电动汽车用蓄电池的技术状况及发展前景外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
电动汽车相关课题外文资料翻译
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系（院）：电子与电气工程学院专业：电气工程及其自动化姓名：学号：外文出处：2007 HERE COME THE... CLEANER,GREENER CARS附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文2007年来了...清洁，环保汽车一个全新的领域，在柴油发动机上使用电气混合燃料电池。
这个说法是针对混合动力汽车：美国人爱他们，不过只是猜测。
一些环保人士一直在疑惑，有没有更大的混合电池组，能不能够直接插在墙上进行充电，能不能提供动力让你开车去上班，电力与小型燃气发动机使其变为可能。
这个概念最初是一个环保主义者的梦想，是来自的费利克斯克莱默，他推动了公用事业支持插件的合作。
但现在电动汽车走向市场,就像其他高科技绿色汽车当年发展的情况一样。
清洁汽车新的一天清洁和环保汽车技术正在蒸蒸日上。
可充电混合动力车,在工业发展上展现了比1900年的黄金岁月高很多的研究和开发热情。
当汽油、蒸汽、电动车在市场上进行竞争，许多公司如通用汽车、还在嘲弄像罗杰和我这样的人,是谁扼杀了电动汽车的发展?事实上,美国通用汽车公司是第一个成功制造出了可充电混合动力车的公司,他们使用了一个有趣的新方法。
他们正在研发一种全新的推进系统,在最近的底特律车展上展示,那就是雪佛兰伏特。
随着seesawing对未来石油和汽油价格的不确定性，美国人终于将注意力集中在寻找燃油经济性车辆和展望他们的下一个大型多功能运动型车。
一个由具有很大影响力的公司JD Power and Associates去年夏天对消费者的调查发现，让人吃惊的是有57%的受访者会考虑购买他们的下一个混合动力汽车，有49%的购车者会考虑E85乙醇动力汽车。
另一项由Frost＆Sullivan的调查发现约有80%的人更关注较一年前的燃油价格。
几乎有一半的人说，如果燃油价格持续上涨的话他们会考虑购买更省油的汽车或混合动力汽车。
而从居住在美国的市民的调查中发现，有五分之一的让人印象深刻的说道，他们也开始使用替代交通工具：诸如自行车，步行，公共交通和电动汽车等等。
轮毂式电动汽车驱动系统外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
轮毂式电动汽车驱动系统外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译The wheel type electric car is a type of electric car thatutilizes a driving system。
There are two main forms of this system: the direct driving type ___。
This system is installed on the wheel hub of the motor。
___。
n。
main cer。
___。
it allows for the ___。
making electric control technology possible。
As a result。
the wheel type electric car is expected to e the ___ electric cars.2.Advantages and disadvantagesThe wheel type electric car has many advantages。
First。
it has a simple and compact structure。
Second。
it has high n efficiency。
which improves the overall performance of the car。
Third。
it has good ___。
it has a low noise level。
However。
there are also some disadvantages。
First。
the cost of the wheel type electric car is relatively high。
Second。
the maintenance costis also high。
Third。
the wheel type electric car has ___.The wheel type electric car has a simple and compact structure。
国外关于新能源汽车的文献
国外关于新能源汽车的文献
1.'TheFutureofElectricVehicles:OpportunitiesandChallenges'(英国)-这篇文献讨论了电动汽车的未来发展趋势、机遇和挑战，探讨了政策、技术和市场等方面的影响因素。
2. 'Electric Vehicle Policies and Market Development in China' (中国) - 这篇文献主要介绍了中国的新能源汽车政策和市场发展情况，分析了政策实施效果和未来发展趋势。
3. 'The Impact of Electric Vehicles on the Power Grid' (美国) - 这篇文献探讨了电动汽车对电网的影响，包括充电需求、电网负荷和能源管理等方面的问题。
4. 'Battery Technology for Electric Vehicles' (日本) - 这篇文献介绍了电动汽车用电池技术的发展历程，讨论了不同类型电池的优缺点和应用范围。
5. 'The Economics of Electric Vehicles' (德国) - 这篇文献分析了电动汽车的经济学特征，包括成本结构、市场需求和政策支持等方面的因素。
6. 'The Role of Renewable Energy in Electric Vehicle Charging' (丹麦) - 这篇文献讨论了可再生能源在电动汽车充电方面的应用和前景，探讨了能源转型和环保需求等方面的关联。
- 1 -。
外文文献原文和翻译---蓄电池
DescriptionTechnical FieldThe present invention relates to a power source system having a power accumulator for supplying when a commercial power source oe other interruptible power source breaks down,a power supply control method Of the power source system,a power supply control program Of the power source system,a computer readable recoding medium having power supply control program Of the power source system recoded thereon.Background ArtIn recent years ,a power accumulator has drawn wide attention and been used as backup power source.A backup power source is changed when a commercial power source operated normally,and continues supply power to equipment in place of the commercial power source when commercial power source has a defect.Examples of such a backup power source include a UPS（Uninterruptive Power Source）.By instantaneously switching the commercial power source to an output of the backup power source in case of power outage,a computer or a storage unit in use,as well as network equipment such as a server are prevented from being stopped.Such a backup power source combined with the power accumulator is controlled to maintain residual capacity representing the state of charge at a high level.In this system,generally because surplus power is charged in power accumulator efficiently by a power generation action of an electric motor,charge|discharge control is performed so that the SOC does not exceed 100%.In order to supply power to the electric motor when necessary,charge|discharge control is performed so that the SOC does not decrease to 0(zero).Specially,normally in power accumulator,the control is performed so that the SOC fluctuates within a range of 20% to 80%.With regard to elevators,on the other hand,a hybrid elevator that has a cage and a counterweight to inhibit unnecessary power consumption during the operation of hybrid elevator has been developed.Such a hybrid elevator utilizes the power of its battery at the time of power outage,so that in case of power outage or other abnormal state during of operation of the hybrid elevator,the power for driving the elevator is supplied from a power source to carry the elevator to the nearest floor or any floor and safely retrieve the passage from the stage.The following method is proposed as a method for controlling an automatic landing device of the elevator.Patent Document 1,for example,discloses a method for detecting the output voltage ,output current,and a temperature of a battery power source to perform a rescue operation in response to the power supply capacity of the battery power source.Here,as a method for calculating the power supply capacity,a method for calculating the power supply capacity from the open voltage,internal resistance,and minimum voltage(operable voltage) of the battery power source is generally known ,as shown is equation (1) below.The minimum voltage used for calculating the power supply capacity is set with a certain degree of margin,in view of the life of the battery power source .Power Supply Capacity= minimum voltage*(open voltage - minimum voltage)\internal resistance (1)Moreover,the hybrid elevator has to always secure energy amount for carrying the elevator to a necessary floor in case of emergency during the normal operation of commercial power source ,and thereon a large power accumulator with a large capacity required.In the method disclosed in Patent Document 1,the output voltage and the voltage set value are compared with each other by a discharge time and discharge state of the battery is detected by the magnitude relation there between to control the operation of the elevator.Therefore,when the power supply capacity of the battery power source is low,the power supply capacity will be lost,thereby stopping the power supply from the battery.In this case,because charging of the battery power source is started after the interruptible power source returns ,and the rescue operation is conducted upon completion of the charging,the elevator cannot be carried to the nearest floor to perform rescue operation in the case of an abnormal situation of the interruptible power source.As a result,the passengers remain trapped in the elevator.Moreover,when the interruptible power source is stopped due to disaster like as in the hybrid elevator,it is necessary for the backup power source to ensure the minimum power supply capacity for enabling minimum operation. Consequently,because a margin becomes necessary in the capacity of the backup power source,a large power accumulator is necessary.In addition,the minimum voltage used for calculating the power supply capacity has a margin,in view of the life property.Therefore,the value of the actual power supply capacity is smaller than the that of the primary power supply capacity of the power accumulator.Disclosure of inventionAn object of the present invention is to provide a power source system capable of realizing at least the minimum backup function ,increasing the life duration of a power accumulator,and reducing the size of the power accumulator by temporarily improving the power supply capacity of a power accumulator when an interruptible power source is stopped by disaster or the like.The present invention also provide a power supply control method of the power source system ,a power supply control program Of the power source system and a computer readable recoding medium having power supply control program Of the power source system recoded thereon.A power source system according to an aspect of the present invention has:a power unit for supplying power to a load service;a power accumulator for supplying the power to a load service in place of the power unit when the power unit is stopped,and a controller for controlling power supply from the power accumulator to a load service;wherein the controller sets an operable voltage,which is determined as an output voltage foe ending discharge of the power accumulator,at a first voltage when the power unit is operated,and sets the operable voltage at a second voltage lower than the first voltage when the power unit is stopped ,thereby increasing the power supplied to the load device by the power accumulator.According to the power source system described above,the power supply capacity of the power accumulator can be improved by reducing the operable voltage of the power accumulator when the power unit is stopped,the operable voltage being set during the normal operation of the power unit.Furthermore,because the operable voltage of the power accumulator is reduced after the power unit is stopped,and the number of the times that the power accumulator is over-discharged duo to the decrease in the operable voltage can be prevented from increasing.,the life duration of the power accumulator can be increased.In addition,the size of the power accumulator can be reduced because it is not necessary to increase the capacity of the power accumulator beforehand in the light of an increase in power supply when the power unit is stopped.Brief description pf the drawings:[Fig.1 ] Fig.1 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a power source system according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention.Best Mode For Carrying the invention.(Embodiment 1)Fig.1 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a power source system according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention.As shown in Fig.1,a power source system 10 according to the present invention has an interruptible power source 100,a load device 200,a power accumulator 300,a charge|discharge control device 400,a power supply control device 500,and an electric control unit 600.The interruptible power source 100 is ,for example ,a commercial power source,such as a generator having an engine as a source of power.The power accumulator 300 stores surplus power from the interruptible power source 100 and regenerative electric power generated by the load device 200,and supplies the stored electric power to the load device 200 according to need.The power accumulator 300 is configured by connecting N number of electric power accumulation element blocks B1,B2,......BN in series.Each of the electric power accumulation element blocks B1,B2,......BN is configured electrically connecting a plurality of electrical storage elements 301 series.An alkaline storage battery such as a nickel hydride battery ,an organic battery such as a lithium-ion battery ,and an electrical double layer capacitor can be used as each of the electrical storage elements 301 .Note that the number N of electric power accumulation element blocks and the the number of the electrical storage elements 301 are not particularly limited.The power accumulator 300 has a predetermined range of operating voltage determined beforehand ,so that the battery characteristics,life duration and reliability of the power accumulator 300 are not degraded.Operable voltage,which is the minimum voltage (final voltage) of this operating voltage range is the voltage for ending discharge of the power accumulator 300 .During the normal operation ,when the output voltage of the power accumulator 300 falls below the operable voltage,discharge of the power accumulator 300;namely,power supply from he power accumulator 300,is stopped.However,power supply from the power accumulator 300 is possible until the output voltage of the power accumulator 300 falls below the operable voltage;namely,by reducing the operable voltage.In this case,the power accumulator 300 is over-discharged temporarily,but the the battery characteristics and the like of thepower accumulator 300 are not impinged so long as the discharge of the power accumulator 300 is executed without degrading the the battery characteristics,life duration and reliability of the power accumulator 300.The charge|discharge control device 400 controls charge|discharge of the power accumulator 300.The charge|discharge control device 400 is connected to the interruptible power source 100,load device 200 and power accumulator 300,and controls the charge from the interruptible power source 100 to the power accumulator 300 and the discharge from the power accumulator 300 to the load device 200.When consumption current of the load device 200 increases drastically or the electric power required by the load device 200 exceeds predetermined value , The charge|discharge control device 400 discharges the insufficient electric power from the power accumulator 300 to the load device 200 .The charge|discharge control device 400 performs the charge|discharge control such that the SOC of the power accumulator 300 normally falls within an approximate range of 20% to 80%.However,a load leveling power source or a plug-in hybrid vehicle that effectively utilizes night power is charged when the SOC is 100%,and is discharged when the load device thereof requires energy.The power supply control device 500 controls power supply from the power accumulator 300 to the load device 200 when the interruptible power source 100 is stopped.The total control ECU 600 is connected to the charge|discharge control device 400 and the power supply control device 500 to control the entire power source system 10 .Next,the power supply control device 500 of the power source system 10 according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention is described. In Fig.1 the power supply control device 500 has a voltage measuring part 501,a current measuring part 502, a temperature measuring part 503,a communication 504 ,and a controller 520.外文参考文献翻译描述：科学领域：该项发明和一种当商业性供电或其他间断电源损坏时拥有提供电源供应的的动力蓄电池，一种电源系统的电源供应控制程序，一个拥有电源系统已经刻录好的程序的电源控制程序的计算机的可读记录媒介。
国内混合动力汽车发展外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
英文翻译China Hybrid Electric Vehicle Development With the depletion of oil resourcesIncrease awareness of environmental protection, hybrid vehicles and electric vehicles will become the first decades of the new century, the development of mainstream cars and automobile industry become the consensus of all of the industry. The Chinese government also has the National High Technology Research and Development Program (863 Program) specifically listed, including hybrid vehicles, including electric cars of major projects. At present, China's independent innovation of new energy vehicles in the process, adhere to the government support to core technology, key components and system integration focusing on the principles established in hybrid electric vehicles, pure electric vehicles, fuel cell vehicles as a "three vertical " To vehicle control systems, motor drive systems, power battery / fuel cell for the "three horizontal" distribution of R & D, through close links between production cooperation, China's independent innovation of hybrid cars has made significant progress.With completely independent intellectual property rights form the power system technology platform, established a hybrid electric vehicle technology development. Is the core of hybrid vehicles batteries (including battery management system) technology. In addition, also include engine technology, motor control, vehicle control technology, engine and electrical interface between the power conversion and is also the key. From the current situation, China has established a hybrid electric vehicle power system through Cooperative R & D technology platforms and systems, made a series ofbreakthroughs for vehicle development has laid a solid foundation. As of January31, 2009, Technology in hybrid vehicles, China Intellectual Property Office to receive and open for the 1116 patent applications in China. In 1116 patent applications, invention 782 (authority for the 107), utility model for the 334. Mastered the entire vehicle key development, the formation of a capability todevelop various types of electric vehicles. Hybrid cars in China in systems integration, reliability, fuel economy and other aspects of the marked progress in achieving fuel economy of different technical solutions can be 10% -40%. Meanwhile, the hybrid vehicle automotive enterprises and industrial R & D investment significantly enhanced, accelerating the pace of industrialization. Currently, domestic automakers have hybrid vehicles as the next major competitive products in the strategic high priority, FAW, Dongfeng, SAIC Motor, Changan, Chery, BYD, etc. have put a lot of manpower, material resources,Hybrid prototyping has been completed, and some models have achievedlow-volume market. FAW Group Development Goal: By 2012, the Group plans to build an annual capacity of 11,000 hybrid cars, hybrid bus production base of 1000. FAW Group since 1999 and a new energy vehicles for theoretical research and development work, and the development of a red car performance hybrid sample. "15" period, the FAW Group is committed to the national "863" major project in the "red card in series hybrid electric vehicle research and development" mission, officially began the research and development of new energy vehicles. Beginning in 2006, FAW B70 in the Besturn, based on the technology for hybrid-based research, the original longitudinal into transverse engine assembly engine assembly, using a transverse engine and dual-motor hybrid technology. At the same time, FAW also pay close attention to the engine, mechanical and electrical integration, transmission, vehicle control networks, vehicle control systems development, the current FAW hybrid electric car has achieved 42% fuel saving effect, reached the international advanced level.Jiefang CA6100HEV Hybrid Electric Bus FAW "Liberation brand CA6100HEV Hybrid Electric Bus" project is a national "863" electric vehicle major projects funded project, with pure electric drive, the engine alone drives (and charge), the joint drive motor starts the engine, and sliding regenerative braking 5 kinds of basicoperation. The power hybrid electric bus and economy to the leading level, 38% fuel economy than traditional buses, emissions reduced by 30%. Red Flag CA7180AE hybrid cars Red Flag hybrid cars CA7180AE according to the national "863 Plan" is the first in complete with industrial prospects of the car, itis built on the basis of red car with good performance and operational smoothness. Series which is a hybrid sedan, the luxury car ,0-100km acceleration time of 14s, fuel-efficient than traditional cars by about 50%, Euro Ⅲemissionstandard. Besturn B70 hybrid cars Besturn B70 Hybrid cars using petrol - electric hybrid approach. Dual motor power system programs, mixed degree of 40/103, is all mixed (Full-Hybrid, also known as re-mixed) configurations. Besturn B70 Hybrid cars are petrol version costs two to three times Besturn models, mass production will be gradually reduced after the costs, even if this hybrid version Besturn market, the price certainly higher than the existing Besturn models, but high the price of petrol will not exceed 30% version of Besturn models. SAIC Development Goals: 2010 launch in the mixed hybrid cars, plug-in 2012, SAIC strong mix of cars and pure electric cars will be on the market. In the R & D on new energy vehicles, SAIC made clear to focus on hybrid, fuel cell for the direction, and speed up the development of alternative products. Hybrid vehicles, fuel cell vehicles, alternative fuel vehicles as a new energy strategy SAIC three key. 2010 SAIC Roewe 750 hybrid cars in the mix will be put on the market, during the World Expo in Shanghai, SAIC will put 150 hybrid cars in the Expo Line on the River Run. 2012 Roewe 550 plug-in hybrid cars will be strong market, the current car's power system has been launched early development and progress. Apply the new hybrid bus moving on the 1st Apply the new hybrid bus moving on the 1st Academy of Engineering by the SAIC and Shanghai Jiaotong University and other units jointly developed with independent intellectual property rights. Existing cities in the Sunwin Bus Power platform, "the new dynamic application No. 1" uses a parallel hybrid electric vehicle drive program, so that hybrid electric vehicle operating conditions in the electricair-conditioning, steering, braking and other accessories still able to work without additional electric system, while use of super capacitors, to improve starting power, braking energy recovery efficiency, thereby enhancing vehicledynamic performance, reduce fuel consumption. Car length 10m, width 2.5m, high-3.2m, can accommodate 76 people. Roewe 750 hybrid cars Roewe 750 hybrid cars in the mixed system with BSG (Belt drive start generating onemachine), with "smart stop zero-emission" and "environmental protection and the power of both the" two prominent features of a top speed of 205 km / h, the maximum added driving range of up to 500 km. As for the industrialization of SAIC's first own-brand hybrid car, the Roewe 750 hybrid integrated hybridfuel-efficient cars can achieve rates of around 20%. Dongfeng Motor Group Development Goals: Plans move into 33 billion in 10 years to develop a range of environmentally friendly hybrid vehicles, including cars. EQ7200HEV hybrid cars EQ7200HEV hybrid cars are "863" project of major projects and major strategic projects of Dongfeng Motor Corporation. The car is EQ7200-Ⅱmodel (Fengshen Bluebird cars) is based on an electronically controlled automatic transmission with innovative electromechanical coupling in parallel programs, configure DC brushless motor and nickel-hydrogen batteries, plans to "10 5 "during the industrialization. Industrialization, the vehicle cost more than EQ7200 cars increase in costs ≤ 30%. EQ61100HEV Hybrid Electric Bus EQ61100HEV electric hybrid bus by Dongfeng Vehicle Company Limited Joint Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China Textile Co., Ltd. and Hunan sharp Electromechanical Technology Co., Ltd. jointly developed Shenzhou.EQ61100HEV hybrid electric bus with switched reluctance motor, Cummins ISBe1504 cylinder common rail electronic injection diesel engine, new chassis design of the system, electronically controlled automatic transmission and innovative electromechanical coupling parallel program. In the annual output reached 200, the vehicle cost more than the increase in automobile engine equipped with 6CT ≤ 30%. China Changan Development Goals: the next three years, the formation of different grades, different purposes, carry a different system of mixed platforms, weak mix of scale, strong mixed industrial R & D capabilities, covering commercial, A grade, B grade, C grade products. 2014 will achieve sales of new energy vehicles 150 000 2020 sales of new energy vehicles for more than 500,000.vehicles, a diversified energy technologies to carry out exploratory research. Environmental protection through energy-saving models continues to introduce new technology to lead the industry to upgradeand fully utilize and mobilize global resources, Chang'an in the middle hybrid cars, hybrid cars and other technological strength of the field are explored.Chang's first hybrid car long Anjie Xun HEV was successfully listed in June2009; the first batch of 20 hybrid taxis Long An Zhixiang in January of this year officially put into operation in Chongqing. Chery Development Goals: after 2010, more than half of Chery's products carry different levels of hybrid systems. From 2003 to 2008, mainly mixed with moderate Chery hybrid cars and energy saving system development, and industrialization; Chery in Wuhu, a taxi has been carried out on probation, fuel consumption will be reduced by 10% to 30% to reach Europe ⅣStandard. Since 2004, Chery hybrid cars mainly for the development of strong and industrialization. Chery hybrid car fuel consumptiontarget to reach 100 km 3 liters, to reach Europe and the United States emissions regulations. Chery A5BSG Chery A5BSG is a weak parallel hybrid electric car, using fuel engines, electric engines complementary mode, the two different power sources in the car while driving to work together or separately, through this combination to achieve the least fuel consumption and exhaust emissions, in order to achieve fuel efficiency and environmental protection purposes.Compared with the conventional car, the car in urban conditions can save 10%-15% of fuel and reduce carbon dioxide emissions by about 12%, while costs increased by only about 25% -30%. Chery A5ISG Chery A5 ISG hybrid power system consists of "1.3L gasoline engine + 5-speed manual transmission +10 kW motor +144 V Ni-MH battery," the composition of the battery system used by the Johnson Controls developed "plug-in" nickel metal hydride (Ni-MH), motor with permanent magnet synchronous motor and with the motor control system, inverter and DC / DC converters. The system enables the vehicle power to 1.6L displacement level and rate of 30% fuel savings and significantly reduce the emissions of Euro V standards. Cherry A3ISG Chery A3 ISG has 1.3L473F gasoline engine and equipped with 10KW motor. By gasoline engines andelectric motors with torque overlay approach to dynamic mixed to provide the best vehicle power operating efficiency and energy saving environmental protection goals. Chery A3 ISG also has Stop_Restart the idling stop functionsuch as flame start to start (BSG function), to reduce red light in the vehicle stoppedor suspended when the fuel consumption and emissions expenses. FY 2BSG FY 2 BSG carry 1.5LSQR477F inline four-cylinder engine configuration BSG start / stop and so one electric motor, red light in the vehicle stopped the driver into the gap, it will automatically enter standby mode to turn off the engine, starting moments after the entry block automatically start the engine. FY 2 BSG vehicle average fuel consumption than the 1.5L petrol cars reduce about5-10%, average fuel consumption can be reduced up to 15%. BYD Auto Development Goal: to electric cars as a transitional mode, the electric car as the ultimate goal, the development of new energy cars BYD. BYD follow the "independent research and development, independent production, independent brand" development path, and the "core technology, vertical integration" development strategy, as the transition to dual-mode electric vehicles, electricvehicles as the ultimate goal, the development of BYD new energy vehicles. Intelligent VehicleOur society is awash in “machine intelligence” of various kinds.Over the lastcentury, we have witnessed more and more of the “drudgery” of daily living beingreplaced by devices such as washing machines.One remaining area of both drudgery and danger, however, is the daily actofdriving automobiles. 1.2million people were killed in traffic crashes in 2002,which was 2.1% of all globaldeaths and the 11th ranked cause of death . If this trendcontinues, an estimated 8.5 million people will be dying every year in road crashesby 2020. in fact, the U.S. Department of Transportation has estimated the overallsocietal cost of road crashes annually in the United States at greater than$230 billion .when hundreds or thousands of vehicles are sharing the same roads at the sametime, leading to the all too familiar experience of congested traffic. Trafficcongestion undermines our quality of life in the same way air pollution underminespublic health.Around 1990, road transportation professionals began to apply them to traffic and road management. Thus was born the intelligent transportation system (ITS). Starting in the late 1990s, ITS systems weredeveloped and deployed。
电动汽车动力电池的国内外技术现状与发展趋势
插电式普锐斯拥有三种可以随意切换的驾驶模式：HV、EV和 EV-City，其中HV模式类似于普通普锐斯，由于发动机和电 机共同驱动车辆行驶，必要的时候发动机可以熄火以更好的 降低功耗。第二种模式为纯电动零排放模式，电池组充满电 之后可以行驶大约20公里，而最高车速可以达到85公里小时。 第三种模式则是吸收了第一和第二种模式的优点，在汽油发 动机启动之前尽量使用电池组中的电力供应电机来驱动车辆， 而当车辆减速以及刹车的时候则可以为电池组充电
目前车用电池存在问题
电池安全性Байду номын сангаас不到保障。
目前中小容量锂离子电池的产业化已经非常成功，但大容 量、高功率锂离子动力电池的安全性问题得不到有效解决。 而电池容量愈大，其一旦失控所造成的危害就愈大。
电池容量有限，未能实现突破。
目前市场上使用的电动汽车一次充电后的续驶里程一般为 100km～300km，并且这还需要保持适当的行驶速度及具有 良好的电池调节系统才能得到保证，而绝大多数电动汽车 一般行驶环境下续驶里程只有50km～100km。
混合动力电车 福特汽车的Ford Escape 雪佛兰的Chevrolet Malibu 本田的Honda Civic Hybrid
丰田RAV4纯电动车-世界首款搭载了镍氢电池的量产型电动 汽车
锂离子电池
与其他蓄电池比较，锂子电池具有高电压、比能量高、充电 寿命长、无记忆效应、无污染、快速充电、自放电率低，工 作温度范围宽和安全可靠等优点，它已成为未来电动汽车较 为理想的动力电源。
30～35％；
国外镍氢电池生产厂 商及特点
公司名称 电池特点
国内镍氢电池生产厂商 及特点
公司名称
电池特点
美国Ovonic 公司
电池电动车外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
Battery electric vehicleFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaFor electric vehicles other than battery powered vehicles, see electric vehicle. For passenger electric vehicles, see electric car. For the batteries themselves, see electric vehicle battery.A battery electric vehicle (BEV), battery-only electric vehicle (BOEV) or all-electricvehicle is a type ofelectric vehicle (EV) that uses chemical energy stored in rechargeable battery packs. BEVs use electric motors and motor controllers instead of internal combustion engines (ICEs) for propulsion. They derive all power from battery packs and thus have no internal combustion engine, fuel cell, or fuel tank. BEVs include bicycles, scooters,skateboards, rail cars, watercraft, forklifts, buses, trucks and cars.Cumulative global sales of highway-capable light-duty pure electric vehicles passed the one million unit milestone in September 2016. As of December 2016, the world's top selling highway legal all-electric car in history is the Nissan Leafwith global sales of over 250,000 units, followed by the Tesla Model S with more than 158,000 units delivered worldwide.[1][2]Contents∙1Terminology∙2Vehicles by type∙ 2.1Rail∙ 2.2Electric bus∙ 2.2.1Thunder Sky∙ 2.2.2Free Tindo∙ 2.2.3First Fast-Charge, Battery-Electric Transit Bus ∙ 2.3Electric trucks∙ 2.4Electric vans∙ 2.5Electric cars∙ 2.6Special-purpose vehicles∙ 2.7Two- and three-wheeled vehicles∙ 2.8Electric boats∙3Technology∙ 3.1Motors∙ 3.2Motor controllers∙4See also∙5References∙6Further reading∙7External linksTerminologySee also: Hybrid electric vehicle, Plug-in hybrid, and Plug-in electric vehicleVehicles using both electric motors and internal combustion engines are examples of hybrid electric vehicles[3], and are not considered pure or all-electric vehicles because they cannot be externally charged (operate in charge-sustaining mode) and instead they are continually recharged with power from the internal combustion engine and regenerative braking.[4]Hybrid vehicles with batteries that can be charged externally to displace some or all of their internal combustion engine power and gasoline fuel are calledplug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV), and run as BEVs during their charge-depleting mode. PHEVs witha series powertrain are also called range-extended electric vehicles (REEVs), such asthe Chevrolet Volt and Fisker Karma.Plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) are a subcategory of electric vehicles that includes battery electric vehicles (BEVs), plug-in hybrid vehicles, (PHEVs), andelectric vehicle conversions of hybrid electric vehicles and conventional internal combustionengine vehicles.[4][5]In China, plug-in electric vehicles, together with hybrid electric vehicles are called new energy vehicles (NEVs).[6] However, in the United States, neighborhood electricvehicles (NEVs) are battery electric vehicles that are legally limited to roads with posted speed limits no higher than 45 miles per hour (72 km/h), are usually built to have a top speed of 30 miles per hour (48 km/h), and have a maximum loaded weight of 3,000 lbs.[7]Vehicles by typeThe concept of battery electric vehicles is to use charged batteries on board vehicles for propulsion. Battery electric cars are becoming more and more attractive with the advancement of new battery technology (Lithium Ion) that have higher power and energy density (i.e., greater possible acceleration and more range with fewer batteries) and higher oil prices.[8] BEVs include automobiles, light trucks, and neighborhood electric vehicles.Rail∙Battery electric railcars:Main article: Battery electric multiple unit∙Locomotives:Main article: Battery-electric locomotive∙Electric rail trolley:Main article: Cater MetroTrolleyElectric busMain article: Battery electric busChattanooga, Tennessee operates nine zero-fare electric buses, which have been in operation since 1992 and have carried 11.3 million passengers and covered a distance of 3,100,000 kilometres (1,900,000 mi), They were made locally by Advanced Vehicle Systems. Two of these buses were used for the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta.[9][10]Beginning in the summer of 2000, Hong Kong Airport began operating a16-passenger Mitsubishi Rosa electric shuttle bus, and in the fall of 2000, New York City began testing a 66-passenger battery-powered school bus, an all-electric version of theBlue Bird TC/2000.[11] A similar bus was operated in Napa Valley, California for 14 months ending in April, 2004.[12]The 2008 Beijing Olympics used a fleet of 50 electric buses, which have a range of 130 km (81 mi) with the air conditioning on. They use Lithium-ion batteries, and consume about1 kW·h/mi (0.62 kW·h/km; 2.2 MJ/km). The buses were designed by the Beijing Institute of Technology and built by the Jinghua Coach Co. Ltd.[13] The batteries are replaced with fully charged ones at the recharging station to allow 24-hour operation of the buses.[14]In France, the bus electric phenomenon is in development, but some buses are already operating in numerous cities.[15] PVI, a medium company located in the Paris region, is one of the leader of the market with its brand Gepebus (offering Oreos 2X and Oreos 4X).[16]In the United States, the first battery-electric, fast-charge bus has been in operation in Pomona, California since September 2010 at Foothill Transit. TheProterra EcoRide BE35uses lithium-titanate batteries and is able to fast-charge in less than 10 minutes.[17]In 2014, the first production model all-electric school bus was delivered to the Kings Canyon Unified School District in California’s San Joaquin Valley. The bus was one of four the district ordered. This battery electric school bus, which has 4 sodium nickel batteries, is the first modern electric school bus approved for student transportation by any state.[18]The same technology is used to power the Mountain View Community Shuttles. This technology was supported by the California Energy Commission, and the shuttle program is being supported by Google.[19]Thunder SkyThunder Sky (based in Hong Kong) builds lithium-ion batteries used in submarines and has three models of electric buses, the 10/21 passenger EV-6700 with a range of 280 km (170 mi) under 20 mins quick-charge, the EV-2009 city buses, and the 43 passenger EV-2008 highway bus, which has a range of 300 km (190 mi) under quick-charge (20 mins to 80 percent), and 350 km (220 mi) under full charge (25 mins). The buses will also be built in the United States and Finland.[20]Free TindoTindo is an all-electric bus from Adelaide, Australia. The Tindo (aboriginal word for sun) is made by Designline International[21] in New Zealand and gets its electricity from a solarPV system on Adelaide's central bus station. Rides arezero-fare as part of Adelaide's public transport system.[22]First Fast-Charge, Battery-Electric Transit BusProterra's EcoRide BE35 transit bus, called the Ecoliner by Foothill Transit in West Covina, California, is a heavy duty, fast charge, battery-electric bus. Proterra's ProDrive drive-system uses a UQM motor and regenerative braking that captures 90 percent of the available energy and returns it to the TerraVolt energy storage system, which in turn increases the total distance the bus can drive by 31–35 percent. It can travel 30–40 miles on a single charge, is up to 600 percent more fuel-efficient than a typical diesel or CNG bus, and produces 44 percent less carbon than CNG.[23]Electric trucksMain article: Electric truckFor most of the 20th century, the majority of the world's battery electric road vehicles were British milk floats.[24]Electric vansIn March 2012, Smith Electric Vehicles announced the release of the Newton Step-Van, an all-electric, zero-emission vehicle built on the versatile Newton platform that features a walk-in body produced by Indiana-based Utilimaster.[25]Electric carsMain article: Electric carSee also: List of production battery electric vehicles and electric car use by countryAn electric car is a plug-in battery powered automobile which is propelled by electric motor(s). Although electric cars often give good acceleration and have generally acceptable top speed, the lower specific energy of production batteries available in 2015 comparedwith carbon-based fuels means that electric cars need batteries that are fairly large fraction of the vehicle mass but still often give relatively low range between charges. Recharging can also take significant lengths of time. For journeys within a single battery charge, rather than long journeys, electric cars are practical forms of transportation and can be recharged overnight.Electric cars have the potential of significantly reducing city pollution by having zero tail pipe emissions.[28][29][30] Vehicle greenhouse gas savings depend on how the electricity is generated.[31][32] With the current US energy mix, using an electric car would result in a 30 percent reduction in carbon dioxideemissions.[33][34][35][36] Given the current energy mixes in other countries, it has been predicted that such emissions would decrease by 40 percent in the UK,[37] 19 percent in China,[38] and as little as 1 percent in Germany.[39][40][not in citation given]Electric cars are expected to have a major impact in the auto industry[41][42] given advantages in city pollution, less dependence on oil, and expected rise in gasolineprices.[43][44][45] World governments are pledging billions to fund development of electric vehicles and their components. The US has pledged US$2.4 billion in federal grants for electric cars and batteries.[46] China has announced it will provide US$15 billion to initiate an electric car industry.[47]Cumulative global sales of highway-capable battery electric cars and vans passed the1 million unit milestone in September 2016.[3] The Renault-Nissan Alliance is the leadingall-electric vehicle manufacturer. The Alliance achieved the sales milestone of 350,000all-electric vehicles delivered globally in August 2016.[48] Ranking second is TeslaMotors with over 139,000 electric cars sold between 2008 and June 2016.[49][50]MotorsMain article: Traction motorElectric cars have traditionally used series wound DC motors, a form ofbrushed DC electric motor. Separately excited and permanent magnet are just two of the types of DC motors available. More recent electric vehicles have made use of a variety of AC motor types, as these are simpler to build and have no brushes that can wear out. These are usually induction motors orbrushless AC electric motors which use permanent magnets. There are several variations of the permanent magnet motor which offer simpler drive schemes and/or lower cost including the brushless DC electric motor.Motor controllersMain article: Motor controllerThe motor controller regulates the power to the motor, supplying either variable pulse width DC or variable frequency variable amplitude AC, depending on the motor type, DC or AC.1. Cobb, Jeff (2017-01-09). "Nissan's Quarter-Millionth Leaf Means It's TheBest-Selling Plug-in Car In History". . Retrieved 2017-01-10. As of December 2016, the Nissan Leaf is the world's best-selling plug-in car in history with more than 250,000 units delivered, followed by the Tesla Model S with over 158,000 sales, the Volt/Ampera family of vehicles with 134,500 vehicles sold, and the Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV with about 116,500 units sold through November 2016. These are the only plug-in electric cars so far with over 100,000 global sales.2.^ Jump up to:a b c Cobb, Jeff (2017-01-31). "Tesla Model S Is World's Best-SellingPlug-in Car For Second Year In A Row". . Retrieved2017-01-31. See also detailed 2016 sales and cumulative global sales in the two graphs.3.^ Jump up to:a b Shahan, Zachary (2016-11-22). "1 Million Pure EVs Worldwide: EVRevolution Begins!". Clean Technica. Retrieved 2016-11-23.4.^ Jump up to:a b David B. Sandalow, ed. (2009). Plug-In Electric Vehicles: What Rolefor Washington? (1st. ed.). The Brookings Institution.pp. 2–5.ISBN 978-0-8157-0305-1.See definition on pp. 2.5.Jump up^ "Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs)". Center for Sustainable Energy,California. Retrieved 2010-03-31.6.Jump up^ PRTM Management Consultants, Inc (April 2011). "The China NewEnergy Vehicles Program - Challenges and Opportunities" (PDF). World Bank.Retrieved 2012-02-29. See Acronyms and Key Terms, pp. v7.Jump up^ "What is a neighborhood electric vehicle (NEV)?". AutoblogGreen.2009-02-06. Retrieved 2010-06-09.8.Jump up^ "-". Retrieved 30 May 2015.9.Jump up^ Downtown Electric Shuttle. Retrieved 18 August 2008.10.Jump up^ Success Stories. Retrieved 18 August 2008.11.Jump up^ Solectria Develops an All Electric Version of the Blue Bird TC2000.Retrieved 18 August 2008.12.Jump up^ Electric School Bus. Retrieved 18 August 2008.13.Jump up^ UNDP donates electric buses to Beijing Olympic Games. Retrieved 15August 2008.14.Jump up^ BIT Attends the Delivery Ceremony of the 2008 Olympic GamesAlternative Fuel Vehicles with its Pure Electric Bus. Retrieved 15 August 2008.15.Jump up^(French) http://avem.fr/index.php?page=bus16.Jump up^ "PVI, leader de la traction électrique pour véhicules industriels.".Retrieved 30 May 2015.17.Jump up^ Proterra Launches First Deployment of All-Electric, Zero-Emission Busesby Major Transit Agency. Retrieved October 2011.18.Jump up^ "New All-Electric School Bus Saves California District $10,000+ PerYear". CleanTechnica. Retrieved 2016-03-01.19.Jump up^ "Electric shuttle buses come to Mountain View, thanks to Motiv andGoogle". Silicon Valley Business Journal. 13 January 2015. Retrieved30 May 2015.20.Jump up^ "雷天温斯顿电池有限公司". Retrieved 30 May 2015.21.Jump up^ Andrew Posner (December 19, 2007). "When The Sun Shines DownUnder. . .It Powers a Bus". TreeHugger. Retrieved March 11, 2012.22.Jump up^ All-Electric, Solar-Powered, Free Bus!!! Archived 8 September 2009 atthe Wayback Machine.23.Jumpup^/index.php/mediacenter/companynews/proterra_launches_ first_deployment_of_all-electric_zero-emission_buses/24.Jump up^ "Escaping Lock-in: the Case of the Electric Vehicle". Cgl.uwaterloo.ca.Retrieved 2010-11-27.25.Jump up^ (2012-03-05). "Smith Electric Vehicle LaunchesProduction of All-Electric Newton™ Step Van". .Retrieved 2012-03-05.26.Jump up^ Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, U.S. Department ofEnergy and U. S. Environmental Protection Agency and (2017-03-24). "Find a car - Years: 2016–2017 - Vehicle Type: Electric". . Retrieved2017-03-26.27.Jump up^ Baker, David R. (2016-04-01). "Tesla Model 3 reservations top232,000". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2016-09-14.28.Jump up^ "Should Pollution Factor Into Electric Car Rollout Plans?".. 2010-03-17. Archived from the original on 24 March 2010.Retrieved 2010-04-18.29.Jump up^ "Electro Automotive: FAQ on Electric Car Efficiency & Pollution".. Retrieved 2010-04-18.30.Jump up^ "Clean Air Initiative". Archived from the original on 14 September 2016.Retrieved 30 May 2015.31.Jump up^ Notter, Dominic A.; Kouravelou, Katerina; Karachalios, Theodoros;Daletou, Maria K.; Haberland, Nara Tudela. "Life cycle assessment of PEM FC applications: electric mobility and μ-CHP". Energy Environ. Sci. 8(7): 1969–1985. doi:10.1039/c5ee01082a.32.Jump up^ Notter, Dominic A.; Gauch, Marcel; Widmer, Rolf; Wäger, Patrick; Stamp,Anna; Zah, Rainer; Althaus, Hans-Jörg (2010-09-01). "Contribution of Li-Ion Batteries to the Environmental Impact of Electric Vehicles".Environmental Science & Technology. 44 (17): 6550–6556.doi:10.1021/es903729a. ISSN 0013-936X.33.Jump up^ "Plug-in Hybrid Cars: Chart of CO2 Emis电池电动车电池电动车辆（BEV），仅电池电动车辆（BOEV）或全电动车辆是使用存储在可再充电电池组中的化学能的一种电动车辆（EV）。
电动汽车外文翻译
IV. PRESENT STATUSAfter many years of development, EV technologies are becoming mature. Many advanced technologies are em-ployed to extend the driving range and reduce the cost. For example, the use of advanced IM drives and PM brushless motor drives to improve the electric propulsion system,the employment of advanced valve-regulated lead-acid(VRLA) battery, Ni-MH battery, Li-Ion battery, FCs, and ultracapacitors to improve the EV energy source, application of light body technology with light, but rigid material,low-drag coefficient body to reduce the aerodynamic resis-tance and low rolling resistance tires to reducing running resistance at low and medium driving speed, as well as the adoption of advanced charging, power steering, or variable temperature seats to enhance the EV auxiliaries. In the following paragraphs, some of the recently developed EV,HEV, and FCEV are illustrated with the intention to show the achievable technology, despite particular vehicle model.For example, EV1 has been discontinued and some models are for demonstration purpose only, i.e., NECAR5 and Ford P2000. These typical vehicles have been carefully chosen to represent the state of the art. GM EV1 and Nissan Altra EV represent advanced BEV using different types of motor and battery. Ford 2000P and NECAR5 represent the development stage of FCEV, Toyota Prius and Honda Insight represent the commercialization of HEV, Luciole and HKU 200 represent showcase BEV, and Reva represents commercially produced low-cost BEV. Showcasing the most advanced propulsion system,the 1997 two-seater GM EV1 is shown in Fig. 4. It had a front-wheel drive that adopted a 102-kW three-phase IM and a single-speed transaxle with dual-reduction of 10.946:1. It contained 26-module 312-V VRLA batteries that were inductively charged by a 6.6-kW offboard charger or a 1.2-kW onboard charger. This EV1 could offer an axle torque of 1640 Nm from zero to 7000 rpm and a propulsion power of 102 kW from 7000 to 14 000 rpm, leading to achieve a top speed of 128 km/h (electronically limited) and an acceleration from zero to 96 km/h in less than 9 s. For city driving, it could provide a range of 112 km per charge, whereas on highway operation, it offered 144 km per charge.In 1999, the EV1 adopted nickel-metal hybrid batteries as an optional equipment, hence, reaching 220 km per charge.Fig. 5 shows the 1997 four-seater Altra EV, which was the flagship of Nissan. It used a 62-kW PM brushless motor,which weighed only 39 kg, the highest power-to-weight ratio (1.6 kW/kg) for any EV motor available. Making use of max-imum efficiency control, the total efficiency of the propulsion system was more than 89%. Power came from the cobalt-based Li-Ion batteries, which had a specific energy of 90 Wh/kg, a specific power of 300 W/kg, and a long cycle life of about 1200 recharges. This battery pack could be charged up by an onboard inductive charging system within five hours.It could achieve a top speed of 120 km/h and a range of 192 km for city driving. In 1999, the Altra adopted the man-ganese-based Li-Ion batteries to further increase both spe-cific energy and specific power to 91 Wh/kg and 350 W/kg,respectively.The Ford P2000 symbolized the dedication of Ford in thedevelopment of FCEVs. Fig. 6 shows this four-door sedan,Fig. 4. GM EV1 (photo courtesy of General Motors).Fig. 5. Nissan Altra EV (photo courtesy of Nissan).Fig. 6. Ford P2000 (photo courtesy of Ford Motor Company).which was launched in the year 2000. It was powered bythe Ford’s Th!nk FC system, namely, the proton exchan gemembrane (PEM) FCs, which was fuelled by compressed hy-drogen gas (CHG) stored at 25 MPa and oxygen gas simply from the air. It adopted a three-phase IM,offering a peak power of 67 kW, a peak torque of 190 Nm, and a peak ef-ficiency of 91%. With the curb weight of 1514 kg, the P2000 could achieve a top speed of 128 km/h and a driving range of 160 km per charge.Daimler-Benz, now DaimlerChrysler, presented its first methanol-fuelled FCEV in 1997—the NECAR 3. It used PEM FCs to generate a power of 50 kW for propulsion.The hydrogen fuel was directly extracted from methanol via a mini reformer, thus bypassing the problem of having compressed gas canisters onboard the vehicle. The FCs were stored beneath the floor, while the reformer, methanol tank,and control systems were located in the boot. Based on this first generation methanol-fuelled FC propulsion system,Fig. 7. DaimlerChrysler NECAR 5 (photo courtesy of DaimlerChrysler).Fig. 8. Toyota Prius (photo courtesy of Toyota).the NECAR 3 could travel over 400 km on 38 L of liquid methanol. As shown in Fig. 7, the NECAR 5 launched in 2000 was the technological successor of the NECAR 3,while reducing the size of the drive system by half and the weight of the vehicle by 300 kg. It also boosted up the power to 75 kW to reach speeds over 150 km/h.The world’s first mass-production HEV was the Toyota Prius, as shown in Fig. 8. Its motive power was sourced from both a four-cylinder ICE (52 kW at 4500 rpm) and a PM brushless motor (33 kW at 1040–5600 rpm). Since it was an ICE-heavy HEV, a power split device, namely, the plane-tary gear, sent part of the ICE power to the wheels and part to a generator. The generated electrical energy could supply the electric motor to increase the motive power or could be stored in the 38-module nickel-metal hybrid batteries. The Prius could offer a top speed of 160 km/h, an acceleration from zero to 96 km/h in 12.7 s, and a fuel economy of 20 km/l for combined city and highway operation. Both of its fuel economy and exhaust emissions were much better than that of any conventional ICEVs. The Honda Insight, shown in Fig. 9, went on sale in December 2000. It employed an ICE-heavy hybrid system,combining a three-cylinder ICE (50 kW at 5700 rpm) and a PM synchronous motor (10 kW at 3000 rpm). The electric motor was powered by a 144-V Ni-MH battery pack,which was recharged by regenerative braking during normal cruising and downhill driving. The Insight was claimed to be the most fuel-efficient HEV with the fuel economy of 26–30km/l. Also, it satisfied the stringent ultra low-emission ehicle (ULEV) standard in California.To simultaneously address the problems of air pollution,wasteful energy consumption, and traffic safety, the Na tional Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) in Japan presented a high-performance lightweight EV,Fig. 9. Honda Insight (photo courtesy of Honda).Fig. 10. NIES Luciole (photo courtesy of NIES, Japan).namely, the Luciole (formerly called Eco-Vehicle) in 1996 for conve-nient city commuting. As shown in Fig. 10, it adopted a tandem two-seater layout so that the seats could be kept comfortable and the safety in side crushes could be im-proved by thickening the doors. It was rear-wheel drive,which was powered by two inwheel PM brushless motors with the total output of 72 kW and 154 Nm. The battery pack contained 224-V VRLA batteries, mounted inside the square holes of the purpose-built chassis. The battery pack could be charged up by normal charging within five hours,by fast charging within fifteen minutes or even partially charged by solar charging. The Luciole could achieve a top speed of 130 km/h, a range on the Japan 10.15 Mode driving cycle of 130 km, and an acceleration from zero to 40 km/h in 3.9 s.Fig. 11 shows an EV, the U2001, which was developed by the University of Hong Kong (HKU) in 1993. It was a four-seater EV, which adopted a 45-kW PM hybrid motor and a 264-V nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) battery pack. This specially designed EV motor could offer high efficiencies over a wide operating range. It also incorporated a number of advanced EV technologies, such as the adoption of thermoelectric variable temperature seats to minimize the energy used for air-conditioning, the use of an audio nav-igation system to facilitate safe and user-friendly driving,and the use of an intelligent energy management system (EMS) to optimize the energy flow within the vehicle. The U2001 could offer a top speed of 110 km/h, an acceleration from zero to 48 km/h in 6.3 s, and a range of 176 km at 88-km/h operation.Apart from the USA, Europe, and Japan, India also plays an active role to commercialize EVs. Fig. 12 shows a two-door hatchback EV,Fig. 11. HKU U2001.Fig. 12. Reva EV (photo courtesy of Reva Electric Car Company).the Reva EV, which was launched in the year 2001 an d would be India’s first mass-produced EV. It adopted a separately excited DC motor (70 Nm, 13 kW peak) and a 48-V tubular LA battery pack. Its onboard charger (220 V, 2.2 kW) could provide 80% charge within 3h and 100% within 6 h. With the curb weight of 650 kg, the Reva EV could achieve a top speed of 65 km/h and a range of 80 km per charge. The most attractive feature was its incredibly low initial and running costs—the exfactory cost is about 5000 U.S. dollars and the running cost is less than one U.S.cent per kilometer. The major means of reducing the cost of this EV includes the system optimization and integration, low-cost local components, low-cost tooling,and simple automation. It can be seen from Table 2 that the sale and lease of Evs in USA from 1996 to 2000 were not successful; the major reason was that their cost was too expensive and their driving range did not fully satisf y the users’ need (Table 3).Table 2EVs Sold/Leased in the USA 1996–2000Table 3Key Data of Modern EVs。
电动汽车充电桩设计外文文献翻译最新译文
文献出处Hawkins S. The design of the electric vehicle charging pile [J]. SAE International Journal of Alternative Powertrains, 2015，5（3）: 213-221.原文The design of the electric vehicle charging pileAbstractIn the world's oil resources shortage and the grim situation of global warming, the construction of low carbon vehicles will become the auto industry a new development direction. Current research of electric vehicles around the world has entered the white-hot. People try to make it become a mainstream in the 21st century the development of the automobile. Electric vehicle charging infrastructure is an important part of the electric car industry chain can not be ignored in, at the same time of developing electric vehicle industry also should fully take into account the development of the charging infrastructure, so the design of electric vehicle charging pile and its control method of study is very necessary.Keywords: Electric vehicle charging pile; Equilibrium control; The human-computer interaction1 IntroductionCountries in the world to promote energy conservation and environmental protection, of which the word "low carbon" everyone not unfamiliar, carbon emissions in today's car is bigger, the industry also gradually focus on low carbon field. The auto industry's carbon emission is higher and higher. To be raising industry development and the balance of environmental emissions, the automobile industry faced with the transformation of development. In the world's oil resources shortage and the serious situation of global warming, the global auto industry uniform standards will reference to carbon emissions standards, leading the global auto industry development better. Electric cars compared to traditional petrol powered cars, in terms of environmental protection and energy saving shows the outstanding advantages. The electric car has many advantages, such as less pollution emissions, high efficiency, low noise, low running cost, etc., it has these advantages in reducing air pollution and energy shortage is of great significance.2 Electric vehicle charging infrastructureThe key technologies of electric vehicle (EV) mainly includes: power battery and charging infrastructure as the core of energy systems:Drive motor and drive system as the core of the power system. In a coordinated control system, ensure the vehicle safe, efficient and comfortable operation as the core of the vehicle control system. For carbon reduction and environmental protection of electric vehicles, charging device is indispensable. Its function is to turn within the electricity to the electric vehicle battery power grid, to power electric vehicles.Charging infrastructure is mainly charging and charging pile. Charging stations within, usually equipped with a number of fast charging plugs and a few slow charging pile. Two kinds of charging infrastructure each have advantages and disadvantages, need to choose according to actual species suitable for local facilities. Given priority to with quick charge mode of charging station a short charging time is charging the advantages of high efficiency. At a high speed along the service area, selection of large charging stations and other places of power is to be able to produce 600 V / 300 A charging pile. Usually consider including the use of environmental factors, such as charging pile only in produce high voltage and large current, and power is larger (100 kw), to ensure that the electric car charging efficiency, the technology of charging methods and security put forward higher requirements. So charging stations than charging pile construction and management of cost is much higher, the size should be and petrol stations. Now automotive battery technology remains to be development, rapid charging pattern can cause greater damage to the battery. The expert thinks, quick charge mode is equivalent to in a relatively short period of time forced "into" power to the battery, after several quick charge battery, its life will be greatly reduced. In addition it is important to note that large-scale electric vehicle charging demand just rely on the charging station is fulfilled, and charging stations will be occupied land area, will produce a lot of management costs. Therefore, charging station is only applicable to charge for a small amount of public transport services. Charging pile covers an area of a few, the cost is very low, very suitable for the supermarket in the city, parking lots, construction of residential area of denseparking of vehicles, such as the area. And more importantly, charging pile mainly slow filling pattern, due to the need of the small current, thus to ensure the safety of its performance, and of great benefit to extend the service life of the battery. But the disadvantage of this schema also clear, have emergency operation requirements in the car, the charging is not implemented in time. Such as providing 220 V / 16 A home charging pile of ac power, the charger is small volume and simple operation of car charger. The charging pile is mainly provide service charge for private cars, the power is about 3 ~ 5 kw, charging time need 5 ~ 10 hours.3 Present situation of charging systemIn recent years from two level of products and technologies, charging system has made good progress: charging products with the development of control technology, artificial intelligence and other advanced technology, get rid of the simple, the direction of multi-function, safer intelligent. The field bus technology, such as development, RS485, LIN bus makes the monitoring system of the diversification of means of communication, high speed and security. French multi-purpose nuclear and hydroelectric power, the power generation capacity is enough, according to statistics, three-quarters of the total electricity from nuclear power plants in France, one 6 from hydropower station, and its power supply clean, cheap electricity, automobile industry developed, so it is the world's one of the first countries to develop and promote the electric car. The French government collaborative EDF (EDF) Company, company, Renault and PSA (Renault) motors, and other cooperation, developing electric cars. In LaRocheHe investment produces small four 50 vehicles, electric vehicles and built 12 (including 3 fast and nine common) charging stations, has been put into use and tested more than 2 years. Japan's new energy vehicles has been in the world leading level, the Tokyo electric power company has announced that it successfully developed large quick charger, the charger has greatly shortened the time, the Japanese electric car popularization provides the possibility of a larger. Charging pile design and control of the construction of the charging infrastructure, as early as the First Solar companies in the United States built 5 in California highway fast charging pile, can under the condition of 240 v / 240A, 3.5 hours to complete the charging of electricvehicles.4 Charging pile of functional requirementsWith electric passenger cars promote gradually, people to its corresponding charging infrastructure also gave high attention. If the charging station, charging pile, can carry on the security and intelligence to the electric vehicle charging, so the popularity of electric cars, progress will be accelerated. In order to realize intelligent charging pile in the management and application, you need to understand the function of charging pile demand. Electric vehicle charging piles need to have the following several main functions: to guarantee the normal work of the system, monitoring and protection measures necessary, charging posts must have electrical protection device, when the system failure occurs, the system of charging power supply is cut off quickly, within the stipulated time to ensure the personal safety of users. Charging pile must be reliable operation, charging pile equipment adopts modular structure; local fault cannot threaten the normal operation of the whole system, charging pile must also be able to parallel processing more than one event. All logins, control, exit the important operations, such as charging pile should have corresponding records, but also allows to query and statistic of operating records, charging pile have ensure data and system security protection of information is not theft and destruction. Charging pile should use the graphical interface in Chinese, the user according to the screen display can realize self-help charging; provide convenience for people intuitively clear charging operation. Users can query on charging pile to the charging time, place, and the historical data of the basic information such as rechargeable battery, charging pile should also install with embedded printers, convenient charging print statements. Charging pile should be according to the electricity information deriving from watt-hour meter, and calculate the user charge the amount spent, and can save data backup, convenient send to background monitoring system. Charging pile system should be able to practice the trapezoidal pricing mechanism.5 The integral design of charging pile systemThe electric car is ac charging pile used in ac, dc power supply, ac working voltage is 220 v or 380 v, can according to different types of electric vehicles, adoptsthe corresponding charging voltage grade, ordinary pure electric car charging pile to charge need 4 ~ 5 hours. The input voltage of dc charging pile using three phase four wire AC380V, frequency 50HZ can provide enough power, and the output of adjustable dc, therefore can meet the requirement of quick charge. Electric vehicle charging pile, concentrator, battery management system, charging management platform, such as complementary to each other, constitute the charging system. Battery management system (BMS) real-time information interaction with charging posts controller, the purpose is to monitor the battery voltage, current and temperature state parameters, forecast capacity (SOC) of batteries, batteries in to avoid bad phenomenon (over discharge, overcharge, overheating and battery voltage imbalance between monomer), it can maximize battery storage capacity and cycle life of assurance. The service management platform is mainly to the electric car battery charge information, IC and piles these data for centralized management of information. In general, the service management platform is important function for charging management and operation, as well as integrated query. To intuitively clear communication with the customers, charging pile has important information can be shown on LCD display convenient man-machine interaction. Electric vehicle charging, the screen will display the charging time, charging power, the main information such as the amount payable.Charging, the battery charging or owe electricity will damage to the battery inside, accelerate cell aging, will affect battery performance. According to the analysis, the inappropriate way of charging is the main cause of battery life cut short. Therefore, how to guarantee quickly and does not affect the battery life, has become an important research topic in recent years. Charging mode choice determines the length of the battery life, among them, the constant current, constant voltage charging and charging in stages of these methods is a common way of charging. Is the advantage of constant current charging control method is simple, but by the law of mass we know: rechargeable batteries can accept current capacity with the charging process is a trend of gradual decline. Late to charge, the charging current is much used for electrolysis of water, can produce gas, so that to get nothing. Constant voltage charging way earlyin the process of charging current is too large, the impact on battery life is great, and constant voltage charging mode battery plate bending easily, causing the battery scrap. Phase charging method is actually a constant current, constant voltage charging the method of combining more commonly used phase charging method includes two stages and three phase charging method.译文电动汽车充电桩的设计摘要在世界石油资源短缺和全球气候变暖的严峻形势下，建设低碳汽车将成为汽车产业一种新的发展方向。
关于电动车外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
地方官员常用的这样的借口来拒绝电动自行车：铅酸电池会污染环境；电动车会干扰机动车辆行驶，阻塞交通；特别是对公交系统造成巨大冲击。
积极为绿色交通奔走呼吁的请愿人士说，这些借口苍白无力，不过是试图去保护电动车的竞争者而已。
中国科学院著名理论物理学家，院士何祚庥一针见血地指出：“真正的原因就是来自利益集团的竞争。
”何院士在有关环境和能源政策的公共辩论中一向直言。
他说反对电动车的理由没有一条真正站得住脚：汽车上用的也是铅酸电池，他特别补充：“真正的污染源不是电动车，而是汽车。
”如果现有的交通运营者们和制造商们想与电动车竞争，就要为大众提供效率更高，价格更便宜，更清洁的交通工具。
但问题是，与其它竞争者相比，电动车厂商微不足道，特别是汽车产业，吸引了数十亿美元的外国投资。
在中国官方制定的五年计划中，汽车生产已经被列为“支柱产业”。
尽管面临着严酷的生存挑战，但电动自行车厂商们并没有退却，而是知难而进，并取得了惊人成功。
绿源电动车公司的董事长倪捷是代表电动车产业界的灵魂人物，他从一家小企业开始艰苦创业，以务实的态度开拓市场，并取得成规模的研究开发成果，对中国电动车的技术发展有独到的见解。
绿源电动公司一开始是从政府风险投资中分离出来的。
九年前，绿源现任总经理胡继红(倪捷的妻子)制造出第一台样机，绿源公司成立了，随后在倪捷和胡继红的领导下，公司改为私营，并且从最初的投资者手里买下了所有产权。
公司成长迅猛，去年业绩傲人，电动自行车和踏板电动车销量达到了12万辆，今年的销售目标是30万辆。
去寻找绿源，要从上海市一路南下，来到金华。
这是浙江省的一座城市，人口百万，工业重镇。
顺着金华市工业园的公路就可以找到绿源公司的总部。
倪捷的办公室坐落在办公楼的一角，宽敞舒适，是公司里为数不多的带暖气的房间之一，寒冷的二月里，这一点显得尤为突出。
倪捷烟不离手，喝着泡着浓浓的绿茶的广口杯，侃侃道来创业的艰辛与收获。
他说，在中国的大多数城市里，交通是个首要问题，电动车是昂贵的轿车和拥挤的公交车的首选替代品和补充品。
电动汽车充电桩设计外文文献翻译最新译文
电动汽车充电桩设计外文文献翻译最新译文With the world facing a shortage of oil resources and the challenge of global warming。
the development of low carbon vehicles has XXX in the 21st century。
As such。
the development of electric XXX。
the study of the design of electric vehicle charging piles and their control methods is of great importance.2 XXX InfrastructureThe XXX part of the electric car industry chain。
Without a well-designed charging infrastructure。
the development of electric vehicles will be XXX。
it is XXX on the design of electric vehicle charging piles and their control methods。
Equilibrium control and puter XXX.3 Design of Electric Vehicle Charging PileThe design of the electric XXX。
efficiency。
and convenience。
The charging pile should be designed to be user-friendly and easy to operate。
It should also be equipped with safety features to XXX do not occur during the charging process.4 Equilibrium Control of XXX Charging PileEquilibrium control XXX of the design of electric XXX is operating at an optimal level。
蓄电池技术的现状与发展趋势
蓄电池技术的现状与发展趋势在现代社会，蓄电池作为一种重要的储能装置，已经广泛应用于各个领域，从我们日常使用的手机、笔记本电脑，到电动汽车、可再生能源存储系统，乃至航空航天等高科技领域，都离不开蓄电池的支持。
随着科技的不断进步，蓄电池技术也在不断发展和创新，以满足日益增长的能源需求和更高的性能要求。
一、蓄电池技术的现状目前，市场上常见的蓄电池类型主要包括铅酸蓄电池、镍氢蓄电池和锂离子蓄电池。
铅酸蓄电池是最古老、最成熟的蓄电池技术之一，具有成本低、可靠性高的优点，因此在汽车启动电源、UPS 电源等领域仍有广泛应用。
然而，铅酸蓄电池的能量密度较低，重量大，且使用寿命相对较短，限制了其在一些对重量和体积要求较高的应用场景中的使用。
镍氢蓄电池具有较好的充放电性能和较高的比能量，曾在便携式电子设备和混合动力汽车中得到一定应用。
但由于其成本较高，且存在记忆效应，逐渐被锂离子蓄电池所取代。
锂离子蓄电池是当前发展最为迅速、应用最为广泛的蓄电池技术。
它具有高能量密度、长循环寿命、低自放电率等优点，成为了智能手机、平板电脑、电动汽车等高端产品的首选电源。
近年来，锂离子蓄电池的技术不断进步，通过改进电极材料、电解质和电池结构等方面，其性能得到了进一步提升。
例如，三元锂离子电池和磷酸铁锂电池在能量密度和安全性方面都取得了显著进展。
在蓄电池的性能方面，目前主要关注的指标包括能量密度、功率密度、循环寿命、充电时间和安全性等。
能量密度的提高意味着蓄电池能够存储更多的电能，从而延长设备的使用时间；功率密度的提升则能够满足高功率输出的需求，如电动汽车的加速和爬坡；循环寿命的延长可以降低使用成本；快速充电技术能够减少充电时间，提高使用便利性；而安全性则是蓄电池应用的首要前提，任何技术的发展都不能以牺牲安全性为代价。
二、蓄电池技术的发展趋势（一）更高的能量密度为了满足电动汽车等领域对续航里程的要求，提高蓄电池的能量密度是未来发展的重要方向。
电动汽车发展：过去、现在与未来外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
消费市场在替代燃料车辆以及HEV和电动车辆方面带来了显着的增长。 Polk＆Company进行的HEV研究表明，美国和西欧的HEV销售市场份额呈上升趋势。事实上，OEM厂商的HEV模型选择从2000年的两倍（Insight＆Prius）增长到今天的二十多岁。 2007年，HEV的销售量已经超过了30万辆HEV。来自OEM的HEV和电动车辆的进一步已知承诺将进一步改善HEV生产。增加插电式和电动汽车，将加强和加快目前的电气化趋势。
D.现代HEV发展
然而，在1999年至21世纪初期，纯电动汽车出现了一种新型的电动汽车。本田向美国市场推出首款HEV，本田Insight，为汽车行业带来了另一个里程碑。随着市场的接受和普锐斯的成功，HEV技术显示出成熟和潜力。福特在“曼哈顿坦克”活动期间推出了第一款美国混合动力电动汽车Escape SUV HEV，并在充气城市交通中注册了600英里/坦克，开启了HEV中美国新时代的竞争。截至2008年，HEV销售总额达到2.5％以上。深刻的是，丰田，本田和福特的下一代HEV已经在2009年引入了更新技术的进一步细化。燃油效率也有所提高。
三，结论
像许多新兴技术一样，电动汽车的开发和应用已经存在了很长时间，但直到最近，技术还没有真正起飞。尽管HEV是汽油车的良好替代品，并被媒体广泛宣传，但它只是作为中间步骤或近期解决方案的代表。政府法规和环境前景，特别是推动运输电气化的采用。电动车将是最终目标。事实上，随着OEM到2012年为终端消费者推出更多的电动汽车模型，电动汽车的展示将被广泛认可和认可。随着新型电动汽车的发展，同时也将引进电力电子技术相关技术的巨大机遇。利用这个机会，为绿色发展做出贡献。
电力机车简介外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
Introduction to LocmotiveA locomotive is a railway vehicle that provides the motive power for a train,and has nohy detached from their trains, are known as power cars.Traditionally,locomotive hual their trains. Increasingly common these days in passenger service is push-pull operation,where the locomotive push the trains in one direction and are controled from a control cab at the opposite end of the train in the other.Beniefits of locomotivesThere are many reasons why the motive power for trains has been traditonally isolated in a locmotive,rather than is self-propelled vehicles.these include: Ease of maintenance –it is easier to maintain one locomotive than many self-propelled cars.Safety –it is often safer to locate the train’s power system away from passenger. This was particularly the case for the steam locomtive,but still has some relevance.Easy replacement of motive power –should the locomotive break down, it is easy to replace it with a new one . Failure of the motive power unit does not require taking the whoole train out of service.Efficiency – idle trains do not waste expensive motive power resources. Separate locomotives mean that the costly motive power assets can be moved around as needed.Obsolescence cycles –separating the motive power from the payload-hauling cars means that either can be replaced without affecting the other. At some times, locomotive have become obsolete when their cars are not, or vice versa..Electric LocomotivesThe electric locomotive is supplied externally with electric power, either through an overhead pickup or through a third-rail. While the cost of electrifying track is rather high, electric trains and locomotives are significantly cheaper to run than diesel ones, and are capable of superior acceleration as well as regenerative braking, making them ideal for passenger service in densely populated areas. Almost all high speed train systems(e.g..IEC,TGV, bullet train) use electric power, because the power needed for such performance is not easily carried on board. Fot example the most powerfu electric locomotives that are used today on the channel tunnel freight services use 7Mwatts of power.The first known electric locomotive was buit by a Scotsman, Roert Davidson of Aberdeen in 1837 and was powered by galvanic cells.Modern electric locomotive range from small battery-powered machines for use in mines to large main-line locomotives of 6,000 horsepower(4.5MW) or more.In reality most modern locomotives are electricaly driven. Pure electric locomotives take their electrical supply from an external source while diesel-electric locomotives carry their own generating station.Main line electric locomotives first appeared at the beginning of the 20th century.The reason for their introduction was the problem of smoke, especially in tunnlels caused by steam locomotives. In the UK this was the London underground system while in the USA, it was under river tunnles and needs to eliminate smoke in built up areas.Early electric locomotives all relied on external power sourcing. Once up and running they tend to be reliable and efficint, but the supply infrastructure is a large capital expense that does require ongoing maintenance. For this reason only heavily used lines could justify electrification. For suburban lines the reduction in pollution from steam locomotives was a benefit all were aware oflThe world speed record for a wheeled train was set in 1990 ba a French TGV which reached a speed of 515.3km/h (320mph).While recently designed electrififed railway systems invariably operate on alternating current, many existing direct current sytems are still in use –e.g. in South Africa,Spain,and the United Kingdom(750v and 1500v); Netherlands(1500v); Belgiu, Italy, Poland (3000 v), and the cites of Mumbia and Chicagio (which will be switched to AC by 2025).Early locomotives came in a variety of forms. Generally they were designed to run off the supplied current. so locomotives with a direct current (DC) supply had DC motors while a alterntating current(AC) supplied locomotives with AC motors. AC can be either single or three phase. While the former requies two wire supply, one overhead the other being the track, three phase require three supply wire.Three phase locomotives therefore had two overhead supplies,the track being the third.DC supplies were either overhead or by means of a track level supply, commonly called the third rail.AC traction motors tended to be smaller than DC motors. This often meant electric locomotives with steam engine type cranks. DC motors could be smaller and set up to drive the ually through a gear ,but in some early examples by being part of the axle. Even so, some notable DC electric locomotives had large DC motors driving large driving wheels.One possibility with electric locomotives is that the motor can be used as a generator during braking, feeding electricity back into the supply system; this is called regenerative barking. This is not a new idea, it was one reason for the adoption by some railways of 3 phase AC suppies. Especially in mountainous aresa where the locomotive going down would generate much of the suppy for a locomotive going up. The Swiss railway uses the system; three modern locomotives heading downwards generate enough power to power a single locomotive in its upward journey.Today all eclctric locomotives tend to have drive motors close to the axles, although some still have the motor in the body driving the wheels through internal drive shafts.Modern solid state electrical control systems means the motor does not need to match the supply. This meams multi-voltage cross border locomotives are now quitecommon. Drive motors are generally DC, but there are 3 phase motors on some locomotives.A small number of electric locomotives can also operate off batery power to enable short journeys or shuting to occur on non-electrified lines or yards. Pure battery locomotives also found usage in mines and other underground workings where diesel fumes or smoke are not safe aand where external electricity supplies could not be used. Battery locomotives are also used on many underground railways for maintenance operations as they are required to operate in areas where the electricity supply has been temmporarily disconnected..Parts of Electric LocomotiveAwynchronoux MotorModern traction motor type using three phase AC electrical supply and now the favoured deisgn for modern train traction systems . Can be used on DC and AC electrified. railways with suitable control electronics and on diesel-electric locomtives.Axle BrushThe means by which the power supply ciruit is completed with the substation once power has been drawn on the locomotive. Current collected from the overhead line or third rail is returned via the axle brush and one of the running rails.BatteryAll trains are provided with a battery to provide start up current for supplying essential circuitts, such as emergency lighting ,when the line supply fails. The battery is usually connected across the DC control supply circuit.Circuit BreakerAn electric train is almost always provied with some sort of circuit breaker to isolate the power supply when there is a fault, or for maintenance. On AC systems they are usually on the roof near the pantograph. There are two types-the air blast circuit breaker and the vacuum circuit breaker or VCB. The air or vacuum part is used to extinguish the arc which occurs as the two tips of the circuit breaker are opened. The VCB is popular in the UK and the air blast circuit breaker is more often seen on the continent of Europe.ConverterGeneric term for any solid state electronic system for converting alternating current to direct current or vice versa. Where an AC supply has to be converted to DC it is called a rectifier and where DC is converted to AC it is called an inverter. The word originated in the US but is now common elsewhere.Cooling FansTo keep the thyristors and other electronic power systems cool, the interior of a modern locomotive is equipped with an air management system, electronically controlled to keep all systems operating at the correct temperature. The fans are powered by an auxiliary inverter producing 3-phase AC at about 400 volts.DC linkUsed on modern electronic power systems between the single phase rectifier and the 3-phase inverter. It is easier to convert the single phase AC from the overheak line to the 3-phase required for the motors by rectifying it to DC and then inverting the DC to 3-phase AC.InverterElectronic power device mounted on trains to provide alternating current from direct current. Popular nowadays for DC railways to allow three phase drive or for auxiliary supplies which need an AC supply.Line BreakerElectro-mechanical switch in a traction motor power circuit used to active or disable the circuit the circuit. It is nomally closed to start the train and remains closed all the time power is required. It is opened by a command from the driving controller,no-volts detected, overload detected and (were required) wheel spin or slide detected. It is linked to the overload and no-volt control circuits so that it actually functions as a protective circuit breaker.Master ControllerDriver’s power control device located in the cab. The driver moves the handle of the master controller to apply or reduce power to the locomotive or train.Motor BlowersTraction motors on electric locomotives get very hot and to keep their temperature at a reasonable level for long periods of hard word, they are usually fitted with electric fans called motor blowers. On a modern locomotive,they are powered by an auxiliary 3-phase AC supply of around 400 volts supplied by an auxiliary inverter.RectiferA converter consisting of thyristors and diodes which is used to convert AC to DC. A modern locomotive will usually have at least two, one for the power circuits and one or more for the auxiliary circuits.Synchronous MotorTraction motor where the field coils are mounted on the drive shaft and the armature coils in the housing, the inverse of normal practice.Favoured by the French and used on the high speed TGV Atlantique trains, this is a single-phase machine controlled by simple inverter. Now superseded by the asynchronous motor.TransformerA set of windings with a magnetic core used to step down or step up a voltage from one level to another.The voltage differences are determined by the proportion of windings in the input side compared with the proportion on the output side. An essential requirement for locomotives and trains using AC power, where the line voltage has to be stepped down before use on the train.Equipment LayoutVentilation SystemEquipment layout and ventilation systems 设备布置和通风系统设计Equipment layout and design of the ventilation system电力机车简介机车是为列车提供驱动力，而自身并没有效装载能力的车辆；他的唯一目标是沿着轨道牵引列车。
电动汽车动力蓄电池的国内外发展状况及动向
电动汽车动力蓄电池的国内外发展状况及动向摘要：随着人们对环境保护与节约能源的关注，电动汽车和混合动力汽车已经越来越引起人们的关注，而两者发展的核心及难点就在于蓄电池技术的发展。
世界各国特别是汽车工业比较发达的国家，正在致力于研发低污染和无污染汽车。
而今，电动汽车是当前能满足“零排放’’要求的首选方案。
电动汽车的能量效率比普通燃油汽车高40％左右。
本文将从蓄电池的角度综述电动汽车国内外的研究现状和未来的发展。
关键词：电动汽车；蓄电池；能量管理随着社会的进步和科技的发展，随着保护环境、节约资源的呼声日益高涨，新一代电动汽车作为无污染、能源可多样化配置的新型交通工具，近些年来引起了人们的普遍关注并得到了极大的发展。
北京要把2008年奥运会办成一届绿色的奥运会，其中的一项工作就是要用环保型的电动汽车来替代目前的内燃机汽车。
电动汽车以电力驱动，行驶无排放(或低排放)，噪音低，能量转化效率比内燃机汽车高很多，同时电动汽车还具有结构简单、运行费用低等优点，安全性也优于内燃机汽车。
但电动汽车目前还存在价格较高、续驶里程较短、动力性能较差等问题，而这些问题都是和电源技术密切相关的，电动汽车实用化的难点仍然在于电源技术，特别是电池(化学电源)技术。
目前制约电动汽车发展的关键因素是动力蓄电池不理想，对于开发电动汽车的竞争，最重要的就在于开发车载动力电池的竞争。
1 电动汽车蓄电池种类及研究动向1.1 当前世界上研究开发的电动汽车动力电池主要包括铅酸电池、镍金属电池、锂离子电池、钠电池、金属空气电池、超级电容、飞轮电池以及具有更好发展远景的燃料电池[1]。
1、铅酸蓄电池铅酸蓄电池已有100多年的历史，广泛用作内燃机汽车的起动动力源。
它也是成熟的电动汽车蓄电池，目前约有8%～90%的采用率。
它可靠性好、原材料易得、价格便宜；比功率也基本上能满足电动汽车的动力性要求。
但它有两大缺点；一是比能量低，所占的质量和体积太大，且一次充电行驶里程较短；另一个是使用寿命短，使用成本过高。
电动汽车中英文对照外文翻译文献
电动汽车中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)电动车：正在进行的绿色交通革命？随着世界上持续的能源危机，战争和石油消费以及汽车数量的增加，能源日益减少，有一天它会消失得无影无踪。
石油并不是可再生资源。
在石油消耗枯竭之前必须找到一种能源与之替代。
随着科技的发展和社会进步，电动车的发明将会有效的缓解这一燃眉之急。
电动汽车将成为理想的交通工具。
面临能源成本居高不下、消费者和政府更加重视环境保护的情况下，世界汽车制造商正加大对可替代能源性混合动力汽车技术的开发投资。
该技术能极大削减燃料消费，减少温室气体排放。
许多人把目光投向了日本和美国的汽车制造商，关心他们开发混合动力和电池电动车的进展情况。
丰田普锐斯一跃成为世界上销量最好的混合动力车。
美国的新兴汽车制造商，Tesla Motors，推出了该公司首部电池电力车，名为Tesla Roadster。
截至2010年底，通用汽车公司计划推出备受赞誉的V olt混合动力汽车，而克莱斯勒公司最近已经宣布同样的计划正在进行之中。
目前，中国在新能源汽车的自主创新过程中，坚持了政府支持，以核心技术、关键部件和系统集成为重点的原则，确立了以混合电动汽车、纯电动汽车、燃料电池汽车为“三纵”，以整车控制系统、电机驱动系统、动力蓄电池/燃料电池为“三横”的研发布局，通过产学研紧密合作，中国混合动力汽车的自主创新取得了重大进展。
形成了具有完全自主知识产权的动力系统技术平台，建立了混合动力汽车技术开发体系。
混合动力汽车的核心是电池（包括电池管理系统）技术。
除此之外，还包括发动机技术、电机控制技术、整车控制技术等，发动机和电机之间动力的转换和衔接也是重点。
从目前情况来看，中国已经建立起了混合动力汽车动力系统技术平台和产学研合作研发体系，取得了一系列突破性成果，为整车开发奠定了坚实的基础。
截止到2009年1月31日，在混合动力车辆技术领域，中国知识产权局受理并公开的中国专利申请为1116件。
电动汽车用动力蓄电池技术现状
电动汽车用动力蓄电池技术现状摘要：蓄电池及其管理系统是影响和决定电动汽车性能指标的关键技术之一，本文首先简述了电动汽车用蓄电池的发展现状，然后分析了电动汽车及混合动力电动汽车对动力电池组的选型要求，随后着重介绍了蓄电池管理系统的关键技术，最后对电动汽车用蓄电池技术的前景进行了展望。
关键词：电动汽车；蓄电池；关键技术蓄电池是电动汽车的主要储能装置之一，也是决定电动汽车续驶里程以及衡量车辆性能的重要指标之一。
世界各国都在研发满足整车要求的、可靠性高的蓄电池。
蓄电池的主要性能（能量密度、功率密度、安全性、循环寿命、温度特性等）影响着其发展[1]。
1．电动汽车用蓄电池发展现状应用于电动汽车（纯电动汽车、混合电动汽车等）的动力电池发展历经三代：1）铅酸蓄电池2）碱性蓄电池，包括镍氢电池、镍镉电池、锂离子电池等3）燃料电池。
燃料电池的发展最有前景，但技术上还不太成熟，有待进一步研究。
因此，蓄电池凭借着其技术成熟、安全耐用、价格低廉等优势，依旧是目前电动汽车动力装置的主要选择。
铅酸蓄电池作为电动车的第一代电源，虽尚有许多不足，但是由于应用历史最长，成本售价低廉，特别是近年来密闭技术已日趋完善，所以铅酸蓄电池在动力电源中仍占有一席之地[2]。
铅酸蓄电池性能可靠，寿命长维护方便，铅原料充足，但其比能量低，输出波动大，低温性能差，充电时间长。
随着电动汽车用动力蓄电池技术的不断发展，铅酸蓄电池必将逐步被众多新型高性能的蓄电池所淘汰。
镍氢电池是目前人们看好的第二代电池之一，它将逐步取代铅酸电池的产品。
镍氢电池的能量密度和功率密度远远超过于铅酸电池，所以日益应用到电动汽车上。
镍氢电池的主要优点是：比能量高（一次充电可行使的距离长）；比功率高，在大电流工作时也能平稳放电（加速爬坡能力好）；低温放电性能好；循环寿命长；安全可靠，免维护；对环境不存在任何污染问题，可再生利用，符合持续发展的理念。
但是Ni-MH蓄电池成本太高，价格昂贵。
电动汽车蓄电池的开发与发展方向
电动汽车蓄电池的开发与发展方向作为电动汽车动力源，蓄电池性能的高低决定着电动汽车技术的先进性。
目前国内外开发的各种电动汽本所使用的蓄电池，主要还是以铅酸蓄电池为主，用铅酸蓄电池为能源的电动汽车最高车速可以达到80～150km/h ，一次充电行驶里税为120～150km/h左右。
目前，由于铅酸蓄电池的比能量小，充电时间长、寿命短、续驶里程短、体积和质量大，远远不能满足电动汽车行驶性能的要求：因此，电池的改进是发展电动汽车的关键。
当今世界各国竞相投入巨大的人力、物力和财力，且政策、法规鼓励、优惠、扶植开发和研制各种高性能的新型电池，人们先后开发了锌电池、镍氢电池、飞轮电池、燃料电池等等：1、锌电他美国加州劳伦斯一利费莫尔国立实验室开发的锌电池，是将直径lmm的锌粒置于电池上方的一个料斗里，借助本身的质量通遏过狭长的通道落入电池中，锌与电解液作用产生电能。
该电池提供的电能大约为铅酸蓄屯池的五倍，且充电方便。
2、镍氢电池美国通用公司开发的一种简称为“尼姆”的镍氢电池，采用非金届合金作为电极，内含的锆、铬、钒、钛、镍等原子成无序混杂状态。
在相同电荷量下，能充人2倍于普通电他的电能，使用寿命达700— 900次，且充电时间短．只需15min 就可冲至额定容量的50%，一次次充电行驶里程达320km。
3、飞轮电池飞轮电池也称电动机械电池，原是用于卫星等航天器的能源储备装置。
美国研制的飞轮电池，含有一对由高强度碳纤维制成的锥盘形轮，与轮轴相连。
电动机的作用使飞轮处于高速旋转状态，且通过发电机将能量释放出来。
4、燃料电池源于航天工业的尖端技术。
是由燃料、氧化剂、电极、电解液等组成。
使用的燃料十分广泛，如氢、甲醇、液氨、天然气、烃类等。
其中氢燃料电他，内于产生的反应物为水蒸气，绝村不污染环境，尤为人们所关注。
其工作原理和普通电池一样，也是通过电极上的“氧化-还原”反应使化学能转化为电能。
这种电池能量转化效率高，接近于内燃机效率的2．5倍，且具有装备质量轻、功率高、寿命长、不污染环境等一系列特点，适宜于汽车使用。
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Technical status and development prospect of battery forelectric vehicleWith the rapid development of the automobile industry, it has promoted the development of the industry and the development of economy and transportation. However, the defects of energy consumption, environmental pollution inherent in the traditional internal combustion engine automobile has been affected and perplexing people's life and social development, with the development of society and technology, protect the environment and conserve resources with the rising, a new generation of electric vehicles and electric vehicles as no pollution and energy new traffic tools diversified configuration, in recent years has aroused widespread concern and has been greatly developed. One of the jobs of Beijing to make the 2008 Olympic Games a green Olympic Games is to replace the current internal combustion engine with environmentally friendly electric vehicles.Electric vehicle with electric drive, driving without emission (or low emission), low noise, energy conversion efficiency is much higher than the internal combustion engine, and the electric vehicle has the advantages of simple structure, low operation cost, safety is better than that of internal combustion engine. But electric vehicles still exist in higher prices, continued driving mileage is short, the dynamic performance is poor, and these problems are closely related and power supply technology, the practical difficulties of electric vehicles still in power technology, especially the battery (chemical power technology). At present, the key factor restricting the development of electric vehicles is the power battery is not ideal, and the development of electric vehicle competition, the most important thing is to develop the competitive power battery.Electric vehicle power battery and starter batteries different, it is a longtime continuous medium current discharge, or to discharge (starting, acceleration), and to use the main deep circulation. The basic requirements for battery electric vehicles can be summarized as follows: 1, high energy density and high power density; 2; 3, longer cycle life; 4, good charge and discharge performance of battery; 5, good consistency; 6, the price is low; 7, convenient use and maintenance etc..The current research and development of electric vehicle batteries including lead-acid batteries, nickel metal batteries, lithium ion battery, high temperature sodium batteries, metal air battery, super capacitor, super capacitor and the flywheel battery has better development prospect of fuel cell and solar cell.1, lead-acid batteryLead acid battery has a history of more than 100 years, it is widely used as the starting power source of internal combustion engine. The positive and negative electrodes of lead acid battery are two lead oxide and lead, and the electrolyte is sulfuric acid. Lead acid batteries can also be divided into two categories, namely, water injection lead-acid batteries and valve regulated lead-acid batteries. The former is cheap, but the need for frequent maintenance, added electrolyte; the excess gas safety control valve, sealing the battery in charging or abnormal work in automatic regulation of free maintenance, more in line with the requirements of electric vehicles. Generally speaking, the lead-acid battery has the advantages of good reliability, easy access to raw materials, low price, etc., and the specific power can basically meet the power requirements of electric vehicles. But it has two major shortcomings: first, the lower energy, the quality and volume is too large, and a charging mileage shorter; the other is a short service life, the use of high cost. Because of the lead-acid battery technology is relatively mature, the lead-acid battery further improved after will remain the main source of electric vehicle in the nearfuture, electric vehicles are being developed by the advanced lead-acid battery mainly has the following several kinds: horizontal bipolar lead-acid batteries, sealed lead-acid battery, coil type electric pole lead-acid battery etc..2, nickel metal batteriesA nickel cadmium battery and Ni MH battery two main nickel metal batteries currently used in electric cars. Compared to cadmium nickel battery and lead-acid battery, can achieve energy than 55Wh/kg, than the power of 200W/kg, the cycle life of 2000 times, and can fast charge, although the price of lead-acid battery 4 to 5 times, but because of its life in the field of energy use and advantages, so the long-term practical use cost is not high. However, due to its heavy metal cadmium, in the use of no attention to recycling, it will form environmental pollution, many developed countries have restricted the development and use of nickel cadmium batteries. The Ni MH battery is a green nickel battery, the positive and negative poles were nickel hydroxide and hydrogen storage alloy material, there is no heavy metal pollution problems, and in the work process does not appear to increase or decrease the electrolyte phenomenon, the battery can be sealed design. NiMH batteries in energy, improve the specific power and cycle life than nickel cadmium batteries, electric vehicle charging using a Ni MH battery after the mileage has reached 600 kilometers, currently in Europe and the United States has achieved mass production and use. The principle and characteristics of Ni MH battery is suitable for electric vehicle use, it has been listed as a short-term and medium-term preferred electric vehicle power battery, but it also has the price is too high, poor uniformity (especially the capacity and voltage between high speed and deep discharge the battery and the difference), self discharge rate high performance level and practical requirements and gap, these problems affect the Ni MH battery is widely used in electric vehicles.3, lithium ion batteryLithium ion battery is a high capacity rechargeable battery developed in 90s, to more than the Ni MH battery stored energy, high energy density, long cycle life, low self discharge rate, no memory effect and environmental pollution, is a hot topic in today's energy storage technology research, the main research focus on three aspects of large capacity, long life life and safety. Lithium ion batteries, cathode materials of lithium ion in the crystal lattice can diffuse freely, when the battery is charged, lithium ion released from cathode, embedded into the anode, and discharge state, namely in the charge discharge cycle process, with the help of the electrolyte of lithium ion battery in reciprocating motion between the poles to transfer the power can. Lithium ion battery electrode for lithium metal oxide and lithium storage materials, according to the different electrolyte, lithium ion battery can be generally divided into two kinds of lithium-ion battery lithium ion battery and lithium polymer battery.4, high temperature sodium batteryHigh temperature sodium batteries mainly include sodium nickel chloride battery (NaNiCl2) and sodium sulfur battery two. Sodium nickel chloride battery was invented in 1978, the positive electrode is a solid state NiCl2, the negative electrode is liquid Na, the electrolyte is a solid beta -Al2O2 ceramics, the charge and discharge of sodium ions through the ceramic electrolyte between the positive and negative electrode drift. Sodium nickel chloride battery is a kind of new energy battery, it has high specific energy (more than 100Wh/kg), no self discharge effect, resistance to overcharge and overdischarge, quick charging, safe and reliable, but its high working temperature (250-350 DEG C), and the internal resistance and the temperature, electric current and charging state therefore, need to have the heating and cooling system. The sodium sulfur battery is generally optimistic about the recent electric car battery, it has been the U.S. Advanced Battery Consortium(USABC) listed as interim development of electric vehicle battery, sodium sulfur batteries with high specific energy, but its peak power is low, and the battery working temperature of approximately 300 DEG C, sodium and sulfur the melting has potential toxicity, corrosion also limits the reliability and lifetime of the battery.5, zinc air battery (Zinc-air)The zinc air battery is a kind of high energy battery, which can be used to replace the car charging mode. The positive electrode is Zinc, the negative electrode is Carbon (the oxygen in the air), the electrolyte is KOH. Zinc air battery with high specific energy (200Wh/kg), free maintenance, resistance to harsh working environment, the advantages of clean and safe and reliable, but it has less power than the (90W/kg), cannot store the regenerative braking energy, short service life, can output high current and difficult to charge deficiency. In general to compensate for its shortcomings, the use of zinc air battery electric vehicles will be equipped with other batteries (such as nickel cadmium batteries) to help start and accelerate.6, super capacitorSupercapacitor is a kind of energy storage device, which is a kind of electrochemical capacitor, which has the advantages of both battery and traditional physical capacitance. Super capacitor battery and other often combined application of power supply of the electric vehicles, electric vehicles can meet the requirements of power without reducing the performance of the battery, the use of super capacitor, will reduce the requirement of the automobile on the large current discharge of storage battery, reduce battery volume and prolong the service life of the accumulator to. The development of super capacitors with high specific energy, high specific power, long life, high efficiency and low cost, can improve the dynamic performance of commercial electric vehicles (especially the acceleration capability), economy and drivingrange. According to the different electrode materials, super capacitors can be divided into carbon super capacitor (double layer electrochemical capacitance) and metal oxide super capacitor two categories.7, flywheel batteryFlywheel battery is a new concept battery which was put forward in 90s. It breaks through the limitation of chemical battery and realizes energy storage by physical method. Flywheel battery is a battery with a kinetic mechanical way to store energy, which is composed of motor / generator, power conversion, electronic control, flywheel, magnetic bearing and vacuum shell components, has the advantages of high power ratio, high energy ratio, high efficiency, long life and good environmental adaptability. Motor in flywheel battery, when charging the motor to motor drive in the form of operation, external power supply, the motor drives the flywheel rotating at high speed (up to 200000rpm), which is used to power the flywheel battery "charge" increase the rotational speed of the flywheel so as to increase its energy; discharge, motor is in the generator operation state, in the flywheel driven by the output electric energy, mechanical energy (kinetic energy) to complete the conversion of electrical energy. To develop a practical flywheel battery for electric vehicles, it is necessary to further improve its safety and reduce costs.8, fuel cellFuel cell is a kind of storage in the chemical energy of fuel and oxidant through the electrode reaction directly into electrical energy generating device, the basic principle of it is the inverse process of chemical reaction of electrolysis of water, the oxyhydrogen reaction to generate electricity, water and heat. It has no rotating parts, no noise, long service life, high reliability, good maintenance performance does not need to be burned, and the actual efficiency can reach 2 to 3 times the ordinary internal combustion engine, and the final product is water, achieve truly clean and renewable, no emissionsrequirements, is the preferred energy in twenty-first Century. Moreover, the fuel cell does not need to be charged as long as other batteries, it just need to refuel as much as the car refueling. According to the U.S. ABI research firm predicts that in 2011 the global fuel cell vehicle production will reach 2 million 400 thousand, accounting for about 4.3% of the world's total automobile production, the Japanese government plans to popularize fuel cells within the next ten years. December 2002, Japan's Toyota Corporation has delivered the first batch of commercial fuel cell electric vehicles to the Japanese government. The fuel cell consists of positive and negative electrodes, the catalyst layer and the electrolyte composition, according to the different electrolytes, the fuel cell can be divided into several types of phosphoric acid, proton exchange membrane, alkaline, molten carbonate and solid oxide, at present only in proton exchange membrane fuel cell is the most suitable for the use of electric vehicles, China successfully developed "China the first hydrogen powered car" is the use of proton exchange membrane fuel cell. A more complete fuel cell system consists of the following components: fuel handling, fuel cells, DC AC converters and thermal management.9, solar cellsSolar cell is a device that converts light energy into electrical energy. Solar energy has been widely used in the fields of lighting, household appliances, power generation, traffic signals, geology, space and so on. At present, some institutions have also been developed using solar battery electric car, but also exists as the solar cell photoelectric conversion efficiency is not high, the price is too high, the battery system more complex configuration problems in the near future, only as a supplement to power electric cars, but also the production of application is not large, but the solar energy as an inexhaustible, clean the inexhaustible energy, research and application of it will make a lot progress.At present, the electric vehicle is in another climax, the development of electric vehicle technology, focusing on two aspects of energy storage technology and power drive system technology. Electric vehicle driving system is relatively fast development of technology, so with the development and breakthrough of energy storage technology, with low cost, high energy density and high power density power battery and low cost, light weight。