英汉思维差异对比
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英汉思维差异对比与语言表达方式的差异
概念与形式的对立统一
一抽象思维与形象思维
英语重视抽象思维,擅长使用抽象概念表达具体事物。语言上英语常常使用大量涵义模糊、指称笼统的抽象名词来表达复杂的理性概念,给人一种“虚、暗、曲、隐”的感觉。这对习惯于形象思维的中国人来说,既有理解上的困难,又有表达上的困难。因此,翻译时,要抓住本质的东西,大胆地采用符合汉语表达习惯的归化方法。
汉语重视形象思维,擅长使用形象的方法表达抽象概念。语言上汉语更倾向于用具体形象的词语来表达虚的概念。
He wondered whether his outspokenness(N. 坦白,直言相告)might be a liability(N.
债务)to his friend.
他怀疑他的直言对他的朋友来说是否会是一种债务。
他怀疑他那么心直口快,是否会让他的朋友背上思想包袱。
英语的这种独立语结的模糊性和汉语的正好相反
his outspokenness=he was outspoken(语义结构)
a liability to his friend=his friend had a liability(in his mind)(语义结构)
He sought the distraction of distance.
distraction是个名词(名词化,distract派生来的),但在该句中仍保留动词的语义(VT. 分散……的注意力),其语义特征要求这个词必须要有它的动元,其语义结构应该是he distracted sb.,即发出该动作的施事(句法上的主语)和受事(句法上的宾语。)distance 也是个名词(名词化,distant派生来的),其语义结构应该是he was distant from sb.
这样我们就得出这句话含有两个动核结构。即:
1 he could distract others. 别人注意不到他
2 he was distant from others. 他远离别人
按照自然的逻辑将两个事件合并在一起,就是“他远离别人后,别人就注意不到他”。
这句话还有一个主要的核心动词sought(寻求),在句中连接后面在英语中被看做概念化的事件名词(the distraction of distance),构成句法上的“主谓宾“结构,而the distraction of distance又分别表达两个不同的因果关系很强的事件,sought在句中将He和the distraction of distance在语义上连接起来,说明了the distraction of distance是he sought的客体。因此,使用具体词语表达的话,该句应翻译成:
他想远走高飞,免得心烦。(同时要注意语用的功能)。
The main land mass of the United States lies in the central North America, with Canada to the north, Mexico to the south, the Atlantic Ocean to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the
west.
二直观思维与曲线思维
英语重视直观思维,语言上习惯把主要的信息放在句首,然后再把其他信息添加上去,即先是主语和谓语,然后借助于连词、介词、副词等安排状语、补语和从句等,就是说,把主要的信息放在句首(主谓),次要的信息则递相叠加。因此,英语句式结构多为重心在前,头小尾大。
汉语习惯于从侧面说明、阐述外围的环境,最后说出话语的主要信息(主题和述题)。因此,汉语句式结构多为句尾重心(语义焦点),头大尾小。
对比下列句子:
It was a keen disappointment when I had to postpone the visit which I intended to pay to China in January.
我原本打算在今年1月访问中国,后来不得不推迟,这使我非常失望。
(I had to postpone the visit which I intended to pay to China in January)
英汉语语序(英汉时序原则不同):“我原本打算在今年1月访问中国”在先,“不得不推迟”在后)
上星期五,我们在那家新餐馆尽情地吃了一顿。
We ate to our heart’s content at the new restaurant last Friday.
英汉语语序(英汉多项状语共现的常规语序/和变异语序需要对比学习):
英语是“V+方式+地点+时间”(to our heart’s content +at the new restaurant +last Friday),汉语是“V+时间+地点+方式”。(上星期五+在那家新餐馆+尽情地)
It is a truth universally acknowledged(公认v.)that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.(同时注意语态的转换)
I was all the more delighted when, as a result of the initiative(主动权n. a.)of your Government it proved possible to reinstate(恢复)the visit so quickly.
His case is really serious as he is suffering from high fever and continuous convulsion(震动,痉挛).
The people of a small country can certainly defeat aggression by a big country, if only they dare to rise in struggle, dare to take up arms and grasp in their hands the destiny(命运n.)of their country.
The meeting was held in Classroom 203 at about 7 o’clock yesterday evening.
三主体和客体的轻重思维
英语看事物的角度总是把客观事物放在第一位,因此英语中多用无生命名词充当主语(无人称主语句),被动形式使用也很多。(很多名词化的使用都是受主客体思维的影响)His passion carried him astray.
他因感情冲动而误入歧途。
汉语常常认为人和自然是一个有机的整体,主张主客一体,因此常以有生命的名词充当主语,句子的语态不是很明显,被动语态使用就不是很多。
他突然想起了一个主意。
An idea suddenly occurred to him.
The program was designed by ourselves.(被动)
这个程序是我们自己设计的。(主动)
When the whale is killed, the blubber(鲸脂)is stripped off and boiled down, either on board ship or on shore.
鲸鱼杀死之后,把鲸脂剥下来熬油,这项工作有的在船上进行,有的是在岸上进行的。
Great sums of money have been spent, for example in the deserts of Egypt, in “prospecting”for oil.
在石油勘探方面,已经花了大笔的钱,比如在埃及的沙漠里进行的勘探工作就是如此。
New sources of energy must be found, and this will take time, but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the past