考研英语阅读超精读法
考研英语一 阅读 超精读 2002年Text1超精读
2002年真题超精读Text 11、If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences andaddressing, the problems will be different.4、If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses.词汇句子逻辑关系1、Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses’convention, of a story which works well because the audience allSt. Peter. “Oh, that’s God,”came the reply, “but sometimes he thinks he’s a doctor.”1具体化(那个故事)2(并列)3并列4具体化5词汇12 句子逻辑关系1、If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it ’ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman ’s notorious bad taste in ties.2、With other audiences you mustn ’t attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman.3、 You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system.词汇句子逻辑关系1、Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. 3、Often it ’s the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark.1具体化2具体化3词汇3句子 逻辑关系语用:1、Look for the humor.2、It often comes from the unexpected.3、 A twist on a familiar quote “If at first you don ’t succeed, give up ” or a play on words or on a situation.4、 Search for exaggeration and understatement.5、Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor.词汇 句子逻辑关系篇章结构:论点型(幽默应该选准话题)——亮明论点——论证(论述过程,举例子——给了些建议(整体告诉我们应该这么用))延伸:幽默类型(考研中出现两次)、出国留学考试也容易出现幽默的类型:1、突降:sudden drop (和自然预期的结果不一样(反差))2、夸张:exaggeration (夸到了不可能的程度(去年一滴相思泪,今年未流到嘴边))3、模仿:mimic /'m ɪm ɪk/4、扭曲:twist /tw ɪst/ (名言的改变)。
考研英语历年真题阅读理解精读笔记(一)
众所周知,考研是⼈⽣的⼀次重新洗牌和重⼤机遇,⽽在考研的四门课程中,英语成了许多考⽣前进征途上的⼀只凶猛拦路虎和⼗分困难的羁跘与障碍。
详细分析历年考研英语试卷,⼜可以发现主要⽭盾在于阅读(占60%的分数),故可谓:得阅读者得天下。
阅读的60分细分为Part A、Part B 和Part C,其中Part A为四篇阅读理解,占40分,是阅读理解考试中的主战场。
那么,阅读Part A有没有什么技巧呢? 技巧⼀:看懂 阅读理解其实主要考的是“阅读”之后的“理解”,所以,看得懂乃是第⼀项技巧。
任何⼀篇⽂章,若要能看懂它,⾄少需要两个条件:认识单词和看明⽩句⼦。
单词就像盖房的砖⽡,考研词汇⼤约为5500个,这不是⼀个⼩数字,也并⾮三两天时间可以记住的,所以,考⽣必须先买⼀本考研英语词汇书进⾏系统、长期的学习和记忆。
(推荐《考研英语词汇真题词频语境记忆》,该书打破了传统考研词汇书按字母顺序排序的做法,⽽是采⽤历年真题作为单词出现频率的统计依据,将所有⼤纲单词及超纲单词按照历年真题出现的频率从⾼到低排列,⽽且全部按照考过的不同词义配不同的真题例句,可以使学⽣⽤最少的时间获得的学习效果)。
拿到词汇书之后,⾸先⽤⼤约⼀周的时间把这些单词中你根本不认识的挑出来,如rear,tedious,deteriorate,plausible,jargon,isotope,……,(因为这些单词你可能完全不认识,看到之后两眼漆⿊,所以称之为“⿊”字)。
“⿊”字是阅读的头⼀个障碍,单词不认识,句⼦当然看不懂,所以,消灭“⿊”字是当务之急。
(争取⽤⼀个⽉左右的时间消灭它们!) 考研词汇中,除“⿊”字外,还有⼤量意思⾮常明⽩的所谓“⽩”字,如:able,benefit,culture,space,topic,……。
此类单词可⼀掠⽽过,除“⿊”(完全不认识)和“⽩”(完全明⽩)字两类外,还有许多似会不会的“灰”字,如:treaty,tutor,sample,saddle,fuss,……。
考研英语精读的方法与技巧
考研英语精读的方法与技巧1.阅读速度调整:精读时,不能盲目追求阅读速度,要适当提高阅读速度,但又不能超过自己的阅读理解能力。
可以通过不断练习来提高阅读速度,但要确保在不影响理解的情况下。
2.主题句把握:在阅读文章时,要先抓住主题句,主题句通常出现在开头或者结尾,或者是段落中的第一句话。
了解主题句有助于理解整篇文章的中心思想。
3.关键词标记:阅读时,将重要的关键词标记出来,可以用下划线、圈圈等方式进行标注。
这样做有助于快速回忆文章内容,也方便后续做题时快速定位。
4.理解段落结构:文章通常由多个段落组成,每个段落包含一个中心思想。
了解段落结构,可以从宏观上掌握文章的发展和构思。
为了更好地理解段落结构,可以在读完一段后,简要概括它的内容。
5.掌握词汇的句法功能:在阅读理解中,了解词汇的句法功能对理解句子的意思至关重要。
熟悉常见的词汇用法和搭配,能更准确地理解句子的含义。
6.利用上下文推测词义:阅读过程中,会遇到一些生词或不认识的词汇。
此时可以通过上下文的线索去推测词义,尤其是判断其正面还是否定的含义,或者判断其具体指代的对象。
7.注意细节和逻辑关系:考研英语精读中的阅读理解题目通常需要考生对文章的细节和逻辑关系有较好的理解。
所以在阅读过程中,要时刻关注文章的细节,同时注意段落之间的逻辑连接和转折关系。
8.增加阅读量:阅读量的多少直接关系到阅读理解的能力。
可以通过坚持每天阅读英文材料,增加阅读量,并逐渐提高自己的阅读能力。
9.做题巩固:阅读理解的练习是提高考研英语精读能力的重要手段。
在做题过程中,可以通过分析解题思路和答案选项,逐步加深对文章内容的理解。
10.模拟考试训练:最后阶段,可以进行一些模拟考试的练习,模拟考试能够帮助考生熟悉考试的节奏和氛围,同时检验自己的考试成果。
总之,考研英语精读需要考生具备良好的阅读理解能力和英语基础,并且需要通过大量的练习来提高自己的阅读能力和解题技巧。
同时,需要注重平时的积累和阅读习惯的养成,不断增加自己的阅读量,才能在考研英语精读中取得好成绩。
考研英语阅读理解精读100篇_Unit
新东方出版的考研英语阅读理解精读100篇共有25个单元,本文档包含第一个单元,更多英语考研信息请点击UNIT ONETEXT ONETesco is preparing a legal battle to clear its name of involvement in the dairy price-fixing scandal that has cost consumers £270 million. Failure to prove that it had no part in collusion with other supermarkets and dairy processors may land it with a fine of at least £80 million. The Office of Fair Trading (OFT) said yesterday that Asda, Sainsbury’s and the former Safeway, plus the dairy companies Wiseman, Dairy Crest and Cheese Company, had admitted being in a cartel to fixprices for milk, butter and cheese. They were fined a total of just over £116 million as part of a leniency deal offered by the watchdog to companies that owned up quickly to anti-competitive behaviour.Officials at the OFT admitted privately that they did not think they would ever discover which company or individual had initiated the pricing formula. But the watchdog recognises that at the time supermarkets were under pressure from politicians and farmers to raise the cost of milk to save dairy farming, though it is not certain that money found its way to farmers. The OFT claimed in September that it had found evidence that the retail chains had passed future milk prices to dairy companies, which then reached a fixed price among themselves.The average cost to each household is thought to be £11.25 over 2002 and 2003. Prices went up an extra 3p on a pint of milk, 15p on a quarter of a pound of butter and 15p on a half pound of cheese. There is no direct recompense for consumers, however, and the money will go to the Treasury. The National Consumer Council gave warning that the admissions would dent consumer confidence in leading high street names and that people would become sceptical of their claims. Farmers For Action, the group of farmers that has led protests over low milk prices since 2000, is seeking legal advice on whether it can now bring a claim for compensation.The OFT investigation is continuing, however, in relation to Tesco, Morrisons and the dairy group Lactalis McLelland, and any legal action is expected to be delayed until that is completed.Tesco was defiant and said that it was preparing a robust defence of its actions. Lucy Neville-Rolfe, its executive director, said: “As we have always said, we acted independently and we did not collude with anyone. Our position is different from our competitors and we are defending our own case vigorously. Our philosophy is to give a good deal to customers.”Morrisons has supported the OFT in inquiries into the former Safeway business that it took over, but in a statement said that it was still making “strong representations”in its defence. A spokeswoman for Lactalis McLelland said that the company was “co-operating” with the OFT. Industry insiders suggested that the three companies were deliberately stalling the OFT investigation.Sainsbury’s admitted yesterday that it had agreed to pay £26 million in fines, but denied that it had sought to profiteer. Justin King, the chief executive, said he was disappointed that the company had been penalised for actions meant to help farmers but recognised the benefit of a speedy settlement. Asda declined to say how much it would pay in fines and also said that its intention had been to help farmers under severe financial pressure.1. From the first paragraph, we may infer that _____[A] Tesco is the most resolute among all the retailers to defend its reputation.[B] it is already proved that Tesco has colluded with Asda, Wiseman, Dairy Crest and Cheese Company in fixing the dairy price. [C] Tesco is offered a leniency deal of £80 million because of its quick response to the anti-competitive behaviors[D] Tesco is trying its best to prove its innocence of the scandal.2. Who is most probably the initiator of the pricing formula?[A] Retail chains.[B] Farmers.[C] Dairy companies.[D] Politicians3. The word “defiant”(Line 1, Paragraph 5) most probably means _____.[A] resisiting[B] angry[C] deficient[D] confident4. We may infer from Morrisons’statement that _____ [A] Morrisons turn out to be the most defentive when dealing with OFT.[B] Morrisons is reluctant to support the inquiries into the former Safeway business. [C] industry insiders suggest that Morrisons was trying to delay the OFT investigation with non-cooperation.[D] Morrisons indeed refuses to admit its involvement in the scandal.5. The writer’s attitude to Tesco can be said to be _____[A] biased.[B] objective.[C] sympathetic.[D] optimistic.篇章剖析:本文介绍了目前奶制品公司因内部设定价格而面临受到的调查和处罚的状况。
考研英语历年真题阅读理解精读笔记(十一)
TEXT 4 It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional.Small wonder.Americans life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century.Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure.Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago.But not even a great health care system can cure death-and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours. Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions.We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved.Shielded by third party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it's useless.The most obvious example is late stage cancer care.Physicians-frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient-too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified. In 1950, the US spent $12.7 billion on health care. In 2002, the cost will be $1540 billion.Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable.Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it.Some scholars conclude that a government with finite resources should simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain age-say 83 or so.Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm "have a duty to die and get out of the way", so that younger, healthier people can realize their potential. I would not go that far.Energetic people now routinely work through their 60s and beyond, and remain dazzlingly productive.At 78, Viacom chairman Sumner Redstone jokingly claims to be 53.Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O Connor is in her 70s, and former surgeon general C.Everett Koop chairs an Internet start up in his 80s.These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age.As a mere 68 year-old, I wish to age as productively as they have. Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit.As a physician, I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful.I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have.As a nation, we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve people's lives. 56. What is implied in the first sentence? [A] Americans are better prepared for death than other people. [B] Americans enjoy a higher life quality than ever before. [C] Americans are over confident of their medical technology. [D] Americans take a vain pride in their long life expectancy. 57. The author uses the example of cancer patients to show that . [A] medical resources are often wasted [B] doctors are helpless against fatal diseases [C] some treatments are too aggressive [D] medical costs are becoming unaffordable 58. The author's attitude toward Richard Lamm's remark is one of . [A] strong disapproval [B] reserved consent [C] slight contempt [D] enthusiastic support 59. In contrast to the US, Japan and Sweden are funding their medical care . [A] more flexibly [B] more extravagantly [C] more cautiously [D] more reasonably 60. The text intends to express the idea that . [A] medicine will further prolong people's lives [B] life beyond a certain limit is not worth living [C] death should be accepted as a fact of life [D] excessive demands increase the cost of health careachieve12 v.①完成,实现;②达到,达成,获得 aggressive5 a.①侵略的,好⽃的;②⼤胆的,积极的 attitude14 n.①(to,towards)态度,看法;②姿势 author69 n.①作者;②创始⼈ billion11 num./n.[美]⼗亿,[英]万亿 cancer11 n.癌 chair4 n.①椅⼦;②主席(职位);vt.主持,担任 claim12 v.①要求;②声称,主张;③索赔;n.①要求;②主张,断⾔;③索赔;④权利,要求权,所有权 conclude5 v.①结束,终结;②断定,下结论;③缔结,议定 confident3 a.(of,in)确信的,⾃信的 confront3 v.①使⾯临,使遭遇;②⾯对(危险等) consent3 v./n.(to)同意,赞成,答应 contempt4 n.轻蔑,藐视 contrast5 v.对⽐,对照;n.对⽐,对照,差异 court10 n.①法院,法庭;②宫廷,朝廷;③院⼦;④球场 doctor12 n.①博⼠;②医⽣;v.伪造,篡改 dramatic4 a.①戏剧的,戏剧性的;②剧烈的,激进的;③显著的,引⼈注⽬的 energetic2 a.有⼒的,精⼒旺盛的 enthusiastic2 a.热情的,热⼼的 excessive3 a.过多的,过分的来源:考试⼤ express4 v.表达,表⽰;a.特快的,快速的;n.快车,快运 failure6 n.①失败,不及格;②失败者;③故障,失灵;④未能 fatal4 a.致命的,毁灭性的 finite2 a.有限的 former10 a.①前任的;②以前的,在前的;pron.前者 frustrate1 v.挫败,阻挠,使灰⼼ fund14 n.资⾦,基⾦;v.资助,投资 governor1 n.总督,州(省)长 hip2 n.髋部;a.时髦的 humble2 a.①谦卑的,恭顺的;②低下的,卑微的;v.降低,贬抑 ideal5 a.①理想的,完美的;②空想的;③理想主义的;④唯⼼的;n.理想 imply12 v.意指,含...意思,暗⽰ inevitable5 a.不可避免的,必然发⽣的 intend15 v.想要,打算,企图 justice2 n.①公正,公平;②审判,司法;③法官 justify8 v.证明...是正当的,认为有理 measure14 v.测量;n.①尺⼨,⼤⼩;②[常pl.]措施,办法;③法案,法律规定 mere7 a.①纯粹的;②仅仅,只不过 obvious13 a.明显的,显⽽易见的 optional1 a.可以任选的,⾮强制的 painful5 a.疼痛的,使痛苦的 perish1 v.①丧⽣;②凋谢;③毁灭,消亡 physician10 n.内科医⽣ potential13 a.①潜在的,可能的;②势的,位的;n.潜能,潜⼒ procedure4 n.程序,⼿续,步骤 productive4 a.⽣产(性)的,能产的,多产的 prolong3 v.拉长,延长 proof2 n.①证据,证明;②校样,样张 pursuit6 n.①追赶,追求;②职业,⼯作 quest3 n.寻求 quote5 v.引⽤,援 reality10 n.①现实,实际;②真实 remark7 n.(about,on)评语,议论,意见;v.①(on)评论,谈论;②注意到,察觉 replace7 v.①放回,替换,取代;②归还 reserve2 n.①储备(物),储藏量,储备⾦;②缄默,谨慎;v.①保留,储备;②预定,预约 resource7 n.①[pl.]资源,财⼒;②办法,智谋;③应变能⼒;④设备 reverse1 n.①相反,反转,颠倒;②背⾯,后⾯;a.相反的,倒转的;v.颠倒,倒转,(使)倒退 scholar5 n.学者 sentence9 n.①句⼦;②判决,宣判;v.宣判,判决 shield2 n.①防护物,护罩;②盾,盾状物;v.保护,防护 solve9 v.解决,解答 supreme2 a.①极度的,最重要的;②⾄⾼的,的 surgeon1 n.外科医⽣ sustain5 v.①⽀撑,撑住;②维持,持续,经受,忍耐 system31 n.①系统,体系;②制度,体制 technology27 n.⼯艺,技术 therapy2 n.治疗,理疗 threaten8 v.①恐吓,威胁;②有...危险,快要来临 trend12 n.倾向,趋势;v.伸向,倾向 unlikely5 a.未必的,靠不住的 vain2 a.①徒劳的,徒然的;②⾃负的,虚荣的;n.徒劳,⽩费 worth5 n.价值;a.值得的 advance10 v.①前进,进展;②推进,促进;③提出(建议等);④提前;n.①前进,进展;②预付,预⽀ cataract1 n.①⼤瀑布;②⽩内障 cautiously1 ad.慎重地 clinical1 a.临床的 consumer20 n.消费者 dazzlingly1 ad.灿烂地,耀眼地 depression2 n.①沮丧,消沉;②(经济)萧条,不景⽓ disapproval1 n.不赞成 disintegrate1 vt.(使)分解,(使)碎裂 expectancy2 n.期待,期望 extravagantly1 ad.挥霍⽆度地 flexibly1 ad.易曲地,柔软地 genetically2 ad.遗传地 inability1 n.⽆能,⽆⼒ ineffective2 a.⽆效的 infirm1 a.弱的,不坚固的,柔弱的 leader10 n. overfund1 vt.对...提供充⾜资⾦ productively1 ad.有结果地,有成果地 reasonably2 ad.适度地,相当地 routinely1 ad.例⾏公事地 surgical1 a.外科的,⼿术上的;n.外科病房,外科⼿术 treatment7 n.待遇,对待,处理,治疗 unaffordable1 a.供应不起的 underfund1 vt.投资不⾜ unimaginable2 a.,想不到的,不可思议的 unsustainable1 a.不能成⽴的,不能⽀持的 难句1 Shielded by third party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it’s useless. [结构分析] 1. 本句主⼲结构为:... we demand everything ... ; 2. everything后⾯是that引导的定语从句,that在从句中作主语; 3. 第⼀个逗号前为过去分词短语shielded引导的状语成分,第⼆个逗号后⾯是even if引导的让步状语从句; [本句难点]主要是过去分词作状语,以及定语从句的⽤法; [⽅法对策]抓住句⼦主⼲,然后再分析状语等其他成分; [例句精译]由于医疗费⽤由第三⽅⽀付,我们常常要求⽤尽所有的医疗⼿段,即使它们不会有任何作⽤。
15分钟之内搞定考研英语阅读B
15分钟之内搞定阅读B首先要弄清楚阅读B和阅读A的不同之处:阅读A的重点在于准确理解,相比之下B部分更侧重的是对文章的结构的把握。
弄清楚这一点是至关重要的,因为这种本质性的差异使得作A、B两部分的方法大相径庭!步骤一:速读文章(4-5分钟之内),找出中心论点和各段主旨,重点注意blank出的上下文并简单猜测一下此处大概内容。
这一步看似简单,其实其中有很多技巧。
读和读不一样,比如你看我这篇帖子和看报纸上的新闻时候都在读,但侧重点不一样。
现在你是在精读,看报纸是浏览罢了。
但要注意的是,读阅B的时候不能用看报纸一样的那种浏览来速读,而应该始终记得自己的目的:观察文章结构!比如:第一段提出现象,第二段提出相关评论和作者论点,第三段给正例,第四段给反例,最后一个结论。
当然,我举这个例子太俗,也没什么代表性,我只是为了说明一种文章内部一定有某种结构。
限于时间和条件我就不举具体的例子来说明了。
各位可以多练习一下,每次读都要在头脑中替作者构思该怎样写,怎样衔接,怎样才能更有说服力,渐渐的你就可以在很短的时间里迅速掌握文章的结构了。
这里有一点要特别注意:千万别被作者把你的思路带进文章里面。
举个简单的例子,比如某篇文章讲如何才能获取女孩子的芳心(我假设的),至今仍然没有女朋友的你(当然也是假设的)可能对这个话题就很感兴趣,对其中的细节若有所悟,文章所要传达的内容基本都被你吸收了。
如果这是阅读A的文章,你就赚到了,回答问题可能也很轻松;可若是阅读B的文章,你就倒霉了,津津有味的读了半天,结果结构上的特点一点没领会。
明白我的意思了没?步骤二:从A到G仔细的看每一个选项,看一个确定一个,并对不能确定的选项作简单标记(4-5分钟)。
有了步骤一的基础,你可能很容易便能确定某选项的位置了,甚至没看到这个选项的时候你大概已经想到这个选项应该是这个样子的(这种几率很小),也可能对某几个还有些犹豫。
不要紧,还有时间,继续下一步。
步骤三:仔细观察文章blank处的上下文的每一个细节(连词、特定名词etc),回到选项群按细节排查(4-5分钟)。
英语精读方法和技巧
英语精读方法和技巧英语精读方法和技巧(精选篇1)一、每天坚持读书。
朗读:一般*读2到3遍,带着理解去读,而不只是为读而读。
二、听从最初级的听力入手,听懂每个单词、每句话、每段话及每篇*。
逐步增加难度。
每天至少半小时。
三、写每两天写一篇英文日记或者作文,注意写作的语法和单词,好的语法是会为作文加分的。
四、语法从基础到高级,掌握每一个语法点,详细的用笔记记录下来。
笔记所记的都是自己所会的,直到把所有语法细节都掌握。
笔记不能是记的,还要及时的复习,这样记笔记才有用处。
五、词汇每天记忆100到150个新单词,并复习前一天的旧单词。
对于生疏的旧单词,可记录下来,安排适当时间记忆。
这样下来,温故而知新,就不会学着前面忘记后面的了。
六、练习大量的练习可以巩固所学知识。
从练习中增加词汇量和语法的了解。
英语精读方法和技巧(精选篇2)一半是基本功,一半是技巧。
基本功漫谈阅读的基本功是取得阅读高分重要保证,但这需要从长计议,非短期能奏效。
中国大学英语教学体制是中国考生阅读理解能力低的主要原因。
几乎所有到美国读书的中国学生会感觉到自己的阅读能力明显不足,因为在国外,通常学生每次课后作业需要阅读长达数十页到数百页的*,非常不适应,感到自己多年来在中国炼就的高超语法水平(如虚拟语气有多少种特例、很多八百年都用不上一次的词语搭配)却无用武之处。
据我多年应试与教学的体会,中国学生阅读最大的障碍在于对英语长句、复杂句的感觉和把握。
*读不懂,其实读不懂的还是难的句子,目前在研究生入学考试阅读部分中出现含有50~70个词汇长度的句子已属司空见惯,如果文中充满了主系和主谓宾单句的话,恐怕没有谁读不懂!对于大多数同学而言,个别单词不认识并不会造成语义理解的障碍,除非您的单词量实在是太小了,事实上很多同学阅读水平处在这样的一个阶段:很多单词是认识的,但句子长的,结构复杂了,句子语义理解起来就很慢、很吃力,或根本不理解,从而导致整个*理解的障碍。
考研英语阅读精读真题精选
考研英语阅读精读真题精选"Thereisoneandonlyonesocialresponsibilityofbusiness"wrot eMiltonFriedman,aNobelPrize-winningeconomist"Thatis,touseitsresourcesandengageinactivitiesdesignedto increaseitsprofits."ButevenifyouacceptFriedman'spremiseandregardcorporatesoc ialresponsibility(CSR)policiesasawasteofshareholders'smoney ,thingsmaynotbeabsolutelyclear-cut.NewresearchsuggeststhatCSRmaycreatemonetaryvalueforcompa niesatleastwhentheyareprosecutedforcorruption.ThelargestfirmsinAmericaandBritaintogetherspendmorethan$ 15billionayearonCSR,accordingtoanestimatebyEPG,aconsultingf irm.Thiscouldaddvaluetotheirbusinessesinthreeways.First,consumersmaytakeCSRspendingasa"signal"thatacompany 'sproductsareofhighquality.Second,customersmaybewillingtobuyacompany'sproductsasani ndirectmaytodonatetothegoodcausesithelps.Andthird,throughamorediffuse"haloeffect"wherebyitsgoodde edsearnitgreaterconsiderationfromconsumersandothers.PreviousstudiesonCSRhavehadtroubledifferentiatingtheseef fectsbecauseconsumerscanbeaffectedbyallthree.Arecentstudyattemptstoseparatethembylookingatbriberypros ecutionsunderAmerican'sForeignCorruptPracticesAct(FCPA).Itarguesthatsinceprosecutorsdonotconsumeacompany'sproduc tsaspartoftheirinvestigations,theycouldbeinfluencedonlybyth ehaloeffect.Thestudyfoundthat,amongprosecutedfirms,thosewiththemostc omprehensiveCSRprogrammestendedtogetmorelenientpenalties.Theiranalysisruledoutthepossibilitythatitwasfirm'spoliti calinfluence,ratherthantheirCSRstand,thataccountedforthelen iency:Companiesthatcontributedmoretopoliticalcampaignsdidno treceivelowerfines.Inall,thestudyconcludesthatwhereasprosecutorsshouldonlye valuateacasebasedonitsmerits,theydoseemtobeinfluencedbyacom pany'srecordinCSR."Weestimatethateithereliminatingasubstantiallabour-rightsconcern,suchaschildlabour,orincreasingcorporategiving byabout20%resultinfinesthatgenerallyare40%lowerthanthetypic alpunishmentforbribingforeignofficials."saysoneresearcher.Researchersadmitthattheirstudydoesnotanswerthequestionat howmuchbusinessesoughttospendonCSR.Nordoesitrevealhowmuchcompaniesarebankingonthehaloeffect ,ratherthantheotherpossiblebenefits,whentheydecidetheirdo-goodingpolicies.Butatleasttheyhavedemonstratedthatwhencompaniesgetintotr oublewiththelaw,evidenceofgoodcharactercanwinthemalesscostl ypunishment.诺贝尔经济学奖得主、经济学家米尔顿·弗里德曼写道,企业社会责任有且仅有一种,“那就是,利用自身资源从事能让其获利的各种活动。
【免费】2013考研英语(一)阅读真题Text 1精读
【参考资料】Once upon a time, fashion was glamorous models and movie stars wearing haute couture on glossy magazine covers. People saved their salaries and shopped once or twice a year for high-quality clothes that could last for many seasons.曾经,时尚就是登上光洁杂志封面的那些身着高级定制,魅力非凡的模特和影星。
人们省下平时的薪水,每年会逛一两次商场,来选购那些耐穿的高级服装。
Nowadays, fashion is fast-changing and cheap thanks to retail brands such as H&M, Zara and Topshop. Fashion has become ever more accessible. But is it a good thing?现在,由于H&M、Zara 、Topshop等服装品牌的出现,时尚变得日新月异,且价格低廉。
时尚变得前所未有的平易近人。
而这是件好事吗?US writer Elizabeth Cline doesn't think so, although she used to be the owner of a wardrobe solely made up of cheap chic.美国作家伊丽莎白•克莱(音译)却不这样想,虽然她曾经拥有一整衣柜这种便宜又时髦的衣服。
In her recent book Overdressed: The Shockingly High Cost of Cheap Fashion, she writes: "I paid less than $30 (191 yuan) per item for each piece of clothing in my closet. Most of my shoes cost less than $15."在其新书《着装过度:廉价时尚背后的惊人高成本》中,她写道:"我衣橱里的衣服每件单价不超过30美元(合191人民币)。
考研英语阅读方法(从20题错一半到只错1题的经验)
阅读技巧:核心思想就是“分块阅读”。
一篇阅读有5个问题,每个问题是按顺序分布的。
比如说一篇阅读有5段,第一问在第一段中找答案,第二问在第二段中找,以此类推,这就是所谓的“分块阅读法”,分块阅读的基础就是——题目是按顺序分块设置的。
至于如何在“块”中发现答案,要找的就是“同义替换”,下文中会有详细介绍。
(当然诸如“这篇文章的题目应选什么?”的问题除外,需要结合整篇文章作答,不过这类问题很少)因此阅读的技巧和关键就在于“通过问题分解文章,缩小每次的阅读内容,各个击破”。
切记不要一口气读完文章后将5个问题一齐作答,一来记不住文章的要点和细节,二来会中出题人的陷阱(干扰项其实就是在细节上做手脚),如偷梁换柱等。
阅读的方法如下:(1)扫一遍5个问题,对题干信息有个印象,看一眼就行了,不需要记住。
然后按顺序精读,对含有题干信息的语句仔细阅读。
另外,留意“Which of thefollowing would be the best title of the test?”、“The author’s attitudetowards…”这之类的问题,在分解阅读时可以顺便留意一下作者的观点态度。
(2)第一个问题,答案一般就在第一段。
后面几问同理,这样整篇文章被分解成四五个部分,一部分最多三四个长句,对每个部分认真阅读,目标清晰,很容易得到正解;同时,每个部分,废话居多,真正的答案往往就其中一句话或其中一个关键短语,选对选项的关键在于找准同义替换(有种题型不能用找“同义替换”的方法,后面的补充说明里有讲)。
(3)正确的选项往往以同义替换的形式出现。
这一点是成败的关键,考研英语阅读的每一个问题都是非常严谨的,其严谨在于:正确选项实质上就是原文中某句话的同义替换,而不是靠蒙和猜,正确选项一定能在原文中找到相应的依据。
同义替换分2种。
第1种是:正确选项中的某个短语和原文中的某个短语意思相同,如explore和probe都是“探索”,shared和collective都是“共同的”,purchase和for the sale 都表示“交易、买卖”;第2种是:正确选项是对原文中某句话的概括,如:“discovery is described as seeingwhat everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought” 概括起来就是“scientific work calls for acritical mind”(当然这里critical的一词多义要非常熟悉才行);“Politicians have repeatedly“backloaded” public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but addingto holidays and especially pensions that are already generous”概括起来就是“the income in the statesector is indirectly augmented”(第二个例子的意思是“国有部门虽然工资没涨太多但是其福利奖金有所增加”,所以概括起来就是“间接地增加了国有部门收入”)。
英美期刊用法 (自动保存的)
【考研英语备考系列文章之一】怎么使用丁晓钟老师的《英美外刊超精读》第一部分:理论部分丁晓钟老师编著的《英美外刊超精读》中,前言就曾经介绍过阅读的方法。
我在使用这本外刊书的时候也基本遵循着这样的步骤,再根据实际情况,适当做出一些调整。
因此我阅读外刊的方法如下:第一步:通读快速全文(大概用10分钟左右),把不懂的词、表达,句型标记,然后结合文章标题,问问自己能不能了解文章的大意(就是文章的重点是什么)。
也看看不懂的地方是什么原因造成的:是词汇表达积累不够?是文化背景缺乏?还是对写作手法不熟悉?如果是词汇不了解,看看上下文能不能推导一下,或者能不能推出其褒贬意?这一步,我一般不会查字典。
第二步:精读每一段,遇到不懂的词汇,自己查字典,通过句间和句中的逻辑,选择你认为最佳的意思。
把表达、词汇、搭配等等记录下来。
继续看文章。
看完后,问问自己是不是了解了文章的大意?把每段的段落意思写下来,对,一定要写下来!重要的信息自己去标记出来。
最后,重点注意几个地方:指代问题,替换问题,用词准确度问题,重点语法问题。
最后,如果有时间,可以翻译全文。
这一步,我会查大量的字典和上网搜索信息。
另外,字典的选择问题,说明如下:一般来说,最合理的当然是查阅英英词典,其好处就不需赘言,但是,要考虑到每个学生的英语基础和中文基础大多没有达到可以直接看英英的词典的能力。
而且根据《考试大纲》里面对翻译题的考察说明:主要考查考生准确理解概念或结构较复杂的英语文字材料的能力。
要求考生阅读一篇约400词的文章,并将其中5个画线部分(约150词)译成汉语,要求译文准确、完整、通顺这考察说明中明确列出要求译文准确,这就意味着,光靠记得单词的译文释义,你未必能够准确的翻译回中文的准确意思,而且学习型的英英词典在释义方面都有一个共性,就是采用较为的简单的词语来对单词进行释义,这样释义往往会比较长,的确是便于学生理解,但是翻译回中文的话,绝大部分学生就不一定能够找到准确对应的汉语词汇了。
英语阅读超精读_超精解_丁晓钟
超精读——全面提升英语阅读能力作者:丁晓钟来源:点点英语经常有同学问我:有没有什么捷径能够顺利地通过四六级、考研或者其它英语考试? 我的回答总是:没有。
但是,帮助同学们找到一套科学的学习方法,不仅可以提高英语能力,而且对考试也有切实的帮助,是我一直所追求的。
在国内这样的非母语学习环境里,如何在英语学习上少走弯路,最为行之有效和直接的提高英语水平的办法就是大量阅读,并作精细阅读,这样才能带动“听说写译”等其它能力的突破。
结合我个人的学习体会,并经过长时间的思考和教学中的摸索,我总结出了一套以阅读为突破口,提高英语综合能力和突破四六级和考研等等英语考试的“超精读”方法,希望能对同学们有所帮助。
对大部分中国学生来说,欠缺的不是泛读,而是精读。
总的来说,同学们在超精读文章的时候要对文章和考点、干扰项等进行详细的分析、总结。
这时要仔细体会文章中精彩的语言,注意词语的内涵、使用、扩展和搭配,代词和名词的指代,对精彩句型的模仿,以及对重要语法现象、长句、难句、文章结构的分析。
另外,还要注意分析句子和句子之间的关系,是因果、递近、转折还是什么?尤其要注意文章的第一句和最后一句,以及每段的第一句和最后一句与其它句子的关系,体会每句话在文章中的作用。
在阅读过程中,要培养自己对文章主要讨论对象、关键词,作者和专家的观点,以及语气的把握。
特别注意作者和专家的观点,专家和专家之间的观点是否相同或相反或互补,以及作者和专家的语气是赞成还是反对,是关注还是乐观等等。
如果是真题,还要仔细分析考点和正确、干扰选项的规律、特征。
在此过程中,可把文章尽可能的多读几遍,甚至翻译一下,提高对文章中单词、短语、句型等的反应速度,阅读速度自然也就提高了。
如果能做到上面几点,那么你才能说真正地理解了文章,阅读理解能力以及综合英语能力都会得到很大的提高,其结果是对考试中的每个题型的把握都会更上一层楼。
先从听力说起,据研究,一个人的阅读理解能力和听力水平是成正比关系的。
2017考研英语一真题超精读(冲刺篇)第一分册试读1
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考研英语狂人95分,阅读满分笔记(新东方范猛老师讲的2014)
一、阅读文章1.来源:西方的报刊杂志2.文体:议论文,说明文,记叙文,应用文3.历年考题:多为社会科学,自然科学,人文科学4.大纲5.key word: ①Close reading, ②72精读击破法① Close reading:第一、精读要达到:首先,分析文章,对题目中的四个选项要做分析。
正确的选项要做分析,错误的选项也要做分析。
其次,把文章中的单词要背会、要全部熟悉掌握。
长句子要摘取下来背诵,翻译。
对于重点文章,有时需要背诵全文。
第二、如何精读72篇文章:首先是单词量;其次是难句;最后是解题思路。
第三、对于文章则可以多角度的读,题目也可以多角度的分析。
②48精读击破法复习方式:以点代面,切忌题海战术!第一、精度的角度。
首先是单词量;其次是对阅读中的长句、难句进行分析;最后要对题目进行分析。
第二、泛读的目的。
第一是增强背景知识;第二是锻炼抓住文章中心的能力。
第三、建议要读以下三本杂志:Time, Newsweek, Economist.二、阅读四步走:1.扫描题干,划出关键词1)建立起了目标感2)对文章的主要内容有了大致的脉络的了解2.通读全文,抓住中心1) 通读全文。
① 首段② 其他各段的段首段尾句。
2) 抓住中心。
①文章叙述的主要内容是什么?②文章中有无提到核心概念?③作者大致态度是什么?3.仔细审题,返回原文1) 通常是由题干出发,使用寻找关键词定位原则。
大写字母,地名,时间,数字等。
2) 自然段定位原则:出题顺序与行文的顺序是大体一致的。
4.重叠选项,得出答案。
重叠原文 即对照原文。
1)原则一:1∶1原则(通读时间与做题时间对等)2)原则二:首段原则(不要怕重复和回读)首段的作用:①中心段②抛砖引玉3)原则三:首末句原则,即除首段和末段,其余各段的首末句一定要读懂,其他各句正常阅读注:遇到特别难的文章,可以采用看一题读一段的方式。
三、阅读困难:1.单词量不大(要熟看考验英语大纲),句型结构复杂(将每篇文章中的难句摘录下来,加以背诵)2.作者的观点具有一点的隐蔽性3.选项的迷惑性比较大四、做题误区:1.做得太快,做题靠印象或直觉。
考研英语阅读理解精读100篇
阅读理解精选100篇---经济类考研英语阅读理解精读100篇unit1unit1Some of the concerns surrounding Turkey’s application to join the European Union, to be voted on by the EU’s Council of Minis ters on December 17th, are economic-in particular, the country’s relative poverty. Its G DP per head is less than a third of the average for the 15 pre-2004 members of the EU. But it is not far off that of one of the ten new members which joined on May 1st 2004 (Latvia), and it is much the same as those of two countries, Bulgaria and Romania, which this week concluded accession talks with the EU that could make them full members on January 1st 2007.Furthermore, the country’s recent economic progress has been, according to Donald Johnston, the secretary-general of the OECD, "stunning". GDP in the second quarter of the year was 13.4% higher than a year earlier, a rate of growth that no EU country comes close to matching. Turkey’s inflation rate has just fallen into single figures for the first time since 1972, and this week the countr y reached agreement with the IMF on a new three-year, $10 billion economic programme that will, according to the IMF’s managing director, Rodrigo Rato, "help Turkey... reduce inflation toward European levels, and enhance the economy’s resilience".Resilience has not historically been the country’s economic strong point. As recently as 2001, GDP fell by over 7%. It fell by more than 5% in 1994, and by just under 5% in 1999. Indeed, throughout the 1990s growth oscillated like an electrocardiogram recording a violent heart attack. This irregularity has been one of the main reasons (along with red tape and corruption) why the country has failed dismally to attract much-needed foreign direct investment. Its stock of such investment (as a percentage of GDP) is lower now than it was in the 1980s, and annual inflows have scarcely ever reached $1 billion (whereas Ireland attracted over $25 billion in 2003, as did Brazil in every year from 1998 to 2000).One deterrent to foreign investors is due to disappear on January 1st 2005. On that day, Turkey will take away the right of virtually every one of its citizens to call themselves a millionaire. Six noughts will be removed from the face value of the lira; one unit of the local currency will henceforth be worth what 1m are now-ie, about €0.53 ($0.70). Goods will have to be priced in both the new and old lira for the whole of the year, but foreign bankers and investors can begin to look forward to a time in Turkey when they will no longer have to juggle mentally with indeterminate strings of zeros.注(1):本文选自Economist;12/18/2004, p115-115, 2/5p;注(2):本文习题命题模仿2004年真题text 1第1题和第3题(1,3),2001年真题text 1第2题(2),1999年真题text 2第2题(4)和2002年真题text 3第4题(5);1. What is Turkey’s economic situation now?[A] Its GDP per head is far lagging behind that of the EU members.[B] Its inflation rate is still rising.[C] Its economy grows faster than any EU member.[D] Its economic resilience is very strong.2. We can infer from the second paragraph that__________.[A] Turkey will soon catch the average GDP level of the 15 pre-2004 EU members[B] inflation rate in Turkey used to be very high[C] Turkey’s economy will keep growing at present rate[D] IMF’s economic program will help Turkey join the EU3. The word “oscillated” (Line 3, Para graph 3) most probably means_________.[A] fell[B] climbed[C] developed[D] swang4. Speaking of Turkey’s foreign direct investment, the author implies that_________.[A] it’s stock is far less than that of other countries[B] it does not have much influence on Turkey’s economic progress[C] steady GDP growth will help Turkey attract more foreign direct investment[D] Turkey’s economic resilience relies on foreign direct investment5.We can draw a conclusion from the text that__________.[A] foreign investment environment in Turkey will become better[B] Turkey’s citizens will suffer heavy loss due to the change of the face value of the lira[C] the local currency will depreciate with the removal of six noughts from the face value[D] prices of goods will go up答案:C B D C A篇章剖析本篇文章是一篇说明文,介绍了土耳其的经济状况。
考研英语超级精读笔记猫叔
考研英语超级精读笔记猫叔(最新版)目录1.猫叔的考研英语超级精读笔记概述2.笔记的主要内容和价值3.猫叔的推荐网课和公众号4.猫叔的考研英语翻译笔记5.猫叔的建议和提醒正文猫叔的考研英语超级精读笔记概述猫叔的考研英语超级精读笔记是一份非常实用且详细的考研英语学习资料。
这份笔记是猫叔在准备考研过程中自己整理出来的,不仅参考了教材的讲解,还融入了自己的做题方法和经验。
猫叔的笔记涵盖了考研英语的各个方面,从词汇到语法,从阅读理解到写作,都有详细的讲解和实例。
对于考研英语的学习,这份笔记具有很高的参考价值。
笔记的主要内容和价值猫叔的考研英语超级精读笔记主要包括以下几个方面:1.阅读理解:猫叔根据自己的做题经验,总结出了阅读理解的解题技巧和方法,这些方法不仅简单易懂,而且十分实用。
同时,猫叔还提供了大量的阅读理解练习题,帮助考生提高阅读理解能力。
2.完形填空:猫叔在完形填空部分详细介绍了题型特点和解题技巧,并且为考生提供了很多实用的做题方法。
3.新题型:猫叔对考研英语新题型的解题方法进行了深入研究,并整理出了一套完整的解题笔记。
这些笔记对考生来说非常有价值,可以帮助他们在考试中迅速找到解题思路。
4.翻译:猫叔的翻译笔记主要包括翻译技巧和实例分析。
这些内容对考生提高翻译能力非常有帮助。
猫叔的推荐网课和公众号猫叔在文章中推荐了一些网课和公众号,这些课程和公众号可以为考生提供更多的学习资源和帮助。
以下是猫叔推荐的课程和公众号:1.考研英语新题型做题方法讲解视频2.一烫公众号:这个公众号上有很多真题分栏整理资料,方便考生做题。
猫叔的考研英语翻译笔记猫叔的考研英语翻译笔记是一份非常实用的学习资料。
猫叔在笔记中详细介绍了考研英语翻译的技巧和方法,并且为考生提供了大量的实例分析。
这些内容对考生提高翻译能力非常有帮助。
猫叔的建议和提醒猫叔在文章中为考生提供了一些建议和提醒,这些建议和提醒可以帮助考生更好地备考考研英语。
以下是猫叔的一些建议和提醒:1.做题过程中要注意时间管理,不要过分追求速度而忽略了正确率。
94-07陈正康考研英语超精读(完美打印版)
1994年真题超精读Passage Oneorganize vt.组织private a.私人的,个人的market-oriented a.以市场为导向的largely ad. 主要地,在很大程度上marketplace n.市场strive to do 努力做profit n.利润in competition with sb 在与sb的竞争中motive n.动机operate v.起作用;运行;操作competitive a.竞争的;竞争性的;竞争激烈的individual a./n.个体的;个体consumer n.消费者desire n./v.愿望;欲望maximize vt.最大化resources n.资源mechanism n.构造,结构;体制,机制in response to sth 作为对sth的反应/回应relative a.相对的;比较,相当demand n./v.需求;要求supply n./v.供应;提供in short supply 供应不足relative to A 与A相比较/相对应;与A有关bid v./n.竞标,投标be bid up (指价格等)被抬升eliminate v.去除,消除;淘汰commodity =goods n.商品in turn 反过来permit sb to do 允许sb做regulate v.调整own = possess vt.拥有productive resources 生产资料property n.财产hire = employ vt.雇;雇佣gain control over A 获得对A的控制natural resources 自然资源concept n.概念embrace vt.包括;拥抱contract n.合同v.收缩be satisfied with A 对A满意overstate v.夸大;多报understate v.轻描淡写;少报purchase v./n.购买purchasing power 购买力mechanized a.机械化的A is characterized by B. A的特点是B。
考研英语历真题阅读理解精读笔记
考研英语历年真题阅读理解精读笔记二TEXT 3During the past generation, the American middle class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities. Now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis, or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work, transforming basic family economics. Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect: family risk has risen as well. Today's families have budgeted to the limits of their new two paycheck status. As a result, they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback-a back up earner usually Mom who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick. This "added worker effect" could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather bad times. But today, a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise stay at home partner.During the same period, families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income. Steelworkers, airline employees, and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates, stock market fluctuation, and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money. For much of the past year, President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a savings account model, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns. For younger families, the picture is not any better. Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen-and newly fashionable health savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal Mart workers, with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families' future healthcare. Even demographics are working against the middle class family, as the odds of having a weak elderly parent-and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance-have jumped eightfold in just one generation.From the middle class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto theiralready overburdened shoulders. The financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind.31. Today's double income families are at greater financial riskin thatA. the safety net they used to enjoy has disappearedB. their chances of being laid off have greatly increasedC. they are more vulnerable to changes in family economicsD. they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance32. As a result of President Bush's reform, retired people may haveA. a higher sense of securityB. less secured paymentsC. less chance to investD. a guaranteed future33. According to the author, health savings plans willA. help reduce the cost of healthcareB. popularize among the middle classC. compensate for the reduced pensionsD. increase the families' investment risk34. It can be inferred from the last paragraph thatA. financial risks tend to outweigh political risksB. the middle class may face greater political challengesC. financial problems may bring about political problemsD. financial responsibility is an indicator of political status35. Which of the following is the best title for this textA. The Middle Class on the Alert.B. The Middle Class on the Cliff.C. The Middle Class in Conflict.D. The Middle Class in Ruins.absolute 2 a.绝对的,完全的absorb 3 v.①吸收;②吸引,使专心account 22 n.①账目,户;②叙述,说明;③价值,地位;v.for①说明,解释;②占;③take into考虑;顾及airline 1 n.①航线;②航空公司alert 1 a.①警惕的;②机灵的assistance 2 n.帮助,援助attendant 1 n.①服务员,值班员;②护理人员author 69 n.①作者;②创始人auto 2 n.汽车being 9 n.①生物,人;②存在,生存budget 4 n.预算;v.做预算campaign 4 n.①战役;②运动;vi.从事活动challenge 10 n.①挑战书;②艰巨任务,难题;v.向...挑战cliff 1 n.悬崖,峭壁compensate 5 v.for补偿,赔偿conflict 3 n.①战斗,斗争;②抵触,冲突;v.with抵触,冲突critic 7 n.批评家,评论家debate 8 v./n.争论,辩论depend 16 v.on取决于,依靠,信赖,相信deprive 2 v.夺去,使丧失disappear 4 v.不见,消失dose 2 n.剂量,一服,一剂;v.给...服药economic 23 a.经济上的,经济学的economics 5 n.经济学;经济情况elderly 1 a.过了中年的,稍老的employee 7 n.雇工,雇员fair 9 a.①公平的,合理的;②相当的,尚好的;③晴朗的;④金发的;n.集市,交易会,博览会fashionable 2 a.流行的,时髦的fell 1 v.砍倒,砍伐financial 11 a.财政的,金融的guarantee 5 n.保证,保证书;v.保证,担保harsh 3 a.①粗糙的,刺耳的;②残酷的,严厉的implication 6 n.含意,暗示infer 21 v.推论,推断insurance 6 n.保险,保险费,保险业invest 4 v.投资investment 11 n.投资,投资额model 8 n.①样式,型;②模范,典型;③模型;④原型,模特;v.on, after模仿,构造odds 1 n.①不平等,差异;②机会opportunity 11 n.机会parachute 1 n.降落伞;v.跳伞paragraph 66 n.①段,节;②小新闻,短评partner 3 n.①合作者,合伙人;②伙伴,舞伴payment 5 n.支付,付款额pension 2 n.养老金,年金perspective 3 n.①视角;②透视法;③in~正确地physical 7 a.①物质的,有形的;②肉体的,身体的;③自然科学的,物理的primary 7 a.①最初的,初级的;②首要的,主要的,基本的rate 31 n.①比率,率;②等级;③价格,费用;v.①估价;②评级,评价reality 10 n.①现实,实际;②真实reform 8 v./n.改革,改造,改良responsibility 7 n.①责任,责任心;②职责,任务result 37 n.结果,成果,成绩;v.①in导致,结果是;②from起因于,因...而造成retire 2 v.①退休,引退;②退却,撤退;③就寝risk 14 v.冒...的危险;n.风险,危险saving 3 n.①储蓄;②pl.储蓄金,存款scholar 5 n.学者secure 4 a.from, against安全的,可靠的,放心的;v.①得到,获得;②防护,保卫security 8 n.安全sense 16 n.①感官,官能;②感觉;③判断力;④见识;⑤意义,意思;v.感觉到,意识到setback 3 n.退步,后退shift 12 v.①替换,转移;②移动;n.①转换,转变;②轮班,换班shoulder 2 n.肩,肩部;v.肩负,承担slip 3 v.①滑,滑倒;②滑落,滑掉;③溜走;n.疏忽,小错,口误,笔误social 38 a.①社会的;②社交的,交际的;n.社交活动spouse 1 n.配偶指夫或妻保证人,主办人;vt.发起,主办;v.赞助status 5 n.①地位,身份;②情形,状况stock 9 n.①备料,库存,现货;②股票,公债;③无生命之物;④群,家庭,家系;v.储存stripe 1 n.条纹tend 26 v.①趋向,往往是;②照料,看护title 6 n.①书名,标题;②头衔,称号transform 5 v.①改变,变换;②变压;③转化;④改造unemployment 4 n.失业,失业人数vulnerable 3 a.易受攻击的,易受...的攻击acceleration 2 n.加速度according 47 ad.依照,根据deductible 1 a.可扣除的demographic 1 a.人口统计学的diagnosis 1 n.诊断disability 2 n.无能力,无资格disruption 1 n.中断,分裂,瓦解,破坏eightfold 1 a.八倍的,八层的;ad.八倍地,八层地fallout 1 n.降落,滑落financially 2 ad.财政上,金融上fluctuation 1 n.波动,起伏healthcare 2 n.卫生保健indicator 4 n.指示器legislative 2 a.立法的,立法机关的;n.立法机关outlive 2 vt.比...长寿outweigh 1 v.超过overburden 1 vt.不堪重负paycheck 1 n.薪水policymaker 1 n.决策人popularize 1 v.普及solidly 1 ad.坚硬地,稳固地steelworker 1 n.钢铁工人understandably 1 ad.可理解地wholesale 1 n.批发,趸售;a.批发的,喻大规模的难句1During the past generation, the American middle class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities.语法分析本句主干结构为:the American middle class family... has been transformed by..., family后面是一个定语从句修饰family;本句难点整句较长,主要是其中定语从句比较复杂;方法对策首先找出主句的主干,然后再分析从句结构,就可以把握本句了;例句精译在过去一代人中,美国中产阶级家庭已经被经济危机和新的现实所改变;过去他们曾经还能指望依靠艰苦工作和公平竞争来使自己在经济生活中获得安全保障;难句2As a result, they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback-a back up earner usually Mom who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick.语法分析本句主干为:... they have lost the parachute...,其后是一个定语从句,破折号后面是一个同位语从句,其中又包含一个定语从句;本句难点句子结构比较复杂,需要仔细分析;方法对策首先分析出主句的主干,然后再依次分析其他从句,本句就不再难了;例句精译其结果是,他们失去一个他们过去在财政困难时可以依赖的保险伞 - 或者说是一个后备的挣钱者通常指妻子:因为她可以出来参加工作,如果主要的挣钱者下了岗或生了病;难句3Steelworkers, airline employees, and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates, stock market fluctuation, and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money.语法分析本句的主干结构为:Steelworks,... are joining millions of families..., families后面是一个who引导的定语从句;定语从句中,主语是who,谓语是worry about,宾语是三个并列短语,其后是that引导的定语从句修饰the harsh reality;本句难点从句中结构稍复杂;方法对策只要抓住句子主干就可以掌握大意,然后再分析其他成分即可;例句精译钢铁工人、空勤人员以及汽车工业的工作者都与数百万家庭一样,他们都在担心着银行的存款利息变化、股票市场的波动、以及他们的退休金可能不够使用这一残酷现实;难句4Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen-and newly fashionable health savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal Mart workers, with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families' future healthcare.语法分析本句是由第二个and连接的两个并列句组成,句首的both和第一个and形成的both... and...结构是第一个分句的主干;第二个and后是第二个分句,包含:spread from... to...结构,其后with引导的成分说明newly fashionable health savings plans的内容;本句难点整句比较长,且有两个and容易让考生迷惑;方法对策首先抓住第二个and这个连接词,明白这是两个并列分句,然后确定两个分句各自的主干,即可理解本句内容;例句精译医疗保健费用的绝对数目和各个家庭所分担的数目也都在上升,而一种新近流行起来的医疗费用节约计划也正在从上层立法大厅到底层沃尔玛的工人之间广泛铺开,这对千家万户未来的医疗保健意味着更大的风险;难句5From the middle class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders.语法分析本句的主干结构是:... much of this looks... like... an opportunity... and... a frightening acceleration...;本句难点整句比较长,句子结构复杂;方法对策通读全句,抓住主句主干,然后再分析其他成分;例句精译从中产阶级家庭的角度出发,可以理解的是,这与其说是一个承担更多经济责任的机会,倒还不如说更像把经济危险的整个转变以惊人的速度加在他们早已不堪重负的双肩上;31.答案C解析本文提到了美国中产阶级家庭,因国家经济衰落而要面临的巨大风险;本题目问:"今日这种夫妻双收入家庭会面临更大的财务风险是因为什么原因"我们从前两段中可以看出:由于经济原因现在的夫妻双方都要出去找工作;这样,原来妻子在家里操持家务,同时万一丈夫生了病或者失业了也可以出去找工作以帮助家庭渡过难关的这把保险伞就没有了;所以选C;32.答案B解析众所周知,钱存在银行比较保险可以稳定拿利息,但是把钱投入股市或者用于创业风险要大很多,但一旦获益也比存银行要强很多;在去年的大多数时间里,布什总统一直致力于将社会保险体制转变成一种储蓄存款账户模式 - 要求退休人员将其大多数或全部有保障的收入变成必须依靠投资收益的收入;对于略为年轻的家庭来说,情况也好不到哪去;医疗的绝对费用和家庭必须承担的份额都在上升;这说明,退休人员的可靠收入可能更少;因此B.为正确选项;33.答案D解析本题仍应从第三段中找,因为34题问"从末段中可以看出:"因此,本题应在末段前的这一段内,本段提到了:health saving plan are... of investment risk for families' future healthcare.据此,我们判断可以选D;选项A、C原文均未提及;至于B 医疗费用节约计划将在中产阶级中间得以推广与原文不符;原文谈到:医疗费用节约计划正在从上层立法院大厅到底层沃尔玛超市的员工之间广泛的铺开;34.答案C解析本题问"从末段可以看出什么"我们仅从末段末句的总结中可看出作者想说的是:美国经济滑落已经开始了,那政治上的跌落可能不是很远了吧;35.答案B解析本题考查考生对全文内容的理解;文章第一段指出,中产阶层家庭被经济风险和新现实改变了,如今,一个家庭可能在几个月之内从稳定的中产阶层家庭降格成一个新贫困家庭,随后的段落介绍了造成这种现状的原因;这说明,本文主要是介绍中产阶层面临穷困问题的现象;因此选择B.项;在过去一代人中,美国中产阶级家庭已经被经济危机和新的现实所改变;过去他们曾经还能指望依靠艰苦工作和公平竞争来使自己在经济生活中获得安全保障;如今,一份解雇通知书,一个错误的判断或失去配偶都有可能在几个月之内使他们从稳固的中产阶级滑向新生的贫民阶层;就在他们这代人中,成百万的女性参加了工作,改变了基本家庭经济结构;各种各样的学者们、政客们和批评家们还在辩论这件事的社会含义;但很少有人看待它的副作用:家庭的风险也随之上升;今日的家庭已经把两份收入这种预算状况推到了极致,毫无保留余地;其结果是,他们失去一个他们过去在财政困难时所可以依赖的保险伞 - 或者说是一个后备的挣钱者通常指妻子:因为她可以出来参加工作,如果主要的挣钱者下了岗或生了病;这种"后备人员效应"可以支援"家庭安全网",再加上失业保险或残疾保险使家庭得以渡过难关;但是,今天一旦家中有了不测,再也无法从本应待在家中的那位后备者可以挣得的额外收入中得到补充;与此同时,家庭现在要承担退休收入方面的更多的风险;钢铁工人、空勤人员以及汽车工业的工作者等也加入了成百万的家庭,他们都在担心着银行的存款利息变化、股票市场的波动、以及他们的退休金可能不够使用这一残酷现实;去年,布什总统发起一场运动把人们固定的社保基金转为银行存款这种类型,由此,退休者们正在把他们有保障的收入变成取决于投资回报的钱财类型;对于年轻人组成的家庭来说,情况也好不到哪里去;医疗保健费用的绝对数目和各个家庭所分担的数目也都在上升,而一种新近流行起来的医疗费用节约计划也正在从上层立法大厅到底层沃尔玛的工人之间广泛铺开,这对千家万户未来的医疗保健意味着更大的风险;甚至人口学也正在对中产阶级家庭造成不利影响;家中有一个衰弱的老年父母,医疗看护费用在过去一代人的时间内上涨了八倍;从中产阶级家庭的角度出发,可以理解的是,这与其说是一个承担更多经济责任的机会,倒还不如说更像把经济危险的整个转变以吓人的速度加在他们早已过于不堪重负的双肩上;经济滑落己经开始了,政治上的跌落可能也不会很远了吧;31今日这种夫妻双份收入家庭会面临更大的财务风险是因为:A.他们所曾经享有的那种安全网应经不复存在了;B.他们两人下岗的机会增大了;C.他们对家庭经济转变的抵抗力变得更加脆弱了;D.他们被剥夺了失业保险或残疾保险;32作为布什总统改革的结果,退休人员可能有A.更高的安全感;B.更没有保障的收入;C.更少的投资机会;D.一个更加得到保障的未来;33按照作者看法,医疗费用节约计划将A.有助于减少医疗开支的费用;B.在中产阶级中间得以推广;C.对减少的退休金是一个补偿;D.增加了家庭的投资风险;34从末段中可推论出:A.财经风险可能超过政治风险;B.中产阶级可能面临更大的政治挑战;C.财经问题可能带来政治问题;D.财经责任是一个人的政治地位标志;35下列哪个是本文最佳的标题:A.警觉的中产阶级B.处于悬崖的中产阶级C.冲突中的中产阶级D.毁掉了的中产阶级TEXT 4It never rains but it pours. Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles, and improved their feeble corporation governance, a new problem threatens to earn them-especially in America-the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite: data insecurity. Left, until now, to odd, low level IT staff to put right, and seen as a concern only of data rich industries such as banking, telecoms and air travel, information protection is now high on the boss's agenda in business of every variety. Several massive leakages of customer and employee data thisyear-from organizations as diverse as Time Warner, the American defense contractor Science Applications International Corp and eventhe University of California, Berkeley-have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities."Data is becoming an asset which needs to be guarded as much as any other asset,"says Haim Mendelson of Stanford University's business school."The ability to guard customer data is the key to market value, which the board is responsible for on behalf of shareholders". Indeed, just as there is the concept of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles GAAP, perhaps it is time for GASP, Generally Accepted Security Practices, suggested Eli Noam of New York's Columbia Business School."Setting the proper investment level for security, redundancy, and recovery is a management issue, not a technical one," he says.The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss. Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust, that most valuable of economic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore-and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.The current state of affairs may have been encouraged-though not justified-by the lack of legal penalty in America, but not Europe for data leakage. Until California recently passed a law, Americanfirms did not have to tell anyone, even the victim, when data went astray. That may change fast: lots of proposed data security legislation is now doing the rounds in Washington, D. C. Meanwhile, the theft of information about some 40 million credit card accounts in America, disclosed on June 17 th, overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America's Federal Trade Commission FTC. that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.36. The statement: "It never rains but it pours" is used to introduceA. the fierce business competitionB. the feeble boss board relationsC. the threat from news reportsD. the severity of data leakage37. According to Paragraph 2, some organizations check theirsystems to find outA. whether there is any weak pointB. what sort of data has been stolenC. who is responsible for the leakageD. how the potential spies can be located38. In bringing up the concept of GASP the author is making the pointthatA. shareholders' interest should be properly attended toB. information protection should be given due attentionC. businesses should enhance their level of accounting securityD. the market value of customer data should be emphasized39. According to Paragraph 4, what puzzles the author is that somebosses fail toA. see the link between trust and data protectionB. perceive the sensitivity of personal dataC. realize the high cost of data restorationD. appreciate the economic value of trust40. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 thatA. data leakage is more severe in EuropeB. FTC's decision is essential to data security.C. California takes the lead in security legislation.D. legal penalty is a major solution to data leakage ability 15 n.①能力,智能;②才能,才干account 22 n.①账目,户;②叙述,说明;③价值,地位;v.for①说明,解释;②占;③take into考虑;顾及act 11 v.①行动,做事;②on起作用;③表演;④for代表,代替;n.①行为,动作;②一幕;③法令,条例adequate 3 a.足够的,充分的,恰当的affair 2 n.事,事情,事件agenda 2 n.议事日程application 4 n.①请求,申请书,表;②应用,运用;③施用,敷用appreciate 3 v.①感谢,感激;②正确评价,欣赏,赏识asset 2 n.资产,有用的东西attend 5 v.①出席,参加;②to照顾,护理;③关注,注意attention 14 n.①注意力,留心;②立正author 69 n.①作者;②创始人behalf 5 n.利益,支持,好处board 5 n.①板,纸板;②全体委员,委员会,部门;③伙食;船舷;v.上船车,飞机business 36 n.①商业,生意;②事务,业务,职责;③企业;④贸易量;⑤行业,业务commission 4 n.①委员会;②委任,委托书,代办;③佣金,手续费competition 16 n.①比赛;②竞争concept 15 n.概念,观念,思想concern 20 v.①涉及,关系到;②常与with, about, in连用关心,挂念;③担心,担忧;n.①利害关系;②关心,挂念;③担心,担忧corporation 10 n.公司,企业,团体current 7 n.①电流,水流,气流;②潮流,趋势;a.①当前的,现在的;②通用的,流行的,最近的data 22 n.datum的复数资料,数据dim 1 a.暗淡的,模糊的disclose 2 v.揭示,泄露diverse 3 a.多种多样的,from不同的economic 23 a.经济上的,经济学的emphasize 6 v.强调employee 7 n.雇工,雇员encourage 13 v.鼓励,怂恿enhance 7 v.提高,增强essential 11 a.①to必要的,必不可少的;②本质的,基本的;n.①本质,要点;②必需品executive 6 n.总经理,董事,行政负责人;a.执行的,实施的federal 14 a.联邦的feeble 1 a.虚弱的,无力的fierce 3 a.①凶猛的,残忍的;②激烈的,强烈的firm 14 a.①坚固的,稳固的;②坚决的,坚定的;n.公司,商号gasp 1 n.喘息,气喘;v.①喘息;②气吁吁地说headline 3 n.大字标题infer 21 v.推论,推断information 44 n.①通知,报告;②情报,信息intricate 1 a.错综复杂的,复杂精细的investment 11 n.投资,投资额issue 18 v.①流出,放出;②发行,发表,颁布;n.①发行物,报刊期号;②问题,争论点,争端justify 8 v.证明...是正当的,为...辩护lead 21 v.①领导,引导;②领先,占首位;③to通向,导致,引起;④经验,过生活;n.带领,引导;n.铅legal 11 a.①法律的,法定的;②合法的,正当的legislation 4 n.①立法;②法规link 9 v.连接,联系;n.环节,链环locate 3 v.①查找;②使...坐落于,位于major 11 a.较大的,较重要的;n.①专业,主修科目;②专业学生;③少校;v.in主修,专攻management 11 n.①经营,管理;②管理部门massive 3 a.①巨大的;大规模的;②严重的mystery 2 n.①神秘,神秘的事物;②神秘小说,侦探小说nasty 2 a.①肮脏的,卑劣的,下流的;②令人厌恶的obvious 13 a.明显的,显而易见的odd 5 a.①奇数的,单的;②奇怪的,古怪的;③单只的,不成对的;④临时的,不固定的;⑤带零头的,余的organization 6 n.①组织体制;②团体,机构paragraph 66 n.①段,节;②小新闻,短评peer 2 n.同等的人,贵族;vi.凝视,窥视;vt.与...同等,封为贵族penalty 2 n.处罚,惩罚perceive 5 v.①察觉,感知;②理解,领悟potential 13 a.①潜在的,可能的;②势的,位的;n.潜能,潜力principle 7 n.①原理,原则;②主义,信念;③行动的规则,准则process 34 n.①过程,进程;②工序,制作法;③工艺;v.加工,处理propose 4 v.①提议,建议;②提名,推荐;③求婚puzzle 4 n.难题,谜,迷惑;v.使迷惑,使为难recovery 4 n.①痊愈,复元;②经济复苏responsible 11 a.①for, to应负责的,有责任的;②可靠的,可信赖的;③责任重大的,重要的restore 3 v.①恢复,使回复;②归还,交还;③修复,重建school 44 n.①学校;②大学里的学院,系;③学派,流派science 58 n.①科学;②学科security 8 n.安全sensitive 7 a.①to敏感的,易受伤害的;②灵敏的setting 6 n.①安置,安装;②落山;③固定东西的柜架底座;④环境,背景severe 3 a.①严厉的,严格的;②剧烈的,严重的,严峻的,艰难的solution 4 n.①解答,解决办法;②溶解,溶液spy 6 n.间谍;v.①当间谍,刺探;②察觉,发现staff 5 n.①全体职工,全体人员;②杠,棒;③参谋部;v.配备工作人员statement 7 n.声明,陈述suite 1 n.一批随员,一套家具,套房system 31 n.①系统,体系;②制度,体制theft 1 n.偷窃,失窃threat 9 n.①恐吓,威胁;②坏兆头,危险迹象threaten 8 v.①恐吓,威胁;②有...危险,快要来临victim 3 n.牺牲品,受害者according 47 ad.依照,根据astray 1 ad.迷途地,入歧途地compliance 1 n.依从,顺从contractor 1 n.订约人,承包人corporate 4 a.①公司的;②法人的;③共同的,全体的given 22 a.特定的,假设的governance 1 n.统治,管理hugely 2 ad.巨大地,非常地hurriedly 1 ad.仓促地,慌忙地inevitably 3 ad.不可避免insecurity 3 n.不安全,不安全感leakage 2 n.漏,泄漏,渗漏overshadow 1 v.遮蔽,使黯然失色redundancy 2 n.冗余,过剩regulator 1 n.管理者restoration 1 n.恢复,复职,赔偿sensitivity 2 n.敏感,灵敏度,灵敏性severity 1 n.严肃,严重shareholder 6 n.股东telecom 3 n.=telecommunication电信vulnerability 1 n.弱点,攻击难句1Left, until now, to odd, low level IT staff to put right, and seen as a concern only of data rich industries such as banking, telecoms and air travel, information protection is now high on the boss's agenda in business of every variety.语法分析本句的主干结构是: information protection is on... agenda,主干结构前是一个left to引导的不定式作information protection的定语;本句难点主句前面的修饰成分比较长,影响考生的理解;方法对策分清主次,抓住主句,分析结构,这个难点就可以迎刃而解了;例句精译到目前为止,还仅仅是留给少数IT业低层人士去处理并仅受到信息资料比较丰富的诸如银行、通讯、航空等行业重视的信息保护工作;现在正在变成各个行业老板们议事日程中非常重要的内容;难句2Several massive leakages of customer and employee data thisyear-from organizations as diverse as Time Warner, the Americandefense contractor Science Applications International Corp and even the University of California, Berkeley-have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities.语法分析本句的主干结构是: Several massive leakages... have left managers...,两个破折号之间的成分是地点状语,补充说明的作用;分词结构peering into...对宾语managers进一步说明;本句难点整句比较长,句子结构稍复杂,且有长插入语;方法对策首先略去插入语不看,然后找出句子的主干结构,再分析其他修饰成分,本句就简单了;例句精译今年内有关客户和雇员的资料的好几次重大泄漏已经迫使经理们不得不匆匆忙忙地检查他们复杂的IT系统和业务往来情况以期从中找出可能的漏洞并加以改进;这些泄漏发生在多个不同的组织身上;从时代的"华纳公司"、"美国国防承包公司"、"国际科技应用"、甚至到还有"加州大学伯克利分校"等等不一一列举;难句3Meanwhile, the theft of information about some 40 million credit card accounts in America, disclosed on June 17 th, overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America's Federal Trade Commission FTC. that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.语法分析本句的主干结构是:... the theft... overshadowed... a decision...; theft后面的of information... in America和分词短语disclosed on June 17 th修饰主语the theft,FTC.后面的that引导定语从句补充说明decision,其后还包含一个if引导的从句;本句难点句子比较长,且机构比较复杂,考生不容易读懂;方法对策首先抓主句主干,然后再分析其他修饰和补充成分,本句就简单了;例句精译与此同时,6月17日美国提出的一桩大约4000万信用卡价值的信息失窃案让美国联邦贸易委员会将通过的决定黯然失色:如果公司无法保护资料安全,那么立法者们将会采取行动;36.答案D解析众所周知,现代社会的网络已经把人们紧密的联系在了一起;有银联网、移动通信网、也有人们互相做生意的电子商务网,等等;本文提到了一个公司面临的新型严重问题,那就是:信息资料的泄密问题;36题问"It never rains but it pours"可译为"真是祸不单行"或译为"屋漏又逢连阴雨,船迟偏遇顶头风"这句话是要引出一个如下的话题:A激烈的商业竞争; B脆弱的老板与董事会关系;C来自新闻报道的威胁;D资料泄密这一问题的严重性;显然应该选D 为了迷惑考生,出题人把文章首段中的data insecurity换成了问题里的data leakage;37.答案A解析"依据第二段,有些公司检查他们的系统是要找出"文章第二段说有些经理们"hurriedly peering into their IT system... in search ofpotential vulnerabilities"匆匆忙忙地检查他们复杂的IT系统,和业务往来情况以期从中找出可能的漏洞和弱点这正是选项A,只不过将文章里的vulnerabilities换成了问题里的同义词weak point;38.答案B解析本题目问:作者提出GASP概念是想说......;从第三段中我们可知,GASP是指Generally Accepted Security Practices 人们普遍认可的安全法则 ;所以,应该选B,作者是想强调信息安全保护工作应予以重视;39.答案A解析问题是:依据第四段,使作者感到困惑不解的是,有些老板们竟然不能选A.:看到公众对公司信任和资料保护之间的关系;根据是原文第四段的首句:"令人费解的是这竟然会让有些老板感到吃惊;"而其中代词"这"是指上文提到的为信息资料的安全备份等工作;而整个第四段也都在谈顾客对公司信任的重要性以及顾客们资料泄漏的后果;40.答案D解析这是一道推理题;根据末段,我们自然可以推出D为选项;应为末段原文首句即暗示了这种含义:由于缺少法律惩罚,这种苗头还正在得到助长;"屋漏又逢连阴雨"正当老板们和董事会成员们刚刚清理完他们糟糕的财会账目以及相关的规章制度问题并刚刚改进了他们对公司的虚弱管理之际,一个新的难题又出现了,这正在给他们带来新的威胁尤其是美国 - 信息资料的泄密问题;这种威胁正是他们变成报纸上糟糕的头条新闻并可能在高层方面引起人员的波动;到目前为止,还仅仅是留给少数IT业低层人。
李达考研英语超精读
李达考研英语超精读
这本书的内容涵盖了研究生英语考试中常见的各种题型,包括阅读理解、完形填空等。
通过大量的练习题和详细的解析,考生可以系统地学习和掌握解题技巧,提高应试能力。
此外,书中还包括了大量的英语阅读材料,涉及各种不同主题和领域,帮助考生扩大阅读广度,提高阅读水平。
除了题目和解析外,书中还提供了许多学习方法和技巧,如如何快速找到文章中的关键信息,如何提高阅读速度,如何进行有效的词汇记忆等。
这些方法和技巧对于提高考生的应试水平和阅读能力都具有积极的指导意义。
总的来说,《李达考研英语超精读》是一本系统全面的备考教材,适合广大研究生英语考试的考生使用。
通过认真学习和练习,考生可以提高英语阅读能力,更好地备战研究生英语考试。
希望我的回答能够帮助到你。
英语阅读方法有哪些
英语阅读方法有哪些
在所有英语考试中,阅读题都占有很重的分量。
英语阅读方法有哪些?下面小编来给大家介绍,希望对大家有帮助!
1、三种常见阅读方法
精读法:精读法是指对全文全面而系统的掌握。
在词汇的层面上,通过一些工具如字典等理解并掌握文章中的每一个生词的意思和用法。
在句子的层面上,如果遇到了结构复杂难以理解的长句,要通过语法知识对句子的结构进行完整的分析,首先理出主谓关系,然后逐步分解句子的其他部分。
在篇章的层面上,要认真研究通篇文章,对全文的中心思想有一个精确的认识,并且文章的每一个细节,同时还要了解与文章相关的一些背景知识。
当然,这种方法并不适合应试,而主要适用于平时的英语学习。
考生在考研复习的过程中要把精读和泛读结合起来,对一些重点文章、尤其是考研真题文章进行精读学习,才能从根本上提高自己的能力。
关于如何研读真题,下文将有更详细的介绍。
扫读法:扫读法是指在阅读文章过程中只寻找那些重点信息阅读,如只找与阅读题题干相关的部分进行阅读,从而快速定位关键信息,而略过其他的内容。
这种方法有较大的难度,适用于英语水平和能力较高的考生,一般考生要谨慎使用。
因为扫读法要求考生能够在短时间内快速扫过一篇文章的所有段落,如果没有对于英语足够的敏感性,则有限不仅找不到有用的信息,还很可能略过了一些关键的内容。
考生可以尝试一些这种方法看看是否适用于自己,但是在考研实战中还是谨慎为好。
跳读法:跳读法是指以一般的顺序从头到尾地阅读一篇文章,但是在阅读的过程中速度并不一致,而是有快有慢。
读到文章的重要部分时,可以减慢速度;而读到一些无关大局的细枝末节时,则快速跳过。
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超精读——全面提升英语阅读能力作者:丁晓钟来源:点点英语经常有同学问我:有没有什么捷径能够顺利地通过四六级、考研或者其它英语考试? 我的回答总是:没有。
但是,帮助同学们找到一套科学的学习方法,不仅可以提高英语能力,而且对考试也有切实的帮助,是我一直所追求的。
在国内这样的非母语学习环境里,如何在英语学习上少走弯路,最为行之有效和直接的提高英语水平的办法就是大量阅读,并作精细阅读,这样才能带动“听说写译”等其它能力的突破。
结合我个人的学习体会,并经过长时间的思考和教学中的摸索,我总结出了一套以阅读为突破口,提高英语综合能力和突破四六级和考研等等英语考试的“超精读”方法,希望能对同学们有所帮助。
对大部分中国学生来说,欠缺的不是泛读,而是精读。
总的来说,同学们在超精读文章的时候要对文章和考点、干扰项等进行详细的分析、总结。
这时要仔细体会文章中精彩的语言,注意词语的内涵、使用、扩展和搭配,代词和名词的指代,对精彩句型的模仿,以及对重要语法现象、长句、难句、文章结构的分析。
另外,还要注意分析句子和句子之间的关系,是因果、递近、转折还是什么?尤其要注意文章的第一句和最后一句,以及每段的第一句和最后一句与其它句子的关系,体会每句话在文章中的作用。
在阅读过程中,要培养自己对文章主要讨论对象、关键词,作者和专家的观点,以及语气的把握。
特别注意作者和专家的观点,专家和专家之间的观点是否相同或相反或互补,以及作者和专家的语气是赞成还是反对,是关注还是乐观等等。
如果是真题,还要仔细分析考点和正确、干扰选项的规律、特征。
在此过程中,可把文章尽可能的多读几遍,甚至翻译一下,提高对文章中单词、短语、句型等的反应速度,阅读速度自然也就提高了。
如果能做到上面几点,那么你才能说真正地理解了文章,阅读理解能力以及综合英语能力都会得到很大的提高,其结果是对考试中的每个题型的把握都会更上一层楼。
先从听力说起,据研究,一个人的阅读理解能力和听力水平是成正比关系的。
试想,有的同学连听力原文都看不懂,怎么可能听懂呢。
另外,在超精读的过程中,所积累的词汇能力,对词汇题也有很大帮助,我曾做过统计,如果对10套左右的四六级、考研阅读真题中的词汇进行过深入学习,大纲中的重点词汇就已经囊括大半。
最好的词汇记忆方法是通过阅读来学习,可以记得又牢又准确。
对翻译、完形、改错、简短回答问题等小题型,你就会觉得得心应手,因为你对这些题型的解题能力和你的阅读、词汇能力最相关。
关于作文,许多同学喜欢背模版,其实模版作文千篇一律,很难拿到高分。
如果在读英语报刊和真题的过程中,我们有意识地摘抄积累一些精彩地道的词汇和句型,考试时信手拈来,无疑会使评卷老师眼睛为之一亮。
实际上,我们所阅读的英语文章就是一篇篇精彩的作文范文。
如果我们能在早晨、傍晚朗读或背诵英语报刊文章或真题阅读文章,经常进行翻译练习,耳濡目染接触到的都是地道的英语,坚持下去,我们的听说读写译能力很自然地就会得到提高。
第一步:准备好阅读材料,训练阅读速度,捕捉文章大意。
不要查字典、看译文。
在阅读英语报刊(推荐阅读Time, Newsweek, the Economist等)或者真题的时候,第一遍都必须首先注意提高阅读速度。
对报刊上的文章,第一遍读的时候不要查字典,记下起止时间,计算单位时间的阅读量。
对真题,更加要控制在规定的时间内完成,阅读时就要随时对可能的考点作出标记,最后结合解题技巧来解题。
这时的重点放在训练速度,掌握文章大意、结构,以及作者和专家等的观点。
第二步:总结文章中词汇使用的准确性、形象性、多样性和感情色彩及语气,复合词的使用,总结各类重要搭配,对各类重要词汇进行扩展,正确识别代词与抽象名词的指代,并记忆和运用可以在作文中使用的词汇。
1.从文章中词汇使用的准确性、形象性、多样性和感情色彩及语气角度,复合词的使用进行总结。
①准确性英语初学者在词汇的使用上一般太宽太泛,欠缺准确性。
比如想到走,只会用walk, 其实表示“走”的词汇有很多,如:stroll漫步, 闲逛; stagger 摇晃地走等等。
②形象性英语母语的人在使用英语的时候用词经常非常形象化,而我们一般用词就比较刻板。
比如上升,很多人只会用increase, 其实用climb 这个简单的词就很形象。
再如下文:Diana’s sudden death triggered a global outpouring of grief and boosted an already thriving “Diana Industry”. Described in an editorial in the Daily Mirror tabloid as the “grief industry”, interest in Diana has also spawned hundreds of “exclusive” biographies by people who claim to have been close to her.trigger n. (枪的)扳机; v. 引发, 引起, 触发spawn n.鱼等的)卵; v. 产卵,催生,造成,使产生③多样性词汇的多样性也是看一个语言学习者词汇掌握是否丰富的重要方面。
比如一篇文章讲汽车,其中就使用了car / motorcar / automobile / auto / vehicle 等词进行替换,你如果都掌握了,就可以很容易判断文章的主题。
还有一篇关于老年人的作文,一般人只会用old people, 如果你使用了the old / the elderly / the aged / the elderly population / senior citizens, 显然就技高一筹。
再如阅读理解中原文用legislator, 答案用lawmaker进行替换。
以上这些例子都说明了词汇的多样性的重要。
④感情色彩及语气动词、形容词和副词等的使用经常都表达了作者的感情色彩和语气,把握这一点对深入理解原文,或者考试时解题都很有作用。
The study’s director _89___ that “interactive leadership may emerge 90 the management style of choice of many organizations.” (2003.1 CET-6 Cloze)A)predicted B) proclaimed C) defied D) diagnosed这道题有争议,因为A)和B)从中文的意思上来看都可以,其实如果注意到句子中的may所表达的不确定语气就可以确定本题必选A) predicted 无疑。
因为predicted 意思是预测,表达的是一种不确定性,而proclaimed 一般表示在正式场合的宣布、声明,无此语气。
⑤复合词现代英语中复合词的使用非常广泛,且很多字典上都不一定能查到,平时要注意多总结。
比如-free 这个词表示“没有,免除”,可以组成很多复合词,flood-free 没有洪水的,fat-free 没有脂肪的。
再如孙英杰B尿样阳性,face a multi-year ban, 体会一下复合词的使用是不是句子有了英语的味道?2.总结文章中动词和名词(动宾)搭配、形容词和名词的搭配、副词和动词、形容词的搭配、各类介词搭配(动词和介词、形容词和介词、名词和介词、介词和名词)。
①动词和名词(动宾)搭配动词作为英语中最活跃的词性,具有强大的组词功能,尤其是与名词的搭配千变万化,但又在很大程度上是约定俗成的。
如果不加以注意,就容易犯错误。
比如一位同学作文中的表达:People take more emphasis on the health,这里的take就应该用place或者put。
曾经请同学翻译一句话:他的英语在这个学校最好。
一般人都翻译成:His English is the best in this school. 其实如果平时掌握了地道的动宾搭配,翻译成:His English tops this school. 是不是更好呢?例如:Chinese President Hu Jintao and British Prime Minister Tony Blair reached vital consensus on Wednesday on promoting the existing comprehensive strategic partnership to a higher level.从以上句子中我们就必须总结两个动宾搭配:(1). reach consensus on … 在…方面达成共识;(2). promote the existing comprehensive strategic partnership 促进现有的全面战略伙伴关系②形容词和名词的搭配英语中形容词表达的涵义很广,同一个形容词可以修饰不同的名词,不同的形容词可以修饰同样的名词,学习中一定要注意积累。
如有个同学的造句:The traffic in Nanjing is crowded. 这里crowded 就用错了,应该用heavy。
另外,heavy 还可以修饰smoker / rain 等等。
再如outstanding / superior / rare / top 都可以形容students, 指优秀的学生。
不要想到好坏就想到good, bad,。
比如不好的效果可以用ill effects , unfavorable effects 等等。
③副词和动词、形容词的搭配副词的使用经常使你的句子非常简洁和地道,比如你听到小日本被炸了,你的反应是不是pleasantly shocked (愉快的震惊)呢?再如intensely / crucially important 都可以代替very important。
如果你是李宇春的忠实粉丝,但如果是a hopelessly devoted fan 而耽误了学习就不好啦。
④各类介词搭配(动词和介词、形容词和介词、名词和介词、介词和名词)有专家称,英语是介词的语言,从这一点就可以看出介词的重要性。
多掌握各类介词固定搭配,可以使你的英语表达更地道。
3.注意对文章中重要词汇进行一定的扩展。
我们可以从词汇的同义词、反义词,同根词、相关性等等角度进行扩展,让你的词汇形成一个网络,而不是孤立的个体。
4.正确识别代词与抽象名词的指代如果无法正确识别指代,读者就无法把句子和句子连接成具有连贯意义的整体,就无法把握作者的思路延展。
例1:2003年6月六级阅读理解第三篇(32)Take the case of public education alone. The principal difficulty faced by the schools has been the tremendous increase in the number of pupils. This has been caused by the advance of the legal age for going into industry and the impossibility of finding a job even when the legal age has been reached. (This = the tremendous increase in the number of pupils.)In view of the technological improvements in the last few years, business will require in the future proportionately fewer workers than ever before. The result will be still further raising of he legal age for going into employment, and still further difficulty in finding employment when hat age has been attained. If we cannot put our children to work, we must put them in school. (本文是一篇人文类的议论文,讨论的主要对象public education在第一句话中就提到,属于开门见山类的文章。