语言与社会身份翻译
四种翻译方法,十种翻译技巧
四种翻译方法1.直译和意译所谓直译,就是在译文语言条件许可时,在译文中既保持原文的内容,又保持原文的形式——特别指保持原文的比喻、形象和民族、地方色彩等。
每一个民族语言都有它自己的词汇、句法结构和表达方法。
当原文的思想内容与译文的表达形式有矛盾不宜采用直译法处理时,就应采用意译法。
意译要求译文能正确表达原文的内容,但可以不拘泥与原文的形式。
(张培基)应当指出,在再能确切的表达原作思想内容和不违背译文语言规范的条件下,直译有其可取之处,一方面有助于保存原著的格调,另一方面可以进新鲜的表达方法。
Literal translation refers to an adequate representation of the original. When the original coincides or almost tallies with the Chinese language in the sequence of vocabulary, in grammatical structure and rhetorical device, literal translation must be used.Free translation is also called liberal translation, which does not adhere strictly to the form or word order of the original.(郭著章)直译法是指在不违背英语文化的前提下,在英译文中完全保留汉语词语的指称意义,求得内容和形式相符的方法。
意译是指译者在受到译语社会文化差异的局限时,不得不舍弃原文的字面意义,以求疑问与原文的内容相符和主要语言功能的相似。
(陈宏薇)简单地说,直译指在译文中采用原作的的表达方法,句子结构与原句相似,但也不排除在短语层次进行某些调整。
意译指在译文中舍弃原作的表达方法,另觅同意等效的表达方法,或指对原作的句子结构进行较大的变化或调整。
韩素音翻译大赛试题
It’s Time to Rethink ‘Temporary’We tend to view architecture as permanent, as aspiring to the status of monuments. And that kind of architecture has its place. But so does architecture of a different sort.For most of the first decade of the 2000s, architecture was about the statement building. Whether it was a controversial memorial or an impossibly luxurious condo tower, architecture’s raison d’être was to make a lasting impression. Architecture has always been synonymous with permanence, but should it be?In the last few years, the opposite may be true. Architectural billings are at anall-time low. Major commissions are few and far between. The architecture that’s been making news is fast and fleeting: pop-up shops, food carts, marketplaces, performance spaces. And while many manifestations of the genre have jumped the shark (i.e., a Toys R Us pop-up shop), there is undeniable opportunity in the temporary: it is an apt response to a civilization in flux. And like many prevailing trends — collaborative consumption (a.k.a., “sharing”), community gardens, barter and trade —“temporary” is so retro that it’s become radical.In November, I had the pleasure of moderating Motopia, a panel at University of Southern California’s School of Architecture, with Robert Kronenburg, an architect, professor at University of Liverpool and portable/temporary/mobile guru. Author of a shelf full of books on the topic, including “Flexible: Architecture that Responds to Change,” “Portable Architecture: Design and Technology” and“Houses in Motion: The Genesis,” Kronenburg is a man obsessed.Mobility has an innate potency, Kronenburg believes. Movable environments are more dynamic than static ones, so why should architecture be so static? The idea that perhaps all buildings should n’t aspire to permanence represents a huge shift for architecture. Without that burden, architects, designers, builders and developers can take advantage of and implement current technologies faster. Architecture could be reusable, recyclable and sustainable. Recast in this way, it could better solve seemingly unsolvable problems. And still succeed in creating a sense of place.In his presentation, Kronenburg offered examples of how portable, temporaryarchitecture has been used in every aspect of human activity, including health care (from Florence Nightingale’s redesigned hospitals to the Airstream trailers used as mobile medical clinics during the Kennedy Administration), housing (from yurts to tents to architect Shigeru Ban’s post-earthquake paper houses), culture and commerce (stage sets and Great Exhibition buildings, centuries-old Bouqinistes along the Seine, mobile food, art and music venues offering everything from the recording of stories to tasty crème brulees.)Kronenburg made a compelling argument that the experimentation inherent in such structures challenges preconceived notions about what buildings can and should be. The strategy of temporality, he explained, “adapts to unpredictable demands, provides more for less, and encourages innovation.” And he stressed that it’s time for end-users, designers, architects, manufacturers and construction firms to rethink their attitude toward temporary, portable and mobile architecture.This is as true for development and city planning as it is for architecture.City-making may have happened all at once at the desks of master planners like Daniel Burnham or Robert Moses, but that’s really not the way things happen today. No single master plan can anticipate the evolving and varied needs of an increasingly diverse population or achieve the resiliency, responsiveness and flexibility that shorter-term, experimental endeavors can. Which is not to say long-term planning doesn’t have its place. The two work well hand in hand. Mike Lydon, founding principal of The Street Plans Collaborative, argues for injecting spontaneity into urban development, and sees these temporary interventions (what he calls “tactical urbanism”) as short-term actions to effect long-term change.Though there’s been tremendous media attention g iven to quick and cheap projects like San Francisco’s Pavement to Parks and New York’s “gutter cafes,” Lydon sees something bigger than fodder for the style section. “A lot of these things were not just fun and cool,” he says. “It was not just a bottom-up effort. It’s not D.I.Y. urbanism. It’s a continuum of ideas, techniques and tactics being employed at all different scales.”“We’re seeing a lot of these things emerge for three reasons,” Lydon continues. “One, the economy. People have to be more creative about getting things done. Two, theInternet. Even four or five years ago we couldn’t share tactics and techniques via YouTube or Facebook. Something can happen randomly in Dallas and now we can hear about it right away. This is feeding into this idea of growth, of bi-coastal competition between New York and San Francisco, say, about who does the cooler, better things. And three, demographic shifts. Urban neighborhoods are gentrifying, changing. They’re bringing in people looking to improve neighborhoods themselves. People are smart and engaged and working a 40-hour week. But they have enough spare time to get involved and this seems like a natural step.”Lydon isn’t advocating an end to planning but encourages more short-term doing, experimenting, testing (which can be a far more satisfying alternative to waiting for projects to pass). While this may not directly change existing codes or zoning regulations, that’s O.K. because, as Lydon explains, the practices employed “shine a direct light on old ways of th inking, old policies that are in place.”The Dallas group Build a Better Block — which quickly leapt from a tiny grass-roots collective to an active partner in city endeavors — has demonstrated that when you expose weaknesses, change happens. If their temporary interventions violate existing codes, Build a Better Block just paints a sign informing passers-by of that fact. They have altered regulations in this fashion. Sometimes — not always — bureaucracy gets out of the way and allows for real change to happen.Testing things out can also help developers chart the right course for their projects. Says Lydon, “A developer can really learn what’s working in the neighborhood from a marketplace perspective — it could really inform or change their plans. Hopefully they can ingratiate themselves with the neighborhood and build community. There is real potential if the developers are really looking to do that.”And they are. Brooklyn’s De Kalb Market, for example, was supposed to be in place for just three years, bu t became a neighborhood center where there hadn’t been much of one before. “People gravitated towards it,” says Lydon. “People like going there. You run the risk of people lamenting the loss of that. The developer would be smart to integrate things like the community garden — [giving residents an] opportunity to keep growing food on the site. The radio station could get a permanent space. The beer garden could bekept.”San Francisco’s PROXY project is similar. Retail, restaurants and cultural spaces housed within an artful configuration of shipping containers, designed by Envelope Architecture and Design, were given a five-year temporary home on government-owned vacant lots in the city’s HayesValley neighborhood while developers opted to sit tight during the recession. Affordable housing is promised for the site; the developers will now be able to create it in a neighborhood that has become increasingly vibrant and pedestrian-friendly.On an even larger scale, the major developer Forest City has been testing these ideas of trial and error in the 5M Project in downtown San Francisco. While waiting out the downturn, the folks behind 5M have been beta-testing tenants and uses at their 5th & Mission location, which was (and still is) home to the San Francisco Chronicle and now also to organizations like TechShop, the co-working space HubSoma, the art gallery Intersection for the Arts, the tech company Square and a smattering of food carts to feed those hungry, hardworking tenants. A few years earlier, Forest City would have been more likely to throw up an office tower with some luxury condos on top and call it a day: according to a company vice president, Alexa Arena, the recession allowed Forest City to spend time “re-imagining places for our emerging economy and what kind of environment helps facilitate that.”In “The Interventionist’s Toolkit,” the critic Mimi Zeiger wrote that the real success for D.I.Y. urbanist interventions won’t be based on any one project but will “happen when we can evaluate the movement based on outreach, economic impact, community empowerment, entrepreneurship, sustainability and design. We’re not quite there yet.”She’s right. And one doesn’t have to search for examples of temporary projects that not only failed but did so catastrophically (see: Hurricane Katrina trailers, for example).A huge reason for tactical urbanism’s appeal relates to politics. As one practitioner put it, “We’re doing these things to combat the slowness of government.”But all of this is more than a response to bur eaucracy; at its best it’s a bold expression of unfettered thinking and creativity … and there’s certainly not enough of that going around these days. An embrace of the temporary and tactical may not beperfect, but it could be one of the strongest tools in the arsenal of city-building we’ve got.汉译英:语言与社会身份一个人的语言与其在社会中的身份其实密不可分。
语言的社会变体与翻译
语言的社会变体与翻译语言是由各种变体组成的。
所谓变体是人们在不同场合下对自己的言语所作的调整。
文学反映人类社会的整体画面和每个细节,如小说,就被人们称为“时代的风俗画”。
小说描绘自然景象、社会环境、生活场景以及人物外貌、心理、言谈、举动和各种关系,充分展示社会生活的各个方面。
作家往往抓住各种语言变体来反映上述每个方面,如果我们在翻译中不加以注意,就会使原作的信息内容和美学特质不能得以最自然、最切近的再现。
熟悉《红楼梦》的读者都会记得宝玉谒见北静王的场面。
就语言变体而言,最典型的是北静王见到宝玉之后跟贾政的一段对话:北静王见他语言清朗,谈吐有致,一面向贾政笑道:"令郎真乃龙驹凤雏,非小王在世翁前唐突,将来’雏凤清于老凤声’,未可量也。
"贾政陪笑道:犬子岂敢谬承金奖,赖藩君余恩,果如所言,亦荫生辈之幸矣。
”从引文可以看出,北静王身为王爷,在王府,言语可能十分随意,但在正式的社交场合,为体现自己的尊位和教养,也得调整自己的话语,因此用了“小王”、“唐突”等自谦词,又用了“令郎”、“龙驹凤雏”、“世翁”等敬语。
而贾政是一个忠臣,在王爷面前只能自甘卑下,因此在贾府那种盛气凌人的态度早已消失殆尽,言语也随着起了变化,字字句句要去贬低自己,显出了虚伪的奴才面孔。
"犬子"、"谬承金奖"、"荫生辈"等等都充分体现了这种奴才身份。
作者以此来揭露封建社会的等级关系,因此语言变体的使用是有目的的。
而这种语言变体的作用往往由于翻译不当而失去原貌,例如下面一种译本:The clarity and fluency of Pao-yu's answers made the prince turn to observe to Chia Cheng, "Your son is truly a dragon's colt or young phoenix. May I venture to predict that in time to come this young phoenix may even surpass the old one ? ""My worthless son does not deserve such high praise," rejoined Chia Cheng hurriedly with a courteous smile. “If thanks to the grace of Your Highness such proves the case, that will be our good fortune, ”从英译来看,除了"May I"、"My worthless son"、"the grace of Your Highness"以外,其他变体形式都未充分体现出来,而且"龙驹凤雏"直译成"a dragon's colt or young phoenix"而不加注释。
翻译理论——精选推荐
翻译理论⼀外国翻译史和翻译名家西⽅翻译史可⼤致归纳为四种主要的翻译研究⽅法:①语义学翻译法(philological approach)②语⾔学翻译法(linguistic approach)③交际学翻译法(communication approach)④社会符号学翻译法(socio-semiotic approach)社会符号学翻译法:源于美国翻译理论家,《圣经》翻译家尤⾦.奈达(Eugene A.Nida)创导的社会符号学翻译法语⾔学翻译法:着眼的基本问题是原⽂的字⾯意义(the literal character of the source text)篇章的主题结构和风格(the thematic structur and style of the discouse).这种⽅法强调直译。
(公元前⼀世纪,古罗马翻译家兼演说家西塞罗:翻译不应拘泥与原⽂的词语⽽注重原⽂的思想,坚持不可逐字死译⽽要符合译⽂的语⾔规则与特性)。
18世纪中叶,爱丁堡⼤学的历史学教授泰特勒在《翻译的原则》⼀书中提出著名的三原则:①译⽂应完整的再现原⽂的思想内容——That the translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas ofthe original work。
②译⽂的风格,笔调应与原⽂的性质相同——That the style and manner of writing should be of the samecharacter with that of the original)③译⽂应像原⽂⼀样流畅⾃然——That the translation should have all the ease of the original composition.)语⾔学翻译法:现代语⾔⽂学发展的产物,它主张在对⽐语⾔学(contrastive linguistics)的基础上制定的⼀系列规则以实现等值(equivalence)这⼀学派的代表⼈物:英国语⾔学家卡特福特catford,法国的穆南和前苏联的巴尔胡达罗夫等⼈。
linguistic用法
linguistic用法"Linguistic" 是一个形容词,用于描述与语言或语言学相关的事物。
它可以用于多个领域和语境中,包括语言学、翻译、文学研究等。
以下是关于 "linguistic" 的一些常见用法:1. 语言学领域:在语言学中,"linguistic" 通常用来描述与语言本身、语言结构、语言规则等相关的事物。
例如:Linguistic analysis (语言分析): 对语言的结构、语法和语义进行分析。
Linguistic diversity (语言多样性): 描述世界上不同语言的多样性和变化。
Linguistic features (语言特征): 描述语言中的特定语法、词汇或语音特征。
2. 语言研究:在研究语言的学科中,"linguistic" 可用于描述语言学家或研究者的方法和方法论。
例如:Linguistic research (语言研究): 研究语言的结构、历史、变化和使用。
Linguistic theory (语言理论): 描述和解释语言的原则和规则的理论框架。
3. 文化和社会科学:在文化和社会科学领域,"linguistic" 可用于描述语言在社会和文化中的作用和影响。
例如:Linguistic anthropology (语言人类学): 研究语言在不同文化背景下的社会和文化作用。
Linguistic identity (语言身份): 描述个人或群体基于语言使用和归属感的身份认同。
4. 翻译和语言服务:在翻译和语言服务领域,"linguistic" 可用于描述与语言转换和语言处理相关的事物。
例如:Linguistic skills (语言技能): 描述翻译或语言专业人员的语言能力和专业技能。
Linguistic analysis tools (语言分析工具): 用于分析和处理语言数据的软件或工具。
译者文化身份对翻译的影响
译者文化身份对翻译的影响1. 引言1.1 译者文化身份的定义译者文化身份指的是翻译者所处的文化背景和身份认同。
每个翻译者都具有独特的文化身份,这种身份不仅受到个人经历、教育背景、语言能力等因素的影响,还受到所处的社会、历史、宗教等方面的影响。
翻译过程中,译者往往会将自己的文化身份融入到译文中,从而影响到最终的翻译结果。
译者文化身份的定义涵盖了翻译者所属的国家、民族、语言等方面,这些因素决定了译者在面对不同语言和文化之间的转换时所持有的认知方式和价值观。
译者文化身份的深刻理解对于进行准确、得体的翻译至关重要,因为只有将自身文化身份的特点融入到翻译中,才能更好地传达原文的意义和情感。
译者在进行翻译时需要认真思考自己的文化身份,以便更好地实现跨文化传播的目标。
1.2 翻译中的文化身份意识在翻译过程中,译者的文化身份意识起着至关重要的作用。
文化身份是指一个人所属的文化群体,包括民族、地域、宗教、历史、习俗等方面的身份。
翻译是一项跨文化沟通的活动,而译者的文化身份意识会直接影响其对原文的理解和对译文的选择。
译者在翻译过程中,会根据自己所属的文化背景来解读原文内容,从而影响翻译的准确性和质量。
译者的文化身份意识还会影响其选择性地吸收和传递原文的文化信息,从而在翻译中体现出不同的风格和特点。
因此,译者在进行翻译时应意识到自己的文化身份,并尽可能客观地对待原文内容,保持中立和客观,以保证翻译的准确性和质量。
同时,译者也应该不断扩展自己的文化视野,提高跨文化翻译的能力,促进不同文化之间的交流和理解。
2. 正文2.1 译者文化身份对翻译选择的影响译者的文化身份对翻译选择具有重要影响。
文化身份包括译者的种族、民族、国籍、宗教信仰、社会地位等因素。
这些身份会影响译者对文本的理解、价值观和偏好,从而直接影响翻译的选择。
首先,译者的文化身份会影响其对原文的理解和解释。
不同的文化背景会导致不同的理解角度和诠释方式。
在翻译选择时,译者会根据自己的文化认知和情感体验来选择合适的语言表达方式,这可能导致译文与原文有所出入。
论翻译学研究方法
3、实验法:通过实验的方式,对特定的翻译现象或问题进行深入研究。实验 法可以验证假设、探索新现象并测试现有理论的适用性。
4、案例研究法:通过对特定文本或项目的翻译过程进行深入剖析,案例研究 法有助于了解特定文本类型或领域的翻译特点和问题。同时,案例研究还可以 为特定领域的翻译实践提供指导和建议。
1、语料库与翻译研究:语料库作为一种强大的研究工具,为翻译研究提供了 大量真实、自然的语料。通过对这些语料的分析,我们可以深入探讨翻译过程 中的语言转换规律、译者的风格和策略等。
2、基于语料库的翻译理论构建:通过对比和分析翻译与非翻译文本的差异, 基于语料库的翻译理论旨在揭示翻译的本质和过程。此外,基于语料库的翻译 理论还如何利用语料库提高翻译的质量和效率。
3、翻译教学与培训:语料库在翻译教学和培训中具有广泛应用。通过展示真 实的翻译示例和错误,语料库可以帮助学生识别翻译中的常见问题,提高翻译 技能。同时,它也为翻译培训提供了可衡量的标准和资源。
4、机器翻译与自然语言处理:随着技术的发展,机器翻译和自然语言处理技 术在翻译领域的应用日益广泛。语料库翻译学研究在这一领域如何利用这些技 术提高翻译的准确性和效率,以及如何解决机器翻译中遇到的语义和语境问题。
研究结果
通过对不同研究方法的梳理和评价,我们可以发现每种研究方法都有其独特的 视角和优点。文学翻译研究方法翻译的艺术性和修辞处理,揭示了原文与译文 之间的美学关系;语言学翻译研究方法则翻译
过程中的语言规律,为我们深入理解翻译过程提供了有益的理论框架。
认知翻译研究方法揭示了译者在翻译过程中的认知心理和策略,有助于我们了 解译者的思维过程和认知规律;社交翻译研究方法则将翻译置于更广泛的社会 文化背景中,为我们提供了理解和解释翻译现象的新视角。
四种翻译方法,十种翻译技巧
四种翻译方法1.直译和意译所谓直译,就是在译文语言条件许可时,在译文中既保持原文的内容,又保持原文的形式——特别指保持原文的比喻、形象和民族、地方色彩等。
每一个民族语言都有它自己的词汇、句法结构和表达方法。
当原文的思想内容与译文的表达形式有矛盾不宜采用直译法处理时,就应采用意译法。
意译要求译文能正确表达原文的内容,但可以不拘泥与原文的形式。
(张培基)应当指出,在再能确切的表达原作思想内容和不违背译文语言规范的条件下,直译有其可取之处,一方面有助于保存原著的格调,另一方面可以进新鲜的表达方法。
Literal translation refers to an adequate representation of the original. When the original coincides or almost tallies with the Chinese language in the sequence of vocabulary, in grammatical structure and rhetorical device, literal translation must be used.Free translation is also called liberal translation, which does not adhere strictly to the form or word order of the original.(郭著章)直译法是指在不违背英语文化的前提下,在英译文中完全保留汉语词语的指称意义,求得内容和形式相符的方法。
意译是指译者在受到译语社会文化差异的局限时,不得不舍弃原文的字面意义,以求疑问与原文的内容相符和主要语言功能的相似。
(陈宏薇)简单地说,直译指在译文中采用原作的的表达方法,句子结构与原句相似,但也不排除在短语层次进行某些调整。
意译指在译文中舍弃原作的表达方法,另觅同意等效的表达方法,或指对原作的句子结构进行较大的变化或调整。
二语习得引论翻译笔记-第五章
第五章SLA与社会环境【真题:语言社团;反馈】交际能力P100言语沟通民俗学:交际能力:一个说话者在一个特定的语言社团里知道自己需要说什么。
不但包括词汇语音语法结构,还要知道什么时候说对谁说和在既定环境里适当的表达。
还包括说话的人应该指导社会文化方面的知识,应该具有保证顺利地和别人交流的能力。
语言社团:一组人;用同一种语言;因此,多语者属于多个语言社团。
非本族语的人讲话和本地人相差很大,即使他们属于同一个语言社团。
比如包括语言结构组合的不同,对话、写作等规则使用不同,同一个词汇意思不同。
P101外语[FL]:在当地环境下学习二语,没机会与该语言的语言社团进行互动(除非出国),且没有机会完全融入该外语的社会,学习这种语言大多是课业要求。
附加语[AL]P102微观社会因素学习者语言的变异社会语言学家认为语言的变异是指在语言的产出过程中,把语言的不系统的不规则的变化当做次于语言系统规则模式的变异性特点。
交际环境的多个维度:语言学环境:语言形式和功能的成分心理学环境:在语言加工过程中,起始阶段要倾注多少注意力,从控制加工到自动化加工;微观社会环境:环境与互动特征与交际部分相关,并在此过程中被产出、翻译、协商宏观因素:政治背景下,哪种语言应该学习,社会对某种语言的态度。
适应理论[accommodation theory]:说话者会随着说话对象的说话方式改变自己的语调难易。
工作地点影响语言输入的性质和群体认同性。
自然变异:中介语的产物,是习得二语语法的必要步骤Ellis 变异的性质随着学习二语的深入而变化:1.一个简单的形式被用于多种功能2.其它形式一开始会用于中介语3.多种形式被系统化地使用4.无目的的形式被摘除,自由变异的清楚使中介语更加高效P105语言的输入与互动P106一、自然输入的修改语言输入对一语二语都是绝对必要的。
外国式谈话[foreigner talk]:一语学习者对二语学习者说话时调整说话的语气速度来适应二语者的语言。
陆法言《切韵·序》原文翻译注释与鉴赏
陆法言《切韵·序》原文翻译注释与鉴赏陆法言《切韵·序》原文翻译解释与鉴赏切韵序陆法言昔开皇初,有仪同刘臻等八人,同诣法言门宿。
夜永酒阑,论及音韵,以今声调既自有别,诸家取舍,亦复不同。
吴楚则时伤轻浅,燕赵则多伤重浊,秦陇则去声为入,梁益则平声似去。
又支(章移切)脂(旨夷切)鱼(语居切)虞(遇俱切),共为一韵。
先(苏前切)仙(相然切)尤(于求切)侯(胡沟切),俱论是切。
欲广文路,自可清浊皆通;若赏知音,即须轻重有异。
吕静韵集,夏侯该韵略,阳休之韵略,周思言音韵,李季节音谱,杜台卿韵略等,各有乖互。
江东取韵,与河北复殊。
因论南北是非,古今通塞。
欲更捃选精切,除削疏缓。
萧颜多所决定。
魏著作谓法言曰:向来论难,疑处悉尽,何不随口记之。
我辈数人,定则定矣。
法言即烛下握笔,略记纲纪。
博问英辩,殆得精华。
于是更涉余学,兼从薄宦。
十数年间,不遑修集。
今返初服,私训诸弟子,凡有文藻,即须明声韵。
屏居山野,交游阻绝,疑惑之所,质问无从。
亡者则生死路殊,空怀可作之叹;存者则贵贱礼隔,以报绝交之旨。
遂取诸家音韵,古今字书,以前所记者,定之为切韵五卷。
剖析豪氂,分别黍累。
何烦泣玉,未得县金。
藏之名山,昔怪马迁之言大,持以盖酱,今叹扬雄之口吃。
非是小子专辄,乃述群贤遗意,宁敢施行人世,直欲不出户庭。
于时岁次辛酉大隋仁寿元年。
〔解释〕开皇:隋文帝杨坚的年号(公元581600年)。
仪同刘臻等八人:此八人为仪同三司刘臻、外史颜之推、著作郎魏渊、武阳太守卢思道、散骑常侍李若、国子博士萧该、蜀王谘议参军辛德源、吏部侍郎薛道衡。
俱为当时知名的学者文人。
声调:声,声韵;调,音调。
吴楚、燕赵、秦陇、梁益:沿用汉代州名,隋代州郡名改易与先代不完全相同,此处为略举,与汉代扬雄《方言》所用的州名有接近处。
轻浅、重浊:确切意思尚无确论。
当时一切论及音韵的重要文献中都有相似的描述。
如《颜氏家训音辞篇》:"南方水土柔和,其音清举而切诣,失在浮浅,其辞多鄙俗;北方山川深厚,其音沉浊而钝,得其质实,其辞为古语。
四种翻译方法,十种翻译技巧
四种翻译方法,十种翻译技巧四种翻译方法1.直译和意译所谓直译,就是在译文语言条件许可时,在译文中既保持原文的内容,又保持原文的形式——特别指保持原文的比喻、形象和民族、地方色彩等。
每一个民族语言都有它自己的词汇、句法结构和表达方法。
当原文的思想内容与译文的表达形式有矛盾不宜采用直译法处理时,就应采用意译法。
意译要求译文能正确表达原文的内容,但可以不拘泥与原文的形式。
(张培基)应当指出,在再能确切的表达原作思想内容和不违背译文语言规范的条件下,直译有其可取之处,一方面有助于保存原著的格调,另一方面可以进新鲜的表达方法。
Literal translation refers to an adequate representation of the original. When the original coincides or almost tallieswith the Chinese language in the sequence of vocabulary, in grammatical structure and rhetorical device,literal translation must be used.Free translation is also called liberal translation, whichdoes not adhere strictly to the form or word order of theoriginal. (郭著章)直译法是指在不违背英语文化的前提下,在英译文中完全保留汉语词语的指称意义,求得内容和形式相符的方法。
意译是指译者在受到译语社会文化差异的局限时,不得不舍弃原文的字面意义,以求疑问与原文的内容相符和主要语言功能的相似。
(陈宏薇)简单地说,直译指在译文中采用原作的的表达方法,句子结构与原句相似,但也不排除在短语层次进行某些调整。
意译指在译文中舍弃原作的表达方法,另觅同意等效的表达方法,或指对原作的句子结构进行较大的变化或调整。
译者身份的认识和理解
译者身份的认识和理解
译者身份的认识和理解
认识和理解译者身份有助于更有效地完成翻译。
本文将对译者身份的不同方面作出全面的分析,以帮助翻译者更好地理解自己的职业身份。
首先,译者必须承担沟通桥梁的角色。
在翻译过程中,他们负责将原文中的概念和意义正确地传达给目标语言读者。
在这种情况下,译者被认为是一个桥梁,使原文与译文之间的信息和意思能够有效地传达给读者。
因此,译者需要掌握两种语言的文化和社会背景,以便将原文中的内容正确地表达出来。
其次,译者必须具备文学和语言技能。
他们需要将文学作品,语言和写作方式正确地翻译成另一种语言,以保持细节和语义上的精确性。
译者必须具备良好的语言能力,并具备优秀的翻译技巧,如句法和语法熟悉,保留原文信息的能力,以及采用确切、充分和适当的表达。
此外,译者必须明白文本的文化差异。
他们必须了解原文和译文之间文本文化的描述差异,以及语言之间的文化内涵。
因此,译者不仅要掌握语言技能,还要知道文化背景,以便尊重原文的文化差异,同时使译文在语义上也不会出现差异。
最后,译者需要明白自己的职业责任。
他们不仅负责读者的满意,也负责翻译活动的道德和专业发展。
因此,译者需要根据客户要求,全面考虑文本的特殊性,尽可能准确地翻译出文字,并确保翻译文本
的可靠性和完整性,以满足读者的需求。
总之,译者在翻译中扮演着重要的角色,他们不仅负责沟通,还负责准确翻译文本,同时保持文本的完整性和文化的尊重。
理解行业的职业身份,就能够更好地完成翻译任务,以确保文本的可靠性和准确性。
社会符号学翻译法要点
言内意义
诗中有画,画中有诗。
There is poetry in the paintings, and there are paintings in the poetry. (回环格)
言内意义
哼!你别看我耳朵聋,可我的心并不聋 啊!
Humph! My ears are deaf, but my mind is not. (拈连)
我们中华民族有同自己的敌人血战到底的 气概,有在自力更生的基础上光复旧物的 决心,有自立于世界民族之林的能力。
We the Chinese nation have the spirit to fight the enemy to the last drop of our blood, the determination to recover our lost territory by our own efforts, and the ability to stand on our own feet in the family of nations.
祈使意义(imperative meaning)(指发讯人企 图改变收讯人的行为或心态的意向)
联想意义(associative meaning)(指附加在 指称意义上的意义,是语言符号唤起收讯人对 其他事物的联想)。
例如woman就有frail (脆弱的)、prone to tears(爱哭的)、emotional (易动感情的)、 gentle(温柔的)、compassionate(有同情心 的)、hardworking(勤劳的)等联想意义。
语用意义
过去,从斋堂到北京靠羊肠小道,需要
六七天的时间。 In the past, it took six or seven days to
外语教学中的社会语境
外语教学中的社会语境1.Introduce; 语言是文化的载体, 它承载着厚重的社会文化, 任何一种语言无不带有该语言社会文化的烙印, 体现着丰富的社会文化内涵; 同时语言又是人类进行社会交往的工具, 任何有效的言语活动都只能在特定的社会情境中进行, 语言的交际功能也只有在特定的社会情境中才能得以体现。
外语教学所要实现的是跨文化交际这一目的, 而要实现这一目的, 除了需要必要的语言基础知识外, 还必须依赖一定的社会语境才能更好地握一门外语。
外语教学对社会语境有很大的依赖性。
语言材料要放到语境中才易于理解、消化和吸收。
在一定的语境中进行语言实践才能达到语言材料的深刻理解, 有利于学习效果的巩固和提高。
语境分析能力的高低直接影响到我们正确理解语义的程度, 因而也直接影响到我们教学质量的高低。
在外语教学活动中, 我们一方面要加强语境理论的学习研究, 同时更应把所学到的语境理论运用到外语教学活动中去, 指导教学, 服务于教学。
只有这样, 语境理论能在语言教学的实践中得到丰富和发展,才会具有实际的指导意义。
语境理论和语言教学相结全, 才能在教学中逐步培养和增强语境意识, 不断提高分析语境、把握语义的实用能力, 我们的语言教学质量才能再上新台阶。
本文主要从中西社会文化差异这一问题着手从社会语境与外语教学关系这一角度分析了社会语境在外语教学中的关键功能,如何在外语教学中更好地运用社会语境来进行学习以及在外语教学中运用社会语境的重要意义。
2.社会语境的定义语境, 就是使用语言的环境。
早在本世纪20年代,马林诺夫斯基就指出, 语言环境对于理解语言是必不可少的。
韩礼德也指出: 选择错误的语域, 混淆不同的语域, 是外国人学习一种语言最常犯的错误。
( 1989) 过去的语言教学,特别是外语教学存在一种倾向, 即让学生死记语言规则,死背离开语境的孤立的句子, 结果, 使学生难以适应特定的语境, 灵活地运用语言。
言语交际能力的培养与提高离开了具体的语言环境便成了无米之炊。
商务汉语综合教程第三册课件答案仇鸿伟 ISBN9787811346657 PDF第九章 文化与翻译-
译文二没有直接用汉语拼音来处理,而是转换了 表达方式,使得译文传递了原文的形象性特点, 也便于译文读者理解和接受。
3. 从句法结构看
4. 形合与意合
5. 所谓形合,指的是句中的词语或分句之间用语言形式手段 6. (如关联词)连接起来,表达语法意义和逻辑关系。 7. 所谓意合,指的是词语或分句之间不用语言形式手段链接
1.1.3 日常生活和社会习俗
在称谓问题上,英文里的称谓比较笼统,不像中文的称谓 ,非得把身份分得一清二楚。 如英文里的uncle一词对应中文里的“伯伯、舅舅、叔叔 、姑父、姨父”等,此外,还有sister、brother和 cousin等,在英文里对应的都不止一个。 在问候语的问题上,中国人习惯在见面的时候问对方“吃 饭了吗? ”“到哪儿去? ”等问题,在我们 的文化中,这是一种比较随和、友好和亲昵的问候方式。 然后,如果将这两句话分别译成“Have you had your meal?”和“Where are you going?”那么英美人就很难 接受了。因为在他们的文化里,这样说是在干涉他们的 自由。 还有一个很明显的差异就是问年龄。在西方国家,女性的 年龄一般都是不公开的,这是她们的隐私。如果你问了, 就会让她们觉得你很不礼貌。
英语的非人称代词“it”往往使句子显出物称倾向,汉语没有 这类用法的非人称代词,因而常用人称,或省略人称,或采用 无主句。
例: It is a good horse that never stumbles.人有失足, 马有失蹄。 例: 熟悉情况的人猜测说,产量在下一年可以超过1亿 吨。 Informed guesswork suggests that the output could rise to over one hundred million tons next year. 例: 弄得不好,就会前功尽弃。 If things are not properly handled, our labor will be totally lost.
指示语的翻译
人称指示的翻译
人称指示的分类:第一人称指示,包括说话者;第二人 称指示,包括受话者;第三人称指示,既不包括说话者, 也不包括受话者,第三人称指示一般不是谈话的参加者, 但通常和交际双方,或其中一方有密切关系,在特定场 合甚至会来借指说话者或受话者。 第一人称指示语有单数和复数两种,如果指示语以复数 形式出现在话语中,在英汉两种语言中均有可能出现两 种情况:其一,包括受话者(we-inclusive-of-addressee); 其二,不包括受话者(we-exclusive-of-addressee) ,examples:
e.g. I am sorry to inform you that there are no vacancies on the French tour due to start on Saturday 10th July. But we’ll send you an application form. If you will complete it and return it to me,I shall be pleased to your daughter’s name to our waiting list. Here,it is a very formal notice,in which it is not appropriate to translate “you” into “你”directly. So it can be translated like this:
地点指示的翻译
在英语中,地点指示语传递的信息直接受语境影响,不 仅包括直接语境而且包括间接语境,两者固然都很重要, 但对于不在场的间接受话者,译者更为关注的应是后者。 因为对于说话者和受话者而言,话语中某些地点指示语 的手势用法和象征用法(symbolic usage)的确切信息可 凭借各自所处的方位和空间而定。但对于不在现场的译 者而言却暗含于间接语境之中。
第3章_词语英译(新编汉英翻译教程_陈宏薇)
1、英军胜利地登上了小岛。
a. The British army climbed onto the island successfully.b. The British army landed on the island successfully.析:“登”一词既有“爬、攀登”之意,又可理解为“登陆”。
从本句的上下文来看,“登”这一动作的施动者是军队,对象是小岛而非高山,“登上”意为“登陆、上岸”,应译作land on ,而非climb onto 。
2、他对事情的进展情况也还满意。
He is quite satisfied with the way things went.析:“也”在句中是表示程度的副词,不可作“同样”解,不应译为also 或as well 。
3、他是我父亲。
He is my father.这姑娘是漂亮。
This is girl is really beautiful.此人是书就读。
This man reads every book he can reach .是可忍,孰不可忍?If this can be tolerated, what cannot?是古非今Praise the past to condemn the present析:“是”在以上各句中的指称意义各不相同。
第一句的“是”表示判断,第二句中的“是”必须重读,表示“的确、实在”,第三句中的“是”表示凡是,第四句的“是”意为“这”,仅用于书面语中,“是”的这一用法已带有蕴涵意义了。
第五句的“是”意为“认为正确”,作动词用,也是书面语。
所以,译文的表达也相应地有所不同。
4、知之为知之,不知为不知,是知也。
When you know a thing, to hold that you know it, and when you do not know a thing, to allow that you do not know it----this is knowledge .(孔子《论语》,James Legge 译)析:句中一连出现了五个“知”字,前四个“知”的词性与指称意义相同,都作动词“知道”解。
社会翻译学主要关键词及其关系诠释
社会翻译学主要关键词及其关系诠释一、概述社会翻译学,作为翻译学的一个重要分支,旨在探讨翻译活动在社会文化语境中的运作机制与影响。
该领域的研究不仅涉及语言学层面,还深入到社会、文化、心理等多个维度,揭示翻译现象背后的复杂关系与规律。
社会翻译学的研究关键词众多,包括但不限于“社会文化语境”、“翻译策略”、“译者主体性”、“翻译规范”以及“翻译影响”等。
这些关键词不仅构成了社会翻译学的基本研究框架,也反映了该领域的研究重点与方向。
在社会翻译学的视角下,翻译不再是简单的语言转换活动,而是一种社会现象,深受社会文化语境的制约与影响。
不同的社会文化语境下,翻译的策略、方法以及效果都会有所不同。
译者的主体性也在翻译过程中发挥着重要作用,译者的文化背景、价值观念以及审美取向等都会影响到翻译的质量与风格。
社会翻译学还关注翻译规范的形成与演变,以及翻译活动对社会文化的影响。
翻译规范是翻译活动中的重要组成部分,它既是翻译实践的指导原则,也是翻译质量的评价标准。
而翻译活动作为文化交流的桥梁,其对社会文化的影响也是不可忽视的。
社会翻译学是一个涉及多个学科领域的综合性研究领域,其研究内容广泛而深入。
通过对主要关键词及其关系的诠释,我们可以更好地理解社会翻译学的研究内涵与价值,为推动翻译学的发展与进步贡献力量。
1. 社会翻译学的概念与起源社会翻译学,作为翻译学的一个重要分支,其核心概念在于将翻译活动置于广阔的社会文化背景下进行深入研究。
它不仅关注语言层面的转换,更侧重于翻译行为如何受到社会、文化、政治、经济等多重因素的影响,以及翻译如何反作用于这些社会因素,从而在社会变迁中扮演重要角色。
社会翻译学的起源可追溯至20世纪后半叶,随着翻译学逐渐从语言学中独立出来,学者们开始从更宏观的角度审视翻译现象。
在这一过程中,社会学家、文化学家、人类学家等多学科背景的学者纷纷介入翻译研究,提出了一系列新的理论视角和研究方法。
这些跨学科的研究实践为社会翻译学的形成奠定了坚实基础。
韩素音 翻译 语言与社会地位
Actually, people's language is inseparable from his identity in society. I do remember that when I lived in Australia, there was a neighbour intending to run for the councilor. Once he got up, he would like to practice pronunciation so as to make it sound beautiful and respectful.Surely, people's language symbolizes their social identities. Especially in a society integrated by multi - nationality and multi - culture. What's more, the so called ' identity ' is a kind of knowledge that can indicate the cultural background, educational background of a social group even the geographical location where they are from.Language can influence people's knowledge of associated culture. For example, in a study, it is found that when asked something about cultural conception in Chinese, the answer from the Chinese who can speak two languages shows more Chinese style than that answer asked in English. Interestingly, when asked something about Chinese culture and belief in mandarin, the answer from the people of H.K. and Macao who can speak contonese shows more western style than that answer to the similar question asked in contonese.In fact, most of the Chinese who learn foreign language are bilingual users but bilingual people. The former is on the linguistic level while the latter the thinking and living style level. However, the two, far from still, can switch between each other.Therefore, the object of language leaners, actually is a kind of social relationship, which is understood and formed beyond time and apace. As a result, what should be studied is not only something about linguistic but also something about multifold and changeable social identity.The study also indicates that people's speech style is by no means fixed, but changes along with the social environment as well as the person to talk with. Generally speaking, people have the inclination of convergence to go with the main stream. But, sometimes they have the contrary inclination of divergence to show there own characteristics. For example, when I went back to Beijing, my ' Beijing accent ' seemed to be stronger consciously while my British friend would keep his ' British accent ' more noticeable when he was in Australia. I wondered whether he intended to show his different identity.During the course of adapting a foreign culture, people may have positive or negative attitude towards their mother tongue. Someone would like to consciously weaken their first language ability while involving themselves into a new mainstream culture. On the contrary, someone would like to strengthen and highlight their mother tongue, believing that could be a kind of advantage.Usually, if language is the kind respected by the society ( for example, in England, the language spoken by the Queen on behalf the nobility), the group of people who speak or use it will have a stronger sense of superiority and its members will intentionally show the difference to keep their positive group identity. Of course, their speech manners will inevitably be approached closer by people from other social group.People's language also can be the object to be used to judge them. According to the study, from the language, one's social status, educational level, kindness or not, intelligence, ability, even his wealth can be figured out.Obviously, people's language is so significant that it is the external embodiment of their comprehensive qualities like clothing to one's body modification. Thus, language should not only be viewed as a kind of tool but also it is a kind of quality.。
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语言与社会身份
一个人的语言与其在社会中的身份其实密不可分。
记得我在澳大利亚生活时,一位邻居要竞选议员,他便
每天早上起来练习发音,以令自己的讲话让人听起来悦耳、有身份。
的确,语言是一个人社会身份的标志,特别是在多民族、多元文化的社会里。
所谓“身份”,也是一种知识结构,表明你来自那个社会群体的文化背景、知识程度甚至地理位置等。
语言会影响对于相应文化的认知。
例如,有人调查发现,对于讲双语的中国人,在用中文问到其关于文化观念等问题时,他们的回答显然比用英文问他们此类问题时显示出更多的中国人的做派。
有意思的是,当讲广东话的港澳人被用普通话问到关于中国的文化、信仰等问题时,他们的回答往往比听到用广东话问到此类问题时的回答更接近西方人的表达方式。
其实,对于学习外语的华人来讲,大部分的还不是真正意义上的所谓“双语人”,而是“双语使用者”;后者是在语言与表达层次,而前者则是思维与生活习性。
但是,这个过程并不是静止的,而是可以转换的。
Language and social identity
In fact, language is tightly connected with one's social identity. When I was in Australia, my neighbor was going to run for a seat in the parliament. So he practiced articulation every morning in order to make people feel pleasant, convinced and honorable when he delivered his speech.
In deed, language is symbol of one's social identity especially in a multi-national and multi-culture society. When talking about "identity", we are talking about a structure of knowledge in which your cultural background. Knowledge extend even geographical location are manifested.
Language is influenced by relevant cultural cognition. For instance, according to investigation, for the bilingual Chinese, their answers to the question which is about cultural concept, tends to be more like typical Chinese expression when they are asked in Chinese than in English. More interesting for the people who speak Cantonese in Hong Kong and Macao, their answers to the question about Chinese culture,belief and others asked in mandarin tends to be typical western expression than in Cantonese . Actually, the ethic Chinese who study foreign language is not exactly equal to the so-called "bilingual people" but the "bilingual user". The latter is in the level of language and expression. However, the former is in the level of thinking and living habits. The process is not motionless but switched.。