内科学教学课件:Peptic ulcer disease (PUD)
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消化内科课件消化性溃疡病英文课件peptic ulcer
12
Pathogenesis of Ulcers
Aggressive Factors
• H. pylori • NSAIDs • Gastric acid, pepsin • Bile salts • Pancreatin • Smoking and alcohol • others
Defensive Factors
2.Epidemiology
Prevalence rate about 10% overall lifetime The incidence of DU was higher than GU The incidence of was male higher than female The predominant age of DU is between 20 and 50
Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Main Contents
1. Definition 2. epidemiology 3. Etiology and pathogenesis 4. Clinical presentations 5. Diagnosis 6. Complications 7. Treatment
(带走组织中的H+和代谢产物)
• Transport bicarbonate to mucosal surface for preventing excessive acidification of mucosal cells.
(向粘膜表面细胞输送HCO3- ,防止细胞过度酸化)
Mucus-bicarbonate layer mucosal barrier
• The inside of the stomach is bathed in about 2 liters of gastric juice every day
内科学第七讲PU
【预防】 【预后】
谢谢!
【病因学】
• 主要原因:胃酸分泌过多 • 幽门螺杆菌感染 • 胃排空延缓 • 胆汁反流 • 胃肠肽的作用 • 遗传因素 • 药物因素 • 环境因素 • 精神因素等
【发病机理】 (一)胃酸分泌过多 l 壁细胞内含有3种受体 l 壁细胞表面生长抑素物质 l 胃质子泵(proton pump) l 十二指肠溃疡胃酸过多起重要作用 l 胃溃疡由于胃粘膜保护屏障的破坏 (二)幽门螺杆菌感染 (三)胃粘膜保护作用 (四)胃排空延缓和胆汁反流 (五)胃肠肽的作用 胃泌素 (六)遗传因素 (七)药物因素 (八)环境因素 吸烟与食物。
④ 引起难治性溃疡的疾病,
如胃酸高分泌状态
8. 应激性溃疡 严重烧伤Cushing溃疡 颅脑外伤Cushing溃疡
【并发症】
(一)大量出血 (二)穿孔 (三)幽门梗阻 (四)癌变 胃溃疡癌变2%~3%
【辅助检查】
(一)内镜检查 为确诊消化性溃疡的主要方法。 日本学者将消化性溃疡的生命周期的胃镜表现分为三期: 1.活动期(A期),又分为A1及A2两期。 A1:圆形或椭圆形,中心覆盖白苔,常有小出血,周围潮红,
消化性溃疡
【概述】 消化性溃疡(peptic ulcer)概念 绝大多数的溃疡发生于十二指肠和胃,
故又称胃、十二指肠溃疡。
消化性溃疡
胃,十二指肠 食道下端 胃肠吻合口 空肠 美格尔憩室
【流行病学】
1.本病是全球性多发病; 2.发病率可能占人口的10%~12%; 3.十二指肠溃疡比胃溃疡多见; 4.男性多见,男女之比为5.23~6.5:1; 5.本病以青壮年发病者居多; 6.胃溃疡的发病年龄一般较十二指肠胃溃疡约迟到10年; 7.女性患者的平均龄比男性患者为高。
内科学课件:Pepticulcer消化性溃疡
greater in most of ulcers – Specially in most GU, maximal gastric acid output
(MAO) and basal gastric acid output(BAO) are normal or less than normal.
5. Acid-pepsin and peptic ulcer
内科学课件:pepticulcer消化性溃疡 pepticulcer introduction ulcerationwhich may occur anysite gastrointestinaltract acid-pepsin secretion. acid,noulcer.") gastrointestinalmucosa extending through muscularismucosae muscularismuscularis muscularis mucosae mucosae serosa serosa muscularis muscularis submucosa submucosa mucosa mucosa histology stomachwallepithelium lamina propria erosion acute ulcer chronic ulcer introduction typicalulcers: gastric ulcer (gu) duodenalulcer(du) introduction twomajor causes: hp(helicobacter pylori) nsaids(nonsteroidal anti-inflammatorydrugs) imbalancebetweenaggressive factors mucosaldefenses epidemiology pepticulcers (pu) occur sometime, morecommon duodenalulcers (du) morecommon than gastric ulcers (gu). gu,men 3.6~4.7:1respectively. puoccur differentage .du about10 times more common than gu youngpatients, olderage groups aboutequal. etiology pathophysiology1.how ulcers happen: whenrepair healingmechanisms fail.(gu) impairedhealing mucosalinjuries differentiates ulcer patients from non-ulcer o
(MAO) and basal gastric acid output(BAO) are normal or less than normal.
5. Acid-pepsin and peptic ulcer
内科学课件:pepticulcer消化性溃疡 pepticulcer introduction ulcerationwhich may occur anysite gastrointestinaltract acid-pepsin secretion. acid,noulcer.") gastrointestinalmucosa extending through muscularismucosae muscularismuscularis muscularis mucosae mucosae serosa serosa muscularis muscularis submucosa submucosa mucosa mucosa histology stomachwallepithelium lamina propria erosion acute ulcer chronic ulcer introduction typicalulcers: gastric ulcer (gu) duodenalulcer(du) introduction twomajor causes: hp(helicobacter pylori) nsaids(nonsteroidal anti-inflammatorydrugs) imbalancebetweenaggressive factors mucosaldefenses epidemiology pepticulcers (pu) occur sometime, morecommon duodenalulcers (du) morecommon than gastric ulcers (gu). gu,men 3.6~4.7:1respectively. puoccur differentage .du about10 times more common than gu youngpatients, olderage groups aboutequal. etiology pathophysiology1.how ulcers happen: whenrepair healingmechanisms fail.(gu) impairedhealing mucosalinjuries differentiates ulcer patients from non-ulcer o
内科学课件:消化性溃疡(peptic ulcer)
形态学观察、组织活检、Hp检测
–.X线钡餐检查:
直接征象:龛影 间接征象:变形、激惹征
十二指肠溃疡内镜下改变
Hp检测:
侵入性 • 快速尿素酶试验 • 组织学及染色检查 • Hp培养 • PCR 非侵入性 • 13C尿素呼吸试验:准确率高 • 粪便Hp抗原检测:准确率较高 • 血清抗体(Hp-IgG)
消化性溃疡的诊断
临床表现 胃镜 X线钡餐
鉴别诊断
–.功能性消化不良
(functional dyspepsia, FD)
–.胃癌 –.慢性胆囊炎及胆石症 –.胰腺癌 –.促胃液素瘤
(Zollinger-Ellison综合征)
FD诊断标准
• 间断或持续上腹不适或疼痛等上腹部 症状达3个月以上,
• 缺乏临床、生化、内镜、超声等检查 的阳性发现
胃粘膜保护剂药效学分类
▪ 单纯胃粘膜保护剂: 前列腺素类衍生物 麦滋林 硫糖铝
✓兼有杀Hp作用:铋剂
▪ 兼有抗酸作用:氢氧化铝 ▪ 兼有抗酸抗胆汁作用:铝碳酸镁
药物治疗(3)—根除Hp
三联疗法
PPI
或
+
枸橼酸铋钾
2种抗生素
羟氨苄青霉素 克拉霉素 甲硝唑 呋喃唑酮 四环素
Hp根除方案举例:
埃索美拉唑 20mg
H2受体拮抗剂(H2RA):
西米替丁(Cimitidine) 400mg bid 雷尼替丁(Ranitidine) 150mg bid 法莫替丁(Famotidine) 20mg bid
疗程: DU 4wks 愈合率70%~80% GU 6-8wks
–抑制胃酸分泌
PPI(质子泵抑制剂):
奥美拉唑(Omeprazole) 20mg qd-bid 兰索拉唑(Lansoprazole) 30mg qd-bid 泮托拉唑(Pantoprazole) 40mg qd-bid 雷贝拉唑(Reberazole) 10mg qd-bid 埃索美拉唑(Esomeprazole) 20mg qd-bid
–.X线钡餐检查:
直接征象:龛影 间接征象:变形、激惹征
十二指肠溃疡内镜下改变
Hp检测:
侵入性 • 快速尿素酶试验 • 组织学及染色检查 • Hp培养 • PCR 非侵入性 • 13C尿素呼吸试验:准确率高 • 粪便Hp抗原检测:准确率较高 • 血清抗体(Hp-IgG)
消化性溃疡的诊断
临床表现 胃镜 X线钡餐
鉴别诊断
–.功能性消化不良
(functional dyspepsia, FD)
–.胃癌 –.慢性胆囊炎及胆石症 –.胰腺癌 –.促胃液素瘤
(Zollinger-Ellison综合征)
FD诊断标准
• 间断或持续上腹不适或疼痛等上腹部 症状达3个月以上,
• 缺乏临床、生化、内镜、超声等检查 的阳性发现
胃粘膜保护剂药效学分类
▪ 单纯胃粘膜保护剂: 前列腺素类衍生物 麦滋林 硫糖铝
✓兼有杀Hp作用:铋剂
▪ 兼有抗酸作用:氢氧化铝 ▪ 兼有抗酸抗胆汁作用:铝碳酸镁
药物治疗(3)—根除Hp
三联疗法
PPI
或
+
枸橼酸铋钾
2种抗生素
羟氨苄青霉素 克拉霉素 甲硝唑 呋喃唑酮 四环素
Hp根除方案举例:
埃索美拉唑 20mg
H2受体拮抗剂(H2RA):
西米替丁(Cimitidine) 400mg bid 雷尼替丁(Ranitidine) 150mg bid 法莫替丁(Famotidine) 20mg bid
疗程: DU 4wks 愈合率70%~80% GU 6-8wks
–抑制胃酸分泌
PPI(质子泵抑制剂):
奥美拉唑(Omeprazole) 20mg qd-bid 兰索拉唑(Lansoprazole) 30mg qd-bid 泮托拉唑(Pantoprazole) 40mg qd-bid 雷贝拉唑(Reberazole) 10mg qd-bid 埃索美拉唑(Esomeprazole) 20mg qd-bid
内科课件---溃疡病
消化性溃疡
PEPTIC ULCER
内容
概述 流行病学 病因和发病机制 胃镜及组织病理 临床表现 并发症 辅助检查 诊断和鉴别诊断 治疗
概述
消化性溃疡(peptic ulcer)主要指发生在胃和十 二指肠的慢性溃疡,即胃溃疡(gastric ulcer) 和十二指肠溃疡(duodenal ulcer),因溃疡的形 成与胃酸-胃蛋白酶的自身消化作用有关而得 名。另外可发生于食管、胃-空肠吻合口、 Meckel憩室。
病理
病理
病理
peptic ulcer disease
胃溃疡病
病理 显微镜下
溃疡所致的粘膜缺损超过粘膜肌层。
病理
病理
peptic ulcer disease
胃溃疡病
病理
病理
临床表现
临床表现
本病的临床表现不一,部分患者可无症 状,部分以出血、穿孔为首发症状。 典型的消化性溃疡具有: 1.慢性反复发作过程 2.周期性发作 3.发作呈节律性 4.抑酸及抗酸缓解
病因和发病机制
病因和发病机制
幽门螺杆菌
病因和发病机制 2005年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖得主
病因和发病机制
二、药物
服用NSAID患者50%内镜下见胃粘膜糜 烂/出血 10%-25%胃或十二指肠溃疡 1%-2%出现出血、穿孔
与NSAID的种类、剂量、疗程有关。 与同时服用抗凝药物、糖皮质激素有关 GU较DU多见
病因和发病机制
总结
消化性溃疡是一种多因素疾病,HP 和NSAID是已知的主要病因,是侵袭 因素和防御因素失平衡的结果,胃 酸起关键作用。
病理
➢DU多发生在球部,前壁较常见 ➢GU多在胃角和胃窦小弯。组织学上
GU多发生在幽门腺区(胃窦)与泌酸 腺区(胃体)交界处的幽门腺区一侧。 ➢老年患者GU的部位多较高。 ➢DU直径多小于10mm,GU>DU。
PEPTIC ULCER
内容
概述 流行病学 病因和发病机制 胃镜及组织病理 临床表现 并发症 辅助检查 诊断和鉴别诊断 治疗
概述
消化性溃疡(peptic ulcer)主要指发生在胃和十 二指肠的慢性溃疡,即胃溃疡(gastric ulcer) 和十二指肠溃疡(duodenal ulcer),因溃疡的形 成与胃酸-胃蛋白酶的自身消化作用有关而得 名。另外可发生于食管、胃-空肠吻合口、 Meckel憩室。
病理
病理
病理
peptic ulcer disease
胃溃疡病
病理 显微镜下
溃疡所致的粘膜缺损超过粘膜肌层。
病理
病理
peptic ulcer disease
胃溃疡病
病理
病理
临床表现
临床表现
本病的临床表现不一,部分患者可无症 状,部分以出血、穿孔为首发症状。 典型的消化性溃疡具有: 1.慢性反复发作过程 2.周期性发作 3.发作呈节律性 4.抑酸及抗酸缓解
病因和发病机制
病因和发病机制
幽门螺杆菌
病因和发病机制 2005年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖得主
病因和发病机制
二、药物
服用NSAID患者50%内镜下见胃粘膜糜 烂/出血 10%-25%胃或十二指肠溃疡 1%-2%出现出血、穿孔
与NSAID的种类、剂量、疗程有关。 与同时服用抗凝药物、糖皮质激素有关 GU较DU多见
病因和发病机制
总结
消化性溃疡是一种多因素疾病,HP 和NSAID是已知的主要病因,是侵袭 因素和防御因素失平衡的结果,胃 酸起关键作用。
病理
➢DU多发生在球部,前壁较常见 ➢GU多在胃角和胃窦小弯。组织学上
GU多发生在幽门腺区(胃窦)与泌酸 腺区(胃体)交界处的幽门腺区一侧。 ➢老年患者GU的部位多较高。 ➢DU直径多小于10mm,GU>DU。
内科学课件:消化性溃疡(peptic ulcer)
消化性溃疡(peptic ulcer)
概念:
溃疡:粘膜缺损超过粘膜肌层 消化性:与胃酸及胃蛋白酶消化有关
胃溃疡(Gastric ulcer, GU) 十二指肠溃疡 (Duodenal ulcer, DU) 其它:吻合口溃疡等
• 流行病学:
患病率: 10% ,DU较GU常见 发病年龄:DU:青壮年
中国在70年代发现呋喃 唑酮治疗消化性溃疡有效,复发率低。
但没有考虑到胃细菌感 染导致溃疡
错失诺贝尔奖!
H.p与消化性溃疡
• H.p感染率高:DU,90%—100% GU,80%
(no Hp, no ulcer) • 根除H.p促进溃疡愈合? • 根除H.p溃疡复发率明显降低
(no Hp, no relapse) • H.p致病机制
炎症反应 5.修复重建因子
胃粘膜损伤与保护—基础与临床,上海科学技术出版社:2004,P32
胃粘膜平衡失调学说
攻击性因子↑ 胃酸 机械磨损 胃蛋白酶 胆盐、胰酶 细菌毒素
保护性因子↓ 粘液
HCO3 上皮细胞更新 血供 前列腺素
胃酸
No acid, no ulcer (无酸,就无溃疡)!
十二指肠溃疡:20-50% 胃酸增加
• 胃粘膜前列腺素E↓ • 粘液↓
• HCO3↓ • 上皮细胞完整、更新 ↓ • 血供↓
应激性溃疡
• 胃酸分泌增加 • 胃血流↓ • 胃运动功能紊乱
病理: DU:球部前壁及大弯侧多见 GU:胃角、胃窦小弯多见
临床表现 三大特点:
①慢性过程:once an ulcer, always an ulcer
BAO/MAO>60%
◆高促胃液素血症:
空腹血Gastrin>200pg/ml
概念:
溃疡:粘膜缺损超过粘膜肌层 消化性:与胃酸及胃蛋白酶消化有关
胃溃疡(Gastric ulcer, GU) 十二指肠溃疡 (Duodenal ulcer, DU) 其它:吻合口溃疡等
• 流行病学:
患病率: 10% ,DU较GU常见 发病年龄:DU:青壮年
中国在70年代发现呋喃 唑酮治疗消化性溃疡有效,复发率低。
但没有考虑到胃细菌感 染导致溃疡
错失诺贝尔奖!
H.p与消化性溃疡
• H.p感染率高:DU,90%—100% GU,80%
(no Hp, no ulcer) • 根除H.p促进溃疡愈合? • 根除H.p溃疡复发率明显降低
(no Hp, no relapse) • H.p致病机制
炎症反应 5.修复重建因子
胃粘膜损伤与保护—基础与临床,上海科学技术出版社:2004,P32
胃粘膜平衡失调学说
攻击性因子↑ 胃酸 机械磨损 胃蛋白酶 胆盐、胰酶 细菌毒素
保护性因子↓ 粘液
HCO3 上皮细胞更新 血供 前列腺素
胃酸
No acid, no ulcer (无酸,就无溃疡)!
十二指肠溃疡:20-50% 胃酸增加
• 胃粘膜前列腺素E↓ • 粘液↓
• HCO3↓ • 上皮细胞完整、更新 ↓ • 血供↓
应激性溃疡
• 胃酸分泌增加 • 胃血流↓ • 胃运动功能紊乱
病理: DU:球部前壁及大弯侧多见 GU:胃角、胃窦小弯多见
临床表现 三大特点:
①慢性过程:once an ulcer, always an ulcer
BAO/MAO>60%
◆高促胃液素血症:
空腹血Gastrin>200pg/ml
(内科学课件)07-Peptic ulcer-2017-GJJ
Delivers the metabolic energy necessary to support transport and other functions
Mucosal blood volume was found to be decreased in active gastric ulceration
About 10% in population over a lifetime
1-6% in Hp+ patients by at least one screening test A lifetime risk of 10-20% in patients with Hp infection Prevalence of Non-Hp and Non-NSAIDs is unknown
Platelet-active agents
Antiplatelet agents:
Clopidogrel appers to have a very high risk of complications when used in patients with previous GI complications.
Studies have demonstrated:
Differences in Hp prevalence in different population. 52% white people with DU were Hp positive. 85% nonwhite people with DU were Hp positive
Two major causes:
Infection with Hp (helicobacter pylori) Consumption of NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs)
Mucosal blood volume was found to be decreased in active gastric ulceration
About 10% in population over a lifetime
1-6% in Hp+ patients by at least one screening test A lifetime risk of 10-20% in patients with Hp infection Prevalence of Non-Hp and Non-NSAIDs is unknown
Platelet-active agents
Antiplatelet agents:
Clopidogrel appers to have a very high risk of complications when used in patients with previous GI complications.
Studies have demonstrated:
Differences in Hp prevalence in different population. 52% white people with DU were Hp positive. 85% nonwhite people with DU were Hp positive
Two major causes:
Infection with Hp (helicobacter pylori) Consumption of NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs)
消化性溃疡护理ppt课件
西咪替丁 雷尼替丁 法莫替丁 尼扎替丁
一过性肝损害、白细胞 少。 偶有精神异常、性功能 紊乱。
※餐中或餐后即刻服用,或将一日剂量在睡 前服用,※与抑酸药联用时,两药间隔1h 以上。静脉给药应控制速度,避免低血压和 心律失常。
质子泵抑制剂 ppI(※最强的抑制 胃酸的药物)
奥美拉唑 兰索拉唑 泮托拉唑
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诊断
❖病史(四大特点-尤其典型上腹痛)为诊断 提供线索
❖※确诊依赖胃镜检查 ❖※ X线钡餐发现龛影也有确诊价值
29
治疗原则
※ (一)治疗原则
1、内科治疗 ⑴根除HP ⑵抑制胃酸分泌 ⑶保护胃黏膜 2、手术治疗
30
护理
31
3
※护理诊断
疼痛:腹痛
营养失调
焦虑
知识缺乏
潜在并发症
32
护理措施
33
(Peptic ulcer disease PUD)
1
概述
※消化性溃疡----发生在胃和十二指肠的慢 性溃疡。
※形成与胃酸和胃蛋白酶的消化有关,故 称为消化性溃疡。
※溃疡的粘膜缺损超过粘膜肌层、与糜烂 不同,后者限于粘膜肌层以内。
胃溃疡(GU) 十二指肠溃疡(DU)
2
流行病学
※ DU较GU多见,二者之比约为3:1。 ※男性较多,男女之比为3~4 :1。 ※发病年龄:DU以青壮年为最高,30-50高峰。
37
(三)用药护理 1、 ※抑制胃酸分泌
甲氰咪呱
胃酸分泌
组胺
H2
阿托品
654-2、
乙酰胆碱
M
胃泌素
G
胃泌素受体拮抗剂—不用
奥美拉唑(洛赛克)
壁细胞
K+
peptic ulcer胃溃疡ppt课件
花生四烯酸
(+)
细胞因子 生长因子 内毒素
COX-1 组织型
(-()-)
(-)
(-)
NSAIDs
COX-2 诱导型
(-) 糖皮质激素
(-)
(-) 选择性 COX-2抑制剂
前列腺素
胃酸和胃蛋白酶
“无酸、无溃疡〞 --- 胃酸在溃疡构成中的决议性作用
酸和胃蛋白酶对粘膜的自我消化 DU患者的高酸形状 抑酸治疗后PU 愈合
鉴别诊断
• 有上腹痛病症疾病鉴别 • 肝胆胰疾病、功能性消化不良 • 胃镜检查见到胃、十二指肠溃疡时: • 胃良、恶性溃疡的鉴别 • 胃泌素瘤(Zolinger-Ellison syndrome)
胃溃疡
胃癌
活检的重要性和方法
特殊类型的消化性溃疡
• 复合溃疡 • 幽门管溃疡 • 球后溃疡 • 宏大溃疡 • 老年人消化性溃疡 • 无病症性溃疡
一个需长期服用NSAID的GU患者,Hp阳性, 如何治疗?
• 根除Hp(如PPI+Amo+Cla, 1w) • 继续PPI治疗(如奥米拉唑20mg qd, 2-4w) • 胃镜复查溃疡愈合 • 继续PPI长程维持治疗以预防溃疡复发(如
奥米拉唑20mg qd)
胶体次枸橼酸铋480mg/d 800mg/d
克拉霉素 阿莫西林
甲硝唑
(二)根除Hp治疗终了后的抗溃疡治疗
以下患者需求: 有并发症的溃疡必需完成常规疗程, 溃疡大、复发频者宜思索完成常规疗程 根除Hp治疗终了后病症未有效缓解
4周后复查HP
(三)根除Hp治疗后复查
(停抗Hp药4周以上复查)
首选13C或14C尿素呼气实验 有并发症的消化性溃疡、GU无论有无并发
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When an imbalance occurs, PUD might develop.
Helicobactor pylori
H. pylori→ ? →ulceration
Prevalence of H. pylori: 80% in developing area; 20-50% in developed area
Etiology
A peptic ulcer is a mucosal break, 3 mm or greater, that can involve the stomach or duodenum.
The most important contributing factors are H pylori, NSAIDs, acid, and pepsin.
Additional aggressive factors include smoking, ethanol, bile acids, aspirin, steroids, and stress.
Important protective factors are mucus, bicarbonate, mucosal blood flow, prostaglandins, hydrophobic layer, and epithelial renewal. Increased risk when older than 50 d/t decrease protection
The rate of H. pylori infection is declining in developed country
Transmission: oral → oral fecal → oral
Helicobactor pylori
It is possible that the different disease related to H. pylori infection can be attribute to different strains of organism with distinct pathogenic features
In the US:
Lifetime prevalence is ~10%. PUD affects ~4.5 million annually. Hospitalization rate is ~30 pts per 100,000 cases. Mortality rate has decreased dramatically in the past 20 years
approximately 1 death per 100,000 cases
Comparing Duodenal And Gastric Ulcers
Epidemiology (DU)
Duodenal sites are 4x as common as gastric sites Most common in middle age
Helicobactor pylori
NSAID
NSAID→COX →PG↓
The form of NSAIDs have no relation to their damage on GI mucosa !!
NSAID
factor:
Advanced age History of ulcer Concomitant use of glucocorticoids Concomitant use of anticogulants Serious or multi-system disease H. pylori infection Cigarette and/or alcohol consumption
Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Definition
A circumscribed ulceration of the gastrointestinal mucosa occurring in areas exposed to acid and pepsin and most often caused by Helicobacter pylori infection.
peak 30-50 years Male to female ratio—4:1 Genetic link: 3x more common in 1st degree relatives More common in patients with blood group O Associated with increased serum pepsinogen H. pylori infection common
up to 95% Smoking is twice as common
Gastric Ulcers
Common in late middle age
incidence increases with age
Male to female ratio—2:1 More common in patients with blood group A Use of NSAIDs - associated with a three- to four-fold
(Uphold & Graham, 2003)
Peptic ulcers: Gastric and Duodenal
PUD Demographics
Higher prevalence in developing countries
H. Pylori is sometimes associated with socioeconomic status and poor hygiene
increase in risk of gastric ulcer Less related to H. pylori than duodenal ulcers – about
80% 10 - 20% of patients with a gastric ulcer have a
concomitant duodenal ulcer Malignancy
Helicobactor pylori
H. pylori→ ? →ulceration
Prevalence of H. pylori: 80% in developing area; 20-50% in developed area
Etiology
A peptic ulcer is a mucosal break, 3 mm or greater, that can involve the stomach or duodenum.
The most important contributing factors are H pylori, NSAIDs, acid, and pepsin.
Additional aggressive factors include smoking, ethanol, bile acids, aspirin, steroids, and stress.
Important protective factors are mucus, bicarbonate, mucosal blood flow, prostaglandins, hydrophobic layer, and epithelial renewal. Increased risk when older than 50 d/t decrease protection
The rate of H. pylori infection is declining in developed country
Transmission: oral → oral fecal → oral
Helicobactor pylori
It is possible that the different disease related to H. pylori infection can be attribute to different strains of organism with distinct pathogenic features
In the US:
Lifetime prevalence is ~10%. PUD affects ~4.5 million annually. Hospitalization rate is ~30 pts per 100,000 cases. Mortality rate has decreased dramatically in the past 20 years
approximately 1 death per 100,000 cases
Comparing Duodenal And Gastric Ulcers
Epidemiology (DU)
Duodenal sites are 4x as common as gastric sites Most common in middle age
Helicobactor pylori
NSAID
NSAID→COX →PG↓
The form of NSAIDs have no relation to their damage on GI mucosa !!
NSAID
factor:
Advanced age History of ulcer Concomitant use of glucocorticoids Concomitant use of anticogulants Serious or multi-system disease H. pylori infection Cigarette and/or alcohol consumption
Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Definition
A circumscribed ulceration of the gastrointestinal mucosa occurring in areas exposed to acid and pepsin and most often caused by Helicobacter pylori infection.
peak 30-50 years Male to female ratio—4:1 Genetic link: 3x more common in 1st degree relatives More common in patients with blood group O Associated with increased serum pepsinogen H. pylori infection common
up to 95% Smoking is twice as common
Gastric Ulcers
Common in late middle age
incidence increases with age
Male to female ratio—2:1 More common in patients with blood group A Use of NSAIDs - associated with a three- to four-fold
(Uphold & Graham, 2003)
Peptic ulcers: Gastric and Duodenal
PUD Demographics
Higher prevalence in developing countries
H. Pylori is sometimes associated with socioeconomic status and poor hygiene
increase in risk of gastric ulcer Less related to H. pylori than duodenal ulcers – about
80% 10 - 20% of patients with a gastric ulcer have a
concomitant duodenal ulcer Malignancy