四川大学宗教学专业考博真题精华版05至
宗教学考研试题
宗教学考研试题中国宗教史是研究中国宗教的历史和宗教理论的专著。
该部分涉及中国近代宗教历史的研究和探讨。
中国近代宗教学研究的主要论著是()[1]。
近代宗教学之创始:()认为民族宗教有共同之根性()《中国宗教通史》(3卷)[2]。
()主张民族宗教有共同之根性:()《中国宗教通史》(3卷）《中国宗教通史》(4卷）《中国宗教通史讲义》(5卷）。
()认为人类社会有共同的宗教学、宗教、道德与法律。
()强调民族宗教自身特点与文化特点相统一。
()反对“异端邪说”。
()主张各民族、各个宗教均应“以各民族语言文字为工具”[3]。
一、考题类型1.论述题：对于中国近代宗教学的论述，需要结合马克思主义哲学的基本原理，运用辩证唯物主义原理和历史唯物主义原理，分析宗教学的产生和发展过程。
论述题的内容有：宗教学产生于何时代？宗教学产生的意义及其发展过程等等。
2.简答题：中国近代宗教学的主要特点及其对近代宗教学理论的影响[1]、中国古代宗教思想及其变化[2]、中国新民主主义革命和改革开放前后中国宗教理论及现状[3]、中西文化交流等方面[4]、马克思主义哲学方法论体系概论[5]。
3.论述题：如何理解马克思主义与宗教学的关系问题[6]、对马克思主义在宗教学领域中的指导地位及发展演变[7]、如何看待新时期中国宗教研究的现状[8]、如何理解马克思主义与宗教学学科的关系(9)、中国新民主主义革命和改革开放前后中国宗学习理论及现状[10]、对《中华人民共和国宪法》贯彻执行中对宗学者权利保障[11]、如何理解中国现代宗教学发展动态[12]、宗教学制度、中国近代宗上课程（含讲义）等内容。
4.简答题：《宗教学概论》作者和观点[13]、()等内容。
5.论述题：新时期下宗教学所应该具有哪些特征？二、历年试题阅读资料，完成本题。
中国道教概述。
在世界古代宗教中，我国已形成三大流派：道教（以儒、释、道三家为代表的）、藏传佛教。
“三教”是道教中主要的两大流派的简称。
四川大学考博06年中国文学典籍真题与答案
四川大学2006年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：中国文学典籍科目代码：205选用专业：文艺学、语言学及应用语言学、汉语言文字学、中国古代文学、中国现当代文学、比较文学与世界文学、文艺与传媒、文化批评、文学人类学、佛教语言文学、广播影视文艺学一.填空（每题2分，共10分）1.《春秋》所记鲁国十二公是：。
1. 隐公11年（公元前722年—前712年）2. 桓公18年（公元前711年—前694年）3. 庄公32年（公元前693年—前662年）4. 闵公2年（公元前661年—前660年）5. 僖公33年（公元前659年—前627年）6. 文公18年（公元前626年—前609年）7. 宣公18年（公元前608年—前591年）8. 成公18年（公元前590年—前573年）9. 襄公31年（公元前572年—前542年）10.昭公32年（公元前541年—前510年）11.定公15年（公元前509年—前495年）12.哀公27年（公元前494年—前468年）2.汉代传《诗》的四家是：。
汉人传诗的加之毛诗本有四家，称为四家诗。
后三家即鲁诗（申培公所传）、齐诗（辕固生所传）、韩诗（韩婴所传）。
此三家又被称为三家诗，3.《毛诗序》所说“六义”是：。
故诗有六义焉：一曰风，二曰赋，三曰比，四曰兴，五曰雅，六曰颂。
4.《文心雕龙·序志》所说“文之枢纽”是等五篇。
《文心雕龙》全书上篇共篇，下篇共篇。
从《原道》至《辨骚》的5篇﹐是全书的纲领﹐而其核心则是《原道》《徵圣》《宗经》3篇；25，25．5. 钟荣《诗品》共收位诗人，分为品，其中曹操为品，沈约为品，陶潜为品。
122，三，三，二，二。
二.就下列著作和作者之间做选择，写出正确的作者和其著作：（每小题1分，共10分）1.五经正义8 1.朱熹2.文心雕龙札记9 2.何晏3.诗集传 1 3.郭庆藩4.论语集解 2 4.王逸5.庄子集释 3 5.李鼎祚6.周易集解 5 6.郝懿行7.史记正义10 7.段玉裁8.楚辞章句 4 8.孔颖达9.尔雅义疏 6 9.黄侃10.说文解字注7 10.张守节三．解释下列加下划线的词语：（每词1分，共20分）1. 乃命义和，钦若昊天，历象日月星辰。
四川大学博中国文学典籍真题
四川大学2012年考博中国文学典籍真题回忆版一、填空，十三经注疏注者和疏者（每题2分，共10分）1、《周易正义》，魏晋，唐疏。
2、《礼记正义》，汉注，唐疏。
3、《春秋左氏传正义》，晋注，唐疏。
4、《毛诗正义》，汉注，汉笺，唐疏。
5、《孝经》，唐注，宋疏。
二、名词解释（共十个，其他忘了，每个2分）尔雅、小雅、摄提贞于孟陬、质而含章、获麟、三坟五典、三、标点《礼记》大同篇四、翻译成现代汉语《大雅﹒生民》五、解释《周易》乾卦卦辞，并进行解说。
乾，元亨利贞九二：见龙在田，利见大人。
九三：君子终日乾乾，夕惕若，厉，无咎。
九四：或跃在渊，无咎。
九五：飞龙在天，利见大人。
上九：亢龙有悔。
用九：见群龙无首，吉。
六、结合具体文学作品论证下面一段话。
故论其典诰则如彼，语其夸诞则如此。
固知楚辞者，体慢于三代，而风雅于战国，乃雅颂之博徒，而词赋之英杰也。
观其骨鲠所树，肌肤所附，虽取镕经意，亦自铸伟辞。
故骚经九章，朗丽以哀志；九歌九辩，绮靡以伤情；远游天问，瑰诡而惠巧；招魂招隐，耀艳而深华；卜居标放言之致，渔父寄独往之才。
故能气往轹古，辞来切今，惊采绝艳，难与并能矣。
自九怀以下，遽蹑其迹，而屈宋逸步，莫之能追。
故其叙情怨，则郁伊而易感；述离居，则怆怏而难怀；论山水，则循声而得貌；言节候，则披文而见时。
是以枚贾追风以入丽，马扬沿波而得奇，其衣被词人，非一代也。
故才高者菀其鸿裁，中巧者猎其艳辞，吟讽者衔其山川，童蒙者拾其香草。
若能凭轼以倚雅颂，悬辔以驭楚篇，酌奇而不失其贞，玩华而不坠其实，则顾盼可以驱辞力，欬唾可以穷文致，亦不复乞灵于长卿，假宠于子渊矣。
（出自《文心雕龙·辨骚第五》）四川大学考博中国文学典籍四川大学2010年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题一，写出下列成语出自哪部典籍（每小题0.5分，共5分）、1，缘木求鱼2，巧言令色3，温故知新4，大器晚成5，越俎代庖6，朝三暮四7，半途而废8，和光同尘9，心宽体胖10，项庄舞剑二，将下列文具补充完整。
四川大学考博英语真题及答案精编版
2014年四川大学考博英语入学考试试题考生请注意：1．本试题共5大题，共12页，请考生注意检查，考试时间为180分钟。
2．1-70题答案请填写在机读卡相应处，否则不给分。
3．翻译和作文请答在答题纸上，答在试题上不给分。
书写要求字迹清楚、工整。
I．Reading Comprehension (30%; one mark each)Directions: Read the following six passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing [A], [B], [C], or [D]. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneIn general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic management in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, Nell-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and “human-relations” experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction of interesting life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissiveness and independence. From the moment on they are tested again and again-by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc. This constant needto prove that one is as good as or better than one’s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness.Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of productionor to nineteenth-century “free enterprise” capitalism? Certainly not. Problems the never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system form, a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maxima, production and consumption are ends in themselves, into a humanistindustrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities-those of all love and of reason-are the aims of social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end and should be prevented from ruling man.1. By “a well-oiled cog in the machinery” the author intends to deliver the idea that man is ____.[A] a necessary part of the society though each individual’s function is negligible[B] working in complete harmony with the rest of the society[C] an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the society[D] a humble component of the society, especially when working smoothly2. The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that ____.[A] they are likely to lose their jobs[B] they have no genuine satisfaction or interest in life[C] they are faced with the fundamental realities of human existence[D] they are deprived of their individuality and independence3. From the passage we can conclude that real happiness of life belongs to those____.[A] who are at the bottom of the society[B] who are higher up in their social status[C] who prove better than their fellow-competitors[D] who could dip fir away from this competitive world4. To solve the present social problems the author puts forward a suggestion that we should ____.[A] resort to the production mode of our ancestors[B] offer higher wages to the workers and employees[C] enable man to fully develop his potentialities[D] take the fundamental realities for granted5. The author’s attitude towards industrialism might best be summarized as one of ____.[A] approval [B] dissatisfaction[C] suspicion [D] susceptibilityPassage TwoThe government-run command post in Tunis is staffed around the clock by military personnel, meteorologists and civilians. On the wall are maps, crisscrossed with brightly colors arrows that painstakingly track the fearsome path of the enemy.What kind of invader gives rise to such high-level monitoring? Not man, not beast, but the lowly desert locust（蝗虫）. In recent moths, billions of the 3-inch-long winged warriors have descended on Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia, blackening the sky and eating up crops and vegetation. The insect invasion, the worst in 30 years, is already creating great destruction in the Middle East and is now treating southern Europe. The current crisis began in late 1985 near the Red Sea. Unusually rainy weather moistened the sands of the Sudan, making them ideal breeding grounds for the locust, which lays its eggs in the earth. The insect onslaught threatens to create yet another African famine. Each locust can eat its weight (not quite a tenth of an ounce) in vegetation every 24 hours. A good-size swarm of 50 billion insects eats up 100,000 tons of grass, trees and crops in a single night.All $150 million may be needed this year. The U.S. has provided two spraying planes and about 50,000 gal. of pesticide. The European Community has donated $3.8 million in aid and the Soviet Union, Canada, Japan and China have provided chemical-spraying aircraft to help wipe out the pests. But relief efforts are hampered by the relative mildness of approved pesticides, which quickly lose their deadly punch and require frequent replications. The most effective locust killer Dieldrin has been linked to cancer and is banned by many Western countries and some of the affected African nations. More than 5 million acres have been dusted with locust-killing chemicals; another 5 million will be treated by the end of June.On May 30, representatives of Tunisia, Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Mauritania will meet in Algiers to discuss tactics to wipe out the ravenous swarms. The move is an important step, but whatever plan is devised, the locust plague promised to get worse before the insects can be brought under control.6. The main idea of the first sentence in the passage is that ____.[A] the command post is stationed with people all the time.[B] the command post is crowded with people all the time.[C] there are clocks around the command post.[D] the clock in the command post is taken care of by the staff.7. The favorable breeding ground for the locust is ____.[A] rich soil.[B] wet land[C] spaces covered crops and vegetation[D] the Red Sea8. People are alert at the threat of the locust because ____.[A] the insects are likely to create another African famine.[B] the insects may blacken the sky.[C] the number of the insects increases drastically.[D] the insects are gathering and moving in great speed.9. Which of the following is true?[A] Once the pesticides are used, locust will die immediately.[B] Relief efforts are proved most fruitful due to the effectiveness of certain pesticides.[C] Dieldrin, the most effective locust killer, has been widely accepted in many countries.[D] Over 10 million acres of affected area will have been treated with locust-killingchemicals by the end of June.10. The purpose for affected nations to meet in Algiers on May 30 is ____.[A] to devise antilocust plans.[B] to wipe out the swarms in two years.[C] to call out for additional financial aid from other nations.[D] to bring the insects under control before the plague gets worse.Passage ThreeThe London 2012 sustainability watchdog embroiled in a row over the sports ship of the Olympic Stadium by Dow Chemical is to push the International Olympic Committee to appoint an “ethics champion” for future Games.The Commission for a Sustainable London 2012 has been bruised by criticism over Dow’s sponsorship of the wrap that will surround the Olympic stadium, particularly since commissioner Meredith Alexander last month resigned in protest.Campaigners believe that Dow has ongoing liabilities relating to the 1984 Bhopal disaster that resulted in the deaths of an estimated 20,000 people and the serious injury of tens of thousands more. Dow, which bought the owner of the plant in 2001, insists that all liabilities have been settled in full.Commission chairman Shaun McCarthy said that its tight sustainability remit did not extend to acting as moral guardian of the Olympic movement but that it would press for such a role to be created when evaluating sponsors for future Games.In addition to sponsoring the 7m pounds wrap that will surround the Olympic Stadium, Dow has a separate 100m dollars sponsorship deal with the IOC that was signed in 2010.But McCarthy also defended the commission’s role in evaluating the Dow deal, after Amnesty International wrote to London 2012 chairman Lord Coe to raise the issue.“What has been lost in all of this story is that a really excellent, sustainable product has been procured, we looked at Locog’s examination of Dow Chemical’s current corporate responsibility policies and, again, Dow achieved that highest score in that evaluation. We verified that.” said McCarthy.“As far as the history is concerned and issues around Bhopal, there is no doubt Bhopal was a terrible disaster and snore injustice was done to the victims. Who is responsible for that injustice is a matter for the courts and a matter for others. We have a specific remit and terms of reference that we operate under and we have operated diligently under those terms.”The commission will on Thursday release its annual review. It finds that “good press” has been made to wands many of Locog’s sustainability target, but that “major challenges” remain.In particular, the commission found that there was no coherent strategy to achieve a 20% reduction in carbon emissions after an earlier scheme to use renewable energy feel through when a wind turbine on the site proved impractical.“We had conversations with Locog over a year ago about this and said they had to demonstrate how they were going to achieve at least 20% carbon reductions through energy conservation if they’re not going to do it through renewable energy,”said McCarthy. “There are some good initiatives, but quite frankly they just haven’t done it.”11. Why was Dow’s sponsorship criticized according to the passage?[A] The products are not sustainable.[B] It was related to Bhopal disaster.[C] It bribed the London Olympic committee.[D] It can’t reduce 20% of the carbon emission.12. What is Paragraph 4 mainly about?[A] Commission’s role[B] Commission’s achievements[C] Commission’s complaints[D] Commission’s defense13. Which of the following words can best replace the underlined word “row” (Para.1)?[A] line [B] argument[C] boating [D] course14. What is one of the challenges of the sustainability target mentioned in the passage?[A] Ethic champion of the games.[B] Reduction in carbon emissions.[C] The wind turbine proved to be impractical.[D] Renewable energy is not available.15. Which of the following can best summarize the passage?[A] Commission defends its own role in evaluating controversial.[B] Dow’s way to the 2012 London Olympic Games.[C] Campaign against Dow’s sponsorship.[D] IOC’s review on the controversy.Passage FourAs Facebook dominates the news with its initial public offering, activists are seizing the moment to pressure the company to add some estrogen and ethnicity to its white-male board.A women’s rights group called Ultraviolet, which has been running an online petition that claims to have attracted more than 50,000 signatures, is escalating its push, posting a new YouTube video called “Do Women Have a Future at Facebook?”. The video shows photos of successful women such as Hillary Clinton getting their heads cropped off the replaced with the smiling face of Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg.“Facebook has grown off the backs of women, who make up the majority of its users and are responsible for the majority of sharing and fan activity on the site,” the group says in a blurb accompanying the video. An all-male board, the group says, is “not just wrong, it’s bad for business”. A related campaign, called Face It, criticizes the lack of ethnic diversity on the seven-member board. “seven white men: That’s ridiculous,” the group says on its homepage, along side headshots of the men. The campaign, which lists dozens of human-rights groups and corporate executives as supporters, also has its own YouTube video. Called “Face it, Facebook”, the video cites a recent Zuckerberg letter to investors that says:“Facebook was not originally created to be a company. It was built to accomplish a social mission-to make the world more open and connected.”That message is at odds with the pale-faced board, activists say. Susan Stautberg, co-chairwoman of Women Corporate Directors, an organization for female corporate board members, says Zuckerberg’s thinking is flawed. “If you’re trying to expand a company globally, then you want someone on the board who has built a global brand,” she says. “Most of these guys on Facebook’s board all have the same skills-they’re mostly from Silicon Valley and Washington. You want someone who has worked in China and India and rising markets. You want someone who has marketedto women. When you’re putting together a board, you don’t want your best friends, you want the best people.”Having zero female directors does not appear to be a good business plan, research shows. Companies with women on the board perform substantially better than companies with all-mall boards, according to a 2011 study of Fortune 500 companies conducted by the research group Catalyst. The study showed that over the course of four to five years, companies with three or more female board members, on average, outperformed companies with no female board members by 84 percent when it came to return on sales and by 60 percent when it came to return on invested capital.Facebook may secretly be on the lookout for a female board member, according to a recent Bloomberg report. Citing unnamed sources, Bloomberg said Facebook had enlisted the corporate-recruitment firm Spencer Stuart to help seek some diversity. Spencer Stuary says it does not comment on clients due to confidentiality agreements.16. Which of the following descriptions is CORRECT about the Ultraviolet Group?[A] It is a non-government organization.[B] It is appealing for “more female roles in big corporations like Facebook” throughthe Internet.[C] It has the support of many female celebrities such as Hillary Clinton.[D] It is getting more and more support from the society.17. Which of the following descriptions is INCORRECT about the campaign “Face It”?[A] It pointed out the irrational composition of Facebook’s board of directors.[B] The campaign has plenty of human-rights supporters.[C] It indicated the original objective of Zuckerberg’s establishment of Facebook.[D] It is constantly using other media devices to support Facebook.18. The underlined phrase “at odds with” in the fourth paragraph has the closest meaning of ____.[A] against all odds [B] supported by[C] disagree with [D] waifs and strays19. According to Susan Stauberg, a well-performed business should _____.[A] have a complex system of management.[B] possess the most market globally.[C] have your best and close friends as your board members.[D] have a diverse board member in which everyone has his/her own specialtiesand can contribute different skills into the corporation.20. What will probably happen to Facebook?[A] The corporation will turn to Spencer Stuart for recruiting more female board members.[B] The corporation will dominate the news because its worldwide popularity.[C] The corporation will gradually lose its users because it does not have femaleboard members.[D] None of the above.Passage FiveFor this generation of young people, the future looks bleak. Only one in six is working full time. Three out of five live with their parents or other relatives. A large majority-73 percent-think they need more education to find a successful career, but only half of those say they will definitely enroll in the next few years. No, they are not the idle youth of Greece or Spain or Egypt. They are the youth of America, the world’s richest country, who do not have college degrees and aren’t getting them anytime soon. Whatever the sob stories about recent college graduates spinning their wheels as baristas or clerks, the situation for their less-educated peers is far worse. For this group, finding work that pays a living wage and offers some sense of security has been elusive.Despite the continuing national conversation about whether college is worth it given the debt burden it entails, most high school graduates without college degrees said they believe they would be unable to get good jobs without more education.Getting it is challenging, though, and not only because of formidable debt levels. Ms. McClour and her husband, Andy, have two daughters under 3 and another due next month. She said she tried enrolling in college classes, but the workload became too stressful with such young children. Mr. McClour works at a gas station. He hates his work and wants to study phlebotomy, but the nearest school is an hour and half away.Many of these young people had been expecting to go to college since they started high school, perhaps anticipating that employers would demand skills high schools do not teach. Just one in ten high school graduates without college degrees said they were “extremely well prepared by their high school to succeed in their job after graduation.” These young people worried about getting left behind and were pessimistic about reaching some of the milestones that make up the American dream. More than half-56 percent-of high school graduates without college diplomas said that their generation would have less financial success than their parents. About the same share believed they would find work that offered health insurance within that time frame. Slightly less than half of respondents said the next few years would bring work with good job security or a job with earnings that were high “enough to lead a comfortable life”. They were similarly pessimistic about being able to start a family or buy a home.The online survey was conducted between March 21 and April 2, and covered a nationally representative survey of 544 high school graduates from the classes of 2006-11 who did not have bachelor’s degrees. The margin of sampling error wasplus or minus 5 percentage points.21. What does the underlined phrase “spinning their wheels” mean in Paragraph 1?[A] fastening the pace [B] confusing the situation[C] asking for help [D] scooting out22. What will the high school graduates probably do according to the article?[A] Find jobs right after graduation.[B] Receive further study in college.[C] Go to join the national conversation.[D] Pay for the debt.23. What does the story of “Andy and Ms. McClour” try to inform us?[A] They both prefer making money to education.[B] Colleges do not accept students who are married and have children.[C] Although people are eager to join in the college, life burden may block in the way.[D] None of the above.24. What is the financial outlook for this generation compared with their parents?[A] They have a prosperous outlook compared with the last generation.[B] Their financial situation is not as successful as their parents.[C] It depends on how hard they work and their educational background.[D] Not mentioned in the article.25. What can we infer from the last sentence?[A] The online survey is done nationally.[B] The result of the survey is completely trustworthy.[C] There is more or less inaccuracy of the survey.[D] The survey will have a continuous part coming soon.Passage SixSome 60 years ago, George Orwell wrote an allegorical novel, called Nineteen Eighty-Four, to describe life in a futuristic Britain under a one party police-sate presided over by an all-powerful figure known as Big Brother. One of the fealures of the nasty world described by Orwell was its systematic misuse of language, which went by the name of “Newspeak”. By re-defining words and endlessly repeating them, the Ministry of Truth through the Thought Police was able to control what people thought, and through that, their actions. Language was instrumental in destroying the culture.The same technique is being used by different people today, with similar effects. In all areas of public administration, the words “spouse”, “husband” and “wife” have been replace by the word “partner”, although the words are subtly but substantially different in meaning, and convey different realities. In some schools and university departments, feminist ideologues have dictated that the personal pronoun “he” must not be used, and is replaced by the word “they”, which means something different. The word “homophobic”, which just a few years ago was used to describe a person who supported vigilante action against homosexuals, is now being used to describe anyone who defends the universal definition of marriage.Although the transformation of language is seen most obviously around social issues, it is also being used systematically to shape political debate. So, we are told that the federal government is introducing a Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme, which is newspeak for its new carbon tax. The fact is that the new tax is not remotely concerned with “carbon pollution” at all, but rather with emissions of the gas CO2 which is not a pollutant by any credible definition, but rather, an essential building block in every cell in every living plant and creature. By the government’s own admission, it will not lead to any reduction in CO2 levels, either in Australia or globally. And the Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme is being introduced in Australia at the same time the government is expanding exports of coal, which is virtually 100 percent carbon, to countries such as China.We live in a society in which the ordinary meaning of words is being systematically manipulated by spin-doctors and ideologues, as a means of changing the way people think, and, more fundamentally, the way they act. Language is an important part of the culture wars. For those of us who see this as a challenge to the foundations of society, it is important that we identify the problem and expose it.It is clearly preferable to avoid using the new debased, transformed language of the politically-correct left, although this can be difficult in situations where constant usage has already normalized it, as has happened with the term “same-sex marriage”. The alternative phrase, “same-sex unions”, has a different meaning. When such terms are used, they should be identified for what they are: a form of linguistic dishonesty, designed to undermine existing institutions and transform them.26. Which of the following descriptions is INCORRECT about George Orwell’s allegorical novel Nineteen Eighty-Four?[A] It describes a story that happens in the future.[B] One of the features in the novel is the misuse of language.[C] It is the most famous detective novel in the world.[D] It was written in the 20th century.27. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an example of misuse of language?[A] Feminists insist “he” be replaced by “they”.[B] “Partner” has taken the place of “husband” and “wife”.[C] “Homophobic” is now being employed to refer to defend conventionalunderstanding of marriage.[D] The meaning of “literacy” is no longer restricted to the ability to read and write.28. The example of carbon pollution is used to illustrate _______.[A] transformation of language is usually seen in social issues.[B] transformation of language is also tracked in political debate.[C] transformation of language is generated in the age of information.[D] transformation of language is legitimate to a certain extent.29. The underlined word “credible” in Para. 3 means ______.[A] reliable [B] correct[C] beneficial [D] provable30. According to the passage, transformed language serves to _______.[A] make people sound fashionable[B] change the way people think and act[C] eliminate discrimination against minorities[D] None of the aboveII. Vocabulary (10%; 0.5 mark each)31. The town was flooded when the river burst its banks. To make it worse, thestorm _____ outside.[A] raided [B]ragged [C] raged [D]reaped32. My new laptop can _____ information much more quickly than my old computer.[A] proceed [B] precede [C] produce [D] process33. The country’s failure to abide by the Kyoto Protocol was _____ in all newspapers.[A] announced [B] denounced [C] renounced [D] trounced34. The company has _____ over three decades into a multi-million dollar organization.[A] evolved [B] revolved [C] involved [D] devolved35. We would like to _____ our customers of the best possible service.[A] assure [B] ensure [C] insure [D] ensue36. The government has promised to offer 10 million of emergency food aid to help______ the famine in this region.[A] release [B] relate [C] reveal [D]relieve37. The course _____ two years’ training into six intensive months.[A] impresses [B] compresses [C] depresses [D] represses38. Make sure you pour the juice into the glass without _____ it.[A] splitting [B] spilling [C] spinning [D] spitting39. The vast majority of people in any culture _____ to the established standard of that culture.[A] confine [B] conform [C] confront [D] confirm40. Tom pointed out that the living standard of urban and _____ people continued to improve.[A] remote [B] municipal [C] rural [D] provincial41. The Egyptians _____ an area almost equal to France and Spain combined.[A] dwell [B] settle [C] reside [D] inhabit42. I’m going to have to take these clothes off, for I’m _____ to the skin![A] dipped [B] soaked [C] immersed [D] submerged43. The WHO has to come up with new and effective measures to _____ his nextmove in the game.[A] limit [B] cut [C] curb [D] keep44. My grandfather sat back in his chair for a few minutes to _____ his next move in the game.[A] think [B] ponder [C] reflect [D] dwell45. At this school we aim to _____ the minds of all the students by reading.[A] cultivate [B] instruct [C] teach [D] coach46. Most doctors _____ on a diet which contains a lot of fat.[A] criticize [B] object [C] oppose [D] frown47. Since you intend to sell your house, how will you _____ of all the furniture?[A] disapprove [B] discard [C] dispose [D] disregard48. The politicians were discussing the best way to _____ democracy and prosperityin their country.[A] hinder [B] foster [C] linger [D] quote49. Only one member of the committee _____ from the final report.[A] dissented [B] crawled [C] whispered [D] redeemed50. We always try to _____ him with financial assistance if necessary.[A] dazzle [B] sanction [C] accommodate [D] terminateIII. Cloze (10%; 0.5 mark each)The term “quality of life” is difficult to define. It (51) a very wide scope such as living environment, health, employment, food, family life, friends, education, material possessions, leisure and recreation, and so on. (52) speaking, the quality of life, especially (53) seen by the individual, is meaningful in terms of the degree (54) which these various areas of life are available or provide (55) for the individual.As activity carried (56) as one thinks fit during on e’s spare time, leisure has the following (57): relaxation, recreation and entertainment, and personal development. The importance of these varies according to the nature of one’s job and one’s life style. (58), people who need to (59) much energy in their work will find relaxation most (60) in leisure. Those with a better education and in professional occupations may (61) more to seek recreation and personal development (e.g.(62) of skills and hobbies) in leisure.The specific use of leisure (63) from individual to individual. (64) the same leisure activity may be used differently by different individuals. Thus, the following are possible uses of television watching, a (65) leisure activity, a change of experience to provide (66) from the stress and strain of work; to learn more about what is happening in one’s environment; to provide an opportunity for understanding oneself by (67) other people’s life experiences as (68) in the programs.Since leisure is basically self-determined, one is able to take (69) his interests and preferences and get (70) in an activity in ways that will bring enjoyment and satisfaction.51. [A] composes [B] consists [C] covers [D] constitutes52. [A] Basically [B] Frankly [C] Primarily [D] Generally53. [A] when [B] as [C] while [D] which54. [A] to [B] as [C] of [D] in55. [A] satisfaction [B] information [C] respect [D] admiration56. [A] out [B] through [C] away [D] off。
考研宝典之四川大学宗教学考研学习方法、考研经验、参考书籍、专业指导、真题分享
考研宝典之四川大学宗教学考研学习方法、考研经验、参考书籍、专业指导、真题分享先谈一下准备考研前的几个问题：1是否对自己有清楚的认识：真的喜欢宗教学吗？（文科类可是会枯燥的哦）是为了找工作考宗教学吗？（死心吧，找到对口工作的不多）你以为考上宗教学就会有女朋友了吗？（哈哈哈，你总是爱多想，单身狗去了四川只会变成很能吃辣的单身狗而已）是为了逃避数学吗？（是的，你的确可以逃避）万一考研考不上有二手准备吗？（哦豁，flag了哦）等等一些涉及实际的问题自己想清楚，和家人沟通了再考。
2要不要报班：个人建议对于有意志力的、有明确计划的同学，不需要。
（若你意志力不强，而且本人对于每日学习以及长期备考没有大致安排，那还是报个班吧，毕竟考研是个长时间跨度的工作，而且没有日积月累绝对不可能跟大学考试一样靠考前突击成功。
关于报哪个教育机构的，我不推荐，因为各地情况不同，你可以问问自己学校的考研前辈）许多人报班就是为了提升英语和政治成绩，而这两门都是只要自己努力就可以提升的（我后面讲方法），没必要浪费精力去参加辅导班，送钱。
3宗教学要选哪个学校？这个要自己上网查，先查大学宗教学排名，（虽然排名不一定准，但你最起码要知道哪些学校有宗教学。
佛教推荐南大，道教川大不错。
当然别的学校也挺好，人大啦~等等）然后点进大学研究生院官网看看老师，看看分数线，报录比。
以及参考用书！！！参考用书！！！参考用书！！！记住了，参考用书各个学校不一定相同！4决定好学校后，怎么套资料：逛贴吧，逛豆瓣，逛知乎，等等社交网站，以大学名+宗教学为关键词搜索，找到一些同好前辈，加他（她）qq、微信，问问路。
然后再加同好群（比如以“x大学宗教学”为关键字搜索qq群，加进去，一般这里面有可能有相关资料）5英语四六级没过会不会影响考研：如果你是听力不好，那就没事，考研不考听力。
四六级没过也不要紧，在考研准备的一年中，努力学习就能考好。
我身边就有四六级没过的朋友考研英语成绩比过了的好，所以安啦。
四川大学考博局解简答题汇总
四川大学既往考博局解简单题汇总详解1.膀胱炎时，可口服氟哌酸进行治疗，药物自口腔经小肠吸收，经血液循环后，排入尿液进入膀胱，最后排出体外，请依次写出药物入口至随尿排出体外所经过的解剖路径（可用箭头表示）口服氟哌酸→口腔→咽→食管→胃→小肠→大肠→肠系膜上静脉→肝门静脉→下腔静脉→心脏→主动脉→肾动脉→肾小球→肾小盏→肾大盏→肾盂→输尿管→膀胱→尿道→体外2.阐述甲状腺位置，毗邻及其血供、甲状腺血管与神经的关系？甲状腺（thyroid gland)腺体呈“H”形，分为左右侧叶和连接两侧叶的峡部。
峡部缺如者占7%，有锥状叶者约占70%，且多连于左侧叶。
甲状腺的两侧叶位于喉下部和气管上部的前外侧，上极平甲状软骨中点，下极至第6气管软骨。
有时侧叶的下极可伸至胸骨柄的后方，称为胸骨后甲状腺。
甲状腺峡部位于第2-4气管软骨前方。
甲状腺的前面由浅入深依次为皮肤、浅筋膜、颈筋膜浅层、舌骨下肌群和气管前筋膜，但在峡部前面正中宽约0.5-1.0cm处无肌肉覆盖。
侧叶的后内侧与喉和气管以及喉返神经等相邻；侧叶的后外侧与颈动脉鞘及鞘内的颈总动脉、颈内静脉和迷走神经，以及位于椎前筋膜深面的颈交感干相邻。
当甲状腺肿大时，如向后压迫食管和气管，科引起吞咽和呼吸困难；如压迫喉返神经，可出现声音嘶哑；如向后外方压迫交感干时，可出现Horner综合征，即患侧瞳孔缩小，眼裂变窄及眼球内陷。
甲状腺的血管神经：是甲状腺最重要的周围关系，在甲状腺上极，有甲状腺上动脉、甲状腺上静脉及与其伴行的喉上神经。
神经行其后内，近腺体处渐分离；在甲状腺下极，有甲状腺下动脉、甲状腺下静脉及与其相交的喉返神经。
血管水平由外向内走向腺体，神经垂直由下向上行向腺体，于腺体下极相交。
右侧血管与神经间近似平行关系，左侧血管与神经间则呈现相互垂直关系。
在甲状腺外侧缘中份，可见甲状腺中静脉。
该静脉壁薄短粗，横过颈总动脉前方，直接汇入颈内静脉，是较危险的不可忽视的血管。
四川大学博士研究生入学英语考试题
四川大学2005年博士研究生入学英语考试题I. Reading Comprehension 30%, 1 mark each)Passage 1As the horizons of science have expanded, two main groups of scientists ha ve emerged. One is the pure scientist; the other, the applied scientist.The pure or theoretical scientist does original research in order to under stand the basic laws of nature that govern our world. The applied scientist ada pts this knowledge to practical problems. Neither is more important than the ot her, however, for the two groups are very much related. Sometimes, however, the applied scientist finds the "problem" for thetheoretical scientist to work on. Let's take a particular problem of the aircra ft industry: heat-resistant metals. Many of the metals and alloys which perform satisfactorily in a car cannot be used in a jet-propelled plane. New alloys mu st be used, because the jet engine operates at a much higher temperature than a n automobile engine. The turbine wheel in a turbojet must withstand temperature s as high as 1,600 degrees Fahrenheit, so aircraft designers had to turn to the research metallurgist for the development of metals and alloys that would do t he job in jet-propelled planes.Dividing scientists into two groups is only one broad way of classifying t hem, however. When scientific knowledge was very limited, there was no need for men to specialize. Today, with the great body of scientific knowledge, scienti sts specialize in many different fields. Within each field, there is even furth er subdivision. And, with finer and finer subdivisions, the various sciences ha ve become more and more interrelated until no one branch is entirely independen t of the' others. Many new specialties --geophysics and biochemistry, for examp le -- have resulted from combining the knowledge of two or more sciences.1. The applied scientist ______.A. is not always interested in practical problemsB. provides the basic knowled ge for practiceC. applies the results of research to practiceD. does original research to und erstand the basic laws of nature2. The example given in the passage illustrates how ___.A. pure science operates independently of applied scienceB. the applied scient ist discovers the basic laws of natureC. applied science defines all the areas in which basic research is doneD. app lied science suggests problems for the basic scientist3. The problem discussed in the second paragraph called for____.A. selecting the best hear-resistant metal from existing metalsB. developing a turbine wheel capable of generating heat up to 1,600 degrees Fa hrenheitC. developing metals and alloys that would withstand terrific temperaturesD. causing the jet engine to operate at higher temperatures4. Finer mad finer subdivision in the field of science has resulted in____ _.A. greater independence of each scienceB. greater interdependence of all the v arious sciencesC. the eradication of the need for specialistsD. the need for only on classifi cation of scientists5. "The horizons of science have expanded" means that____.A. the horizon changes its size from year to yearB. science has developed more fields of endeavorC. scientists have made great progress in studying the horizonD. scientists ca n see further out into spacePassage 2In The Disuniting of America: Reflections on a Multicultural Society, Revi sed and Enlarged Edition (W. W. Norton) Schlesinger provides deep insights into the crises of nationhood in America. A new chapter assesses the impact both ofradical multiculturalism and radical monoculturalism on the Bill of rights. Wr itten with his usual clarity and force, the book brings a noted historian's wis dom and perspective to bear on America's "culture wars".Schlesinger addresses the questions: What holds a nation together? And wha t does it mean to be an American? Describing the emerging cult of ethnicity, Sc hlesinger praises its healthy effect on a nation long shamed by a history of pr ejudice and narrow-mindedness. But he warns against the campaign of multicultur al advocates to divide the nation into separate ethnic and racial communities. From the start, he observes, the United States has been a multicultural nation, rich in its diversity but held together by a shared commitment to the democrat ic process and by the freedom of intermarriage. It was this national talent for assimilation that impressed foreign visitors like Alexis de Tocqueville and Ja mes Bryce, and it is this historic goal that Schlesinger champions as the best hope for the future. Schlesinger analyzes what he sees as grim consequences of identity politics: the widening of differences. Attacks on the First Amendment, he argues, threaten intellectual freedom and, ultimately, the future of the et hnic groups. His criticisms are not limited to the left. As a former target of McCarthyism, he understands that the radical right is even more willing than th e radical left to restrict and weaken the Bill of Rights.The author does not minimize the injustices concealed by the "melting pot" dream. The Disuniting of America is both academic and personal, forceful in ar gument, balanced in judgment. It is a book that will no doubt anger some reader s, but it will surely make all of them think again. The winner of Pulitzer Priz es for history and for biography, an authoritative voice of American liberalism, Schlesinger is uniquely positioned to bring bold answers and healing wisdom to this passionate debate over who we are and what we should become.6. According to Schlesinger, the United States is_____.A. a melting potB. a nation with diverse cultures held together by the democra tic processC. a federation of ethnic and racial communitiesD. a nation with various ethni c and racial groups7. We can infer from the passage that Schlesinger______.A. advocates the assimilation of different cultures into one nationhoodB. pref ers multiculturalism to monoculturalismC. gives full support to the emerging cult of ethnicityD. holds that each raci al group should keep its distinct identity8. The author wants to tell us that America_____.A. is experiencing a crisis of nationhoodB. is trying to restrict the Bill of RightC. has ended its history of racial prejudiceD. has tried to obstruct intellect ual freedom9. According to the author, Schlesinger's book will____.A. cause anger among the radical rightB. cause anger among the radical leftC. put an end to the culture wars in AmericaD. provoke thinking among the read ers10. This passage is most probably taken from __.A. a history bookB. a book introductionC. a book reviewD. a journal of liter ary criticismPassage 3The El Nino ("little boy" in Spanish) that pounded the globe between the s ummers of1997 and 1998 was in some measure the most destructive in this century. Worldwide damage estimates exceed ~20 billion --not to mention the human death toll caused by resulting droughts, floods and bushfires. El Nino and La Nina ("little girl") are part of a seesawing of winds and currents in the equatorial Pacific called ENSO (El Nino Southern Oscillation) that appears every two to e ight years. Normally, westward-blowing trade winds caused by the rotation of th e earth and conditions in the Tropics push surface water across the Pacific towards Asia. The warm water piles up along the coasts of Indonesia, Australia and the Philippines, raising sea levels more than a foot above those on the South American side of the Pacific. As El Nino builds the normal east-to-west trade w inds wane. Like water splashing in a giant bathtub, the elevated pool of warm w ater washes from Asian shores back towards South America.In last season's cycle, surface temperatures off the west coast of South A merica soared from a normal high of 23°C degrees to 28°C degrees. This area o f warm water, twice the size of the continental US, interacted with the atmosph ere, creating storms and displacing high-altitude winds.El Nino brought rain that flooded normally dry coastal areas of Ecuador, C hile and Peru, while droughts struck Australia and Indonesia. Fires destroyed s ome five million acres of Indonesian forest. The drought, along with the econom ic crisis, left about five million people desperate for food and water. These c onditions helped set the stage for riots that led to the downfall of President Suharto. El Nino also took the blame for extreme temperatures in Texas last sum mer over 38°C degrees for a record 30 days in a row. In Florida, lush vegetati on turned to tinder and bushfires raged. Even Britain has been sweltering with our hottest year on record in 1997.11. As El Sino builds, _____ .A. the normal westward trade winds weakenB. the normal eastward trade winds we akenC. the normal westward trade winds strengthenD. the normal eastward trade wind s strengthen12. Which of the following statements is true?A. El Nino results from droughts, floods and bushfires.B. El Nino brought rain to most areas that were affected,C. When El Nino appeared, some of the world's rainforests were attacked by drou ghts.D. Most areas that were affected by El Nino got droughts.13. Once El Nino even played a role in the political world. What was it?A. President Suharto was overthrown by the drought caused by El Nino.B. El Nino caused riots that led to the downfall of President Suharto.C. President Suharto resigned because of the drought caused by El Nino.D. The drought caused by El Nino together with the economic crisis prevailing i n Indonesia helped to overthrow President Suharto.14. The phrase "in a row" in the last paragraph means____.A. continuouslyB. in a lineC. awfullyD. now and then15. The writer of this passage is most likely to be____.A. an Australia observerB. a British nationalC. an American geographerD. an Indonesia journalistPassage 4In patients with Huntington's disease, it's the part of the brain called t he basal ganglia that's destroyed. While these victims have perfectly intact ex plicit memory systems, they can't learn new motor skills. An Alzheimer's patien t can learn to draw in a mirror but can't remember doing it: a Huntington's pat ient can't do it but can remember trying to learn. Yet another region of the br ain, an almond-size knot of neural tissue seems to be crucial in forming and tr iggering the recall of a special subclass of memories that is tied to strong em otion, especially fear. These are just some of the major divisions. Within the category implicit memory, for example, lie the subcategories of associative mem ory – the phenomenon that famously led Parlov's dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell which they had learned to associate with food and of habituation, in which we unconsciously file away unchanging features of the environment so we c an pay closer attention to what's new and different upon encountering a new exp erience.Within explicit, or declarative memory, on the other hand, there are speci fic subsystems that handle shapes, textures such as faces, names -- even distin ct systems to remember nouns vs. verbs. All of these different types of memoryare ultimately stored in the brain's cortex, within its deeply furrowed outer l ayer -- a component of the brain dauntingly more complex than comparable parts in other species. Experts in brain imaging are only beginning to understand wha t goes where, and how the parts are reassembled into a coherent whole that seem s to be a single memory is actually a complex construction. Think of a hammer, and your brain hurriedly retrieves the tool's name, its appearance, its functio n, its heft and the sound of its clang, each extracted from a different region of the brain. Fail to connect person's name with his or her face, and you exper ience the breakdown of that assembly process that many of us begin to experienc e in our 20s and that becomes downrightworrisome when we reach our 50s.It was this weakening of memory and the parallel loss of ability to learn new things easily that led biologist Joe Tsien to the experiments reported last week. "This age-dependent loss of function," he says, "appears in many animals, and it begins with the onset of sexual maturity."What's happening when the brain forms memories -- and what fails with agin g, injury and disease -- involves a phenomenon known as "plasticity". It's obvi ous that something in the brain changes as we learn and remember new things, bu t it's equally obvious that the organ doesn't change its overall structure or g row new nerve cells wholesale. Instead, it's the connections between new cells -- and particularly the strength of these connections that are altered by exper ience. Hear a word over and over, and the repeated firing of certain cells in a certain order makes it easier to repeat the firing pattern later on. It is the pattern that represents each specific memory.16. Which of the following symptoms can be observed in a person who suffer s from the Huntington's disease?A. He cannot remember what he has done but can remember trying to learn.B. He cannot do something new but he can remember doing it.C. He suffers from a bad memory and lack of motor skills.D. He suffers from a poor basal ganglia and has intact explicit memory.17. According to the passage, which of the following memories has nothing to do with implicit memory?A. Associating a signal with an action.B. Recognizing of new features.C. Focusing on new environment.D. Remembering a familiar face of a friend.18. Which of the following may happen to a patient who suffered from damag es to his explicit memory?A. When he is in a new environment, he is always frightened.B. When he plays f ootball, he cannot learn new tricks.C. When he sees a friend, it's hard for him to remember his name.D. When he fi nds a hammer, he cannot tell anything about it.19. The word "extract" in the second paragraph means_____.A. obtainB. removeC. pullD. derive20. We can draw a conclusion from the passage that_____.A. Scientists have found the mechanism underlying the memorizing activitiesB. More research must be done to determine the brain structure.C. Some researc hers are not content with the findings.D. It is obvious that something in the brain changes as we learn and remember.Passage 5Mobility of individual members and family groups tends to split up family relationships. Occasionally the movement of a family away from a situation whic h has been the source of friction results in greater family organization, but o n the whole mobility is disorganizing. Individuals and families are involved in three types of mobility: movement in space, movement up or down in social stat us, and the movement of ideas. These are termed respectively spatial, vertical and ideational mobility.A great increase in spatial mobility has gone along with improvements in r ail and water transportation, the invention and use of the automobile, and the availability of airplane passenger service. Spatial mobility results in a decline in the importance of the traditional home with its emphasis on family contin uity and stability. It also means that when individual family members or the fa mily as a whole move away from a community, the person or the family is removed from the pressures of relatives, friends, and community institutions for conve ntionality and stability. Even more important is the fact that spatial mobility permits some members of a family to come in contact with and possibly adopt at titudes, values, and ways of thinking different from those held by other family members. The presence of different attitudes values, and ways of thinking with in a family may, and often does, result in conflict and family disorganization. Potential disorganization is present in those families in which the husband, w ife and children are spatially separated over a long period, or are living toge ther but see each other only briefly because of different work schedules.One index of the increase in vertical mobility is the great increase in th e proportion of sons, and to some extent daughters who engage in occupations ot her than those of the parents. Another index of vertical mobility is the degree of intermarriage between social classes. This occurs almost exclusively betwee n classes which are adjacent to each other. Engaging in a different occupation, or intermarriage, like spatial mobility, allows one to come in contact with wa ys of behavior different from those of the parental home, and tends to separate parents and their children.The increase in ideational mobility is measured by the increase in publica tions, such as newspapers, periodicals and books, the increase in the percentag e of the population owning radios, and the increase in television sets. All the se tend to introduce new ideas into the home. When individual family members ar e exposed to and adopt the new ideas, the tendency is for conflict to arise and for those in conflict to become psychologically separated from each other.21. What the passage tells us can be summarized by the statement___.A. potential disorganization is present in the American familyB. social development results in a decline in the importance of traditional fam iliesC. the movement of a family is one of the factors in raising its social statusD. family disorganization is more or less the result of mobility22. According to the passage, those who live in a traditional family ___A. can get more help from their family members if the are in troubleB. will have more freedom of action and thought if they move away from itC. are less likely to quarrel with others because of conventionality and stabil ityD. have to depend on their relatives and friends if they do not move away from it23. Potential disorganization exists in those families in which ____A. the family members are subject to social pressuresB. both parents have to w ork full timeC. the husband, wife and children, and children seldom get togetherD. the husb and, wife and children work too hard24. Intermarriage and different occupations play an important role in fami ly disorganization because____.A. they enable the children to travel around without their parentsB. they enable the children to better understand the ways of behavior of their parentsC. they allow one to find a good job and improve one's social statusD. they permit one to come into contact with different ways of behavior and thi nking25. This passage suggests that a well-organized family is a family whose m embers __A. are not psychologically withdrawn from one anotherB. seldom quarrel with ea ch other even when they disagreeC. often help each other with true love and affectionD. are exposed to the sam e new ideas introduced by books, radios and TV setsPassage 6A design for a remotely-controlled fire engine could make long road or rai l tunnels safer. It is the brainchild of an Italian fire safety engineer, who c laims that his invention -- dubbed Robogat -- could have cut the death toll in the disastrous Mont Blanc tunnel fire in March 1999 which killed 41 people. Mos t of the people who perished dies within 15 minutes of smoke first being detect ed. Quick action is needed when fire breaks out in a tunnel. Robogat can travel at about 50 kilometers per hour. The Mont Blanc fire was 5 kilometers from the French end of the tunnel, so a machine could have got there in about six minut es.The Robogat has been designed and patented by Domenico Piatti of the Naple s fire department. It runs on a monorail suspended from the roof of the tunnel. When the Robogat reaches a fire, it plugs into a modified water main running a long the tunnel and directs its hoses at the base of the fire. It is capable of pumping 3,000 liters of high-pressure water per minute--about the same rate as that from an airport fire tender. Normal fire engines deliver 500 liters per m inute. The machine's heat-resistant skin is designed to withstand temperatures of up to 1,000°C. Designed to fight fires in tunnels up to 12 kilometers long, the Robogat will be operated from a control centre outside the tunnel. Ideally, tunnels should have a Robogat stationed at each end, allowing fires to be tack led from both sides.Piatti says that it would be relatively cheap to install the Robogat in ne w tunnels, with each machine costing around ￡250,000. "That's not expensive," says Stuart Jagger, a British fire-fighting specialist, who adds, "Fire-fighter s normally have to approach the blaze from upwind. People have dies if the vent ilation is overwhelmed or someone changes the ventilation. If the robot worked remotely it would be an advantage." But this introduces extra problems: the Rob ogat would have to feed information about the state of the fire back to its con troller, and the sensors, like the rest of the machine, would have to be fire-r esistant. Piatti is now looking for financial backing to build a prototype.26. The Robogat can quickly get through to the scene of a fire because___.A. it is in position in the middle of the tunnelB. it can move on a monorail s uspended from the roof of the tunnelC. it runs on a monorail and can take quick actionD. its modified water main c an run along the tunnel quickly27. When fire breaks out in a tunnel, the most important thing is to __A. install a Rogogat quicklyB. detect the smoke quicklyC. change the ventilat ionD. take quick actions28. The Robogat is designed to pump water____.A. at a speed of 500 liters a minuteB. almost as fast as an airport tenderC. six times faster than an ordinary fire-engineD. at a rate of an airport fir e tender29. According to the passage, because temperatures in a tunnel can be very high,____.A. the Robogat has to have a heat-resistant skin B, the Robogat is operated in a control centre outside the tunnelC. the Robogat can only work at the scene of a fire for a limited periodD. a R obogat is stationed at each end30. One problem that has not yet been solved, it seems, is that____A. a prototype has not yet been acceptedB. financial backing is not availableC. the machine will need fire-resistant sensorsD. the machine would not work if the ventilation was overwhelmedII. Vocabulary (10%, 0.5 mark each)31. This university offers a wide variety of high-quality courses for both graduate and undergraduate students.A. selectB. choiceC. alternativeD. optional32. ____ your request for a refund, we have referred that matter to our ma in office.A. On the point ofB. With relationship toC. In the event ofD. With regard to33.AIDs activists permanently changed and shortened America's __ process f or testing and approving new drags of all kinds, for all diseases.A. stagnantB. intricateC. appropriateD. efficient34. Exercise can affect our outlook on life, and it can also help us get r id of tension, anxiety and frustration. So we should take exercise__.A. regularlyB. normallyC. usuallyD. constantly35. Many artists believe that successful imitation, far from being symptom atic of a lack of originality, is the step in learning to be__.A. elegantB. confidentC. creativeD. imaginary36. There is scientific evidence to support our___ that being surrounded b y plants is good for health.A. instinctB. implicationC. perceptionD. conception37. Tom plunged into the pond immediately when he saw a boat was sinking a nd a little girl in it was___.A. in needB. on the declineC. in disorderD. at stake38. An obvious change of attitude at the top towards women's status in soc iety will___ through the current law system in that country.A. permeateB. violateC. probeD. grope39. All the finished products are stored in a___ of the delivery port and shipping is available at any time.A. warehouseB. capsuleC. garageD. cabinet40. As he walked out the court, he was____ with frustration and rage.A. applauding B, quivering C. paralyzing D. limping41. The Board of Directors decided that more young men who were qualified would be_____ important positions.A. attributed toB. furnished withC. installed inD. inserted into42. There are still some____ for students of science and engineering, but those in arts and humanities have been filled.A. positionsB. vacanciesC. applicationsD. categories43. Wireless waste from cell phones, pocket PCs, and music players__ special problems because they have toxic chemicals in batteries and other components.A. poseB. commitC. transportD. expose44. Although Kerry has had no formal education, he is one of the___ busine ssmen in the company.A. alertestB. sternestC. nastiestD. shrewdest45. The senior citizen expressed a sentiment which___ profoundly to every Chinese heart.A. drewB. attractC. appealedD. impressed46. ___students should be motivated by a keen interest in theatre and should have some familiarity with plays in production.A. realisticB. responsibleC. ethnicD. prospective47. The accuracy of scientific observations and calculations is always___ the scientist's time-keeping methods.A. at the mercy ofB. in accordance withC. under the guidance ofD. by means of48. Recently a number of cases have been reported of young children ___ a violent act previously seen on television.A. stimulatingB. duplicatingC. modifyingD. accelerating49.The destruction of the Twin Towers in New York City_ shock and anger no t only throughout America but also throughout the wholeworld.A. envelopedB. summonedC. temptedD. provoked50.The secretary went over the table again very carefully for fear of___ a ny important data.A. overlookingB. slippingC. ignoringD. skimmingIII. Cloze Test (10%, 0.5 mark each)Researchers who refuse to share data with others may 51 others to withhold results from them, 52 a study by health-policy analysts at Harvard Medical Sch ool.The study found that young researchers, those who publish 53 , and investi gators seeking patents are most likely to be _54_ access to biomedical data. It also found that researchers who withhold data gain a _55 for this, and have mo re difficulty in 56 data from others.The study was 57 by a research team led by sociologist Eric Campbell. The team surveyed 2,366 58 selected scientists at 117 US medical schools. Overall, 12.5 per cent said that they had been denied 59 to other academic investigators ' data, 60 article reprints, during the past three years. This 61 with findings by the team and other groups. But by examining the 62 of data withholding, the team identified those experiencing the most 63 . For junior staff. 64 , the te am found that 13.5 per cent were denied access, 65 5.1 per cent of senior resea rchers.The 66 between data withholding and researchers' publishing 67 during the68 three years was 69 : 7.7 per cent of those who had published 1-5 articles had had data withheld from them, but this rose to 28.9 per cent for researchers w ho had published more than 20. Campbell warns, "Selectively holding back on inf ormation from the most 70 researchers could slow down progress in research into the causes and cures of human disease."51. A. suggest B. provoke C. propose D. claim52. A. because of B. in spite of C. according to D. owing to53. A. a lot B. great deal C. regularly D. frequently54. A. sought B. seeking C. being sought D. have sought55. A. depression B. reputation C. infamy D. fame56. A. acquisition B. requiting C. assigning D. obtaining57. A. carried B. conducted C. forged D. identified58. A. randomly B. carefully C. specially D. absolutely59. A. entry B. reach C. access D. use60. A. inclusive B. excluding C. exclusive D. refusing61. A. corresponds B. complies C. compares D. adapts62. A. casualties B. victims C. culprits D. injuries63. A. hardship B. trial C. difficulty. D. errors64. A. researchers B. members C. employees D. personnel65. A. in coincide with B. in common with C. in collision to D. in comparison t o66. A. relationship B. contradiction C. comparison D. communication67. A. review B. deadline C. relation D. record68. A. proceeding B. progressing C. preceding D. progressive69. A. outstanding B. excessive C. exciting D. striking70. A. productive B. producing C. preferable D, prescribedIV. Translation (30%) PartA (15%)。
2023年四川大学独家真题
四川大学2023年博士硕士英语入学考试试题考生请注意：1. 本试题共5大题，共11页，请考生注意检杏.考试时间为180分钟2. 1-70题答案请填写在机读卡对应处，否则不给分。
3. 翻译和作文题答在答题纸上，答在试题上不给分。
书写规定字迹消楚、工整。
I. Reading Comprehension (30%; one mark each)Directions: Read the following six passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing [A], [B], [C], or [D]. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneWhen a person begins a mediated or immediate encounter, he already stands in some kind of social relationship to the others concerned, and expects to stand in a given relationship to them after the particular encounter ends. This, of course, is one of the ways in which social contacts are geared into the wider society. Much of the activity occurring during an encounter can be understood as an effort on everyone’s part to get through the occasion and all the unanticipated and unintentional events that can cast participants in an undesirable light, without disrupting the relationships of the participants. And if relationships are in the process of change，the object will be to bring the encounter to a satisfactory close without altering the expected course of development. The perspective nicely accounts, for example, for the littleceremonies of greeting and farewell which occur when people begin a conversational encounter or depart from one. Greetings provide a way of showing that a relationship is still what it was at the termination of the previous co-participation, and, typically, that this relationship involves sufficient suppression of hostility for the participants temporarily to drop their guards and talk. Farewells sum up the effect of the encounter upon the relationship and show what the participants may expect of one another when they next meet. The enthusiasm of greetings compensates for the weakening of the relationship caused by the absence just terminated, while the enthusiasm of farewells compensates the relationship for the harm that is about to be done to it by separation.It seems to be a characteristic obligation of many social relationships that each of the members guarantees to support a given face for the other members in given situations. To prevent disruption of these relationships, it is therefore necessarily for each member to avoid destroying the others’ face. At the same time, it is often the person’s social relationship with others that leads him to participate in certain encounters with them, where incidentally he will be dependent upon them for supporting his face. Furthermore, in many relationships, the members come to share a face, so that in the presence of third parties an improper act on the part of one member becomes a source of acute embarrassment to the other members. A social relationship, then, can be seen as a way in which the person is more than ordinarilyforced to trust his self-image and face to the tact and good conduct of others.1 .The last word of the first sentence, nam ely “ends' is most likely B .[A] a noun, meaning “purposes” or “objectives”[B] a verb, meaning “comes to a finish”[C] a postpositional adj ective, meaning “finishing”[D] an adjective, meaning “purposeful”2. According to the author, if any unexpected difficulties occur in a social contact,B .[A] the relationships between the participants break up[B] those who participate will be in an unintentional event[C] all participants would try to maintain their relationships|D] the participants will certainly get through an activity3. Which of the following is NOT an idea of the author? C[A] The participants hope their relationship would be the same as they met last.[B] Greetings are just as important as farewells in a social encounter.[C] Before every greeting there is always sufficient hostility to suppress.[D] If their relationship changes, the participants want it to change as they hoped.4. The last sentence of the second paragraph means that . A[A] one’s self-image is dependent on how others behave[B] face and self-image are two different kinds of relationships[C] social relationship is something that is forced on all participants[D] to get along well with others is a process of giving each other face5. The best title for this passage may well be . A[A] Face and Social Relationship [B] How to Conduct Socially[C] Greetings and Farewells [D] Conversational SociologyPassage Two（Tips:出现人名字旳地方用笔圈出来，数字用笔圈出来）The poet William Blake wrote in the early nineteenth century: “Great things are done when men and mountains meet.”Great things indeed were done on Mount Everest in May of 1996. Also poignant things, foolish things, deadly things：Hundreds of climbers from eleven different expeditions were on the mountain ---- thirty-one near the summit ---- when a freakish and fierce-some storm blew in. Eight climbers perished, the highest one-day death toll since the first expedition tried to reach the top of the world’s tallest peak in 1921.Adventurers have always sought challenges: deeper jungles, wider oceans, newer worlds. But mountains have been special. Perhaps it’s their size, the ir power, their resistance to conquest. In Patrick Meyers’s play K2, a marooned climber on the Himalaya peak that gives the play its name delivers this li ne: “Mountains are metaphors.” And so they are. Climbers search not just for summits but also forthemselves. They reach up to reach in.That helps explain why Everest has been enveloped by “Mountain Madness，” the name of a Seattle company that offers guided tours of the peak for about $65,000 (plus airfare to Nepal). New technology and equipment have also helped: lighter gear, warmer clothing, better radios and telephones. And the adventure can be shared, practically in real time, with Internet browsers around the world.But the community of high-mountain explorers now is gripped by soul-searching and second-guessing. Everest, after all, is not a theme peak. Some of the dead were experienced guides who lost their lives trying to save less agile amateurs. Said Mark Bryant, editor of Outside Magazines:“Some of us have been asking: Is it right that an average climber can order an ascent of Everest out of a catalog?” An Australian mountaineer, Tim McCartney-Snape, told the Associated Press: “Some things should remain sacred, and Everest is one of them. Even the strongest and toughest have found it can be extremely difficult just existing at that altitude, without other people depending on you.On Everest, dependency can lead to heroism and to tragedy. One frostbitten amateur, Seaborne Weathers of Dallas, was plucked from a rocky ledge at 22,000 feet by a Nepalese army helicopter — an act of incredible bravery. And Rob Hall, a guide who had climbed Everest several times, stayed on its slope with a dying customer.After learning they were hopelessly trapped, Hall managed to place a satellite telephone call to his pregnant wife, Jan, in New Zealand. “Hey, look,” he told her, “don’t worry about me.” At that moment, Hall remembered Harold, the character in K2 who muses: “Understanding has no meaning. Holding on, just holding on, that has meaning. Like Harold, he knew the mountain was still a mountain. Still a goal. Still a dream. And he couldn’t hold on. Rob Hall died before rescuers could reach him.6. Which of the following statement s best describes the author’s point of view?[A] Amateurs should not be encouraged to climb Mount Everest.[B] Guided tours of Mount Everest have become a source of enormous profits.[C] In the past, Mount Everest has made heroes out of ordinary men and women.[D] Mount Everest should remain a metaphor to be talked about.7. The sentence “They reach up to reach in”may be best paraphrased by “”[A] To know the inherent meaning of a mountain, one needs to climb up to the top[B] In conquering the mountain, one finds a proof of oneself[C] Mountaineers must climb upward in order to climb inside it[D] One needs to climb up to the top to see why a mountain is metaphorical8. All of the following statements are true EXCEPT .[A] Mountain climbing can have a live report simultaneously[B] Mountaineers can be located instantly during their climbing[C] New technology significantly reduces risks and dangers in mountain climbing {D} It is more dangerous to have someone depending on you during mountain climbing9. In the last paragraph, Harold’s saying “Understanding has no meaning” means.[A] determination is more vital than thinking[B] persistence and action require reasoning[C] one should avoid misunderstanding the situation[D] it is meaningless to think in mountaineering10. Most likely, the author of this passage is .. [A] a historian [B] a mountaineer[C] a tourist guide [D] a reporterPassage 3The Hertz Corporation, the U.S. Air Force, Hyatt Hotels Corporation, the City of Dallas, and the Neiman-Marcus Group, Inc., have one thing in common----all have purchased the services of Feedback Plus. Feedback Plus is an agency that dispatches professiona l shoppers who pose as customers. These “mystery” shoppers visit the client’s business, purchase products or services and report back to the client on the quality of service they receive. The City of Dallas hired Feedback Plus to see how car-pound employees treat citizens picking up their cars. The Air Force is usingprofessional shoppers to assess customer service at their on-base supply stores. Banks, hospitals, and public utilities are also hiring mystery shoppers. Vickie Henry, chief executive of Feedba ck Plus, notes that many similar firms compete for client’s business, and service really differentiates one firm from another. Although Henry has a database of 8,800 people who serve as professional shoppers, she sometimes assumes the role of mystery shopper herself. During a recent visit to an upscale women's apparel store, she observed the type of customer service most companies attempt to avoid. None of the many salespeople on the sales floor said hello when she entered the store. When she removed a skirt from a clothing rack, none of the salespeople approached her. Finally, several minutes after entering the store, Henry approached a salesperson and asked to use the dressing room. Needless to say, service at this firm did not receive high marks from Feedback Plus.As organizations experience increased competition for clients, patients, and customers, awareness of the importance of public contact increases. They are giving new attention to the old adage “First impressions are lasting impressions.” Research indicates that initial impressions do indeed tend to linger. Therefore, a positive first impression can set the stage for a long-term relationship.We are indebted to Susan Bixler, president of Professional Image, Inc., and author of Professional Presence, for giving us a better understanding of what it means to possess professional presence. Professional presence is a dynamic blend ofpoise, self-confidence, control and style that empowers us to be able to command respect in any situation. Once acquired, it permits us to be perceived as self-assured and thoroughly competent. We project a confidence that others can quickly perceive the first time they meet us.Bixler points out that, in most cases, the credentials we present during a job interview or when we are being considered for a promotion are not very different from those of other persons being considered, [t is oar professional presence that permits us to rise above the crowd. Debra Benton, a career consultant, says, “Any boss with a choice of two people with equal qualifications will choose the one with style as well as substance.” Learning to create a professional presence is one of the most valuable skills we can acquire.The development of professional presence begins with a full appreciation of the power of first impressions. The tendency to form impressions quickly at the time of an initial meeting illustrates what social psychologists call a primacy effect in the way people perceive one another. The general principle is that first impressions establish the mental framework within which a person is viewed, and later evidence is either ignored or reinterpreted to coincide with this framework.11. For all of the following walks of life EXCEPT the the professional presence has beendiscussed in this passage.[A] economic [B] military[C] academic [D] medical12. The underlined word “apparel” in the first paragraph means ““[A] apparatus [B] cosmetics[C] clothing [D] specialty13. Which of the following statements can be inferred from the passage?[A] No first impressions would ever change in the later contacts.[B] How one composes oneself determines how one is evaluated by others.[C] Social psychology is a science that stipulates the principles for social behaviors.[D] Opportunities in jobs or promotions are for those who differ from their competitors.14. The underlined word : “poise” in the third paragraph means:[A] proper comportment [B]desirable position[C] careful pause [D] positive assurance15. Which of the following is likely to be the title of this article?[A] The Power of First Impression[B] The Primacy Effect in Marketing[C] Social Psychology in Business[D] The Importance of FeedbackPassage FourYou can’t drive if you’re blind, or blind drunk, but an alarming number of Americans find themselves, at least occasionally, driving in a blind rage. “It’s a major social issue，”says Dr. Ricardo Martinez, administrator of the National Highway Traffic Safe ty Administration. “A 3,000-pound car in the hands of rude, hostile person is a lethal weapon.”A report on “road rage” to be released this week by the American Automobiles Association concluded that “motorists ... are increasingly being shot, stabbed, beaten, and run over for i nane reasons.” And inanity is not confined to young louts in “Baywatch” T-shirt: young men are by far the most common perpetrators, but middle-aged men and women can be equally big jerks. The most common manifestation of road rage was aggressive tailgating, followed by headlight flashing, “obscene gestures”, blocking other vehi cles, and verbal abuse. Drivers have been assaulted with weapons ranging from partially eaten burritos to canes (“a favorite with the elderly and disabled”）to golf clubs ---- and other vehicles, including buses, bulldozers, forklifts, and military tanks. “In terms of fatal crashes, drunks are a much bigger menace,”says David Willis, president of the AAA Foundation of Traffic Safety. “But the average motorist doesn’t encounter a drunk very often, while in a place like Washington, D.C., at least once a week yo u’ll have an encounter with some crazy guy on the road.”Naturally, the phenomenon has given rise to its own therapeutic movement, whose leading practitioner is a Whittier, California, psychologist named Arnold Nerenburg. Nerenburg, who calls himself “America’s Road Rage Therapist”, has identified four stimuli that provoked road rage. The most common is feeling endange red by someone else’s driving --- for example, when another driver cuts you off or follows too closely. Others are resentment at being forced to slow down, righteous indignation at someone who breaks traffic rules or steals your parking space and ----perhaps the most dangerous, because it opens the door to an escalating exchange of hostilities ----anger at another driver who takes his own road rage out on you.The fact that most drivers are mutual strangers contributes to the volatility of highway confrontations. “There’s a deep psychological urge to release aggress ion against an anonymous other,” Nerenburg says.Road-rage therapy tends toward the common-sensical---- “Take a deep breath and just let it go,” Nerenburg recommends. But it might help to consider that you might not be all that anonymous to the other driver. One of his patients realized the depth of his problem after he yelled an obscenity at the woman in the next car ----who turned out to be his boss s wife.16 .Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?[A] More and more Americans are using their cars to express their anger.[B] Old people and women are milder in temperament during driving.[C] Common sense might be the basis for overcoming road rage.[D] If people know each other, road rage would not happen.17. According to American Automobile Association, the people are more likely than all the others to be road-angered.[A] young [B] middle-aged[C]old [D] handicapped18. Which of the following is a justifiable cause for road rage, according to Dr. Nerenburg?[A] Another driver fails to observe a traffic law.[B] The parking space is occupied by another car.[C] The lane is taken by a slowly-moving car.[D] Another driver flashes the head-light.19. The underlined word “lethal” in the first paragraph means:[A] powerful [B] illegal[C] dangerous [D] deadly20. What might be the deep problem that one of Nerenburg’s patients had realized?[A] He faces a lawsuit of sex harassment.[B] He is in danger of being fired.[C] He will be fined by traffic police.[D] He falls ill and has to see a doctor.Passage FiveMost people, asked if they can think without -speech, would probably answer, “Yes, but it is not easy for me to do so. Still I know it can be done.” Language is but a garment! But what if language is not so much a garment as a prepared road or groove? It is, indeed, in the highest degree likely that language is an instrument originally put to uses lower than the conceptual plane and that thought arises as a refined interpretation of its content. The product grows, in other words, with the instrument and the thought may be no more conceivable, in its genesis and daily practice, without speech than is mathematical reasoning practicable without the lever of an appropriate mathematically symbolism. No one believes that even the most difficult mathematical proposition is inherently dependent on an arbitrary set of symbols, but it is impossible to suppose that the human mind is capable of arriving at or holding such a proposition without the symbolism.The writer, for one, is strongly of the opinion that the feeling entertained by so many that they can think, or even reason, without language is an illusion. The illusion seems to be due to a number of factors. The simplest of these is the failure to distinguish between imagery and thought. As a matter of fact, no sooner do we try to put an image into conscious relation with another than we find ourselves slippinginto a silent flow of words. Thought may be a natural domain apart from the artificial one of speech, but speech would seem to the only road we know of that leads to it.21. In the first line, the underlined phrase can best be replaced by[A] most of the people [B] more people[C] more than one people [D] many people22. In line 3, the word ‘groove” is probably closest in meaning to[A] later growth [B] designated slot[C] particular path [D] ready-made viaduct23. Which of the following statements would the author of the passage agree?[A] Thought came into being earlier than language[B] It is language that makes conceptual thought possible[C] Thought is no different from mathematics because it depends on symbolism[D] Both thought and language are the interpretation of propositions.24. Which of the following statements is true according to the author?[A] The imagery is the precondition of thought[B] Thought has to be bore in words.[C] Imagery is an explanation of words.[D] Once we use words, we make mistakes.25. The idea of this passage is held by[A]some people including the writer.[B] the writer himself alone[C] most people but the writer[D] one of the people other than the writerPassage SixStrikes and strikebreaking, lockouts and boycotts, all pit one side against the other in labor disputes. Ultimately, the negative effects of such actions ---- including resentment, fear, and distrust ---- linger for months or years after a dispute has been resolved.Increasingly, more productive techniques such as mediation and arbitration are being used to settle disagreements between labor and management. Either one may come into play before a labor contract expires or after some other strategy, such as a strike, has proven ineffective.Mediation is the use of a neutral third party to assist management and the union during their negotiations. This third party (the mediator) listens to both sides, trying to find common ground for agreement. The mediator also tries to encourage communication between the two sides to promote compromise, and generally keep the negotiation moving. Initially, the mediator may meet privately with each side. Eventually, however, the goal is to get the two sides to settle their differences at the bargaining table.Unlike mediation, the arbitration step involves a formal hearing. Just as it maybe the final step in a grievance procedure, it may also be used in contract negotiations when the two sides cannot agree on one or more issues. At this point, the arbitrator hears the formal positions of both parties on outstanding, unresolved issues. The arbitrator then analyzes these positions and makes a decision on the possible resolution of the issues. If both sides have agreed in advance that the arbitration will be binding, that means they must accept the arbitrator’s d ecision.If mediation and arbitration are unsuccessful, then according to the Taft-Hartley Act, the president of the United States can obtain a temporary injunction to prevent or to stop a strike if it would endanger national health or security.26. According to the author, with the solution of a labor crisis[A] the tension between labor and management can continue[B] labor and management do not trust each other any more[C] the negative effect of actions like strike would be resolved[D] a long time is needed to bring the dispute to an end27. To resolve a labor dispute, one should[A] resort to mediation or arbitration from the start[B] make sure that the labor contract expires[C] take other steps before going to mediation or arbitration[D] strike first and then accept mediation or arbitration28. Which of the following is true of mediation?[A] The mediator makes final decisions after meeting with both sides.[B] To avoid bias, the mediator cannot meet either side in advance.[C] The primary task is to help both sides bargain with each other.[D] The mediator can be a representative from either the labor or the management.29. The pre-condition for an arbitration to be authoritative is that[A] both sides agree in advance to abide by the decision made[B] a formal hearing must be conducted just like in a court trial[C] the decision is focused on the most outstanding and unresolved issues[D] there is no bargaining allowed by arbitration，unlike mediation30. In the last sentence, the underlined word “injunction” most likely refers to[A] a formal declaration [B] a subpoena[C] a lawsuit protocol [D] an official orderVI Vocabulary (10%; 0-5 mark each)31. Dr. Norman Bethune came from Canada to help the Chinese people in their war against Japanese aggression.[A] in the way [B] all the way [C] along the way [D] by the way32. Throughout history, he who knows the art of war uses force only as the last[A] resort [B] rescue [C] refrain [D] recant33. After a careful investigation and evaluation，the city hall decided to the old house.[A] dismantle [B] destroy [C] demolish [D] delineate34. The monument was so small that it appears to be more for than for memorial.[A] significance [B] indifference [C] oblivion [D] memory35. Millions of years ago the Vesuvian volcano destroyed Pompeii, but today it is[A] dormant [B] Pacifying [C] ignited [D] pictured36. Because humans have to talk about the limitless world by means of limited language sounds, there is a great between the world and language.[A] apathy [B]anomaly [C] asymmetry [D] agnosticism37. If an organism is quite successful in getting used with the environment that is new to it, we say that the organism is very[A] agile [B] adjustable [C] adoptive [D] adaptive38. When we do Planning, we Should take a11 relevant factors into consideration in order to as much as possible the difficult cases or even failures.[A] forestall [B] forerun [C] foretell [D] forecast39. is the practice of putting yourself in a position of another person in order to understand his/her feelings.[A] affectionate [B]empathy[C] pathology [D] affiliation40. In schools and universities, some courses are compulsory, which one has to take, while the others are( ) , either freely of as required.[A] optimal [B] opaque [C] optical [D] optional41. When one applies for a job position, one needs to ( ) one's resume, describing one's educational as well as working experiences.[A] submit [B] subject [C] submerge [D] subside42. As industry grew，so ( ) did the need for more and more skilled industrial workers.[A] much [B] as to [C] too [D] as for43. The rescue team worked hard to search for the missing mountaineers, ( ) the heavy and icy snowstorm.[A] in spite [B] despite [C] although [D] disregard44. “Breaking Bad” is the most thrilling TV drama series ( ) I have watched in several years.[A] as [B] what [C] which [D] that45. The revised feasibility report handed in by the draft team is good enough, ( )a few spelling errors on some pages.[A] except for [B] except that [C] excepting [D] except46. It is mandatory that the engineering project ( ) accomplished by the end of this year.[A] is [B] has been [C] be [D] will be47. ( ) the advice from the councilor, we would not have finished the task so smoothly.[A] out of [B] what with [C] but for [D] instead of48. The traffic accident has claimed 5 lives, the cause of which is still ( ) investigation.[A] under [B] beyond [C] for [D] beneath49. Even though the bell for dismissing class has rung，the teacher is still talking ( )[A] over [B] forward [C] off [D] away50. Since the negotiation with the management has come to a deadlock, the worker's union decide to take ( ) the street.[A] to [B] over [C] down [D] away withIII Cloze (10%; 0.5 mark each)In the last decade, giving birth at home has become an increasingly popular option for some couples. Assisted by a physician or a nurse-midwife，many women have successfully given birth at home (51) A to healthy babies. In fact, some studies indicate that ―一 for (52)<C>uncomplicated pregnancies --- home delivery is as safe as hospital delivery. (53) [B] Advocates of home birth argue that the atmosphere in ahospital --- with all its forbidding machines，rules, regulations, and general lack of “homeyness”---- is stressful. (54) [B] Therefore ，giving birth in a hospital detracts from what should be a joyous, natural human experience. Supporters of home birth further argue that hospitals are (55) [C] meant to deal with illness and that the delivery of a baby should not be viewed as an illness.On the other side of the argument, critics of home birth argue that if emergency medical (56) [A] procedures are necessary, giving birth at home may be (57) [B] downright dangerous. Furthermore, hospital practices in labor and delivery have changed (58) [D] radically in the last decade, particularly with the increased popularity of the Lamaze method. Thus hospitals are not the strange, forbidding environments they once were. (59) [A] Most hospitals, for example, allow fathers to be present (60) [A] at the entire labor and delivery, and many allow the father to be present (61) [A] in the operating room during the cesarean deliveries. Many hospitals have (62) [D] altogether created birth centers, homelike rooms with comfortable beds and armchairs, that allow labor and delivery to (63) [C] occur in a relaxed atmosphere, while (64) [D] being only a few minutes (65) [A] away from emergency equipment.For a woman who wants to have a home birth, careful medical screening is (66) [D] essential. (67) [B] Only women with normal pregnancies and anticipated normal deliveries (68) [A] should attempt a home birth. A qualified physician or。
宗教学考试试题
宗教学考试试题一、选择题（每题 2 分，共 20 分）1、以下哪一种宗教起源于古代印度？（）A 基督教B 伊斯兰教C 佛教D 道教2、犹太教的经典是（）A 《古兰经》B 《圣经》C 《塔木德》D 《吠陀经》3、基督教的创始人是（）A 释迦牟尼B 穆罕默德C 耶稣D 老子4、伊斯兰教的圣地是（）A 麦加B 耶路撒冷C 罗马D 雅典5、道教的基本教义是（）A 原罪说B 道生万物C 天堂地狱D 因果报应6、以下哪一个宗教强调“涅槃”的境界？（）A 佛教B 基督教C 伊斯兰教D 犹太教7、世界三大宗教中，信徒最多的是（）A 佛教B 基督教C 伊斯兰教D 难以确定8、宗教产生的根源是（）A 自然压迫B 社会压迫C 对未知的恐惧D 以上都是9、宗教对社会的作用主要表现为（）A 积极作用B 消极作用C 既有积极作用也有消极作用D 没有作用10、以下哪一项不是宗教的基本要素？（）A 宗教观念B 宗教情感C 宗教行为D 科学知识二、填空题（每题 2 分，共 20 分）1、佛教的三大分支是_____、＿____、＿____。
2、基督教的三大教派是_____、＿____、＿____。
3、伊斯兰教的两大主要教派是_____、＿____。
4、道教的神仙体系中，三清指的是_____、＿____、＿____。
5、宗教的社会功能包括_____、＿____、＿____等。
6、宗教与科学的关系是_____、＿____。
7、宗教信仰自由的内涵包括_____、＿____。
8、宗教在文化传承方面发挥了_____、＿____的作用。
9、宗教学的研究方法主要有_____、＿____、＿____。
10、宗教的本质特征是_____、＿____。
三、简答题（每题 10 分，共 30 分）1、简述宗教与哲学的关系。
宗教与哲学之间存在着密切而复杂的关系。
一方面，它们都试图回答关于人类存在、宇宙本质、生命意义等根本性的问题。
哲学通过理性思考和逻辑推理来探索真理，追求智慧和对世界的理解。
四川大学考博真题-生物学综合2005-2014
《生物学综合》《生物学综合2014》1、请简述在你的研究领域或你感兴趣遏领域中最让你感到振奋的两个突破性进展，并说明其对生物科学研究的作用和影响。
在此领域中，哪些科学问题你愿以毕生精力去解决？为什么？（20分）答：2、在你亲自参加的研究课题中，请叙述一组令你特别兴奋或者标志性的实验（可用简图帮助说明），包括：1）实验目的/要回答的问题，2）实验设计和手段，3）实验中所遇到的具体问题和解决办法，4）实验结果和对该领域的贡献，5）下一步实验设计和想法。
（20分）答：3、阐述宏基因组学在什么领域的研究策略与应用。
（20分）答：4、阐述如何医用微生物生产生物柴油，以及微生物生产生物柴油的优点和可能存在的问题。
（20分）答：5、论述引种与生物入侵的关系及其现实指导意义。
（20分）答：6、对于转基因的争论，谈谈你的看法或感悟。
（20分）答：7、2013年的诺贝尔生理学或医学奖的获奖内容是细胞内蛋白质分选的膜泡运输调节机制。
请回答细胞内蛋白质分选的主要路径有哪些？（20分）答：8、植物激素在调节生长发育过程中发挥着重要作用，列举一种激素，详细阐明其生理功能及其作用机制。
（20分）答：9、论述植物抗病的生理和生子生物学基础。
答：10、物质循环是生态系统的基本功能之一，简述碳循环过程，并阐述其余全球气候变化有什么重要联系，以及提倡低碳的重要意义。
（20分）答：11、比较原核与真核细胞基因表达及调控在那些水平上存在着差异。
（20分）答：一、原核生物基因表达调控的特点：（1）基因表达一般以操纵子为单位；（2）只有一种RNA聚合酶，识别原核细胞的启动子，催化所有RNA的合成；（3）无核膜，转录和翻译过程是偶联的；（4）基因一般不含内含子，在原核细胞中缺乏真核细胞和转录后加工系统；（5）基因表达的调控主要在转录水平，这种调控比对基因产物的直接调控要慢。
二、真核生物基因表达调控的特点：（1）基因组DNA的存在形式可影响基因表达；（2）真核基因的转录和翻译不是偶联在一起的，基因转录在细胞核中进行，翻译在细胞质中进行；（3）真核基因表达的调控是多层次的；（4）基因表达具有组织和细胞类型特异性；（5）不同的真核细胞在基因表达调控中对信号分子的反应不同。
四川大学宗教学专业考博真题（精华版--很全）
四川⼤学宗教学专业考博真题（精华版--很全）四川⼤学宗教学专业历年考博真题（2005—2013年）2005年宗教学原理⼀、简论宗教的本质（25分）⼆、论宗教与社会主义相适应（25分）三、简说宗教与其他意识形态的关系（25分）四、从“神道设教”谈中国宗教的特⾊（25分）2007年宗教学原理⼀、简论宗教产⽣的社会历史条件。
（25分）⼆、试论宗教与⽂艺的关系。
（25分）三、论宗教与邪教的原则区别。
（25分）四、你怎样理解宗教在“和谐社会建设”中的作⽤。
（25分）2008年宗教学原理⼀、试析宗教的本质。
（25分）⼆、简析宗教与封建迷信的主要区别。
（25分）三、试论宗教道德的基本特征及其社会意义。
（25分）四、简述宗教的⽂化功能。
（25分）2009年宗教学原理⼀、简答题（每题15分）1、宗教的基本要素2、宗教与科学的关系3、宗教的主要⼼理功能4、古代原始宗教的主要表现形态⼆、问答题（每题20分）1、宗教研究的基本⽅法有哪些？谈谈你的认识。
2、为什么说：“宗教是⽂化”？谈谈你对这⼀命题的理解与认识。
2010年宗教学原理⼀、简答题（每⼩题10分，共40分）1、简析宗教⼈造说与宗教神启论对⽴的思想根源。
2、简述宗教观念与宗教其它构成要素之间的关系。
3、简述当代世界主要宗教发展的总体趋势及其成因。
4、如何理解“宗教的改⾰是社会关系的变化在宗教上的反映”？⼆、论述题（每⼩题30分，共60分）1、试述科学与宗教在认识⽅法上的区别及其对⼈类社会⽣活的影响。
2、如何发挥宗教在构建社会主义和谐社会中的积极作⽤？2011年宗教学原理⼀、简答题1、简述⾃然宗教与⼈为宗教的异同；2、为什么说宗教意识既是理性的⼜是⾮理性的;3、简述宗教礼仪在信徒⽣活中的作⽤；4、简述现代宗教世俗化趋势主要特征及成因；⼆、论述题1、试述宗教道德的基本特征及其对⽬前我国社会⽣活的影响；2、试述宗教与政治的关系；2012年宗教学原理⼀、试述宗教的⽂化属性。
05年川大比较文学考博试题
2005年比较文学一，名词解释（3*6=18）1，社会总体想象物2，主题学3，比较文学的美国学派4，悲剧《俄狄浦斯王》5，古典主义文学6，《19世纪文学主流》二，简答题（１１＊２＝２２）１，试描述中国学者对文学人类学的探索。
２，试分析《日瓦戈医生》中主人公与时代的关系。
三，问答题（３０＊２＝６０）１，以比较文学双向阐发的观念和方法分析若干作品。
２，以具体作品为例说明现实主义对小说艺术的贡献。
０６年川大比较文学一，名词解释（４＊６＝２４）１，主题学；２，基亚；３，文化误读；４，索福克勒斯；５，《神曲》；６，浪漫主义二，简答题（１３＊２＝２６）１，异质比较法与平行研究的区别。
２，古希腊悲剧的命运观。
三，论述题（２５＊２＝５０），第２、３题为选作题１，举例阐述流传学研究的若干方法。
２，仔细阅读材料一，写不少于１５００字的评论，须自拟题目。
（麦克白，第二幕第二场）３，仔细阅读材料二，写不少于１５００字的评论，须自拟题目。
（托尔斯泰，舞会以后）０７年川大比较文学一，名词解释（每题２分）１，ＯｅｄｉｐｕｓＣｏｍｐｌｅｘ；２，ｈｅｒｍｅｎｅｕｔｉｃｓ；３，ｆｅｍｉｎｉｓｍ；４，社会总体想象物；５，套话；６，《尼伯龙根之歌》；７，《荒原》；８，迦梨陀娑；９，《美狄亚》；１０，《万叶集》二，简答题（每题１５分）１，简述比较文学的可比性。
２，简析现代主义文学思潮的基本特征。
三，论述题，每题２５分。
１，以具体作品为例论述《圣经》对西方文学的影响。
２，试论当代中国比较文学学科理论的进展。
０５中国文学典籍ａ一，填空，每题２分１，《十三经》（写出各经名）；２，《四书五经》；３，《二十五史》；４，《老子》共＿＿章，共约＿＿字。
５，《文心雕龙序志》所说“文之枢纽”是＿＿篇。
二，名词解释，每题２分１，易有三名２，反切３，《诗经》四始４，《春秋》五例５，《十翼》三，简答题。
第１题４分，第２、３各３分１，《古文尚书》比《今文尚书》多出哪些篇？２，《说完解字》所提“六书”是什么？３，《尔雅》是一部什么书？四，解释下列加划线的词语。
2005-2012年四川大学历史学考博试题
2005-2012年四川大学历史学考博试题2005-2012年四川大学历史学考博试题2005年四川大学历史学考博试题史学通论缺中国近现代社会与文化专题一，必做题试论20世纪前期的地方自治二，选做题1，以个案分析新式交通的兴起对城市发展的影响（城市史方向考生必做）2，晚清废除科举制的意义与影响（中国近代经济与社会方向必做）1，论南京国民政府的文化取向（中国近现代文化史必做）2，评民国时期关于西化问题的论战（中国近现代思想与学术必做）3，戊戌之后三十年中中国传统士绅与知识分子社会角色的转化（中国近现代区域经济与社会必做）4，民国时期各约法（或宪法）之制宪背景与内容异同（中国近现代政制研究必做）2006年四川大学历史学考博试题史学通论一，论历史比较研究及其意义二，对以下评论加以评说程颐：唐太宗，后人只知是英主，元不曾有人识其恶，至如杀兄取位，若以功业言，不过只做得个功臣，岂可夺元良之位。
朱熹：唐太宗一切假仁借义以行其私。
中国近现代社会与文化一，必做题民国初期国家政治制度演变述论（1912-1927）二，研究方向题1，论严复（中国文化史方向必做）2，评“中国前途”与现代化问题的讨论（中国近现代思想与学术方向必做）3，清代省会城市的地位与作用（中国城市发展研究方向必做）4，清末民初中国城市社会生活的变化（中国近现代经济与社会方向必做）三，中国近现代区域经济与社会研究方向必做题1，名词解释库平银常关昭信股票大比点石斋画报2，问答题庚子之后的中英商约谈判述论四，中国近现代政制研究方向必做题1，名词解释捐纳教谕赵烈文张国淦战国策派2，问答题南京国民政府制宪活动述论2007年四川大学历史学考博试题史学通论一，论历史主义二，评柯文著《在中国发现历史》中国近现代社会与文化专题一，必做题南京临时政府的社会经济改革述评二，选做题1，论19世纪末20世纪初中国文化人对进化论认识的演变及其原因（专门史中国近现代文化史方向必做）2，评20世纪三四十年代蒋介石的社会改良思想与实践（中国近现代史专业中国近现代思想与学术研究方向必做）3，试析近代中国城乡关系的特点（专门史中国城市发展与研究方向必做）4，试析近代中国票号业的发展变化（中国近现代史专业中国近现代经济与社会研究方向必做）5，近代中国人口流动的主要流向、规模、成因及其对中国社会经济文化的作用于影响（专门史中国近现代区域经济与社会方向必做）6，王寄生教授是怎样阐述第一次国共合作时期国共关系的？你是否赞同他的见解？为什么？（中国近现代史中国近现代政制研究方向必做）2008年四川大学历史学考博试题史学通论一，结合本专业实际论历史记忆与历史书写之关系二，如何认识历史领域后现代主义的当代挑战中国近现代社会与文化专题一，论甲午战争对中国政治、经济、社会、社会、思想文化的影响（政治、经济、社会、思想文化四个方面，限选择一个方面展开论述（专门史、中国近现代史各方向必做）二，试评19世纪70至90年代中国社会思想文化的演变（专门史中国近现代文化史方向必做）三，近代中国教案之文化与社会学分析(专门史中国近现代区域经济与社会方向必做)四，试析城市出现衰落的原因（专门史中国城市发展研究方向必做）五，评五四运动以后各派的救国方案（中国近现代史中国近现代思想与学术研究方向必做）六，试析近代中国城市大众文化的兴起（中国近现代史中国近现代经济与社会研究方向必做）七，论段祺瑞临时执政府对北洋军政体系的整合（中国近现代史中国近现代政制研究方向必做）2009年四川大学历史学考博试题史学通论一，结合实例说明历史学的社会功能二，史学领域的后现代主义思潮评述中国近现代社会与文化专题一，报考罗志田教授的考生从以下三题中任选二题作答1，在1820-1950年间选择一个你认为特别重要的史事，简述相关的人与事及其过程，从文化发展的层面讨论其在历史上的作用与影响（述事可以尽量简明，请侧重后面的讨论部分）2，你是怎样认识近代中国的革命（包括言论和行动）的？尽量用事例支持你的看法，请勿空论）3，今年是五四运动90周年，如果让你进一步研究五四新文化运动，你会怎样进行？请具体说明，并解释为什么要这样进行？二，报考其他导师考生选做题1，必做题评民国初年的政党政治2，选做题论南京国民政府立国的文化理论（专门史中国近现代文化史方向必做）评黄宗智的《华北的小农经济与社会变迁》（专门史中国区域经济与社会研究方向必做）比较分析宋末元初与明末清初城市的破坏与重建（专门史中国城市发展研究方向必做）中国现代自由主义评述（中国近现代史中国近现代思想与学术方向必做）比较分析太平天国的妇女解放与清末的妇女解放（中国近现代史中国近现代经济与社会方向必做）庚款办学述论（中国近现代史中国近现代政制研究方向必做）结合史例，谈谈近年来中国近代区域社会经济史领域研究的新特点，并作评述（中国近现代史中国近现代区域研究方向必做）2010年四川大学历史学考博试题史学通论一，论历史思维的方法二，结合史学理论与实践谈谈你对史学即史料学这一观点的认识中国近现代社会与文化专题一。
宗教学考研真题汇总.doc
宗教学原理：名词解释：2016白巫术佛陀承负祖先崇拜外丹术2015萨满教印度教清真教三位一体僧伽2014前万物有灵论自然神（伊斯兰教）五信（佛教）四圣谛社稷崇拜2013婆罗门《古兰经》拜物教麦克斯•缪勒道德天赋论2012前万物有灵论道德神启说僧伽世界性宗教世俗化2011科学无神论图腾崇拜新兴宗教传统宗教宗教经验2010-神教宗教经验民间信仰世俗化无神论2008摩尼教图腾崇拜塔木德多神教神灭论天台宗斋月2007吠陀犹太教六派七宗摩西十戒、也里可温教塔木德圣训2006神仙内丹佛陀密宗宗教改革2005祈祷神迹静明道禅宗也里可温教政教合一2004社稷崇拜神庙经济琐罗亚斯的教四要素说梵书简答20161神灵观念的种类2宗教世俗化3政教分离20151•宗教是迷信吗?为什么？2.列举宗教中的一些禁忌和以及起源。
3.列举几个世界性的宗教和宗教创建者及其宗教教义。
20141・宗教四要素说指哪四个要素2.列举巫术的不同类型3.简要解释“世俗化”概念的涵义20131•“出世型”宗教和“救世型”宗教2.宗教禁忌的种类3.进化论的宗教发展观20121宗教的社会文化功能2政教合一3宗教消亡论20111宗教与艺术2马克思主义的宗教观3宗教学的基本理论20101马克思主义宗教观2宗教与道德的关系20091,艺术与宗教的关系2,宗教对话3,宗教组织在宗教四要素中的地位（作用）4,杜尔凯姆和韦伯宗教观异同20081宗教与政治的基木关系2宗教的研究领域和基本方法3宗教经验的种种表现20071宗教与道德的基木关系2宗教与科学的本质区别3简述宗教产牛的社会历史条件和认识论根源20061简述伊斯兰教产牛的历史条件2宗教对社会经济的影响3宗教礼仪的功能20051、简述氏族宗教的基木内容2、宗教学的基本立场3、弗洛伊德的宗教观20041宗教与阶级的关系2马克思主义关于道德起源的观点3宗教与科学的区别论述20161论述屮国宗法性传统宗教的内容和源流2论述伊斯兰教的基本教义和世界化进程20151.以中国历代王朝为例，并结合说说宗教为统治者服务的几种形式。
四川大学考博B中国文学典籍真题与答案
四川⼤学考博B中国⽂学典籍真题与答案四川⼤学2005年攻读博⼠学位研究⽣⼊学考试试题B考试科⽬：中国⽂学典籍科⽬代码：205选⽤专业：⽂艺学、语⾔学及应⽤语⾔学、汉语⾔⽂字学、中国古代⽂学、中国现当代⽂学、⽐较⽂学与世界⽂学、⽂艺与传媒、⽂化批评、⽂学⼈类学、佛教语⾔⽂学、⼴播影视⽂艺学⼀.填空（每题2分，共10分）1.请写出《尔雅》各篇篇名：。
释诂，释⾔，释训，释亲，释宫，释器，释乐，释天，释地，释丘，释⼭，释⽔，释草，释⽊，释⾍，释鱼，释鸟，释兽，释畜。
2.请写出《⽂⼼雕龙》的⼗篇篇名：。
原道第⼀，征圣第⼆，宗经第三，正纬第四，辨骚第五，明诗第六，乐府第七，诠赋第⼋，颂赞第九，祝盟第⼗，序志第五⼗。
3.请写出《⼗三经》各经经名：。
《易经》、《尚书》、《诗经》、《周礼》、《仪礼》、《礼记》、《春秋左传》、《春秋公⽺传》、《春秋⾕粱传》、《论语》、《孝经》、《尔雅》、《孟⼦》⼗三部儒家的经典4.请写出《⼆⼗五史》各史书名：。
⼆⼗五史是中国历代官修的⼆⼗五部纪传体史书的总称。
它包括《史记》、《汉书》、《后汉书》、《三国志》、《晋书》、《宋书》、《南齐书》、《梁书》、《陈书》、《魏书》、《北齐书》、《周书》、《隋书》、《南史》、《北史》、《旧唐书》、《新唐书》、《旧五代史》、《新五代史》、《宋史》、《辽史》、《⾦史》、《元史》、《明史》、《清史稿》等⼆⼗五部史书。
它上起传说中的黄帝（前2550年），⽌于清朝宣统四年（1912年），⽤本纪、列传、表、志等统⼀的体裁的编写。
⼆⼗五史之中，除第⼀部《史记》是通史之外，其余皆为断代史。
5.《庄⼦》共多少篇＿？其中内篇是哪七篇。
33；《庄⼦·内篇·逍遥游第⼀》，《庄⼦·内篇·齐物论第⼆》，《庄⼦·内篇·养⽣主第三》，《庄⼦·内篇·⼈间世第四》，《庄⼦·内篇·德充符第五》，《庄⼦·内篇·⼤宗师第六》，《庄⼦·内篇·应帝王第七》。
宗教学概论试题
《宗教学概论》试卷一、填空（每空1分，共30分。
答案直接写在试题纸上，否则不计成绩）：1．从进化论的意义上讨论宗教起源的第一人是______________。
他和英国人类学家泰勒在探讨宗教起源时所运用的“幼儿－野蛮人类比法”不仅受到了穆勒的挑战，也受到了弗雷泽所倡导的“_______________”（一个首先由马雷特所提出的术语）的挑战。
2．按照恩格斯的观点，宗教观念产生的“可能性”存在于原始人类的“_______________”能力之中；神的观念的产生是原始人类对“自然力”加以“_______________”的结果。
3．宗教进步观和宗教发展观在宗教研究中的支派地位是在达尔文的《______________》问世之后才得以逐步确立的。
4．整个宗教的历史发展从一方面看，是一个从“_______________”到“_____________”和“____________”的发展过程，而从另一个方面看，则又是一个从“____________”到“____________”和“__________”的发展过程。
5．犹太教的主要经典是公元前2世纪左右基本定型的《______________》和在拉比犹太教时期形成的《______________》。
前者共有24卷，它们构成了基督宗教的《圣经》中的《______________》部分。
6．基督论是基督宗教神学中的一个重要研究课题，它一般包括“_______________”和“_______________”两大部分。
传统的基督教神学通常将前者称为狭义的基督论，并且运用希腊哲学中的“_______________”概念来解释基督在三位一体中的地位，而将后者称为_______________；但是现代神学家大都不同意这种划分。
7．《古兰经》规定了穆斯林必须履行的5项宗教义务（伊巴达特），即_______________、_______________、_______________、_______________、_______________，合称“五功”。
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四川大学宗教学专业历年考博真题（2005—2013年）2005年宗教学原理一、简论宗教的本质（25分）二、论宗教与社会主义相适应（25分）三、简说宗教与其他意识形态的关系（25分） 25分）四、从“神道设教”谈中国宗教的特色（2007年宗教学原理一、简论宗教产生的社会历史条件。
（25分）二、试论宗教与文艺的关系。
（25分）三、论宗教与邪教的原则区别。
（25分）四、你怎样理解宗教在“和谐社会建设”中的作用。
（25分）2008年宗教学原理一、试析宗教的本质。
（25分）二、简析宗教与封建迷信的主要区别。
（25分）三、试论宗教道德的基本特征及其社会意义。
（25分）四、简述宗教的文化功能。
（25分）2009年宗教学原理一、简答题（每题15分）1、宗教的基本要素2、宗教与科学的关系3、宗教的主要心理功能4、古代原始宗教的主要表现形态二、问答题（每题20分）1、宗教研究的基本方法有哪些？谈谈你的认识。
2、为什么说：“宗教是文化”？谈谈你对这一命题的理解与认识。
2010年宗教学原理一、简答题（每小题10分，共40分）1、简析宗教人造说与宗教神启论对立的思想根源。
2、简述宗教观念与宗教其它构成要素之间的关系。
3、简述当代世界主要宗教发展的总体趋势及其成因。
4、如何理解“宗教的改革是社会关系的变化在宗教上的反映”？二、论述题（每小题30分，共60分）1、试述科学与宗教在认识方法上的区别及其对人类社会生活的影响。
2、如何发挥宗教在构建社会主义和谐社会中的积极作用？2011年宗教学原理一、简答题1、简述自然宗教与人为宗教的异同；2、为什么说宗教意识既是理性的又是非理性的;3、简述宗教礼仪在信徒生活中的作用；4、简述现代宗教世俗化趋势主要特征及成因；二、论述题1、试述宗教道德的基本特征及其对目前我国社会生活的影响；2、试述宗教与政治的关系；2012年宗教学原理一、试述宗教的文化属性。
二、试述有神论与无神论对立的认识根源。
三、试述理性与信仰的特点及其社会功能。
四、试述宗教伦理的基本特征及其现成的现实理据。
五、试述“神道设教”的内涵及其在中国古代社会中的作用。
2013年宗教学原理1、简述宗教的基本要素（20分）2、宗教礼仪的功能（30分）3、请列举两种关于宗教本质的理论，并进行比较和评价（50分）宗教学专业历年考研真题1998年一、试从哲学和历史的角度，分析宗教产生的根源。
二、试析宗教与道德的关系。
三、阐述宗教与科学的关系。
四、为什么说宗教将伴随社会主义长期存在？如何正确处理宗教与社会主义社会的关系？1999年本试卷共四大题，每题25 分，总分100 分一、试论述什么是宗教。
（25 分）二、试论述宗教与迷信的关系，如何正确分析和判别合法宗教与邪教？三、在现代文明中，宗教的意义和前景如何？（25 分）四、试论述宗教与信仰是什么样的关系？（25 分）2000年分）25 （一、试论述宗教产生的认识论根源和社会历史基础。
．二、试论述宗教作用于社会的方式和特点。
（25 分）三、如何判定某种思想是宗教信仰？它与“邪教”的区别是什么？（25 分）四、在宗教思想体系中，科学、有神论、神秘主义分别具有什么样的地位和作用？举例论述。
（25 分）宗教学2003一、名词解释(共50分)解放神学灵魂不死论“太阳城”“生态神学”宗教礼仪宗教信仰自由原则“摩西十诫”“拜上帝会”政教合一制天命论（各5分）二、简答题（共50分）1、宗教与迷信有什么根本区别？2、自然宗教的基本形态有哪些？试简述之？3、西方基督教关于上帝存在的论证有哪些？试简述之？4、当代伊斯兰原教旨主义的主要特征有哪些？试简述之？三、论述题（共50分）1、试论现代宗教的世俗化趋势2、试从社会学的角度分析影响宗教信仰率的基本因素宗教学2004一、名词解释(共30分)图腾崇拜自然神论“爱人如己”黑人神学迷信犹太教二、简答题（共60分）1、宗教修行主要包括修道、修心、修身和修持。
试简述它们的内容。
2、简述基督教神学家托马斯·阿奎那关于上帝存在的五大证明。
3、试简述新兴宗教的主要特征。
4、简述世界性宗教的主要特征。
三、论述题（共60分）1、论宗教的心理消解功能。
2、试宗教对今日生态环境问题的可能贡献。
宗教学2005一、名词解释(共40分)神道设教新宗教运动原教旨主义解放神学宗教禁忌二、简答题（共60分）1、试简述宗教学的基本内容。
2、略论宗教与民俗的基本关系。
3、简论现代基督教社会主义的思想。
4、简论宗教与社会主义相适应的基本内容。
三、论述题（共50分）、如何评价当代宗教世俗化的趋势？1．2、胡锦涛主席在博鳌亚洲论坛2004年年会开幕式上的演讲指出：“中国支持亚洲不同文化和宗教的对话，提倡理解和宽容”。
结合宗教文化的冲突与交流，谈谈你对这段话的理解。
宗教学2006一、名词解释(共60分)宗教礼仪新宗教运动图腾崇拜巫术宗教经验自然宗教宗教禁忌圣像破坏运动斋月门宦新宗教运动基督教新教经堂教育二、简答（共40分）1、宗教的本质是什么？2、简述我国宗教信仰自由政策的内容。
3、我国当代宗教的“五性”特征是什么？4、宗教与迷信有何区别？三、论述（共50分）1、试举例说明宗教世俗化的一般功能。
2、结合实际谈谈宗教与科学的关系。
宗教学2007一、名词解释(共50分)自然宗教古典宗教神道设教新宗教运动图腾崇拜宗教的文化属性伊斯兰教原教旨主义三自爱国运动解放神学二、简答（共50分）1、宗教的基本特征是什么？2、宗教与科学的关系是什么？3、现代宗教世俗化的主要特征是什么？4、我国宗教信仰自由政策的基本内容是什么？5、宗教伦理与世俗伦理有什么异同？三、论述（共50分）1、结合实际，谈谈宗教在我国构建和谐社会中的作用。
2、试析宗教意识是理性因素与非理性因素的统一。
2005年中国哲学史一、简析孔子、孟子、荀子的人性论及其演变。
（25分）二、试论禅宗的心性论及其价值。
（25分）三、周敦颐思想与道、佛二家的关系。
（25分）四、王守仁与王夫之知行观的比较分析。
（25分）2006年中国哲学史一、简析老子、庄子的认识论。
（25分）分）25二、试论王充的哲学思想。
（．三、试论朱熹的“理气”说及其与佛、道二学的关系。
（25分）四、略论陆九渊、王守仁的心性论及其与禅宗的关系。
（25分）2007年中国哲学史一、试评孔子“执两用中”的中庸之道。
（20分）二、郭象“万物独化”的本体论述评。
（20分）三、浅谈华严宗的“法界”观。
（20分）四、简述朱熹“格物穷理”的认识论。
（20分）五、略论陆九渊的哲学思想及其与禅宗的关系。
（20分）2008年中国哲学史一、如何评价墨子“天志”、“明鬼”的思想蕴函及其影响。
（25分）二、谈谈你对“儒道互补”这一命题的理解与认识。
（25分）三、谈谈你对老子“小国寡民”这一主张的理解与认识。
（25分）四、王守仁心学思想的基本要义有哪些？如何评价阳明学在中国哲学史上的地位与影响？（25分）2009年中国哲学史一、解释与分析（每题20分，共40分，需指明引文出处）（1）夫道，有情有信，无为无形；可传而不可受，可得而不可见。
自本自根，未有天地，自古以固存。
神鬼神帝，生天生地。
在太极之先而不为高，在六极之下而不为深，先天地生而不为久，长于上古而不为老。
（2）梁惠王曰：“晋国，天下莫强焉，叟之所知也。
及寡人之身，东败于齐，长子死焉；西丧于秦七百里；南辱于楚。
寡人耻之，愿比死者一洒之，如之何则可？”孟子对曰：“地方百里，而可以王。
王如施仁政于民，省刑罚，薄税敛，深耕易耨。
壮者以暇日修其孝悌忠信，入以事其父兄，出以事其长，可使制梃，以挞秦楚之坚甲利兵矣。
彼夺其民时，使不得耕耨以养其父母，父母冻饿，兄弟妻子离散。
彼陷溺其民，王往而征之，夫谁与王敌？！故曰：‘仁政无敌。
'王请勿疑！”二、论述题（每题30分，共60分）（1）“中庸”思想的由来、发展及其现代启示（2）中国哲学关于人格修养的理论要点及其当代意义2010年中国哲学史一、简答题（每题10分，共50分）1、简述墨家学派的主要思想2、简述王弼的“贵无”论3、简述天台宗的“三谛圆融”说4、简述张载“太虚即气”的哲学思想、简述王守仁的“心学”思想5．二、论述题（每题25分，共50分）1、论老庄与孔孟之异同2、论朱熹的理学2011年中国哲学史一、简答题1、韩非的法制思想有哪些？2、汉代黄老之学的中心思想是什么？3、简论王弼的贵无论4、简论慧远的佛学思想5、简论韩愈反佛的得与失二、论述题1、论老庄思想的现代价值2、论程朱理学与陆王心学之异同2012年中国哲学史一、简答题1、“道常无为而无不为”释义2、“为政以德”释义3、《周易参同契》解题4、“性具圆教”释义5、“理一分殊”释义二、论述1、简述中国古代“天人合一”思想及其现代价值2、有人说中国道教没有哲学。
你的看法如何？请举要阐述。
2013年中国哲学史一、简答1 、“远取诸物，近取诸身”释义（10分）2、“为学日益，为道日损”释义（10分）3、“里仁为美”释义（10分）4、仁政无敌释义（10分）5、禅宗的“真心妄心”命题释义（10分）二、论述题1、请简要阐述中国哲学在建设当代平安社会中的作用。
（25分）2、试述道教“重玄学”的历史发展与基本特点。
（25分）。