信任与儿童发展

汇报顺序：
1、Evaluating and Approaching a Strange Animal: Children’s Trust in Informant Testimony 评价并靠近一个陌生的动物：儿童对提供信息者陈词的信任 （徐景） 2、Can Rachman’s indirect pathways be used to unlearn fear? A prospective paradigm to test whether children’s fears can be reduced using positive information and modelling a non-anxious response
Evaluating and Approaching a Strange Animal: Children’s Trust in Informant Testimony
评价并靠近一个陌生的动物：儿童对提供信息者 陈词的信任
Child Development( 2014) IF:4.235
报告人：徐景 2015-6-9
BACKGROUD
• Children display selective trust in others as sources of information about the world. • 作为了解世界的信息来源，儿童对别人表现出了选择性信任。 • With age, there is increased sensitivity to subtle differences in informant accuracy. • 随着年龄增长，对提供消息的人的正确性的细微差别变得更敏感。 • children’s perceptions of animals are influenced by experience (Field & Storksen-Coulson, 2007), observation (e.g., Broeren, Lester, Muris, & Field, 2011), and verbal transmission of informatioBiblioteka Baidu (Field & Lawson, 2003). • 儿童对动物的感知受经验，观察和口头信息传输的影响。
(a) cuscus marsupial（袋貂袋）
(b) quoll marsupial.（袋鼬袋）
(a) maternal figure
(b) zookeeper
The maternal informant • “just like your mom with two kids just your age, who knows a lot about being a mom, just like you mom does.”
• Finally, we conducted Experiment 1B to determine whether a comparison group of children trusted each informant at a baseline level, in the absence of competing testimony. • 最后，做实验1B，探讨一个对照组是否相信每个信息提供者（作 为基线水平），没有矛盾信息。 • we expected participants to endorse the zookeeper’s claims to a greater extent than those of the maternal figure. • 预期被试更大程度上会支持动物园管理员的证据。 • We also predicted that children would be more likely to endorse positive information about the animal with age, irrespective of informant type. • 同样预期被试随年龄增长更可能支持积极信息。
摘要
• 本研究检验了3~7岁儿童在学习一种新奇的动物时对信息提供者 陈词的信任。60名被试接受来自被描述为母亲形象和动物管理员 的女性的对于澳大利亚一种袋鼠类动物的积极或消极的信息，问 孩子哪个信息提供者是正确的，并邀请他们触摸藏在笼子里的动 物（其实是个填充玩具）。总之，年龄更小的孩子支持动物管理 员对于动物的描述，但当母亲形象的人提供了积极信息时，他们 更乐意触摸动物，年龄更大的孩子支持提供了积极信息的人，但 对动物管理员的专业性表示出更多的敏感性。在被试特征、对信 息提供者的选择和对动物的趋向行为的交互中发现了年龄差异。
拉赫曼间接途径可以克服恐惧么？
一个具有前瞻性的范式，通过积极消息和非焦虑性反应的建模是否可以 降低儿童的恐惧感（杨波）
汇报顺序：
3、 Young Children’s Trust in Their Mother’s Claims: Longitudinal Links With Attachment Security in Infancy 儿童对于母亲言辞的信任：与在婴儿期的依恋安全型相关的纵向 研究 （耿银凤） 4、The Development of Distrust 儿童不信任的发展（王丽）
信任与儿童发展
汇报内容：
• 信任是儿童社会性发展过程中的一项重要内容，是指儿童在人际 交往过程中，一方对另一方的能力和道德的确定性而形成的一种 相互依赖感及相应的行为表现。 • 儿童期是智力发展与知识学习的重要时期之一。对信息与信息源 的评估与甄别，以及批判性接受信息的能力，对儿童知识的构建 至关重要。 • 因此，我们从儿童对不同信息提供者的信任、儿童恐惧的非习得 性、从依恋关系的角度看儿童信任，最后还探讨了儿童不信任的 顺序从多方面探讨了儿童信任。
摘要
• This study examined 3- to 7-year-old children’s reliance on informant testimony to learn about a novel animal. Sixty participants were given positive or negative information about an Australian marsupial from an informant described as a maternal figure or a zookeeper. Children were asked which informant was correct and were invited to touch the animal, which was a stuffed toy hidden in a crate. Overall, younger children endorsed the zookeeper’s testimony about the animal, but touched the animal more readily when the maternal figure provided positive information. Older children endorsed the informant who provided positive information, but showed some sensitivity to zookeeper expertise. Age differences were obtained in the association between participant characteristics and informant selection and animal approach behavior.
Present Research
• The primary question of interest, addressed in Experiment 1A, was whether children endorsed information from the zookeeper or the maternal figure and whether endorsement was influenced by valence. • 首先在实验1A中探讨儿童是否支持来自动物园管理员或母亲形象 的人的信息，这种支持是否受（情绪）效价的影响。 • Afterward, participants were invited to pet the “animal” which was a stuffed toy concealed in a crate. • 然后，邀请被试抚摸这个“动物”（其实是个放在箱子里的玩 具）。
BACKGROUD
• Sensitivity to Variation in Expertise 对于专业性变化的敏感性 • Valence Effects in Social Cognition 社会认知中的效价效应 • Previous research has examined effects of valence, parental transmission of information and experimenter transmission of information on children’s animal perceptions. • 先前的研究已经考察了效价效应，父母传递信息和实验人员传递 信息对儿童感知动物的影响。
2.Design and procedure • First, children were shown a photograph of the cuscus or quoll. The experimenter confirmed that children had not heard of the animal and provided them with basic information. • 给被试展示两种袋鼠的图片，主试要确定被试从来没有听过这种 动物并提供动物的基本信息。 • The experimenter then showed the child the images of the informants, a maternal figure and a zookeeper, paired with brief introductions of each person. • 然后主试向被试展示信息提供者的图片，母亲形象和动物管理员， 分别配有简短的介绍。
The zookeeper
• “works with many different kinds of animals, who knows a lot about animals that we don’t know about.”
• Based on condition assignment, participants received positive information from one informant and negative information from the other informant.
Experiment 1A
MOTHOD
1.Participants. • Participants were recruited via a laboratory database in a midsized North American city. • 被试的招募是通过美国北部一个中等大小城市的实验室数据库。 • 66 participants,data from six children were unusable due to experimenter error or child noncompliance. • 66名被试，由于实验人员失误或被试不合作剔除6人。 • final sample:30 3- to 5-year-olds and 30 6- to 7.5-year-olds.