文献阅读与翻译 第一章译文参考
文献阅读与翻译 Unit 1李
Unit 1 General Description of Literature Reading and Translation (4hrs)1. Definition of LiteratureWhat is literature? There seems no substantial difference among its definitions in different dictionaries:Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English: a set of works on a particular subject; printed material, esp. giving information. (p. 639)The Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary of Current English: the writing or the study of books, etc. (technical books and journalism); books dealing with a special subject. (p. 573)Webster‟s New Collegiate Dictionary: the body of writings on a particular subject (scientific literature). (p. 672)《英汉案头大字典》: literature——文献(P. 1038) 。
《新英汉词典》: literature——(关于某一不科或专题的)文献(p. 744)。
《新华词典》: 文献——有历史价值的、或同某一学科有关的图书资料(p.880)。
From the above interpretations, we can arrive at an identical definition of literature: a general term for professional writings in the form of books, papers, and other documentations.As an important means for preserving knowledge, literatures have become precious resources or treasures for the mankind, which have greatly contributed to the social progress of the human race.Professional literatures have been regarded as “intangible assets” of the whole world because they are, on the one hand, the summary, generalization, and development of the achievements obtained on the basis of previous experiences or studies; and on the other hand, they have been accumulated and handed down from generation to generation. In this sense, therefore, all kinds of literature are records of precious research findings and academic achievements, and the crystallization of human civilization.The word literature used in this textbook does not mean “文学”, but “文献” or “文献资料”, specifically referring to various documentations in the field of international industrial business and academic exchanges. Since literature is the general term for printed materials, it should be further classified according to what a specific documentary work is.2. Classification of LiteratureAs is known to all, we are now in an information era marked with the rapid development of science and technology. According to statistics, within the recent decade alone, the achievements in science and technology have amounted to the totality of inventions and discoveries of mankind since ancient times. Facing such a vast ocean of professional literature, how should we conduct our literature search, reading and translation? Here, we just put various literatures under the following headings:1) TextbooksIn general, a textbook is a kind of professional writing specially designed for the students in a given branch of learning. Textbooks are compiled in a rigidly scientific,systematic and logical way. Comparatively, the content of a textbook is mature and well established, because it has been compiled through the writer‟s careful selection, verification, discrimination, integration and comprehensive study of the subject. If you intend to acquire a general knowledge of a certain subject over a larger area, or if you want to have a preliminary understanding of a certain issue, you‟d better go over the relevant textbooks, which proves the best policy.2) MonographsA monograph is “an arti cle or short book on one particular subject or branch of a subject that the writer has studied deeply” (Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, p. 704). It is also a “detailed scientific account, esp. a published report on some item of research” (The Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary of Current English, p. 632). The content of a monograph usually includes the history and present status of a particular subject, observed data, experimental methods and results, existing problems and the developing trend, various viewpoints and discussions of different schools of thought, research achievements and further exploration, and so on. A monograph usually functions as an important guide for the reader to understand the particular study comprehensively and deeply.3) PapersPapers are the most important and reliable sources for textbooks, monographs, and all the other documentary works. A complete paper is usually composed of the following elements: title, author, affiliation, abstract, keywords, introduction, theoretical analysis and/or experimental description, results and discussion or conclusion, acknowledgments, references, etc. (detailed description and exemplification of these elements in a professional paper are given in a separate textbook entitled Paper Writing and Publication, by Hu Gengshen, et al., Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2000.) A paper usually deals with a relatively specific topic, and with a comparatively narrow subject.4) EncyclopediasAn encyclopedia is “a book or set of books dealing with every branch of knowledge, or with one particular branch, in alphabetical order.” The difference between a dictionary and an encyclopedia is that “A dictionary explains words and an encyclopedia explains facts.” (Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, p.361) As a basic reference book of generalized and summarized knowledge, an encyclopedia is usually compiled by many experts of many branches through many years. The contents of an encyclopedia, therefore, are comparatively mature and correct. It virtually serves as an important information retriever, providing comprehensive and systematic information about everything.The information retriever as such also includes yearbooks, dictionaries, guides, handbooks, and the like.5) PeriodicalsA periodical is a series of publications that appear at regular intervals. Periodicals are of various categories. From the perspective of names, for example, they are journals, acta, magazines, bulletins, rapid communications, letters, proceedings, records, abstracting services, reviews, indexes, etc., which constitute themain body of literature.Periodicals are characterized by being large in number and in variety, extensivein content and in circulation, mixed in language and in form, etc.Along with the rapid development of science and technology, periodicals have been rapidly increasing and have‟ been gradually professionalized, integrated and computerized.6) Special DocumentationThe so-called special documentation refers to all the printed materials that are non-books or non-periodicals. This special documentation mainly includes: standards, patent documents, trademarks, copyrights, contracts/agreements, reports, conference papers, dissertations (or theses), Product specifications, government publications, proposals, technical archives, electronic hypertexts, etc. Though neither books nor periodicals published regularly or publicly, the special documentation proves to be most effective resources for information retrieval. Insofar as literature search and reading are concerned, this kind of special documentation should not be overlooked. On the contrary, it calls for our special attention--that is why we have placed special emphasis on special documentation in the present textbook.Notes:1. journals, Acta, magazines, bulletins, rapid communications, letters, proceedings, records, abstracting services, reviews, indexes, etc. 会刊，学报，杂志，通报，快讯，通信稿，会议录，文献记录，世界文摘服务，评论，索引等2. hypertext 超级文本(指信息高速公路上的文件)3. Linguistic Features of Scientific LiteratureStylistically, literature is a kind of formal writing. Compared with an informal writing which usually utilizes an informal tone and colloquial language, a formal writing is a more serious approach to a subject of great importance and it avoids all colloquial expressions. Since the functions of scientific literature are to reveal creative research achievements, facilitate professional information retrieval, and help improve the development of science and technology, it deals objectively with the study of facts or problems; analyses on literature are based on relevant data, not on personal feelings, and discussions or conclusions are made on the basis of specific experiments or investigations.Syntactically, scientific literature has rigorous grammatical structures, and in most cases is rather unitary. Frequently used are indicative sentences, imperative sentences, complex sentences, and “It be + adj. (participle) + that ...” sentence patterns, etc.Morphologically, scientific literature is featured by high specialization, the use of technical terms and jargons, unambiguous implication and the fixed sense of the word. There are more compound words, Latin and Greek words, contracted words, noun clusters and so on in scientific literature than in other informational writing.Besides, non-verbal language is also very popular in various literatures such as signs, formulas, charts, tables, photos, etc. for the sake of accuracy, brevity, and clarity.Different literatures may have different linguistic features although they do havesimilar characteristics in common. The linguistic features of an individual literature will be discussed together with the specific category of documentation in the corresponding Unit of this textbook. To learn the linguistic features of various literatures will be beneficial not only to documentation reading but also to the translation and writing of such documentary works.4. Search for Relevant LiteratureThe search for relevant literature needed for professional study and research has become a practical skill for professionals. This is important because an effective way of literature search and reading will facilitate our information retrieval within a shorter period of time. In fact, everyone may have his/her own way of literature search and reading. And the following are some usual approaches:1) Global SearchBy “global search” we mean to search for materials around the subject in a larger dimension or within a wider range, i.e., conducting the extensive reading. For example:(1) Search for relevant books through the Classified and Specified Catalogues.(2) Search for periodicals through the Newspapers and Journals Indexing.(3) Search for domestic literature through the Domestic Sci-tech Data Catalogues.(4) Search for current foreign literature through the Sci-Tech Translation Bulletin.(5) Search for literature at home and abroad through INTERNET, WWW (World Wide Web), and other electronic retrieval means.2) Specific SearchBy “specific search” we mean to search for literature about a certain topic withina specific area or in a narrower scope. For example:(1) Select some most-related papers for intensive reading.(2) Expand the scope of the reading only on the basis of the references of the selected papers.(3) Try to find out relevant “reviews” on the topic so as to know the authoritative comments, the experts‟ views, the global developing trend and the general on-goings, etc.3) Processed SearchBy “processed search” we mean to accumulate and absorb essential information in the course of literature search and reading. For example:(1) Store the searched literature by careful note-taking and self-abstracting.(2) Sort out the searched documentation by timely putting them into different categories.(3) Digest/Absorb the searched information by creatively analyzing and synthesizing.It is very important to identify and then make generalization of the essential parts of the research papers, because the author of a paper should and must present his/her achievements or research findings through these parts. For this purpose, as a researcher, one has to be good at doing retrieval reading. By retrieval reading wemean retrospect reading of the manuscript in a very careful way so as to identify, register and generalize the gist or the main parts of work, or contributions we have made in a given paper. Literally, we mean reading the manuscript in a thorough manner and making notes: (1) as to the subjects dealt with, particularly subjects concerning with new information given incidentally; and (2) as to the new result and conclusive ideas reported. Material relating to each subject should then be gathered together in a logical way; and (3) all the sentences generalizing the main ideas of all the original materials should be put together so as to be well-versed, abstract-brief, condensed, complete, yet easily readable.In the final analysis, to digest and absorb useful information is the ultimate purpose of literature search and reading. This is a process of discarding the dross and selecting the essential, eliminating the false and retaining the true, proceeding from the easy to the difficult and from the outer to the inner. It is also a process of reading, selecting, sorting, synthesizing, commenting, rationalizing, systematizing, reprocessing, etc.One thing that needs to be mentioned is that an awareness of information discrimination is highly necessary, for the collection and absorption of erroneous knowledge and information is harmful. Just as a western scientist says: “The fool collects data and the wise man selects them.” This remark, th ough drastic, is indeed philosophical.Notes1. through the Classified and Specified Catalogues 通过《分类目录或专题目录》2. through the Newspapers and Journals Indexing 通过《全国报刊索引》3. through the Domestic Sci-Tech Data Catalogues 通过《国内资料科技目录》4. Sci-Tech Translation Bulletin 《科技译文通报》5. the fool collects data and the wise man selects them 愚者采集资料，智者选择资料5. Review of this chapterDefinition of Literature: a set of works on a particular subject; printed material, esp. giving information; the body of writings on a particular subject (scientific literature)Classification of Literature: textbooks, monographs, papers, encyclopedias, periodicals, special documentation, etc.Linguistic Features of Scientific Literature: stylistically, a kind of formal writing, with rigorous and unitary grammatical structure, highly specialized and unambiguous wording for semantic accuracy, etc.Search for Relevant Literature: global search, specific search, and processed search Supplementary Readings on Informational Retrieval: retrieval system, microfilm, internet. database, reformat, on, e-mail, information infrastructure, information superhighwayTranslation Skills (1): Translation in General and Translation of Special LiteratureTranslation is a rendering of ideas or concepts from one language into another,i.e., the faithful representation in the target language of what is written or said in the original language.As a means of communication, translation plays an important role in human civilization. In the West, literary translation can be traced back to 300 BC; while in China, recorded translation activities are even earlier, dating from Zhou Dynasty (1100 BC). However, not until the recent centuries, especially by the end of the 19th century did systematic study of translation get under way. The recent decades have seen rapid development in translation theories and translation activities both at home and abroad.A modern society sees an extensive use of translation on various occasions. Proper and dexterous translation helps promote mutual understanding between peoples of different cultural and social backgrounds, whereas improper rendering of words or expressions leads to confusion. Take the ordinary word “menu” for example. Its original meaning is “a list of dishes in a meal or to be ordered as separated meals, esp. in a restaurant”, and the Chinese equivalent seems to be clear: 菜单. However, when it is used in computer science, its meaning shifts to “a list shown on the display of a computer from which a user can select the operation the computer is to perform.”Evidently the Chinese counterpart should be something like “选项、项目单” It is a pity that the initial translator neglected this definition, and as a result, this very popular term of computer science fails to convey its true meaning in Chinese--the translated term”菜单” sounds incongruous with its actual content. So is the rendering of “Renaissance”--commonly known as “文艺复兴” in Chinese. Although we know today that the movement extended far beyond the literature and art circle, and the connotation of “Renaissance” is much more profound than that of the Chinese term “文艺复兴”, yet it is generally accepted through common practice. Such improper rendering is not uncommon in Chines-English translation. A sweet and melodious trademark in Chinese, by improper translation, may cause uneasiness or even create a loathsome image in the mind of people of different social and cultural backgrounds. For example, a popular Chinese lipstick with the trademark “芳芳”, when transliterated into English as “Fangfang”, assumes a hideous image--the English word “fang” happens to have two disagreeable definitions: a, a long, sharp tooth of a dog; b.a snake‟s poisonous tooth. Consequently, this awkward transliteration has resulted in a complete failure in marketing. Similar translation blunders are not unusual in social or economic activities in our country. To name a few, translating “五讲四美、三热爱”into “five stresses, four beauties and three loves”, “抓紧施肥” into “grasp manure”, “街道妇女” into “street women”, “白酒”into “white wine”, etc. Had the translators had sufficient translation knowledge, such blunders would have been avoided.1. Nature and Scope of TranslationWhat is translation? Some people believe it is a science, others take it as an art; and yet many consider it a craft, or rather, a skill.Of these varied definitions, which one holds true for our purpose? The answer depends on how w e understand or interpret the word “translation”, for the very word “translation” itself is ambiguous. And the Chinese equivalent fanyi sounds even fuzzier. Fanyi, in Chinese, may either stand for a subject in the curriculum, a jobpeople engage in, a piece of literary work, or the translating or interpreting work itself. Sometimes, fanyi may even refer to the translator or interpreter himself/herself.If the word “translation” refers to a subject, namely, the study of translation theory and skills, it is no doubt a science, just as any subject is, with its own rules, laws and principles for the translators to observe; however, if it refers to some specific pieces of translation, then it is more like an art, with each piece of them manifesting its own charms and style in the creative hands of the translator; whereas, if it refers to a process, in which something is translated, then we may regard it as a craft or skill. For unlike any branch of natural science, the process of translation has its own nature, and none of its rules and principles are universally applicable. Therefore, it entails a lot of practice, and particular craftsmanship and skills are reflected by the touches of different translators.Translation covers a very broad range. In terms of languages, it can be divided into two categories: from native languages into foreign languages and vice versa; in terms of the mode, it can be divided into oral interpretation and written translation; in terms of materials to be translated, there are translation of scientific materials, translation of literary works such as novels, stories, prose, poetry, drama, etc., translation of political essays such as treatises on social problems, repons, speeches, etc., and translation of practical writing (as official documents, contracts and agreements, notices, receipts, etc.); in terms of disposal, it can be either full-text translation, abridged translation or adapted translation.2. Principles or Criteria of TranslationThe so-called principles and criteria of translation are actually the two sides of the same coin. That is, on the part of the translator, he or she should follow them while translating; whereas on the part of the reader or critic, he or she may use the principles and criteria to evaluate translation works. Whenever principles or criteria of translation are under discussion in China, Yan Fu‟s “three-character guide”--xin, da, ya, namely, “faithfulness (信), expressiveness (达), and elegance (雅)”, which was first proposed in 1898, would evoke controversy.In the past decades, Mr. Yan‟s principle has always been regarded as aplumb-line for measuring the professional level of translation and a goal for translators to strive after. However, in the application of this principle, people come to find some unsatisfactory aspects of the three-character guide and have put foreword a variety of new standards or criteria of translation.Despite a variety of opinions, two criteria are almost unanimously accepted by all, namely, the criterion of faithfulness/accuracy (忠实/准确) and that of smoothness (流畅). We may also take these two criteria as the principles of scientific literature translation. By faithfulness/accuracy, we mean to be faithful not only to the original contents, to the original meaning and views, but also to the original form and style. By smoothness, we mean not only easy and readable rendering, but also idiomatic expression in the target language, free from stiff formula and mechanical copying from dictionaries.3. Literal Translation and Free TranslationThe process of translation consists of two phases: comprehension and expression.Generally speaking, comprehension is of foremost importance, and expression is the natural consequence of thorough comprehension. However, in the practice we may find that now and then some words or phrases in their usual senses are very difficultto deal with because of the disparity between English and Chinese. In this case, we have to resort to some special means of translation. Literal translation (直译) and free translation (意译) are two dynamic approaches in dealing with such awkward situations.The so-called literal translation, superficially speaking, means “not to alter the original words and sentences”; strictly speaking, it strives “to keep the s entiments and style of the original.” It takes sentences as its basic units and takes the whole text (discourse) into consideration at the same time in the course of translation. Furthermore, it strives to reproduce both the ideological content and the style of the original works and retains as much as possible the figures of speech. There are quite a lot of examples of successful literal translation that have been adopted as idiomatic Chinese expressions. For example, crocodile‟s tears (鳄鱼的眼泪), armed to the teeth (武装到牙齿), chain reaction (连锁反应), gentlemen‟s agreement (君子协定), and so on. Similarly, some Chinese idioms also find their English counterparts through literal translation. For example, 纸老虎(paper tiger),一国两制(one country, two systems ), and so on.Free translation is an alternative approach which is used mainly to convey the meaning and spirit of the original without trying to reproduce its sentence patterns or figures of speech. This approach is most frequently adopted when it is really impossible for the translator to do literal translation. For example:Adam‟s Apple 喉结at sixes and sevens 乱七八槽It rains cats and dogs. 大雨滂沱Don‟t cross the bridge till you get to it. 不必担心过早。
英文文献翻译1-6
2. RELATIONSHIPS AMONG SOURCE CREDIBILITY OF ELECTRONIC WORD OF MOUTH, PERCEIVED RISK, AND CONSUMER BEHAVIOR ON CONSUMER GENERATED MEDIA 可做参考，行为意向影响这一块。
基于消费者生成媒体的网络口碑来源可信度、感知风险和消费行为间的关系Mei-Hsin W原苏州大学工商管理学士University of Massachusetts Amherst the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE 2013 美国马萨诸塞州艾姆赫斯特大学理学硕士学位摘要：酒店和旅游业产品或服务包含很多人际交互，体验性很强，因此口碑对旅游和酒店行业的影响大于其他行业。
本文旨在研究网络口碑来源可信度、消费者风险感知和消费者行为意向（包括购买意向和消费者生成媒体使用意向）之间的关系。
独立的旅游者。
专业性。
可信赖度。
客观性。
同质性（信息接受者更愿意相信与他们有相似背景或相同兴趣的消费者提供的信息，地位同质性和价值同质性）。
这三个变量与感知风险的关系。
信任和感知风险的负相关关系。
5. E-Fluence at the Point of Contact: Impact of Word-Of-Mouth and Personal Relevance of Services on Consumer Attitudes in Online Environments再接触点的网络影响：在线环境下，口碑和个人相关服务对顾客态度的影响俄亥俄州立大学博士研究表明相比于没有消费者反馈或有负面反馈的网站，拥有正面消费者反馈的网站更能产生满意的顾客态度。
本文引入种族因素，白人感知负面口碑比正面口碑更有影响力；黑人态度受种族内群体发布的口碑影响。
涉及社会认同理论的群体间行为和特殊性原则。
实验法。
问卷调查。
文献阅读翻译
Hotel Security:The Needs of the Mature Age Market IntroductionRises in crime rates have more impact on some sections of the community than on others; older members of the community are particularly vulnerable. Individuals who have retired, or who no longer have dependent children, may have more disposable income to spend on recreation and tourism. The tourism industry has been quick to identify this market. Holiday and tour packages are now targeted specifically at the older tourist. Hotel companies offer incentives to those who have the leisure time to benefit from reduced tariffs in the low season or at other times of reduced occupancy. Hotels, however, are public places and individuals may naturally feel less secure than when they are in their home environment. It is important for hoteliers to focus on the security concerns of their guests.Hotel SecurityGuest security in hotels means those measures required to maintain a state of wellbeing, to protect life and property and to minimize the risk of disasters or crime. In recent years security in the Australian hotel sector has come to mean more than the protection of life and possessions. The very nature of the operation of hotels, providing for a cross-section of the population, most unknown to management, poses a threat to the security of the property and its bona fideguests.Modern standards of hotel security as required by law are constantly being revised in the light of court decisions that take into account the necessity to show “reasonable care” i n matters of guest security. Increasingly, courts deliver decisions about preventable acts that harm a guest on hotel premises. Courts in many countries have held and continue to hold that, if a manager is able to foresee danger to any guest, then action is required to deal with that danger. The implication of this trend for the hotel sector needs to be examined. To this end a research study was carried out in Australia to examine the perceptions of hotel security of the mature hotel guest. Previous ResearchThere is a lack of research in the literature on the security perceptions and attitudes of mature hotel guests. Much of what has been written about is anecdotal, appearing in trade magazines. Typically, this material reviews new security products and is aimed at practising managers. To give direction to the present research, therefore, consideration was given to studies that have generally examined the security concerns of hotel guests.DiscussionThe ten most important areas of concern in the present study, as indicated by themean for each question and ranging from most to least important, were: emergency telephone number by bed; well-lit hotel corridors; door security chains; security liability insurance; bomb threat procedures; security personnel trained in unarmed defence; security officers having knowledge of civil and criminal law; closed circuit TV in hotel car parks; advising guests of criminal activity near hotel; and, control of access to guest areas. Ten least important areas were (from least important): plain clothes security officers carrying firearms; uniformed officers carrying firearms; the searching of guest’s luggage; carrying of handcuffs by security personnel; number of arrests and convictions by hotel security being an important indicator of effectiveness; electronic “sweeping”; guards controlling hotel entrances; security patrols by plain clothes security personnel; security patrols by uniformed security personnel; and, the need for female security officers. This later ranking is an interpretation placed on the data by the researchers, as respondents were merely asked to strongly agree, or otherwise, with statements about security.When the results of both studies are compared in Table V, agreement on the non deployment of armed hotel security personnel is clear. There was no support for this concept, as it received the lowest overall rating. Other responses are less easy to classify. The statement “When it comes to hotel security, prevention is better than cure”, which was included a s a check for consistency, received a mean score of 4.698 and rated a tied second place. This contrasts with the respondents’ perceptions on preventative security measures, for example uniformed security patrols. Only ten respondents agreed and twostrongly agreed with the need for security patrols.There is considerable clustering of the data that correspond to items 5, 10, 13, 17 and 22. These relate to security patrols by uniformed personnel, security departments that have a high level of detection are effective departments; carrying of handcuffs by security personnel; electronic sweeping to prevent eavesdropping; and a statement that says “the standard of security in hotels is adequate”. This would appear to indicate that a majority of the respondents were indifferent about these aspects of security. An inspection of the means and standard deviations of these items supports this contention.ConclusionThis research has indicated some areas that the industry may wish to consider for the development and adoption of standards of security. The provision of door security chains, ranked number 3 in Rutherford and McConnell’s research and number 4 in the present study illustrates this, and relates to the provision of reasonable care by the management of the hotel.It has been suggested that the concept of “reasonable care” should be the basis of all security policies[13]. This requirement is derived from common law, under whicha citizen may sue another individual or corporation. For a plaintiff to win a negligence case, four elements must be present. The first is duty; there is a duty on persons to exercise reasonable care in their dealings with other people. Second is a breach of that duty. The third is proximate cause; lack of reasonable care should be the primary reason for the plaintiff to bring a complaint. Finally, there is the matter of damages. The plaintiff should have incurred damages for which he or she is seeking recompense. It might be inferred from this that there is a duty on the hotel management, for example, to equip doors with security chains. It is the duty of the guest to use them to prevent intruders from entering the room.If the hotel does not equip guest rooms with this relatively inexpensive security precaution and the guest is subsequently robbed or harmed by an intruder, then it can be strongly argued that the hotel management did not exercise reasonable care by not providing a door chain. More importantly, was the fact that a chain was not provided the proximate cause of the guest being robbed? If this is the case then the hotel is liable. If courts subsequently find in favour of the guest then it may be argued that door security chains have become a de facto security requirement.A lack of agreed industry standards for security may lead to hotels having court mandated standards imposed upon them. These de facto standards may be at odds withthe level and types of security that this study appears to suggest is acceptable for an important part of the Australian hotel market. With the rising crime statistics management need to be aware of the possibility of unacceptable security requirements being imposed.These results have obvious implications for the management of security in hotels. There is a need for industry wide standards of security. Development of such standards is a significant feature of risk management and should be a high priority for the industry.酒店安全:成熟年龄市场的需求一、摘要犯罪率的上升更多地影响了社会上的部分人；旧社会的成员，特别容易受影响。
文献阅读课翻译
汶川地震后大熊猫栖息地的重建和恢复摘要：自然灾害以深远而复杂的方式影响着森林生态系统。
全球范围内的人工恢复项目已进行了去修复因灾难受损的森林。
但是这样的项目的自然恢复进程的效用很少被评估。
为了弥补这方面研究的缺口，我们调查了2008年汶川地震受灾惨重的世界著名的中国四川卧龙自然保护区，这个保护区在地震中森林和濒危的大熊猫的栖息地都受到了相当大的损坏。
这是第一个多年实地考察去记录针对这一灾难的森林自然恢复。
在大熊猫栖息地在地震发生后的四年期间进行的森林抽样表明，自然恢复是快速的，通过第四年取样发现曾经裸露的部位植被覆盖率大约为70％。
在人工恢复站点取样植被恢复得到进一步的改善，在短短一年中植被覆盖率从平均30％恢复到70％。
土壤覆盖和坡度因子是植被恢复成功的相关因素。
通过对多年现场数据的收集，一种新型的贡献为更好的理解灾难的影响提供了更精细尺度，这个贡献就是利用遥感技术大部分前期工作已在更大范围中进行。
空间分析发现，恢复站点主要分布在合适的山坡和海拔的地区。
但一个可衡量的比例（30-40％）位于从现有大熊猫分布区太远，太近的人类住区。
该修复工程迄今已对大熊猫保护产生有限的直接影响，但在提高该地区森林覆盖率方面先前受到人为干扰的间接影响。
本研究为了解影响森林恢复的条件提供了有益的参考，可以告知不仅在中国而且在全世界的决策周围的森林恢复项目和濒危物种保护的实施。
1、引言世界各地的生态系统受到各种自然干扰，如地震，山体滑坡，飓风，龙卷风，火山和极端冰雪活动(Turner et al., 1998; Lindermanet al., 2006)。
森林生态系统尤其受到这种干扰在许多方面，包括负面影响，如损失森林覆盖和树的密度下降(Liu and Ashton,1999; Hansen et al., 2010; Liu, 2014),；而积极的影响，如周期性扰动事件所造成的新的细分市场的结果使森林多样性增加(Loucks, 1970; White, 1979)。
文献阅读与翻译
机器人是如此精巧的“人” / 它不像人而更像是带翅膀的 天使的化身/它可以飞上摩天大楼把牛奶瓶亲手交给用户/ 真的是一个出生在地球上的超人
机器人如此的精巧，它不像人而更像是天使的化身，它可 以飞上摩天大楼，亲手把牛奶瓶交给用户，简直是出生在 地球上的超人。
The theory that bacteria are serviceable in devouring contaminants, that repeated experiments have proved it true and that air may be artificially purified through dissociation, that it has so far been in embryo, an advanced one, prevails widely in the domain of environmental science. 细菌可以吞噬污染物/反复的实验证实了这一结论/空气可 以通过离解进行人工净化/这种说法还在萌芽中/超前的理 论/这个理论……在环境科学界很流行 细菌可以吞噬污染物，这一点经过反复实验的证实，空气 可以通过离解进行人工净化，这种说法还处在萌芽中，上 述这些超前的理论在环境科学界很流行。
The robot is a man so subtle that he seems to be not one but the incarnation of a winged angel, who can fly up to the skyscraper and hand in person the milk bottle to users, really a superman comes into being on the earth.
文献查阅及翻译示例
一（序号四号、宋体、加粗、居中）浅析《了不起的盖茨比》中象征主义手法的运用（题目四号、宋体、加粗、居中）摘要：本文从象征主义的角度对弗朗西斯.斯科特.菲茨杰拉德的杰作—《了不起的盖茨比》进行分析，探讨了象征主义手法在揭示和深化小说主题思想中所起到的象征寓意作用及艺术效果，大纲：本文从象征主义的角度来分析这部作品，主要包括六个部分。
第一部分介绍了该部作品。
第二部分介绍了作者的生涯和文学作品以及作品的文学和历史背景。
第三部分阐述了象征和象征主义的具体含义，以及它在文学作品的运用。
第四部分重点分析颜色、背景和事物的象征意义和作用。
第五部分分析美国梦在作品中的体现和分析小说主题。
第六部分为总结。
（摘要和大纲两个词加粗、宋体、小四，其他部分宋体、小四、不加粗）二……三…………十An Analysis of Symbolism in The Great Gatsby（Times New Roman，四号，加粗，居中）Abstract：This thesis is aimed at analyzing symbolism in The Great Gatsby and discusses how the disillusionment of American Dream is revealed by means of symbolism.Outline：1.Introduction2.Fitzgerald and The Great Gatsby3. Symbolism in Literature4. Symbolism in The Great Gatsby4.1 The Symbolic Meaning of Objects4.1.1 East Egg and West Egg4.1.2 The Green Light4.1.3 The Valley of Ashes4.1.4 The Gigantic Eyes of Doctor T. J. Eckleburg4.1.5 Automobiles4.1.6 Clocks and Time4.2 The Symbolic Meaning of Colors4.2.1 Green4.2.2 White4.2.3 Gold and Yellow4.3 The Symbolic Meaning in the American Dream4.3.1 The Great Gatsby and the American Dream4.3.2 Francis Scott Fitzgerald and the American Dream5. Conclusion（Abstract和outline两个词加粗、Times New Roman、小四，其他部分Times New Roman、小四、不加粗）查阅的文献要打印出来。
研究生科技英语阅读课文翻译(1-10).
Unit 1 Genetically modified foods -- Feed the World?If you want to spark a heated debate at a dinner party, bring up the topic of genetically modified foods. For many people, the concept of genetically altered, high-tech crop production raises all kinds of environmental, health, safety and ethical questions. Particularly in countries with long agrarian traditions -- and vocal green lobbies -- the idea seems against nature.如果你想在某次晚宴上挑起一场激烈的争论，那就提出转基因食品的话题吧。
对许多人来说，高科技的转基因作物生产的概念会带来诸如环境、健康、安全和伦理等方面的各种问题。
特别是在有悠久的农业生产传统和主张环保的游说集团的国家里，转基因食品的主意似乎有悖自然。
In fact, genetically modified foods are already very much a part of our lives. A third of the corn and more than half the soybeans and cotton grown in the US last year were the product of biotechnology, according to the Department of Agriculture. More than 65 million acres of genetically modified crops will be planted in the US this year. The genetic is out of the bottle.事实上，转基因食品已经成为我们生活重要的一部分。
研究生英语阅读教程课文全文参考译文
研究生英语阅读教程（提高级）第三版课文全文参考译文第一课漏油经济：低估风险回想起来，模式似乎很清楚。
早在深水地平线钻机自爆前的很多年，BP 作为一家石油公司为了省钱甘冒安全的风险就已经声名狼藉。
2005 年得克萨斯州炼油厂爆炸中有15 名工人丧生。
联邦监管机构和前国务卿詹姆斯·贝克领导的专门小组认为，削减成本是事故的部分原因。
第二年，阿拉斯加腐蚀的管道将石油漏入普拉德霍湾。
就连乔·巴顿，对全球变暖持怀疑态度，来自得克萨斯州的共和党众议员，都谴责BP 管理人员“对安全和环境问题表现得漠不关心。
”这种冷漠大部分源于对利润的过度追求，不管出现什么情况。
但似乎也还有另一个因素在起作用，一个更普遍的人性的因素。
BP 的管理人员在估计似乎不太可能发生、但一旦发生却会带来巨大损失的事件真正会发生的机会时，犯了一个可怕的错误。
也许理解这一点最简单的方法就是思考一下BP 高管们如今的想法。
显然，考虑到清理费用和对BP 声誉的影响，高管们真希望可以回到过去，多花些钱让深水地平线更安全。
他们没有增加这笔费用就表明他们认为钻机在当时的状态下不会出问题。
尽管针对BP 高管的所有批评可能都是他们应得的，但是他们绝不是唯一艰难应对这种低概率、高成本事件的人。
几乎每个人都会如此。
“这些正是我们人类处理时很难做出合理反应的一类事件。
”哈佛大学环境经济学家罗伯特·斯塔文说。
我们经常犯两种基本且性质相反的错误。
当一件事情是很难想象的，我们往往会低估它的可能性。
这就是众所周知的黑天鹅（稀有之物）。
大多数在深水地平线工作的人可能从未经历过钻井平台爆炸。
因此他们认为这不会发生，至少不会发生在他们身上。
同样，不久以前，伯南克和格林斯潘也喜欢称全国房地产市场没有泡沫，因为以前从未有过泡沫。
华尔街交易员也持同样观点，他们建立的数学模型根本不存在房价下降的可能性。
许多购房者签订了负担不起的抵押贷款，相信一旦其价格上涨，他们可以再融资或卖掉房子。
研究生英语阅读教程课文参考译文(L1 )
第一课 A世界英语：是福是祸？汤姆麦克阿瑟（1）2000 年，语言学家、威尔士人格兰维尔普莱斯，在他编辑的《英国与爱尔兰的语言》中发表了如下的观点：因为英语是个杀手。
正是英语，导致坎伯兰语、康沃尔语、诺恩语和马恩语灭亡。
在那些岛屿的部分地区，还有较大规模的群体讲比英语更古老的当地语言。
但是，现在日常生活中，英语无处不在，人人—或者说—几乎人人都懂英语。
英语威胁到那三种遗留的凯尔特语：爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语和威尔士语，所以必须意识到，从长远来看，这三种语言的未来十分危险。
（第 141 页）在此几年前，1992 年，英国学者罗伯特．菲利普森（他如今在丹麦工作）在牛津大学出版了一本书，名为《语言领域的帝国主义》。
在书中，他指出，主要的英语国家、世界范围内英语教学产业，尤其是英国文化委员会，实施的是语言扩张政策。
他还把这种政策和他所称的“语言歧视”（这个情况类似于“种族歧视”、“性别歧视”）联系在一起。
在菲利普森看来，以“白人”为主的英语世界中，起主导作用的机构和个人，或故意或无意，鼓励或者至少容忍英语大肆扩张，他们当然不反对英语的扩张。
英语的扩张开始于大约三个世纪以前，最初表现形式是经济与殖民扩张。
（2）菲利普森本人为英国文化委员会工作过几年。
和他一样，还有一些母语为英语的学者，也试图强调英语作为世界语言的危险。
在过去几十年里，人们从三个群体的角度，就英语的国际化进行了广泛的讨论。
第一个群体是 ENL 国家，英语是母语（这个群体也叫“内部圈”）；第二个群体是 ESL 国家，英语是第二语言（“外部圈”）；第三个群体是EFL 国家，英语是外语（“扩展圈”）。
二十世纪八十年代，这些词语开始流行。
从那时起，这第三圈实际上已扩展到全球范围。
（3）从来没有像英语这样的语言，这既有利也有弊。
曾经有许多“世界语言”，例如：阿拉伯语、汉语、希腊语、拉丁语和梵语。
总的来说，我们现在认为这些语言比较好，经常以赞美、感激的语气谈论与它们相关的文化以及它们给世界带来的变化。
文献阅读与翻译
Hello,everyone .I am fuxiaoling ,my partners are zhouzan ,huangsuyu ,and huangyanglu.Today we will show you three key parts of the unit one ,they are literature reading ,translation and practice.Now,let us focus on the first part-------literature reading.at the beginning,we should make the definition of literature clear.There seems no substantial difference among its definitions indifferent dictionaries.From the above interpretations, we can arrive at an identical definition of literature: a general term for professional writings in the form of books, papers, and other documentations.The word literature used in this textbook does not mean “文学”, but “文献” or “文献资料”, specifically referring to various documentations in the field of international industrial business and academic exchanges.Since literature is the general term for printd materials, it should be further classified according to what a specific documentary work is.therefore, we can group literature into six categories :1) Textbooks(教科书)：In general, a textbook is a kind of professional writing specially designed for the students in a given branch of learning.2) Monographs(专著)：A monograph is an artide or short book on one particular subject or branch of a subject that the writer has studied deeply.3) Papers(论文)：A complete paper is usually composed of the following elements: title, author, affiliation, abstract, keywords, introduction, theoretical analysis and/or experimental description, results and discussion or conclusion, acknowledgments, references, etc.4) Encyclopedias(百科全书)：An encyclopedia is a book or set of books dealing with every branch of knowledge,or with one particular branch, in alphabetical order.5) Periodicals(期刊)：A periodical is a series of publications that appear at regular intervals.6) Special Documentation(特别文件)：Special documentation refers to all the printed materials that are non-books or non-periodicals.Let us continue the next contextLinguistic Features of Scientific Literature1)Stylistically(在文体上), literature is a kind of formal writing.Compared with an informal writing which usually utilizes an informal tone and colloquial language, a formal writing is a more serious approach to a subject of great importance and it avoids all colloquial expressions.2) Syntactically(在语句构成上), scientific literature has rigorous grammatical structures, and in most cases is rather unitary.3) Morphologically(在词法上), scientific literature is featured by high specialization, the use of technical terms and jargons, unambiguous implication and the fixed sense of the word.There are more compound words, Latin and Greek words, contracted words, noun clusters and so on in scientific literature than in other informational writing.4) Besides, non-verbal language is also very popular in various literatures such as signs, formulas, charts, tables, photos, etc.When it come Searching for Relevant Literature,there are three usual approaches:1) Global Search全局搜索By “global search” we mean to search for materials around the subject in a largerdimension or within a wider range, i.e., conducting the extensive reading.2) Specific Search特定搜索By “specific search”we mean to search for literature about a certain topic within aspecific area or in a narrower scope.3) Processed Search处理搜索By “processed search” we mean to accumulate and absorb essential information inthe course of literature search and reading.The last question of part one is4. What are the points for attention to information retrieval?（信息检索的要点是什么）POINTS: (1) as to the subjects dealt with, particularly subjects concerning with new information given incidentally; and (2) as to the new result and conclusive ideas reported. Material relating to each subject should then be gathered together in a logical way; and (3) all the sentences generalizing the main ideas of all the original materials should be put together so as to be well-versed, abstract-brief, condensed, complete, yet easily readable.In the final analysis, to digest and absorb useful information is the ultimate purpose of literature search and reading. This is a process of discarding the dross and selecting the essential, eliminating the false and retaining the true, proceeding from the easy to the difficult and from the outer to the inner. It is also a process of reading, selecting, sorting, synthesizing, commenting, rationalizing, systematizing, reprocessing, etc.My partner huangyanglu will give you the rest instruction.。
文献阅读与翻译(精华版)
Unit 1 general description of literature reading and translation1.Definition of LiteratureLiterature is a general term for professional writings in the form of books, papers, and other documentations.As an important means for preserving knowledge, literatures have become precious resources or treasures for the mankind, which have greatly contributed to the social progress of the human race.2.Classification of Literature1) Textbooks（课本） a kind of professional writing（一种专业的写作）2) Monographs（专著） various viewpoints and discussions3) Papers（论文） the theoretical analysis and experimental descriptiontitle, author, affiliation, abstract, keywords, introduction, theoretical analysis and/or experimental description, results and discussion or conclusion, acknowledgments, references4) Encyclopedias(百科全书) every branch of knowledge5) Periodicals （期刊） a series of publications6)Special Documentation（特殊文档） all the printed materials3.Linguistic Features of Scientific Literaturestylistically (文体上) scientific literature is a kind of form writing;syntactically（结构上）scientific literature has rigorous grammatical structures and in most cases is rather unitary;Morphologically（语法上）scientific literaure is featured by high specialization,the use of technical terms and jargons ,unambiguous implication and the fixed sense of the wordPrinciples or Criteria of TranslationWhenever principles or criteria of translation are under discussion in China, Yan Fu’s three- character guide”-----xin, da, ya, namely, faithfulness (信), expressiveness (达), and elegance (雅). These three principle has always been regarded as a plumb-line for measuring the professional level of translation and a goal for translators to strive after. However, in the application of this principle, people come to find some unsatisfactory aspects of the three-character guide and have put foreword a variety of new standards or criteria of translation. Despite a variety of opinions, two criteria are almost unanimously accepted by all, namely, the criterion of faithfulness/accuracy (忠实/准确) and that of smoothness (流畅). We may also take these two criteria as the principle scientific literature translation. By faithful/accuracy, we mean to be faithful not only to the original contents, to the original meaning and views, but also to the original form and style. By smoothness, we mean not only easy and readable rendering, but also idiomatic expression in the target language, free form stiff formula and mechanical copying form dictionaries.Unit 2 professional papers2.1.Definition of professional papersA professional paper is a typewritten paper in which professionals present their views and research findings on a chosen topic. It is variously known as the “research paper”, “course paper”, “thesis paper” or “library paper”. The task of the author of a paper is essentially the same: to read on a particular topic, gather information about it, and report the findings in it.2.2.Classification of professional papers1)Report PaperThe report paper summarizes and reports the findings of another on a particular subject. The writer neither judges nor evaluates the findings, but merely catalogs them in a sensible sequence2) Research paperA research paper can be intelligent, well informed, interesting, and original in its conclusions.3) Course Papercourse papers are written after a specific course is learned or are designed at the end of a term. This type of paper is, therefore, also called “term paper”.4) Thesis Paperthe thesis paper takes a definite stand on an issue. A thesis is a proposition or point of view that a writer or speaker is willing to argue against or defend. A paper that argued for ratification of a certain event would therefore be a thesis paper. Writing a thesis paper requires a writer to exercise judgment, evaluate evidence, and construct a logical argument, whereas writing a report paper does not2.3. Linguistic Features of Professional PapersFormal Style: A professional paper deals with the study of some objective facts or problems, and the conclusion that is drawn should be based on relevant data, not on personal likes and dislikes. Specialized Terms:The terms in professional papers are typically specialized. Even in the same field, the meanings of the same word may vary slightly due to its different collections.Take the word “normal” as an example. Generally, it means “iEee”; but in mathematics, it represents “法线”; and in the field of chemistry, “当量” Again the word “power.” In electronics, it is rendered as “电力” or “电源”; in mechanics, “动力”; whereas in mathematics, “幂”Rigid Sentence Structure:The arguments in professional papers will be convincing if they are presented concisely and concretely. A rigid sentence structure is therefore reflected to meet this requirement.Formatted Elements:Though there are no set rules, a complete professional paper in its finished form usually has a regular format composed of the following elements: the title, author(s), affiliation(s), abstract, keywords, introduction, body of the paper (theoretical description including calculation, inference, reasoning, conclusion, etc. or experimental description including techniques, methods, materials, results and analysis, etc.), acknowledgments, appendices, references or bibliography, etc.Different meaning of story(1)This war is becoming the most important story of this generation. Event这场战争将成为这一代人经历的最重大的事件。
文献阅读与翻译
生词
• • • • • • • • • registration n.登记，注册; mandatory adj.强制的; 命令的; deposit n.储蓄，存款; 保证金;付保证金; penalty n.惩罚; 刑罚; 害处; 足球点球; eligible adj.合适的; n.合格者; 合适者; statutory adj.法定的，法令的; 依照法令的; 可依法处罚的; tangible adj.可触知的; 确实的，真实的; 实际的; choreographic adj.舞蹈艺术的; improvisational adj.即兴的;
unit5 copyrights
• 10.Which Works Are Not Protected? Several categories of material are generally not eligible for statutory copyright protection.These include among others: • 什么著作不受保护？ 几种类别的材料通常不具有法定版权保护的资格。其中包括：
文献阅读与翻译
unit5 copyrights
unit5 pyrights
• Although a copyright registration is not required,the Copyright Act establishes a mandatory deposit requirement for works published in the U.S.In general，the owner of copyright or the owner of exclusive right of publication in the work has a legal obligation to deposit in the Copyright Office,within 3 months of publication in the U.S.,2copies (or,in the case of sound recordings,2 photo records)for the use of the Library of Congress.
《文献阅读与翻译》课件
检索结果筛选
根据作者、时间、期刊、关键词 等因素，筛选出与研究问题相关 的文献。
二、文献阅读技巧
1 标题、摘要、关键词
快速了解文章中心思想和研究方法。
2 正文阅读方法
拆分、分类、对比、整合，提高理解和记忆能力。
3 笔记与总结
归纳、概括、思考，深入理解文章主旨和重点。
三、翻译技巧
翻译方法
根据语境和读者需求，选择合适的翻译方式。
《文献阅读与翻译》PPT 课件
文献阅读与翻译是科研工作和专业翻译不可缺少的基本技能。通过本课程， 你将掌握文献检索、阅读技巧，以及学术论文写作技巧和翻译方法，提高阅 读效率和翻译质量。
一、文献检索
数据库选择
根据学科特点和数据可靠性，选 择合适的文献数据库。
关键词检索
针对问题和目标运用适当的词汇 进行搜索，缩小结果范围。
翻译要点
注意文章文体、结构和特点，准确翻译专业术语。
翻译练习
多听多说多读多写，不断提高翻译能力和水平。
四、总结与展望
1
学习成果
掌握文献阅读和翻译技巧，提高综合素质和学术能力。
2
自我评价
发现不足和不足，制定个人学习计划和提高方案。
3
学习建议
多参加实践、交流、讨论，深入了解学科和专业前沿动态。
参考资料
书籍推荐
• 《如何阅读一本书》 • 《英语写作与翻译》 • 《论文写作与发表》
网站链接
• 万方数据库 • 谷歌学术 • 知网学术
其他资源
• 在线课程 • 研讨会资料 • 专家指导
科技文献阅读与翻译原文及答案-推荐下载
科技文献阅读与翻译原文红色字体为参考答案，自己酌情修改一下，以免雷同。
Section AI Read the text carefully, and try to sum up (in one sentence if possible) the two or three main points, which the writer is makingGun controlA student of the gun control issue will readily perceive the arena is indeed a broad one, in which we must struggle to preserve the right to keep and bear arms. It is a struggle which will test whatever there might be of genius in any of us and it is one which will merit the devoted efforts of every citizen who in the broadest sense can perceive the relationships which our Bill of Rights liberties bear one to another.I suggest we begin our affirmative role immediately in the area of crime control. The truth is that gun control does not equate with crime control. We have an advantage in this fact which we have neither exploited nor advanced convincingly. It is demonstrable that in those sections of the country where gun possession is most prevalent, crime is least. Encouragingly, many moderate and reasonable men among our opponents are beginning to see that our problem is crime control and that gun control is not going to have much, if any, effect upon it. Of course,for reasons-of their own, some of them still say gun control is desirable. For these people we can only wonder, as would any good citizen, what it is they have in mind for us that our possession of guns makes them so nervous.As long as we concur that any measure of gun control equates with some measure of crime control we are in agreement with those who would eliminate our rights. We would then again be backed into defensive position, held for forty years, always losing a little here and a little there unfit finally nothing would be left us.No group of good citizens has ever struggled more conscientiously along the narrow pathway, between hope and moderation on one hand, and the cold facts of efforts to abolish our rights on the other, than the leaders of the National Rifle Association. Every gun owner in America should applaud the action taken by the Executive Committee of the NRA in Washington, D.C. on July 12, 1974: ‘...the NRA opposes any proposed legislation, at any level of government, which is directed against the inanimate firearm rather than against the criminal misuse of firearms.A reasonable degree of order in society must prevail first. Criminals must be controlled first. we are the decent people. We try to be reasonable and we are not fools even though we have so often made mistakes in the past 40 years.many people turn to England as an example for crime control. The fact isthat in England, for hundreds of years, a man found guilty of any one of number of crimes was promptly hanged. Now that a more humanistic generation of Englishmen has lately abolished these stern but effective methods, crime-including armed crime - is sky-rocketing. Recently armed Englishmen, amid a hail of their own bullets, attempted to kidnap the eldest daughter of the reigning Queen of England! Unbelievable! (From an article in Guns and Ammo by Harlan Carter)Suggested answer.The writer believes that gun-owners are good citizens, and everyone should be free to own guns. If we wish to reduce crime, we should not ban guns, but impose harsher punishments for criminals.II In a paragraph of not more than 100 words, say simply what the witnesses thought happened, and what really happened.A séanceA good example of this technique of investigating the reliability of reports is an experiment reported by S·J Davey. He was interested in the kind of phenomena reported during séances and, using quite simple trickery, which he had planned in advance, he reproduced some of the effects popular among the mediums of the day. His audiences were asked to write down accounts of what they had witnessed, and these observations were then compared with what actually happened. Here is a report written by one witness of such a séance. `On entering the dining-room where the séance was held’, so the report runs, every article of furniture was searched and Mr. Davey turned out his pockets.The door was locked and seated, the gas turned out, and they all sat round the table holding hands, including Mr Davey. A musical box on the table played and floated about. Knockings were heard and bright lights seen. The head of a woman appeared, came close and dematerialized. A half-figure of a man was seena few seconds later .He bowed and then disappeared through the ceiling with a scraping noise..’Another witness also described the searching of the room, the sealing of the door, and the disposition of the medium and sitters round the table. the medium and sitters round the table, She alleged that a female head appeared in a strong light and afterwards a bearded man reading a book, who disappeared through the ceiling.A11 the while Mr. Davey’s hands were held tightly by the sitters on either side, and when the gas was relit the door was still locked and the seal unbroken.A third witness’s account was even more sensational. He reported that ‘nothing was prepared beforehand, the séance was quite casual’. Having described the locking and sealing of the door, he went on to say that he was touched by a cold, clammy hand and heard various raps. After that he saw a bluish-white light which hovered over the heads of the sitters and gradually developed into an apparition that was ‘frightful in itsugliness, but so distinct that everyone could see it .... The features were distinct ... a kind of hood covered the head, and the whole resembled the head of a mummy’. After this an even more wonderful spirit appeared. It began with a streak of light and developed by degrees into a bearded man of Oriental appearance. His eyes were stony and fixed, with a vacant listless expression. At the end of the séance the door was still locked and the seal was intact.So much for some of the reports. Now for the reality. The séance was not a casual affair at all, but had been carefully rehearsed beforehand. At the beginning, Mr Davey went through the motion of apparently locking the door, but he turned the key back again so that the door was actually left unlocked. The ‘props’ for the materializations had been stowed away in a cupboard underneath a bookshelf; this was not looked into by the witnesses who searched the room because, just as they were about to do so, Mr Davey diverted their attention by emptying his pockets to show that he had nothing hidden on his person. The phenomena were produced by a confederate who came in by the unlocked door after the lights had been turned out, and while the musical box was playing loudly to drown the noise of his entry. The ‘apparition offrightful ugliness’ was a mask draped in muslin with a cardboard collar coated with luminous paint. The second spirit was the confederate himself, standing on the back of Mr Davey’s chair, his face faintly illuminated by phosphorescent light fromthe pages of a book he was holding. The rasping noise made when the spirits seemed to disappear through the ceiling was caused accidentally, but interpreted by the witnesses according to their conception of what was happening. When the light was turned on the gummed paper that had been used to seal the door had fallen off, but Mr Davey quickly pressed it back into position and then called the witnesses’ attention to the fact that it was ‘still intact.’ Mr Davey’s performances were so convincing that some leading investigators, including the biologist A. R. Wallace, F. R. S., refused to believe him when he said that he had no mediumistic powers and it had all been done by trickery. In effect the conjurer was challenged to prove that he was not a medium!(From Sense and Nonsense in Psychology by H. J. EysenckSuggested answer.The witnesses thought the room was locked, and that they were alone with Mr Davey. They believed that they saw various supernatural phenomena, such as the spirits of a man and a woman, accompanied by strange lights and noises. In fact, the door was not locked, and the effects were produced by a colleague of Mr Davey who came into the room under cover of darkness and the noise of the musical box. He used materials which had been hidden in a cupboard that was not searched because Mr Davey distracted people’s attention at a crucial moment.Read the following text and make notes.HOW CHILDREN FAILMost children in school fail.For a great many this failure is avowed and absolute. Close to forty per cent of those who begin high school drop out before they finish. For college the figure is one in three.Many others fail in fact if not in name. They complete their schooling only because we have agreed to push them up through the grades and out of the schools, whether they know anything or not. There are many more such children than we think. If we 'raise our standards' much higher, as some would have us do, we will find out very soon just how many there are. Our classrooms will bulge with kids who can't pass the test to get into the next class.But there is a more important sense in which almost all children fail: except for a handful, who may or may not be good students, they fail to develop more than a tiny part of the tremendous capacity for learning, understanding, and creating with which they were born and of which they made full use during the first two or three years of their lives.Why do they fail?They fail because they are afraid, bored, and confused.They are afraid, above all else, of failing, of disappointing or displeasing the many anxious adults around them, whose limitless hopes and expectations for them hang over their heads like a cloud.They are bored because the things they are given and told to do in school are so trivial, so dull, and make such limited and narrow demands on the wide spectrum of their intelligence, capabilities, and talents.They are confused because most of the torrent of words that pours over them in school makes little or no sense. It often flatly contradicts other things they have been told, and hardly ever has any relation to what they really know - to the rough model of reality that they carry around in their minds.How does this mass failure take place? What really goes on in the classroom? What are these children who fail doing? What goes on in their heads? Why don't they make use of more of their capacity?This book is the rough and partial record of a search for answers to these questions. It began as a series of memos written in the evenings to my colleague and friend Bill Hull, whose fifth-grade class I observed and taught in during the day. Later these memos were sent to other interested teachers and parents. A small number of these memos make up this book. They have not been much rewritten, but they have been edited and rearranged under four major topics: Strategy; Fear and Failure; Real Learning; and How Schools Fail. Strategy deals with the ways in whichchildren try to meet, or dodge, the demands that adults make on them in school. Fear and Failure deals with the interaction in children of fear and failure, and the effect of this on strategy and learning. RealLearning deals with the difference between what children appear to know or are expected to know, and what they really know. How SchoolsFail analyses the ways in which schools foster bad strategies, raise children's fears, produce learning which is usually fragmentary, distorted, and short-lived, and generally fail to meet the real needs of children. These four topics are clearly not exclusive. They tend to overlap and blend into each other. They are, at most, different ways of looking at and thinking about the thinking and behaviour of children.It must be made clear that the book is not about unusually bad schools or backward children. The schools in which the experiences described here took place are private schools of the highest standards and reputation. With very few exceptions, the children whose work is described are well above the average in intelligence and are, to all outward appearances, successful, and on their way to 'good' secondary schools and colleges. Friends and colleagues, who understand what I am trying to say about the harmful effect of today's schooling on the character and intellect of children, and who have visited many more schools than I have, tell me that the schools I have not seen are not a bit better than those I have, and very often are worse.How children fail by John Holt, Pitman, 1965Suggested answer.HOW CHILDREN FAILMost children in school fail.o High School - forty per cento College - thirty three per cent.o Others in fact if not name - complete becausepushed, know anythingo But, more importantly, fail to developfull capacity for learning.Why ? Fail because: afraid, bored, and confused.o afraid of failing, disappointing adultso bored because they given trivial, dull, thingsto doo confused because most of school makes littleor no sense, flatly contradicts other things ,no relation to what they really knowHow? Search for answers to questions:o Strategy - ways in which children try to meet, ordodge, the demands made on themo Fear and Failure - interaction in children of fearand failure, + effect on strategy and learning.o Real Learning - compares what childrenappear to know with what really know.o How Schools Fail - ways: schools foster badstrategies; raise children's fears; producefragmentary, distorted & short-lived learning;fail to meet real needsRead the following text quickly and answer the questions.1.When were X-rays discovered?2.Who discovered them?3.What are the four characteristics of X-rays?The Discovery of X-raysExcept for a brief description of the Compton effect, and a few other remarks, we have postponed the discussion of X-rays until the present chapter because it is particularly convenient to treat X-ray spectra after treating optical spectra. Although this ordering may have given the reader a distorted impression of the historical importance of X-rays, this impression will be corrected shortly as we describe the crucial role played by X-rays in the development of modern physics.X-rays were discovered in 1895 by Roentgen while studying the phenomena of gaseous discharge. Using a cathode ray tube with a high voltage of several tens of kilovolts, he noticed that salts of barium would fluoresce when brought near the tube, although nothing visible was emitted by the tube. This effect persisted when the tube was wrapped with a layer of black cardboard. Roentgen soon established that theagency responsible for the fluorescence originated at the point at which the stream of energetic electrons struck the glass wall of the tube. Because of its unknown nature, he gave this agency the name X-rays. He found that X-rays could manifest themselves by darkening wrapped photographic plates, discharging charged electroscopes, as well as by causing fluorescence in a number of different substances. He also found that X-rays can penetrate considerable thicknesses of materials of low atomic number, whereas substances of high atomic number are relatively opaque. Roentgen took the first steps in identifying the nature of X-rays by using a system of slits to show that (1) they travel in straight lines, and that (2) they are uncharged, because they are not deflected by electric or magnetic fields.The discovery of X-rays aroused the interest of all physicists, and many joined in the investigation of their properties. In 1899 Haga and Wind performed a single slit diffraction experiment with X-rays which showed that (3) X-rays are a wave motion phenomenon, and, from the size of the diffraction pattern, their wavelength could be estimated to be 10-8 cm. In 1906 Barkla proved that (4) the waves are transverse by showing that they can be polarized by scattering from many materials.There is, of course, no longer anything unknown about the nature of X-rays. They are electromagnetic radiation of exactly the same nature as visible light, except that their wavelength is several orders of magnitudeshorter. This conclusion follows from comparing properties 1 through 4 with the similar properties of visible light, but it was actually postulated by Thomson several years before all these properties were known. Thomson argued that X-rays are electromagnetic radiation because such radiation would be expected to be emitted from the point at which the electrons strike the wall of a cathode ray tube. At this point, the electrons suffer very violent accelerations in coming to a stop and, according to classical electromagnetic theory, all accelerated charged particles emit electromagnetic radiations. We shall see later that this explanation of the production of X-rays is at least partially correct.In common with other electromagnetic radiations, X-rays exhibit particle-like aspects as well as wave-like aspects. The reader will recall that the Compton effect, which is one of the most convincing demonstrations of the existence of quanta, was originally observed with electromagnetic radiation in the X-ray region of wavelengths.AnswersRead the following text quickly and answer the questions.1.When were X-rays discovered?2.Who discovered them?3.What are the four characteristics of X-rays?1.18952.Roentgen3.1. they travel in straight lines2. they are uncharged3. they are a wave motion phenomenon4. the waves are transverseSection DTranslate the following passage into Chinese:When you are researching, write down every idea, fact, quotation, or paraphrase on a separate index card. Small (5" by 3") cards are easiest to work with. When you've collected all your cards,reshuffle them into the best possible order, and you have an outline, though you will undoubtedly want to reduce this outline to the essential points should you transcribe it to paper.A useful alternative involves using both white and coloured cards. When you come up with a point that you think may be one of the main points in your outline, write it at the top of a coloured card.Put each supporting note on a separate white card, using as much of the card as necessary. When you feel ready, arrange the coloured cards into a workable plan. Some of the points may not fit in. If so, either modify the plan or leave these points out. You may need to fill gaps by creating new cards.You can shuffle your supporting material into the plan by placing each of the white cards behind the point it helps support.当你正在研究,写下每一个想法,事实上,报价,或意译在单独的索引卡。
Unit1文献阅读与翻译第一章
Literal translation
The so-called literal translation, superficially speaking, means “not to alter the original words and sentences”; strictly speaking, it strives “to keep the sentiments and style of the original.” It takes sentences as its basic units and takes the whole text (discourse) into consideration at the same time in the course of translation. Furthermore, it strives to reproduce both the ideological content and the style of the original works and retains as much as possible the figures of speech.
In the application of literal translation, we should endeavor to rid ourselves of stiff patterns and rigid adherence to translation rules, trying to be flexible; while in the practice of free translation, we should be cautious of subjectivity, avoiding groundless affirmation or arbitrary fabrication. In actual practice, we often alternate or combine these two approaches instead sticking to either.
人教版选择性必修1 UNIT 1 Reading 课文翻译
UNIT 1 Reading and ThinkingTU YOUYOU AWARDED NOBEL PRIZE6 October 2015This year's Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine has been awarded to Tu Youyou (co-winner), whose research led to the discovery of artemisinin, a crucial new treatment for malaria. Artemisinin has saved hundreds of thousands of lives, and has led to improved health for millions of people. Over 200 million people around the world get malaria each year, and about 600, 000 die from it. Artemisinin has become a vital part of the treatment for malaria, and is thought to save 100, 000 lives a year in Africa alone.屠呦呦获诺贝尔奖2015年10月6日今年的诺贝尔生理学或医学奖授予了屠呦呦(共同获奖者)，她的研究导致了青蒿素的发现。
这是一种治疗疟疾的关键新药物。
青蒿素挽救了数十万人的生命，改善了数百万人的健康。
全世界每年有2亿多人罹患疟疾，约60万人死于疟疾。
青蒿素已成为治疗疟疾的重要组成部分，据信仅在非洲每年就能挽救10万人的生命。
Tu Youyou, a committed and patient scientist, was born in Ningbo, China, on 30 December 1930, and graduated from Peking University Medical School in 1955. After she graduated, she worked at the China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Beijing. In 1967, the Chinese government formed a team of scientists with the objective of discovering a new treatment for malaria, and Tu Youyou was among the first researchers chosen. In the beginning, Tu Youyou went to Hainan, where malaria was more common, to study malaria patients. In 1969, she became the head of the project in Beijing, and decided to review ancient Chinese medical texts to find traditional botanical treatments for the disease. Her team examined over 2, 000 old medical texts, and evaluated 280,000 plants for their medical properties. From their research, they discovered and tested 380 distinct ancient Chinese medical treatments that showed promise in the fight against malaria.屠呦呦，一位坚定而耐心的科学家，1930年12月30日出生于中国宁波，1955年毕业于北京大学医学院。
研究生英语阅读教程课文参考译文(L11)
第十一课 A真正的高度戴维纳斯特（1）困难越大，战胜困难就越令人感到自豪。
——莫里哀（2）当天空黑暗到一定程度的时候你就会看到那满天闪烁的星星。
——查尔斯A 比亚德（3）此刻，他的手掌正在冒汗。
他需要一块毛巾来擦干手掌和他紧握着的撑竿。
一杯冰水解除了他的干渴，但是却不能使他那紧张的心冷静下来。
他感到那块坐在身下的阿斯特罗草皮和他今天将面临的全国青少年奥林匹克运动会上的竞争一样炽热。
横竿被设置在 17 英尺的位置，这比他个人的最好成绩要高出 3 英寸。
迈克尔斯通正面临着他撑杆跳高生涯中最富有挑战性的一天。
（4）虽然竞赛决赛已经结束一个多小时了，看台上的观众还有两万多人。
撑杆跳是田径比赛中真正具有魅力的项目。
它将体操的优美和身体的力量结合起来。
它还具有飞翔的因素，而且观众一想到运动员能飞到两层楼那么高真不可思意。
此时此刻不仅是迈克尔斯通的现实和梦想，还是他的探索。
（5）在迈克尔的记忆里，他一直梦想着能够飞翔。
在他的成长过程中，妈妈读了许多关于飞翔的故事给他听。
她的故事为他描述的总是飞翔时俯瞰大地的情景。
每当她读到细节的时候，她就充满了兴奋和激情，这使得迈克尔的梦想也充满了迷人的色彩和美丽。
迈克尔不停地重温着这样一个梦想 : 他沿着乡村小道飞奔，他能感觉到脚下的岩石和大块的泥土。
当沿着镶着金边的麦浪奔跑的时候，他总会超过从身边经过的火车。
就在那一刻，他会深深地吸一口气，然后猛地腾空而起，像一只雄鹰一样高高地“飞翔”。
（6）无论“飞”向何处，他都会飞到妈妈为他讲述的那些故事里 ; 无论“飞”向何方，妈妈的关爱之情都会追随到那里。
但是，另一方面，他的爸爸却不是一个爱做梦的人。
泊特斯通是一位现实主义的铁杆分子。
他坚信做事要付出艰辛的努力和汗水。
他的座右铭是：“如果你想得到什么，那么就努力去干吧！”（7）从 14 岁起，迈克尔就是这么做的。
他首先是从一项谨慎而系统的举重训练开始的。
他每隔一天练举重，每隔另一天练跑步。
文献翻译及原文
本科生毕业设计（论文）外文科技文献译文译文题目晕轮效应和睡眠者效应（外文题目）Halo Effect and Sleeper Effect 学院(系) 经济与管理学院专业学号学生姓名日期2012年6月指导教师签名日期晕轮效应晕轮效应或晕圈错误是一种认知偏见，我们所判断的一个人的个性可以影响我们的整体印象。
这种效应能够在庭院到教室以及日常的互动中被发现。
晕轮效应是由心理学家Edward Thorndike给定的名称，自那时以来，一些研究人员已经研究了有关于吸引力的晕轮效应，以及它在司法和教育系统的影响。
这种心理反应在名人广告中得到充分体现，从而使名人对普通消费者具有很大的影响力。
由于名人在社会上的知名度和社会地位较高，受到社会大众的仰慕和喜爱，是人们心目中追求的偶像，经常受到人们的注意和评价。
因而，选择声望很高的明星来向消费大众推荐商品，可使广告的商品“借光”而身价倍增，因为人们相信明星们所肯定或追求享用的商品必定是值得信赖的，是值得仿效的。
明星知名度的借用必将会大大提高广告商品的印象与销售地位，树立品牌的知名度，加强商品的竞争力，确保产品的销售份额。
1.历史Edward Thorndike因他对教育心理学的贡献而闻名，创造了这个术语“晕轮效应”，他是第一个用实证研究来支持它的人，他在其1920年的文章中给这种现象起了一个名称“在心理评级的固定误差”。
他在此前1915年的一个研究当中写道，估计出同一人的品质高度均匀相关。
在“固定误差”中，Thorndike开始重复这项研究，希望能说清楚他认为存在于这些评级中的偏见。
1.1支持性证据Thorndike的第一个研究《晕轮效应》出版于1920年。
这项研究包括两名指挥官，他们被要求在身体素质方面评估他们的士兵(整洁度、声音、体格、耐力、和能量)，以及智力，领导技能和个人品质(包括可靠性、忠诚度、责任感、无私精神和合作精神)。
Thorndike的目的是看看评级的一个特点怎样影响其它特征。
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U1 General Description
II. Translation
1. Put the following sentences into Chinese, using either literal or free translation. 1) It was the best of times, it was the worst of times; it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness; it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity; it
was the season of the Light, it was the season of Darkness; it was the spring of Hope,
it was the winter of Despair; we had everything before us, we had nothing before us; we were all going to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way.
这是最美好的时期，这是最坏的时期，这是智慧的年代，这是愚蠢的年代，这
是从满信仰的时代，这是顾虑重重的时代，这是光明的季节，这是黑暗的季节，这是富有希望的春天，这是充满绝望的寒冬；我们拥有一切，我们一无所有；
我们正笔直走向天堂，我们正笔直走向地狱。
2) A greeting card can warm a heart, hold a hand, lend an ear, pat a back, light up a face, tickle a funny bone, dry an eye, surprise a child, woo a sweetheart, toast a bride, welcome a stranger, wave a good-bye, shout a bravo, blow a kiss, mend a quarrel, ease a pain, boost a morale, stop a worry and start a tradition.
一张小小贺卡可以温暖一颗心，握紧一双手，倾听肺腑言，轻拍友人背；它另
人喜洋洋，撩得心痒痒，抹去泪汪汪；它给孩子以惊喜，给恋人以温纯，给新
娘以祝福，给路人以欢迎；它可用以挥手道别，高声喝彩，遥寄飞吻，也可用
以弥补嫌隙，减轻痛苦，提高士气，解除忧虑，开创一种新风尚。
2. Put the following passage into Chinese.
As an important means for preserving knowledge, various literatures have become precious resources or treasures for the mankind, which have greatly contributed to the social progress of the human race.
Professional literatures have been regarded as “intangible assets” of the whole world because they are, on the one hand, the summary, generalization, and development of the achievements obtained on the basis of previous experiences or studies; and on the other hand, they have been accumulated and handed down from generation to generation. In this sense, therefore, all kinds of literature are records of precious research findings and academic achievements, and the crystallization of human civilization.
作为一种重要的知识储备手段，各类文献已成为宝贵的资源宝藏，大大促进了
人类社会的进步。
专业文献一向被认为是全世界的“无形财产”。
因为一方面它们是对前人的经验
或研究成果的总结，概括和发现；另一方面，又是人类长期积累、世代相传的
遗产。
因此，从这种意义上讲，一切文献都是前人的研究发现和学术成就的宝
贵记载，是人类文化的结晶。
3. Put the following passage into English.
翻泽的意义是将词句从一种语言转换成另一种语言。
简单地讲，它是用与原作
不同的语言将作者的真正意思准确地复述出来的一种艺术。
从以上翻译的定义
来看，我们知道词句的原意必须尽可能保持准确，不可有所增删。
翻译者的任
务只是变换词汇而不是改变其意思。
因此，翻译有两种要素：准确性与表达性。
准确性是翻译的首要条件。
译者必须谨慎地遵循原作者的意思。
字词的选择与
句式结构必须如实传达原作的思想。
表达性是使译文易于理解。
换言之，译者
必须用自己的文字尽可能将原作思想清楚而有力地表达出来。
准确性是使译文
的意义确切无误，而表达性则是使译文生动，引人入胜。
Translation means the conversion of an expression into another language. To say plainly it is an art to reproduce the exact idea of the author by means of a language different from the original. From the above definition of translation we know that the original thought of the expression must be kept as exactly as possible. Nothing should be added to or taken away from the original work. The duty of the translator is simply to change the vocabulary not the thought. In translation therefore, there are two essential elements: accuracy and expressiveness.
Accuracy is the first requisite of translation. The translator must stick to the a uthor’s idea. Words selected and sentences constructed must be of such nature as will convey the exact original thought. Expressiveness is to make the translation readily understood. In other words, the translator must express his author’s idea as clearly and as forcibly as he can by the medium he employs. Accuracy is to make the thought definite and exact; while expressiveness is to make the translation vivid and attractive.。