生物工程专业英语1

2.
The Nucleus: Information Central The eukaryotic cell nucleus is the largest organelle and houses the genetic material(DNA) on chromosomes. (In prokaryotes the hereditary material is found in the nucleoid.) The nucleus also contains one or two organelles-the nucleolithat play a role in cell division.
Glossary:
Cyto--- 细胞 Cytology：细胞学 Cytoplasm：细胞质 Cytokinesis：胞质分裂 Cytoskeleton：细胞骨架 Cytobiology：细胞生物学 Cytocentrum：中心体
chloroplast:叶绿体 chlorophyll:叶绿素 carotenoid:类胡萝卜素: carotene:胡萝卜素 lutein: 叶黄素 Accessory pigment: 辅助色素
• Ribosome 核糖体 • Small structures composed of two protein and ribonucleic acid subunits involved in the assembly of proteins from amino acids
The number of ribosomes within a cell may range from a few hundred to many thousands. This quantity reflects the fact that, ribosomes are the sites at which amino acids are assembled into proteins for export or for use in cell processes. 核糖体的数量变化从几百到几千，核糖体是氨基酸组 装成蛋白质的重要场所。
and cell function.
3. Distinguish between prokaryotes and
eukaryotes structure.
4. Introduce the structures and functions of
different types of cell organelles.
真核细胞的细胞核是最大的细胞器，细胞核对 染色体组有保护作用（原核细胞的遗传物质存 在于拟核中）。 细胞核含有一或二个核仁， 核仁促进细胞分裂。
（细胞核：信息中心）
• A pore-performated sac called the nuclear envelope sepatates the nucleus and its contents from the cytoplasm. Small molecules can pass through the nuclear envelope, but large molecules such as mRNA and ribosomes must enter and exit via the pores.
Several ribosomes may become attached to a single mRNA strand; such a combination is called a polysome.
一条mRNA上可能有多个核糖体，称多聚பைடு நூலகம்糖体。
• Polysome 多核糖体 • Of protein synthesis, several ribosomes all translating the same messenger RNA molecule, one after the other.
• Cytoplasm 细胞质 • The living contents of a cell bounded externally by the plasmalemma, including an aqueous ground substance (hyaloplasm, 透明 质，cell sap, or cell matrix) containing organelles and various inclusions but excluding the nucleus and visible vacuoles.
The endoplasmic reticulum, a lacy array of membranous sacs, tubules, and vesicles, may be either rough (RER) or smooth (SER). Both types play roles in the synthesis and transport of proteins. The RER, which is studded with polysomes, also seems to be the source of the nuclear envelope after a cell divides.
细胞质：动力工厂 生命的大部分特征表现在细胞质的特征 上。细胞质大部分由半流体物质组成， 并由原生质膜包被。
Organelles are suspended within it, supported by the filamentous network of the cytoskeleton. Dissolved in the cytoplasmic fluid are nutrients, irons, soluble proteins, and other materials needed for cell functioning.
A complete ribosome is composed of one larger and one smaller subunit. During protein synthesis the two subunits move along a strand of mRNA, “reading” the genetic sequence coded in it and translating that sequence into protein. 完整的核糖体由大亚基和小亚基组成。核糖体沿着 mRNA移动并阅读遗传密码，翻译成蛋白质。
• basal body: 基体 • cilia: 纤毛 • flagella: 鞭毛
• • • • • stroma 基质，子座 microfilament 微丝，纤丝 actin 肌动蛋白 myosin 肌球蛋白 microtubule 微管
• • • • • • •
tubulin 微管蛋白 dynein 动力蛋白 chemotaxis 趋化性 cilia 纤毛 flagella 鞭毛 (单数flagellum) basal body 基体 centriole 中心粒
内质网，带有花边的生物囊，有管状，泡状之分，以 及光滑和粗糙面区别。 两种都与蛋白质的合成和运输有关。粗糙内质网上分 布许多核糖体，也可能提供细胞分裂后所需的细胞膜。
• Endoplasmic reticulum 内质网 • Folded membranes and tubes throughout the eukaryotic cell that provide a large surface upon which chemical activities take place.
Most cellular proteins are manufactured on ribosomes in the cytoplasm. Exportable proteins and membrane proteins are usually made in association with the endoplasmic reticulum. 大多数细胞蛋白是由细胞质中核糖体生产。输 出蛋白和膜蛋白通常与内质网有关。
Lesson One
Inside the Living Cell: Structure and Function of Internal Cell Parts
1. Knowing the Component of the cell. 2. Describe the relationship between cell shape
1.
Cytoplasm: The Dynamic, Mobile Factory
Most of the properties we associate with life are properties of the cytoplasm. Much of the mass of a cell consists of this semifluid substance, which is bounded on the outside by the plasma membrane.
nucleus: 细胞核（pl: nuclei） nucleoli: 核仁 nucleoid: 拟核，类核 nuclear envelope: 核膜 nuclear pore: 核孔
• Pinocytosis: 胞饮作用 • Phagocytosis: 吞噬作用
• • • • • • • ribosome 核糖体 polysome 多核糖体 endoplasmic reticulum 内质网 Golgi complex 高尔基复合体 lysosome 溶酶体 mitochondrion 线粒体 plastid 质体
核膜贯穿许多小孔，小分子可以自由通过核 膜，而象mRNA和核糖体等大分子必须通过 核孔运输。
3. Organelles: Specialized Work Units（细胞器：特殊的功 能单位） All eukaryotic cells contain most of the various kinds of organelles, and each organelle performs a specialized function in the cell. Organelles described in this section include ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi complex, vacuoles, lysosomes, mitochondria, and the plastids of plant cells. 所有的真核细胞都含有多种细胞器，每个细胞器都有 其特定功能。本节主要介绍核糖体，内质网，高尔基体系， 液泡，溶酶体，线粒体和植物细胞中的质体。