭转刚度，这一个轴必须有足够的扭转样安装轴就不能过度偏离相对于安装在同一轴上第二个零件的原始位置。
gears, pulleys, Shafts are mounted on bearings and transmit power through such devices as hence, 。
bend the shaftcams and clutches. These devices introduce forces which attempt tothe shaft must be rigid enough to prevent overloading of the supporting bearings.这些装置传递力。
这些装置可以产生使轴和凸轮离合器轴安装在轴承上通过齿轮，滑轮，弯曲的力，所以轴必修有足够的刚性防止支撑轴承的过载。
and combination a of bending and torsion able the In addition, shaft must be to sustainbending.另外，轴必须能承载弯扭组合的载荷，因此，这样就必须考虑弯扭组合的等效载荷。
Components such as gears and pulleys are mounted on shafts by means of key. The design ofthe key and the corresponding keyway in the shaft must be properly evaluated.的设计必须进行估算。
齿轮和滑轮构件是用键的方式连接在轴上的，键和对应的键槽Another important aspect of shaft design is the method of directly connecting one shaft toanother. This is accomplished by devices such as rigid and flexible couplings.轴设计的另一个重要方面是直接连接两轴，通过刚性和柔性的联轴器装置来实现。
Spur Gears齿轮第四单元are usually 14.5 or 20 degrees, although other values can be Pressure angles for spur gearsused. Meshing gears must have the same pressure angles.直齿轮的压力角通常为14.5°或20°，另外也使用其它的角度，啮合齿轮必须具有相同的压力角。