二语习得三种基本学习策略

二语习得三种基本学习策略摘要语言能力和动机是构成影响习得第二语言的效率与水平的主要因素。

但它们又是如何对其产生影响和作用的呢？有一种可能性就是学习者各自使用的学习策略潜移默化的影响。

接下来这篇论文将讨论三种基本的学习策略——视觉学习型，听觉学习型，动觉学习型。

SummaryLanguage aptitude and motivation constitute general factors that influence the rate and level of L2 achievement.But how dose their influence operate?One possibility is that they affect the nature and the frequency with which individual learners use learning strategies.Then,this thesis will talk about the tree main learning strategies--Visual Learner ,Auditory Learner,Kinesthetic Learner.Tree Main Learning StrategiesLearning strategies are the particular approaches or techniques that learners employ to try to learn an L2.They can be behavioural (for example,repeating new words aloud to help you remember them)or they can be mental (for example,using the linguistic or situational context to infer the meaning of a new word).They are typically problem-oriented.That is,learners employ learning strategies when they are faced with some problem,such as how to remember a new word.Learners are generally aware of the strategies they use and,when asked,can explain what they did to try to learn something.Different kinds of learning strategies have been identified.Cognitive strategies are those that are involved in the analysis,synthesis,or transformation of learning materials. An example is recombination', which involves constructing a meaningful sentence by recombining known elements of the L2 in a new way.Metacognitive strategies are those involved in planning, monitoring,and evaluating learning.An example is 'selective attention',where the learner makes a conscious decision to attend to particular aspects of the input.Social\affective strategies concern the ways in which learners choose to interact with other speakers.An example is 'questioning for clarification'（i.e.asking for repetition,a paraphrase,or an example）.There have been various attempts to discover which strategies are important for L2 acquisitions. One way is to investigate how ‘good language leaner’try to learn. This involves identifying learners who have been successful in learning an L2 and interviewing them to find out the strategies that work for them. One of the main findings of such studies is that successful language learners pay attention to both from and meaning. Good language learners are also very active, show awareness of the learning process and their own personal learning styles and, above all, are flexible and appropriate in their use of learning strategies. They seem to be especially adept at using metaconignitive strategies.Other studies have sought to relate learners’ reported use of different strategies totheir L2proficiency to try to find out which strategies are important for language development. Such studies have shown, not surprisingly, that successful learners use more strategies than unsuccessful learners. They have also shown that different strategies are related to different aspects of L2 learning. Thus, strategies that involve formal practice contribute to the development of linguistic competence whereas strategies involving functional practice aid the development of communicative skills. Successful learners may also call on different strategies at different stages of their development. However, there is the problem with how to interpret this research. Does strategy use result in learning or does learning increase learners’ability to employ more strategies? At the moment, it is not clear..An obvious question concerns how these learning strategies relate to the general kinds of psycholinguistic processes discussed in the thesis. What strategies are involved in noticing or noticing the gap, for example? Unfortunately, however, no attempt has yet been made to incorporate the various learning strategies that have been identified into a model of psycholinguistic processing. The approach to date has been simply to describe strategies and quantifying their use.The study of learning strategies is of potential value to language teachers. If those strategies that are crucial for learning can be identified, it may proved possible to train students to use them. We will examine this idea in the broader context of a discussion of the role of instruction in L2 acquisition.Following are tree basic learning strategies:Visual LearnerVisual learning is a teaching and learning style in which ideas, concepts, data and other information are associated with images and techniques.Visual learners prefer to have information presented in graphs, graphic organizers such as webs, concept maps and idea maps, plots, and illustrations such as stack plots and V enn plots, are some of the techniques used in visual learning to enhance thinking and learning skills. Visual learners are said to possess great instinctive direction, can easily visualize objects, and are excellent organizers.Although learning styles have "enormous popularity" and both children and adults express personal preferences, there is no evidence that identifying a student's learning style produces better outcomes, and there is significant evidence that the widespread "meshing hypothesis" (that a student will learn best if taught in a method deemed appropriate for the student's learning style) is invalid. Well-designed studies "flatly contradict the popular meshing hypothesis".The characteristics of the Visual learners:∙Reader/observer∙Scans everything; wants to see things, enjoys visual stimulation∙Enjoys maps, pictures, diagrams, and color∙Needs to see the teacher’s body language/facial expression to fully understand∙Not pleased with lectures∙Daydreams; a word, sound or smell causes recall and mental wandering ∙Usually takes detailed notes∙May think in pictures and learn best from visual display.∙Have a clear view of your teachers when they are speaking so you can see their body language and facial expression∙Use color to highlight important points in text∙Illustrate your ideas as a picture and use mind maps∙Use multi-media such as computers or videos.∙Study in a quiet place away from verbal disturbances∙Visualize information as a picture to aid learning∙Make charts, graphs and tables in your notes.∙Participate actively in class—this will keep you involved and alert∙When memorizing material, write it over and over∙Keep pencil and paper handy so you can write down good ideas.Auditory LearnerAuditory learners are those who learn best through hearing things.They may struggle to understand a chapter they've read, but then experience a full understanding as they listen to the class lecture.. An auditory learner may benefit by using the speech recognition tool available on many PCs.Auditory learners may have a knack for ascertaining the true meaning of someone's words by listening to audible signals like changes in tone. When memorizing a phone number, an auditory learner will say it out loud and then remember how it sounded to recall it.Look over these traits to see if they sound familiar to you. Y ou may be an auditory learner if you are someone who:∙Likes to read to self out loud.∙Is not afraid to speak in class.∙Likes oral reports.∙Is good at explaining.∙Remembers names.∙Notices sound effects in movies.∙Enjoys music.∙Is good at grammar and foreign language.∙Reads slowly.∙Follows spoken directions well.∙Can't keep quiet for long periods.∙Enjoys acting, being on stage.∙Is good in study groups.∙Using word association to remember facts and lines.∙Recording lectures.∙Watching videos.∙Repeating facts with eyes closed.∙Participating in group discussions.∙Using audiotapes for language practice.Taping notes after writing them.Kinesthetic LearnersKinesthetic learners are those who learn through experiencing/doing things. Kinesthetic learning is a learning style in which learning takes by the student actually carrying out a physical activity, rather than listening to a lecture or merely watching a demonstration. It is also referred to as tactile learning. People with a kinaesthetic learning style are also commonly known as do-ers.According to proponents of the learning styles theory, students who have a predominantly kinesthetic learning style are thought to be natural discovery learners: they have realizations through doing, as opposed to having thought first before initiating action. They may struggle to learn by reading or listening.When revising it helps for the student to move around as this increases the students understanding with learners generally getting better marks in exams when they use that style. The kinesthetic learner usually does well in things such as chemistry experiments, sporting activities, art and acting. They also may listen to music while learning or studying. It is common for kinesthetic learners to focus on two different things at the same time. They will remember things by going back in their minds to what their body was doing. They also have very high hand-eye coordination and very quick receptors.Kinesthetic learning is a learning style in which learning takes place by the learner using their body in order to express a thought, an idea or an understanding of a particular concept (which could be related to any field).People with dominant kinesthetic and tactile learning style are commonly known as do-ers. In an elementary classroom setting, these students may stand out because of their constant need to move; high levels of energy which may cause them to be agitated, restless and/or impatient. Kinesthetic learners' short- and long-term memory is strengthened by their use of their own body's movements. They will often remember things by going back in their minds and visualizing their own body'smovements. They may also have high hand-eye coordination and quick receptors.Following are the traits of kinesthetic learner:∙Is good at sports.∙Can't sit still for long.∙Is not great at spelling.∙Does not have great handwriting.∙Likes science lab.∙Studies with loud music on.∙Likes adventure books, movies.∙Likes role playing.∙Takes breaks when studying.∙Builds models.∙Is involved in martial arts, dance.∙Is fidgety during lectures.∙Studying in short blocks.∙Taking lab classes.∙Role playing.∙Taking field trips, visiting museums.∙Studying with others.∙Using memory games.∙Using flash cards to memorize.All above are the learning strategies.But learning styles are various approaches or ways of learning. They involve educating methods, particular to an individual, that are presumed to allow that individual to learn best. Most people prefer an identifiable method of interacting with, taking in, and processing stimuli or information. Proponents say that teachers should assess the learning styles of their students and adapt their classroom methods to best fit each student's learning style .The alleged basis and efficacy for these proposals has been extensively criticized. Although children and adults express personal preferences, there is no evidence that identifyinga student's learning style produces better outcomes, and there is significant evidence that the widespread "meshing hypothesis" (that a student will learn best if taught in a method deemed appropriate for the student's learning style) is invalid.Well-designed studies "flatly contradict the popular meshing hypothesis".References1,《第二语言习得》（Second Language Acquisition），Rod Ellis,上海外语教育出版社，2009年2，《认知语言学》（Cognitive Linguistics），王寅，上海外语教育出版社，2007 年3，.。