英语写作之Paragraph PPT课件

主题句中不应包含过多的意思，以免影响段落的 统一性。
San Francisco is famous for its temperate climate, its many tourist attractions and its cosmopolitan(世界性的) atmosphere.
Too many ideas
Summarizing: all in all, all things considered, briefly speaking, by and large, in any case, in any event, in brief, in conclusion, on the whole, in short, in summary, in the final analysis, in the long run, to sum up, to summarize
Sample 4
Transition
Good transitions should be used to make one sentence run smoothly to another
Ways of transition:
Transition
Ways of transition: using parallel structures repeating words or word groups using pronouns to refer to nouns in preceding
Emphasis: above all, chiefly, especially, specifically, with attention to, particularly, in particular
Direction: here, there, over there, beyond, nearly, opposite, under, above, to the left, to the right, in the distance
Exception: aside from, besides, except, except for, excluding, exclusive of, other than, outside of
Restatement: in essence, in other words, namely, that is, that is to say, in short, in brief, to put it differently
Coherence
The sentences in a paragraph should be arranged in a clear, logical order.
A paragraph is coherent when each sentence in it naturally leads to the next sentence in explaining and developing the central idea.
Stop=Concluding Sentence
What kind of health problems does cigarette smoking cause？
We all know that cigarette smoking is a dangerous habit because it causes health problems．Doctors say it can be a direct cause of cancer of the lungs and throat and can also contribute to cancer of other organs． In addition， it can bring about other health problems such as heart and lung diseases． It is clearly identified as one of the chief causes of death in our society．
The central theme is usually summarized in the topic sentence.
Place of topic sentence: beginning, middle, end, implied.
Please identify the topic sentence in each paragraph
San Francisco is famous for its temperate
climate / many tourist attractions / cosmopolitan
atmosphere.
Good
Homework
Task 3 Supply a topic sentence for each paragraph.
Steps in Writing a Paragraph
Step 1: Give a topic sentence (Think of the theme or main idea, and express it in a complete sentence)
Step 2: Think of the details or examples or facts that may be used to support or explain the main idea.
Step 3: Work out an outline to arrange the details or examples or facts in logical order.
Three main parts of a paragraph
GO=Topic Sentence
Continue=Supporting Sentence
Part Four The Paragraph
Contents of This Part
I. Criteria of an effective paragraph II. Steps in writing a paragraph III. Ways of developing paragraphs
Sample 1 Beginning
Californians and New Englanders are both American. They speak the same language and abide by the same laws. However, they are very different in their ways of life. Mobility has made a great impression on the culture of Californians, lack of mobility is the mark of the customs and morality
of New Englanders. Middle
Sample 2 Sample 3
End Implied
How to write a good topic sentence?
1. A topic sentence should be neither too general nor too specific. If it is too general, the reader cannot tell exactly what the paragraph is going to discuss. If it is too specific, the writer may not have anything left to write about in the rest of the paragraph.
Contrast and Comparison: comparatively, identically, likewise, similarly, in contrast, conversely, instead, on one hand, on the other hand, on the contrary, rather, yet, but, however, still, nevertheless
What iBiblioteka a paragraph?A paragraph is a unit of thought.
Paragraphs vary in length.
Criteria of an Effective Paragraph
unified Unity coherent Coherence
主题句既不能太笼统，也不能太详细。 前者会 使要讨论的内容不明确，后者会影响开展下文。
Example: American food is tasteless and greasy(油腻的) because Americans use too many canned, frozen and prepackaged foods and because they fry everything in oil or butter.
Sequence: at first, first of all, to begin with, in the first place, at the same time, for now, for the time being, the next step, in turn, later on, meanwhile, next, then, soon, the meantime, later, while, earlier, simultaneously, afterward, finally
sentences being consistent in the person and number of