翻译复习重点

一、简述

1、Foreignization vs domestication异化和归化(外化与本土化)

Foreignization: SL (Second language) culture or author oriented;

Domestication: TL (target language) culture or reader oriented

（1）异化：转达原文意思的时候，使译文的表达形式和句法结构尽量同原文一致起来，能完全对等的就完全对等，不能完全对等的也要大致对等。The SL dominates.

优点：保留的原文的文化意象，目的是使译文保持原文的语言风格，向译文读者介绍源语文化，并丰富译入语及文化。

（2）归化：两种语言在表达上出现意象不同，但意义基本一致，翻译时用译入语的文化意象来取代原文里的文化意象，或用译入语现有的词汇来翻译。The TL dominates.

特点：归化翻译采取民族中心主义的态度，使外语文本符合译入语言的文化价值，把原作者带入译入语文化。

2、直译与意译：Literal translation vs free translation

（1）Literal translation（直译）means that the SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalents. （form；manner）

（2）Free translation（意译）reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content without the form of the original. (meaning; content)

Both of them should be applied.

3、英汉两种语言的差异与影响

（1）Hypotaxis vs Parataxis形合与意合

English is compact. Its syntax is very stiff and inflexible. English syntax emphasizes hypotaxis , which means clauses, sentences, even some parts of phrases are joined by connectives. Its structure is well-knit.

Chinese is concise; its syntax is very flexible. Chinese syntax emphasizes parataxis, which means sentences, clauses are joined by meaning instead of by connectives.

（2）Static vs DynamicIn

Chinese, verbs are used frequently than nouns, connectives are seldom used.

In English, nouns are frequently used than verbs, connectives, prepositions are frequently used.

（3）Substitutive vs Repetitive

In English, pronouns are often used while in Chinese, content words are frequently repeated.

（4）Impersonal vs personal

An English sentence often contains subject, but sentences without subject are often found in Chinese.

（5）Tense : Tense: Synthetic vs Analytic

E: Synthetic （综合性）language and 16 tenses;

C: Analytic（分析性）language and no tenses

English verbs are used in various tenses while Chinese verbs keep unchanged with tenses expressed by adding adverbs or auxiliary words.

（6）Voice: passive vs active

Passive voice is widely used in English language. Almost all the transitive verbs and part of intransitive verbal phrases can be used in passive voice.

Chinese are prone to active structures.

（7）Different function words (功能词) or structure words (结构词)

（8）The positions of adverbs, adverbial phrase, clause is somewhat different between English and Chinese.

In English, adverbs are often found in front position or at the back of sentence.

In Chinese, they are in middle position between subject and predicate.

二、翻译句子

1、英译汉

2、汉译英

三、翻译段落

1、英译汉

2、汉译英

（1）Youth

Youth is not a time of life—it is a state of mind. It is not a matter of red cheeks, red lips and supple knees. It is a temper of the will; a quality of the imagination; a vigor of the emotions; it is a freshness of the deep springs of life. Youth means a temperamental predominance of courage over timidity, of the appetite for adventure over a life of ease.

青春不是一段生命(年华)，而是一种心态/境。青春不是粉嫩的脸颊（红颜？），不是鲜红的嘴唇（朱唇），不是灵活的腿脚/身板，而是坚韧的意志、超凡的想象和澎湃的激情；她是生命深泉汩汩而出的清新活力。青春意味着战胜怯懦的勇气和摒弃安逸(崇尚冒险)的无畏精神/青春意味着勇气战胜懦弱(怯懦)，青春意味着进取战胜安逸。

This often exists in a man of fifty, more than in a boy of twenty. Nobody grows old by merely living a number of years; people grow old by deserting their ideals.

一个五十岁的人往往可能比一个二十岁的人更充满生机。

人们不是因为年事增长而变老，而是因为放弃理想而失去生机/年岁有加，并不垂老；理想丢弃，才入暮年。

青春是心境而非年华。青春不是美颜、红唇或柔肢，而是坚韧的意志、丰富的想象、充沛的情感以及清澈的生命之泉。青春是无视怯弱的豪迈之勇，是渴望不凡的高尚品味。其现于知命男子多于弱冠青年。衰老源自理想之泯灭而非岁月之流逝。

Years may wrinkle the skin, but to give up enthusiasm wrinkles the soul. Worry, doubt, self-distrust, fear and despair— these are the long, long years that bow the head and turn the growing spirit back to dust.