《新编简明英语语言学教程》1-6章期末复习

ChapteroneIntroduction

1.1什么是语言学

语言学Linguistics

Linguistics isgenerallydefinedas thescientificstudyoflanguage. scopeoflinguistics语言学分支必考P2

⑴arbitrariness Thereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.

P.Sthearbitrarynatureoflanguageisasignofsophisticationanditmakesitpossibleforlanguagetohaveanunli mitedsourceofexpressions

⑵Productivity

Animalsarequitelimitedinthemessagestheyareabletosend.

⑶Duality

Languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,ortwolevels.

⑷

⑸

Context-

Message-

Contact-

Code-

ChapterTwoPhonology

2.2Phonetics（语音学）

2.2.1定义

Phonetics:thestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage:itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’s languages.

是指对语言的语音媒介进行的研究，它关注语言世界中的所有语音

2.2.2Organsofspeech

3个区域：thepharyngealcavity咽腔-thethroat，theoralcavity口腔-themouth，nasalcavity鼻腔-thenose

Stops(爆破音):pbtdkg6

Fricatives(摩擦音):/f//v//θ//e//s//z//?//?/h//r/8

Affricatives(塞擦音):/t?//d?/

Liquids(清音):/l//r/

Nasals(鼻音):/m,n,η/

Glides(滑音):/wj/

b:intermsofplaceofarticulation(发音部位)

bilabials(双唇音):/pbmw/

labiodentals(唇齿音):/fv/

dentals(齿音):/e//θ/

alveolars(齿龈音):/tdnlrs/6

palatals(腭音):/j??t?d/5

velars(软腭音):/kgη/

2.3.4explainthesequentialruleandtheassimilationrule.

序列规则Sequentialrules

Rulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguage.

同化规则Assimilationrules

Theassimilationruleassimilatesonesoundtoanotherby’copying’afeatureofasequentialphoneme,thusmaki ngthetwophonessimilar.

省略规则Deletionrule

It’saphonologicalrulewhichtellsuswhenasoundistobedeletedalthoughitsorthographicallyrepresented.

2.3.5Suprasegmentalfeatures超音段特征

词根Root

Rootisthebaseformofawordwhichcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity.

词缀Affix Thecollectivetermforthetypeofformativethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme.

3.5Derivationalmorpheme&inflectionalmorpheme

派生Derivationalmorpheme s:themorphemeswhichchangethecategoryorgrammaticalclassofwords

Significance:itexplainshowitispossibleforthespeakertoconveymorethanisliterarysaid.