(完整word)新托福听力场景汇总之LECTURE篇(修正),推荐文档
三篇托福听力Lecture精选听写内容整理
三篇托福听力Lecture精选听写内容整理托福听力考试中分为对话部分和讲座部分，一般一套听力题里有2个conversation对话和4个Lecture 讲座部分。
考生如何在备考的时候可以对于些Lecture部分进行分析，总结一下其中的词汇和语法等，对我们的托福听力备考会有很大的帮助的。
这里小编就为大家带来了3篇托福听力Lecture训练精先内容，希望对大家托福备考有帮助。
【点击查看】托福听力评分标准，知己知彼才能赢高分哦!演讲听写训练 1We've just seen two contemporary large birds that cannot fly---the emu and the ostrich. Over here is an interesting specimen from the past. This stuffed animal is not the giant penguin as it appears to be. But an auk. This particular kind of auk is very rare, only 78 skeins are known to exist. and most are not preserved as well as this one. The great auk ,as you can see, was a rather large bird and it couldn't fly either. However evidence suggests that the auk was an excellent swimmer and diver. Unfortunately those abilities didn't protect it from being easy prey for hungry sailors who years ago sailed the very cold and often icy waters of Greenland, Iceland and Scotland. In fact records indicate that the auk was rather tasty and that its eggs and feathers were useful as well. Still it isn't clear what other factors led to the big bird's demise around 1844, the last time anyone reported seeing one. Of course, we believe it's important to take extra precautions to preserve the remaining great auk skeins. After all this specimen should prove invaluable for future scientific research. Does anyone have any questions before we move on to our next bird exhibit?演讲听写训练 2I'd like to begin by thanking Dr. Cane for inviting me to be here today. Although I'm not a geologist, I have been collecting minerals for years. My collection is really diverse because I've traveled all over the world to find them. Today I've brought a few specimens for you to see. After I discuss each one, I'll pass it around so that you can look at it more closely. As you know, feldspars are the most abundant minerals and they are divided into a number of types. These first samples are orthoclases. Notice that they vary in color from white to pink to red. This glassy one is found in volcanic rock. In fact I found it in New Mexico on a collecting trip. This next sample that I'll pass around is a microcline mineral, also called Amazon stone. You could identify it by a bright green color. It's often used in jewelry and really is quite attractive. These final samples are all plagioclase feldspars. Many plagioclases are very rare so I'm particularly proud of the variety in my collection. I've also brought a few slides of some larger mineral samples and if you turn on the lights now I'd like to show them to you.演讲听写训练3：We're going to start our discussion of poetry in Western Europe with the Iliad and the Odyssey.these two great poems stand out as great examples of the earliest Euopeanpoems.they are believeed to have been written some time between 800BC and 700BC,partly because the poems referto the social conditions of that time,conditions that have been validated by the findings of archeologists.but just who was the poet who laid down these cornerstones of western literature?well,traditionascribles them to a man named Homer,but we know virtually nothing about this Homer.Infact,some say that such a poet never existed at all,that neither the Iliad nor the Odyssey was written by a single poet,but rather each poem is composed of the writings of several people.this,anyway,is the view of a school of literary critics in the 18th century known as the Analysts. the Analysts pointed to internal evidence such as variations in the literary devices used in the poem to argue that each work waaas in fact a collection of sereral poems by several Greek authors.Opposing the ananlysts were a second group of scholars called the Unitarian. they insisted that the Iliad and the Odyssey could have been the wrok of single poetic genius.To support their argument,they stress among other things the consistency of the character portrayed in the poetry.this wouldn't've been possilbe,theysaid,if they were written by many different poets.now how we look at the Homeric question today has been greatly influenced by someone named MilmanParry,an American scholar who first presented his ideas about Homer in the 1930s. so let's take a look at Parry's research and how it affects what modern day scholars think about Homer.以上就是小编为大家整理的托福听力Lecture训练精选内容，大家在平时练习过程中，也可以将自己练习的材料拿出来进行整理，对你的托福听力提升会有一个很大的帮助。
托福听力机经总结-lecture
12.3
事实说明,彩色报纸并没有真正的增加读者的数目. 1. 讲美国历史,因为 railroad 的普及,带动美国各方面尤其是经济方面的发展(主要讲 了制造业),一开始还用启发示的教学强调了火车的好处. 2. 讲北极熊,包括它所属的种类(是 marine animal,而不是熊,有题目),毛的颜色 为啥是白的(有人说是为了跟雪的颜色一致,保护自己,但教授说北极熊活动的时候是 极夜,否定上面的观点,强调白毛主要是为了在极昼时多反光,别让阳光灼伤),怎样 保暖,冬眠的习惯(walking hibernation,不算真正的"冬眠",只是在退毛),用什 么捕食(长鼻子,尤其是 snout 很灵敏,有题目). 3. 讲欧洲印刷业的发展,强调一种创新(发明)的产生可以催生多种新技术的产生,期 间提到欧洲对图书的需求,还提到了中国人发明了纸. 4. 讲对海底火山的探测活动.首先说明海底压力大,一般探测器不行,用声纳可以探测 海底的地形.后来又讲由于海底火山的活动,使随着河流注入海中的盐分发生变化,形 成 metal,产生黑色的烟雾. 2006 年 1月 1. Protostar.首先是很多灰尘聚在一起,然后慢慢质量加重.核心的质量增加->内部压 力增加->温度增加.最后 fusion,以发光的方式发射能量,变成 star.但是变成 star 有 一个重要条件:magnetic field 减弱(还是消失,忘记了).因为如果引力场不塌缩的话, 不会有能量逃得出来.也就不会发光成为星星. 2. 花.需要别人帮助才能繁殖的植物.一般是蜜蜂蝴蝶什么的.达尔文认为蜜蜂采蜜, 蜜蜂拿到了蜜,植物可以被繁殖,两方面都有 benefit,这种情况才会发生.但是现在发 现蜜蜂没有拿到蜜,而植物却可以得到被帮助繁殖的事情.因为有种花可以发甜气味但 没有蜜.蜜蜂就会过来,虽然蜜蜂也很聪明,第二次就不会上当,但是还是会跑到另一 朵相同种类的花去被骗,因为这种花每朵都有不同的气味.需要帮助才能繁殖的植物分 两种传粉,一是 SELF 传粉,就是自己家和自己家的配种.还有就是 CROSS 传粉,是 自己家和别人家配.CROSS 比较好因为可以吸收两家的长处,而补充短处.有的花有 时会故意全部不分泌蜜,蜜蜂看没蜜了就跑到别的种类的花去找蜜了.这样子就可以 CROSS 传了. 1.21 3. 经济模式有 4 种:pure competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly and monopoly.pure competition:农作物的买卖.monopoly:完全垄断.取决于卖家之间 的联系而非一定要只有一家公司提供此产品.比如一个地区的水电公司或者一个杂货店 (倘若没有别的杂货店) .monopolistic competition 和 oligopoly:举了汽车产业和鞋子 产业的例子.具体哪个对应哪个忘记了. 4. 自画像.以前的名画家画自画像,过了几百年后大家看的时候都好像他们还在生一 样.现在你们(教授问学生)谁有自画像?同学门都说没有,因为觉得好想很 show off. 自我感觉很好的样子.教授讲了两个出名的艺术家.一个是用鲜明的色彩,制造出名人 效果.像漫画一样.这个人说在将来每个人都可以 15 分钟就可以变名人.还有一个是 把自己穿成五十年代的明星,让人觉得认识却又想不起来是谁. 5. 海滩由海滩到内陆一共 5 极:beach - first dune ……- second dune – back dune. 6.讲 wood 的,发现很有意思.这个感觉象是在讲 science 而不是 art.19 世纪人们造家 具要砍木头, 刚砍下来的木头潮湿,要晒干,但也不能太干. 通常要晒 months to years. 后来 20 世界有了 oven,weeks 就够了.那时候大家喜欢用 hardwood 主要因为比较结 实. 2月 2.3 1. 可以. 大型雕塑的含义变迁.例子:1 自由女神本来是美法友谊,后来象征美国的自由.2 美 国四个总统的头像,在山上雕那个,本来是在大萧条时期准备以旅游业赚钱的. 3. 世界各地的日历,以什么为基础,有什么优劣.有提到中国的,说是以 jupiter 的周 期来定的,所以有 12 生肖. 1. 恒温动物和变温动物.它会现实这俩个术语的.恒温动物有 mammal 和 bird;虽然 恒温,但仍然会变化.Change daily 如人和 hummingbird(蜂鸟);change seasonal, 如 bear 冬眠.变温动物有 reptile 和多数动物,它们可以通过运动和改变 location 调节 温度.Professor 说他们无好坏之分,如鳄鱼可以摄取少量食物保持庞大身材,节省下 来的能量用于生殖和 gather food,但 hummingbird 摄取大量的食物却仍然很苗条. 2.11 2. Business management. 一种管理方式, quarterly review 叫 (屏幕上会显示这个词) . 起源是某个 automobile 的 CEO 人物.根据每个季度给 stock holder 的管理状况报表而 灵机一动, 发明出每个季度给职工一个 review. 好处: 加强 supervise 和 worker 的交流; 让 worker 有目的,有目标,效劳高;员工由被动管理变为主动完成工作. 3. Literature.就是侦探小说的起源.鼻祖是一本叫 Moonstone 的小说.虽然以前也有 类似的, 但都是短篇,这个长 feature of detective novel: 警察都白痴; 那个侦探是爱好, 并且爱好广泛,如爱拉小提琴.然后侦探总能发现常人不注意的事实,并从中发现一个 全新的世界(原话是 find a new world from this) .还拿 Sherlock Holmes 作比. 3月 1. 教授说在某处发现了某种壁画,时间非常早(这里问是不是最早的).虽然这些壁画 还是用石头做工具(问是用什么工具画的),但是很精致.主要是野兽吧好像.然后说 采用了 dot 而不是 line(问是什么技术),这和以前的看法很不一样(问教授为啥这么 惊叹).后来又说现在限制人们进入,因为会改变温度和湿度(问为什么限制). 2. How to read art piece, 讲了四个步骤,大致是 description, 分析,评价,好像还 有个审美还是什么的,有个排序题. 3. 讲早期天文学家观察 nebula,说早期望远镜可没现在这么好,观察到 nebula,然后 天文学家有两种观点,一种是认为是 dust,另一种认为是 galaxy.然后教授问怎么能判 断.其中一个女学生说好像通过亮度可以判断.教授说不行,两度受距离影响,并且还 有可能是本身就不那么亮.女学生说那我这个方法就不行(问女学生什么意思) .后来技 术进步了,天文学家也通过别的方法做出了判断.教授说现在也一样,新的现象我们还 是不能解释或者有多种解释(问现在和过去的共同点) . 3.3 4. 讲拉美的一个诗人和他对拉美文学 movement 的影响. 这个教授口音比较重, 或者中 间有一点西班牙语,比如那个作家的名字和这次 movement 的一个特定名字,加上又是 文学类,听起来稍显吃力.大概是说这个作家对 free verse 的态度,然后说他早期的游 历对后面的创作很有影响.这个人死了之后这个 movement 也 die 了.又说他对后面拉 美诗人的影响(问有啥影响). 5. 昆虫,具体名字忘了,它们通常在地下潜伏 13 年还是 17 年,教授解释它们为什么 要潜伏这么就,给了两个原因,(多选题,问哪两个原因).然后说到另一种昆虫吧, 等它们差不多要要出来的时候就吃它们,因为那个时候比较 juicy.(问这种昆虫等到什 么时候).然后还说原先某种鸟(好像是)是主要吃虫的,这样虫就不会吃太多树叶. 但到这种昆虫出来的时候,鸟就改吃它们不吃虫了,结果树叶就倒霉了. (问这中 cycle 的影响). 6. 来到美洲大陆的昆虫,它们跟原先该种 species 的区别.它们擅长把木头咬烂,所以 居民的房子就倒霉了.然后说用药来 poison 它们,但不太有效.后来又想了一个办法, 先给木头作为诱饵,然它们抗回家,后来就把一窝都毒死了(让排这种方法的顺序). 另外还有一个比较好的方法,忘了具体的了.
新托福听力场景汇总之Lecture篇
新托福听力场景汇总之LECTURE篇1.生物学antibody 抗体, toxin 毒素, immunity 免疫（immune system）, immunology 免疫学, vaccine 疫苗（bacterin菌苗）, fungus 真菌(fungi), bacteria 细菌（spreading disease）, fermentation 发酵, inflection 传染/ 感染（infected plant）, microorganism / microbe 微生物, virus 病毒（anti-virus 防病毒）, disinfection 消毒（disinfect vt.将…消毒）, sterilization 灭菌/消毒, biology 生物学, marine biology 海洋生物学, entomology 昆虫学, ornithology 鸟类学, microbiology 微生物学, genetics 遗传学, speciology 物种学, parasitology 寄生虫学（parasitifer 宿主, 例句：The reason that caused the patients toxic is that the seeds of Cuscuta菟丝子属japonica山茶contains the same toxic components as its parasitifer Coriaria sinica. 大菟丝子引起中毒是因为含有与寄主马桑相同的毒性成分所致。
）, paleontology 古生物学, paleontologist 古生物学家, dinosaur 恐龙, die out / extinction 灭绝, mammal 哺乳动物, carnivore 食肉动物, rodent 啮齿类动物（grinding teeth 磨牙）, underwater 水下的, marine海洋的, scuba水下呼吸器diving, 潜水/ 跳水, one-celled organism 单细胞有机体, tissu（动植物细胞的）组织, single-cell 单细胞, protective camouflage 保护色（octopus章鱼, chameleon 变色龙）, predator 捕猎者, oceanic 海洋的, snail 蜗牛（mollusk / mollusc软体动物）, animal adaptation 动物适应性, survival of the fittest 适者生存, origin of species 物种起源, wild environment 野生环境, insecticide 杀虫剂（pesticide / insectifuge / insect repellent）, prenatal care 产后护理, habitat 栖息地, tentacle 触须（palpus 触须复数–palp 单数, tentaculum (tentacula pl.), whisker胡须）, prey 捕食, navigate 导航, receptor 接收器, nerve 神经, specimen 物种, amphibian 两栖类动物（frog, toad / bufonid 蟾蜍, giant salamander大鲵俗称娃娃鱼）, decline in the number 数量减少, gene 基因, genetic 基因的，遗传的, endangered species 濒危动物（extinct species）, survival 活着的, transition 转变/过渡, microbe 微生物, yeast 酵母（菌）, catalyst 催化剂, reptile 爬行类动物（lizard蜥蜴, snake, turtle 龟, soft-shelled turtle 鳖, crocodile 鳄鱼, chameleon 变色龙, gecko 壁虎）, hatch 孵化/ incubation 孵化, (Don’t count your chickens before they are hatched.切莫过于乐观) nest 巢, offspring 子孙, chew up 咀嚼, unfertilized eggs 未受精卵, nutrient 营养品, nutrition 营养, nutrilite 营养物，微量营养物, nourishment 营养品/ 食物, feed 喂养, cannibalism 同类相食, respiration 呼吸, ingestion 摄食, digestion 消化, digestive enzyme 消化酶, cell 细胞, nucleus 细胞核, cytoplasm 细胞质, plasma lemma / cell membrane 细胞膜, cell wall 细胞壁, protein 蛋白质, amino acid 氨基酸, plankton 浮游生物, heredity 遗传（inheritance 遗传，继承, inherit v.）, mutation of species 物种变异, mutation 变种, chromosome 染色体, genetic engineering 遗传工程, solitary 独居, social 群居, swamp 沼泽地、湿地, bio-diversity 生物多样性, metamorphosis 变态/变形, variation 变异, blight 枯萎, soil-borne 土壤产生的, host plant 寄主植物, parasitifer 宿主植物2. 动物学zoology 动物学, Darwinism 达尔文学说, natural selection 自然选择, phylum 门, class 纲, order 目, sub-order 亚目, family 科, genus 属, species 种,invertebrate 无脊椎动物, vertebrate 脊椎动物, aquatic life 水生动物, reptile爬行动物, amphibian/amphibious animal 两栖动物, protozoa 原生动物, rodent 啮齿动物, ruminant 反刍动物, parasitic animal 寄生动物, primate 灵长动物, plankton 浮游生物, mollusk 软体动物, coelenterate 腔肠动物（如水母jellyfish、海蜇、珊瑚coral等）, herbivore 食草动物, carnivore 食肉动物, mammal 哺乳动物, homotherm 恒温动物又称为温血动物（鸟类birds：ostrich 鸵鸟, penguin 企鹅, stork 鹳, chick / chicken, duck, eagle / halk 鹰, crane 鹤, sea gull 鸥, parrot 鹦鹉, cuckoo 杜鹃, night owl 猫头鹰, sparrow 麻雀；哺乳动物mammal：kangaroo 袋鼠, hedgehog 刺猬, bat, rabbit, mouse / rat, cat, dog, whale, panda, seal 海豹, ox / cow / cattle, horse, sheep, pig, monkey, human）poikilotherm 变温动物又称cold-blooded animal 冷血动物（snake earthworm 蚯蚓, frog青蛙, giant salamander 大鲵, fishes 鱼, chameleon 变色龙）, scavenger 食腐动物, carnivorous 食肉的, herbivorous 食草的, omnivorous杂食的, camouflage 伪装, hibernate 冬眠/ 蛰伏, regeneration 再生, predatory adj. / carnivore 食肉的, predator 捕食者, prey 捕食, hordes / swarms（昆虫等）群, flock（牛、羊等）群, community 动物的群落或人的部落, population 种群, herd 兽群, hygiene 卫生（food hygiene）, sanitation 公共卫生、卫生设施, monogamous 一夫一妻的/一雌一雄的, polygamous 一夫多妻的/一雄多雌的, polyandrous 一妻多夫的/一雌多雄的, nomadic 游牧的；流浪的, trapper 诱捕动物者, niche 小生态环境, vestige退化器, fertilizer 受精媒介物, metabolism 新陈代谢, breed（名词）品种；（动词）繁殖, multiply / reproduce繁殖, spawn（鱼、虾、蛙等）孵, anatomy 解剖学, appetite 食欲, creature 生物, scales 鳞, feathers 羽毛, armor 甲spinal cord 脊椎, digestive duct 消化管, esophagus 食管, stomach 胃, small intestine 小肠, large intestine 大肠, anus 肛门, digestive gland 消化腺, salivary gland唾液腺, liver 肝, gallbladder 胆, bladder 膀胱, pancreas 胰人体九大系统：digestive system 消化系统, excretory system 排泄系统, reproductive system 生殖系统, circulatory system 循环系统, respiratory system 呼吸系统, hormonal system 内分泌系统, urinary system 泌尿系统, immune system 免疫系统, nerve system 神经系统squirrel 松鼠, marten 貂, bat 蝙蝠, squeak（老鼠等）吱吱, otter 水獭, antelope 羚羊, gorilla 大猩猩, chimpanzee 黑猩猩, baboon 狒狒, hyena 鬣狗, beaver 海狸, moose 驼鹿, elk 麋鹿, reindeer 驯鹿, giraffe 长颈鹿, rhinoceros 犀牛, hippo 河马, sloth 树懒, slothful 懒惰的, frog 青蛙, tadpole 蝌蚪, salamander 蝾螈/ 大鲵, scorpion 蝎子, turtle 龟, lizard 蜥蜴, chameleon 变色龙, caymen / crocodile 鳄鱼, centipede 蜈蚣, robin 知更鸟, owl 猫头鹰, barnacle 北极鹅, canary 金丝雀（canary wharf 伦敦金丝雀码头）, chirp（鸟、虫的叫声）, vulture 秃鹫, ptarmigan 雷鸟, migrate 迁移, plumage 羽体, wing 翅膀, bill 鸟嘴, beak（鹰等的）嘴, insect 昆虫, wasp 黄蜂, hornet 大黄蜂, spider 蜘蛛, pest 害虫, worm 虫/蠕虫, cicada 蝉, mantis 螳螂, cockroach 蟑螂, antenna / tentacle 触须, larva 幼虫, mating ritual 求偶仪式, preen 洋洋得意, groom 打扮, inhibit 抑制、禁止, disinhibition抑制, displacement 取代,3. 海洋生物学jellyfish 水母, nettlefish 海蜇, coral 珊瑚, dolphin 海豚, whale 鲸鱼, shrimp 小虾, prawn 对虾, lobster 龙虾, crab螃蟹, mussel 贻贝；蚌类, clam 蛤蜊, oyster 牡蛎, sponge 海绵, starfish 海星, squid 鱿鱼；乌贼, octopus章鱼, sole 鳎；鳎目鱼, plaice / flatfish 鲽，红斑比目鱼（flounder）4. 植物学botany 植物学, botanical / botanic 植物学的, horticulture 园艺学, aquatic plant 水生植物, parasite plant寄生植物, root 根, canopy 树冠层/顶棚, foliage / leaf 叶, leaflet 小叶, rosette（叶的）丛生, stem 茎, stalk杆, leafstalk 叶柄, shoot / sprout 嫩芽/抽枝, flower 花, bud 花蕾, petal 花瓣, peel / skin 果皮, shell（硬）果壳husk（干）果壳/（玉米）苞叶, trunk 树干, bark 树皮, branch 树枝, bough 大或者粗的树枝, twig 小树枝, jungle丛林, lawn 草坪, meadow 草地/牧场, prairie 大草原, mosses 苔藓, shrub / bush 灌木, cluster 一簇（灌木）, fern 蕨类植物, horsetails 木贼类植物, club mosses 石松类植物, herb 草, photosynthesis光合作用, chlorophyll 叶绿素symbiosis 共生, symbiotic 共生的, wither / shrivel / fade 凋谢, blossom 花, pollen 花粉, pollinate 传授花粉, petal 花瓣, nectar 花蜜, tissue 组织, organ 器官, system 系统, seeds种子, everlasting永久的, crossbreed 杂交, root pressure 根压, bore 腔/肠, cohesion-tension 凝聚压力, column 花柱, necrosis坏死, barren 贫瘠的；不生育的, futile 无用的, carbohydrate (starch) 碳水化合物（淀粉）, glucose 葡萄糖, starch 淀粉, fat 脂肪, protein 蛋白质, vitamin 维他命, mal nourish ed 营养不良的（mal-不好, 坏的）, nutrition 营养, perennial 多年生的, annual 一年一生的, verdant 绿油油的，嫩绿的，翠绿的, evergreen 常青树, conifer tree 针叶树, larch 落叶松, pine 松树, spruce 云杉, juniper 刺柏；杜松, sequoia 红杉, elm 榆树, walnut 核桃树, redwood 红木树, plum blossom 梅花, orchid 兰花, chrysanthemum 菊花, water lily 荷花/莲花, rhododendron杜鹃花, rose 玫瑰, carnation 康乃馨, lily 百合, jasmine 茉莉花, helianthus / heliotrope / sunflower 向日葵, camellia 茶花, corn / maize / mealie 玉米, pumpkin 南瓜, tomato 番茄, lettuce 莴苣, cabbage 卷心菜, wheat 小麦, rye 黑麦, barley 大麦, oats燕麦, germinate （使）发芽, 生长, remnant 剩余/ remains 剩余, dwindle 减少/ decline / decrease / dip5. 气象学meteorology 气象, meteorologist 气象学家, meteorological station 气象站, forecast / predict 预报, climate 气候, atmosphere 大气层, troposphere 对流层, stratosphere 平流层, mesosphere 中间层, ionosphere 电离层, exosphere 逸散层, cold front 冷锋, warm air mass 热气团current（气）流moisture 潮湿，水气spell某种天气持续一段时间, vapor 蒸汽, evaporate 蒸发, damp / moist / humid 潮湿, humidity 湿度, moisture 潮湿/ 水分, saturate 饱和, dew 露, frost 霜, fog / mist 雾, smog 烟雾, droplet 小水, condense 浓缩, crystal水晶体, sheet（水、冰、雪的）一层, downpour / torrential rain 大雨, tempest (storm) / torrential rain 暴风雨, drizzle 细雨, shower 阵雨, hail 冰雹, blizzard / snowstorm 暴风雪, avalanche / snow slide 雪崩, precipitation（雨、露、雪等）降水, thunder 雷, breeze 微风, sandstorm 沙暴, monsoon 季风, gale 大风whirlwind 旋风typhoon 台风, hurricane 飓风, tornado / twister / cyclone 龙卷风, wind scale 风级, tsunami / seismic sea wave 海啸, tidal wave 潮汐；浪潮,upper atmosphere 上层大气, funnel 漏斗云, disaster / calamity /catastrophe灾难, devastation 破坏submerge 淹没drought 旱灾convection 对流wind velocity 风速, wind direction 风向, long-range forecast 长期预报, numerical weather prediction 数值天气预报, nephanalysis 云层分析；卫星云图6. 地质学crust 地壳, mantle 地幔, core 地核, continental crust大陆地壳, oceanic crust 海洋地壳, layer / stratum 地层, stratigraphy 地层学, fault 断层, fault plane 断层面, fault zone 断层带, rift / crack / split 断裂, disintegration /decomposition 分解, erosion 腐蚀, fossil 化石, igneous rock 火成岩, sedimentary rock 沉积岩, metamorphic rock 变质岩, limestone 石灰岩, granite 花岗岩, marble 大理石, lithosphere 岩石圈, magma / molten lava 岩浆, quartz 石英, mineral 矿物, ore 矿石, deposit 矿床, rubble 碎石, debris 残骸, platinum 白金/ 铂金, silver 银, copper 黄铜, aluminum 铝tin 锡, lead 铅, zinc 锌, nickel 镍, mercury 汞/水银, sodium 钠, gem 宝石diamond 钻石, emerald 绿宝石, ruby 红宝石, glacier 冰川glacial 冰川的, glacial epoch / age / period 冰川期, glacial drift 冰渍, moraines 冰碛, iceberg 冰山volcano 火山, active volcano 活火山, extinct volcano 死火山, dormant volcano 休眠火山, (sloping) shield volcano 盾状火山（平缓）, (steep-sided) cone volcano 锥状火山（陡峭）, eruption 火山喷发, crater 火山口, caldera （开口较大的）火山口, depression 洼地，凹陷处；盆地, lava 火山岩浆, volcanic dust 火山尘, volcanic ash 火山灰, geyser 间歇喷泉, hot spring 温泉, earthquake / quake / tremor / seism 地震, seismic 地震的, seismology 地震学, magnitude 震级, seismic intensity scale 震烈度, seismicwave 地震波, transverse wave 横波, longitudinal wave 纵波, epicenter 震中, epicentral distance 震中距, aftershock 余震cataclysm 灾变, tsunami / tidal / force 海啸, undersea landslide 海底山崩, melt global warming 全球逐渐变暖, aquifer 蓄水层, swamp 沼泽, peat bog 泥炭沼泽, Great Canyon 大峡谷, Nile River 尼罗河, Colorado river 科罗拉多河, crumples zones 地质缓冲地带, bedrock 岩床, bulge 凸起物7. 考古学archaeology 考古学, paleontology 古生物学, anthropolog 人类学, archaeologist 人类学家, pale-anthropologist古人类学家, ecological anthropologist 生态人类学家, psychological anthropologist 心理人类学家, originate起源于, ancestor 祖先hominid 人（科）, homogeneous 同以种族（种类）的tribe 部落, clan 氏族, excavation 挖掘, excavate / unearth 挖掘, ruins 遗迹/废墟, remains 遗产/遗骸artifact 手工艺品, relic 遗物/文物, antique 古物/古董, antiquity 古代/古老, Stone Age 石器时代, Bronze Age 青铜器时代, Iron Age 铁器时代, Paleolithic 旧石器时代的, Mesolithic 中石器时代的, Neolithic 新石器时代的, morphology 形态学, skull 颅骨, cranial 颅骨的, fossil 化石, ancient civilization 古代文明, cave man 山顶洞人cultural relics 文物, rock painting 岩画8. 地理学hemisphere 半球, meridian 子午线/ 经线, parallel 平行圈, latitude 纬线, longitude 经线/ 经度, elevation 海拔, altitude 高度/ 海拔, horizon 地平线, equator 赤道, temperature latitudes 温带地区, tropics 热带地区, Arctic / theNorth Pole 北极, Antarctic / Antarctica 南极, the Antarctic Continent南极洲, the Antarctic Circle南极圈, the Arctic Circle 北极圈, aurora 极光, tropics of Cancer 北回归线, tropics of Capricorn 南回归线, international date line 国际日期变更线, time difference 时差, time zone 时区, topography 地形/ 地形学plain 平原plateau / highland 高地, lowland 低地, basin 盆地, oasis 绿洲, enclave 飞地, peak 山峰, cordillera /ranges 山脉, carven / cave 洞穴, terrain 地域, subterranean 地底下, coastland 沿海地区, coastline 海岸线, watershed 分水岭, upper reaches 上游, lower reaches 下游, tributary 支流, deposit 沉积, spring / fountain 泉水, iceberg 冰山, riverbed 河床, gulf / bay 海湾, waterfall 瀑布, cascade 小瀑布；喷流reef 暗礁, tide 湖水, torrent 水的急流, tropical rain forest 热带雨林, continental island 大陆岛, volcanic island 火山岛, coral island 珊瑚岛, islet 小岛, peninsular 半岛, archipelago 群岛, delta 三角洲landlocked area 内陆inland waterway 内陆河subcontinent次大陆cliff 山崖, valley 山谷, hillside / mountain slope 山坡, continental shelf 大陆架, canyon / gorge 峡谷, channel / strait 海峡, remote-sensing 遥感的, terrestrial 地球的/ 陆地的, terrestrial heat / geothermal 地热, terrestrial magnetism 地磁, continental drift 大陆漂移学, sea-floor spreading 海床扩展, evaporation 蒸发salinity 含盐度, ocean bottom 海床, sediment 沉积物, tropical 热带的, temperate温带的, frigid 寒带的, frost heaving 冻胀现象, tundra 苔原，冻原, fieldstone 卵石the Mediterranean Sea 地中海, the primeval forest 原始森林, Scandinavia 斯堪的纳维亚(半岛)(瑞典、挪威、丹麦、冰岛的泛称)fjord峡湾, coral reef 珊瑚礁, Chalk 白垩纪, cataclysm 大洪水, ridge 山脊；分水岭, abyss 深渊, territory 版图；领土地域, Pyrenees 比利牛斯山脉, Carpathians 喀尔巴阡山脉, Vesuvius 维苏威火山, Pompeii 庞贝, precipice悬崖, eon 世；纪；代, glacier 冰河, Pangaea 盘古大陆, dune 沙丘, Lagoon 咸水湖9. 天文学astronomy 天文学, astronomical observatory 天文台, planetarium 天文馆, astrophysics 天文物理学, astrology 占星学, pseudoscience 伪科学, cosmos / universe 宇宙, cosmology 宇宙, infinite 无限的, cosmic 宇宙的, cosmic radiation 宇宙辐射, cosmic rays 宇宙射线, celestial 天体的, celestial body / heavenly body 天体, celestial map / sky atlas 天体图, celestial sphere 天球, dwarf / dwarf star 矮星, quasar 类星体, constellation 星座, galaxy / Milky Way 银河系, star cluster 星团, asterism 星群, solar system 太阳系, solar corona 日, 冕solar eclipse 日食, solar radiation 太阳辐射, planet 行星, planetoid / asteroid小行星, revolve 旋转, twinkle 闪烁, naked eye 肉眼, Mercury 水星Venus 金星, Earth 地球, Mars 火星, Jupiter 木星, Saturn 土星, Uranus 天王星, Neptune 海王星, Pluto 冥王星, orbit 轨道, spin 旋转, satellite卫星, lunar 月球的, meteor 流星, meteor shower 流星雨, star 恒星, meteoroid 流星体, meteorite 陨石, comet 彗星, space / outer space 太空，外层空间, spacecraft / spaceship 宇宙飞船, space shuttle 航天飞机, space telescope 空间望远镜, astronaut / spaceman 宇航员, space suit 宇航服, stellar 恒星的, intergalactic 星系间的, interstellar 恒星间的, interplanetary 行星间的asteroid 小行星nebula 星云space debris太空垃圾ammonia 氨, photosphere 光球；光球层chromospheres 色球；色球层日冕层, sunspot 太阳黑子（发生在光球层）, flare 耀斑（发生在色球层）, solar prominence 日珥（发生在色球层）, convection zone 对流层, vacuum 真空, infrared ray 红外线, absolute magnitude 绝对量级, emission 发射/散发, high-resolution 高清晰度, interferometer 干扰仪，干涉仪, illusive object 幻影体, faint 微弱的, image影像, gravitational force 吸引力, molten 融化的, leap year 闰年, rotation 自传, revolution 公转, black hole 黑洞, ultraviolet ray 紫外线luminosity 光度, light year 光年10.环保相关ecology 生态学, ecosystem 生态系统, balance of nature 自然界生态平衡, fauna 动物群, flora 植物群, rainforest 雨林, food chain 食物链, acid rain 酸雨, greenhouse 温室效应, infrared radiation 红外线辐射, ozone layer / ozonosphere 臭氧层, ultraviolet radiation 紫外辐射, pollution control 污染控制, air pollution 空气控制, water pollution 水污染, noxious / toxic 有毒的, fumes（有毒的）废气, waste 废物, solid waste 固体废物, sewage / wastewater 污水, sewage purification 污水净化, swage disposal 污水处理, decibel（噪音）分贝11. 能源相关fossil fuel 矿物燃料, process of photosynthesis 光合作用, solar energy 太阳能, nonrenewable 不可再生的, energy conservation 保护能源, resource 资源, energy source 能源资源, tidal energy潮汐能, fuel-efficient 节能型的, rush hour 高峰期, zero emission 零辐射, wildness 野生/天然, preservation 保护, atmosphere 大气, carbon 碳, dioxide 二氧化物, burning of coal and oil 煤油燃烧, global warming 全球变暖, greenhouse effect温室效应, rise in sea level 海平面上升, long-term climatic change 长期的气候变化, environmental recycling center 再循环利用中心, litter/trash garbage 垃圾, pollutant 污染物, desertification 沙漠化deforest 滥伐森林, drought 干旱, water shortage 水源缺乏, offshore spillage 近海岸溢出, carbon dioxide release 二氧化碳排放, industrial sewage 工业污水, recycling 再循环, purify 净化, deteriorate 恶化, acid rain 酸雨, sewage disposal 污水处理, environment protection 环境保护, ozone layer 臭氧层, waste disposal 废物处理, emission（汽车废气的）排放, soot 烟尘, El Niño 厄尔尼诺现象12.新技术发明相关13.人类学artist 艺术家, choreographer 舞蹈编排家, critic 批评家, satirist 讽刺作家, inventor 发明家, biographer 自传作家, sculptor 雕塑家, feminist 女权主义者, humanitarian 人道主义者, imagist 意象派诗人, philanthropist 慈善家, proprietor 业主, mortal 犯人precursor 先驱, figurehead 名誉领袖, disciple 学徒, apprentice 学徒, mechanic 机械工, minimalist 简单抽象派艺术家,avant-garde 前卫派, territory 领域, genre 风格/体裁, eccentric古怪的, odd 怪诞的/奇数的, erratic 奇怪的, weird 怪异的/不可思议的, romantic 浪漫的, innocent 天真的/无罪的, lovelorn 相思病苦的, emotional 情绪的/情感的, sentimental 感伤的/多愁善感的, cheerless 无精打采的/无生命力的, patriarchal 家长的/ 族长的, rigid 僵化的, spare 简朴的, clumsy 笨拙的, zigzag 曲折的, contemporary 当代的, acclaimed 受欢迎的, preeminent 杰出的, versatile（人）多才多艺的/（物）多功能的, household 家庭的/家喻户晓的, genuine 真正的, authentic 逼真的/原汁原味的, symbolic 象征性的, immortal 不朽的/神nostalgia 怀旧主义/思乡, emotive 感人的, prodigious 巨大的, classic 经典的, posthumous 死后的14.发展史文学pose 散文diary 日记, autobiography 传记, editorial 社论, narrative prose 叙述性, descriptive prose 描写性, essay 随笔, poetry诗歌, ballad 民谣, lullaby 催眠曲, fiction 小说allegory 寓言, fairy tale 童话, legend 传说, proverb 谚语, model 人物原型, leading character 主人公, main plot 主要情节, prelude 序曲, prologue 序言, epilogue 尾声, literary criticism 文学批评, literary studies 文学研究, schools of literature 文学流派, comparative literature 比较文学, realism 现实主义, surrealism 超现实主义, futurism 未来主义, modernism 现代主义, aestheticism 唯美主义音乐musical instrument 乐器, orchestra（管弦）乐队, shook rattle 摇拨浪鼓, pound dru 击鼓, foot beat 跺脚, note音符, score 乐谱, movement 乐章, fanatical狂热的, hillbilly music 乡村音乐, folk music 民间音乐, pop music 流行音乐, classical music 古典音乐, Jazz 爵士乐symphony 交响乐rock and roll 摇滚乐band music / wind music 管乐, string 弦乐, violin 小提琴, viola 中提琴, cello 大提琴, harp 竖琴, horn 号；喇叭, clarinet单簧管, oboe 双簧管, keyboard instrument 键盘乐器, percussion 震荡/打击乐器, vocal music 声乐, concerto协奏曲, sonata 奏鸣曲, serenade 小夜曲, solo 独奏/ 独唱, duet 二重唱, conducting 指挥, podium 指挥台, accompaniment 伴奏, quality 音质, volume 音量, chord 和弦, harmony 和声, rest 休止, time 节拍, lullaby 催眠曲, prelude 序曲, epilogue 尾声政治经济subsistence 存活，生活subsistence wage 刚够养家糊口的工资, subsistence level 收支平衡的生活水平, kinship 亲属关系，血缘关系, commodity 商品, check 支票；收据；账单, bank loan 银行贷款, interest 利息, withdraw 从银行账户中提款, honor (a cheque/bill/draft)承兑, a run on a bank 挤兑, the Great Depression大萧条, consumerism 消费主义（认为高消费对个人和社会有利的看法）；保护消费者权益主义, affluence富裕，富足, sophisticated 世故的，老练的；复杂的，尖端的建筑architecture 建筑学, architect 建筑学家, construct 结构, wing 辐楼/ 侧楼, design 设计, elevator 电梯, skyscraper 摩天大楼, design element 设计元素, log structure 原木结构, cabin 小木屋, beam 梁, prototype 原型, building technique 建筑工艺new material 新材料, metal-frame 金属结构, repair person 修理工, planetarium 天文馆, aquarium 水族馆, archives 档案馆, office building 写字楼, cathedral 大教堂, mosque 清真寺, the statue of liberty 自由女神像, the triumphal arch 凯旋门sphinx 狮身人面像, pyramid 金字塔, castle城堡美术fine arts 美术, oil painting 油画, water color 水彩画, tempera 蛋彩画, sketch 速写/素描, pastel 彩色蜡笔画, poster 海报/招贴画, charcoal drawing 木炭画, mural painting / fresco 壁画, engraving 版画, lithograph 石板画, landscape painting 风景画still life 静物画portrait 肖像画, caricature 漫画, pigment 颜色，色素, canvas油画布, brush 画笔, drawing board 画板, perspective 透视画法, original原作, copy 临本, reproduction / replica复制品, genuine 真的, fake 假的, gallery 美术馆, autograph 真迹, panorama 全景画, calligraphy 书法, paste 裱、糊, impressionistic style 印象派风格, framing 装框, sculpture 雕塑, sculptor 雕塑家, figurine 小雕像, bust半身雕塑像, statue 塑像, unique 唯一的/独特的, animator 漫画家, saxophonist萨克斯风管吹奏者, indigo 靛蓝, purple 紫色新托福听力经典加试完整版第一篇：关于鸟的迁徙的论文写作Conversation: Student having difficulties in writing term paper文章回顾男student: Professor, I hope to discuss my term paper with you. I got stuck in writing the paper on bird migration. I have difficulties in finding enough materials about bird migration. (老师，今儿，我想跟你说说我的学期论文的事儿。
托福听力conversation总结
Conversation题目简单语速快（point易漏）记下所有的提问学生问答、自问自答必考评论必考例子必考废话必考把所有重复的记下话题一、教授1、作业A、选题（选题换题目）：老师引导你去想tough decisionB、材料：哪儿可能有（研究材料性质：文章、评论、tap）；更常考：材料不存在->补充材料supplemental （老师诱导去找其他的补充材料)ask for source material for his paperC、写到一半时，知识点残缺（interview然后结果不一样：原因：1、学生的理解有问题（解决：老师再讲一遍课上讲的东西，“孩子，加油”）；2、学生的数据有问题（老师讲如何正确收集数据，为什么错了，“没关系，我再给你讲一遍”）D、最后都写完了，拿给老师做最后审查①正常情况：“你写的不错，哪儿好，但是several problem”，老师举现实生活中的例子（experience）作解释；②（常考）写的特别好，老师感兴趣的点，“你是如何想到去采访这个人？详细说明”，“你能不能再把它写长点，把project做大，投稿/在课上做个presentation）submit a piece of writing for publicationGeneral or casual idea 大致的想法An increase in the quantity of certain gases in Earth's atmosphereget a position as reporter/2、课上问题开头废话：“下周有个quiz，但我第三章有问题”，老师说“这个东西不考”但会给予讲解，考试前去问老师。
开始讲：一般围绕某一个词（词义，理论是怎么回事儿），都是解释性的。
3、志愿者主动找老师作志愿者：为什么找他（experience，resume）；讨论有没有pay（food）；是否可以帮忙（拍马屁）：1、事情是什么2、有什么意义（重要信息：时间fit into my schedule（评论：是否available，考虑是否太长太短；地点，考虑是否便利）3、目的（为了加分：extra credit，credit is awarded（一般没有加分，“目前没有，但报的同学比较少，为吸引人报名可能会有加分”）老师来找学生（好处）Invite the student to work on a committee二、图书馆1、找不到书：为什么找不到（连书名都不知道，要找一个评论但不知道去哪儿找，管理员会告诉你在哪儿，还可能进行讨论（“我曾经看过，还有video tape”））类别地点（第一个地儿如果没有就去另一个地儿找）通过什么方式找（computer，啊我都不知道，怎么上网找，回家找，找不到，还是在这儿找吧）2、漏洞bug：过期书催还（解决办法：借别的书，复印，….）To find out if he needs to immediately return a book3、介绍图书馆（不怎么考了已经，因为过简单）：介绍parking，怎么停车，怎么拿parking card三、注册中心registration office要选课：sign up for the courseOptional classa、手动选课：为什么要选这个课（大四了；是其他课的先修课；非常感兴趣）为什么没选上（不在场别人帮、（最常见）这课需要别的先修课但我没有修-）会看其他课类似课是否有修，我还有经验资质）选上课但没有上（原因：没有收到cancel通知email问题，我没通知inform学校）d、毕不了业（解决：继续上；给出qualifications证明自己能力经验）新托福听力场景汇总之CONVERSATION篇1. 课程相关事务场景➢场景特点：主要涉及到一些和课程相关事项的解决方法。
conversation_
新托福听力场景汇总之CONVERSATION篇1. 课程相关事务场景场景词汇：●Discussion, presentation, topic, lecture, good choice,slide, library, collection, check, librarian●Report, office hour, submit, on disk, hard copy, soft copy,computer, print, computer lab●Project, ton of, cover, re-write, research data,information, input, presentation, complete●Term paper, grade, complicated, terrible mistake,edited version, submit, overtired, stressed, rushingagainst the clock, mark, draft, print, final paper, maintainaverage, application, drop, re-take, due, extension,discuss, check back, re-reading, submission●Information, exam schedule, term, date, book,department, invigilator, sign up, sheet, bulletin board,faculty lounge, square, draft, dean, review, draw up,manually, consult, register●Physiology 100, sophomore, second year course, firstyear student, transfer, begin my first lecture, introduce,complete, approach, laws of physics and chemistry,process of life, vital force, philosophical approach,scientific experimentation●Final exam, midterm, multiple choice question, essayquestion, comprehensive exam, the subject, review, textbook, class note, the final will count for 50% of your grade, research project, run into problems●School bulletin, required writing course, first yearstudent, third year student, research paper, sign up, cover the entire process of writing a research paper, selecting topic, final format, presentation, hand in, assignment, final grade●Class meeting, lecture, different concept, hand in, issue,revision, grade●Research paper, due, proposed topics, make comment,the most frequent problem, board, preliminary outline, schedule, available, appointment, final outline, no more than two pages long, thesis statement, precise statement, conclusion●Workshop, intensive, techniques and skills, personalattention, register, advantage●Consecutive summer, community center, seminar,workshop, beginning students, advanced students, last four weeks, credit is awarded, information●Discuss, schedule, midterm, administer, attendance,optional class2. 选课场景场景词汇：●Course, semester, summer session, elective, birdcourse, splendor, lecture hall, lab, tough decision, pick,choose, grade, relaxed, paper, final exam, advice, signup●Enquiry, credit course, off-campus, program, remote,access, internet, degree, distance education, diploma,requirement, format, print materials, audio-tapes, video,teleconferencing, deliver, cost, fixed date, history 490●Drop, fail, math 101, rough, test, med school●introductory course, non-science major, be weak in, dopoorly in, meet at the same time, modern drama course●Semester, enroll in, graduate course, qualified, hard timekeep up, favorite interest, challenging, easy grade●Permission to register, take the prerequisite, thebeginning course, catalog, instructor, previousexperience, formal training, decision●Signature, schedule card, advisor’s approval, quite aheavy load, drop the course, seminar●Sign up for a noncredit course, intermediate level, grade,regular meeting●Transfer, bachelor’s degree, associate, selective, lettersof recommendation●Hard course, rehearsal, extra time, once a week●Flight program, degree, license, excellent reputation,selective,3. 迟到旷课场景场景词汇：●feel good, cover, lecture, point out, chapter, textbook,part, divide, project, focus, due, show up, note,transcribe, email●oversleep, talk about●trouble with my car, lecture series, attend, admission●fill me in something, dentist, emergency, missedsomebody’s lecture, note, make sense4. 转学场景场景词汇：●Public university, private university, community college,reputation, class size, personal attention, individualattention, interact, group discussion, tuition, expense,cost, afford, affordable, location, environment, large city,small town, college town, top student, application,experience, special5. 实验室场景场景词汇：●Laboratory, research procedure, lab assistant, retrieveinformation, track the course, monitor, track the progress●Lab instructor, lab experience, setup, equipment, result,grade, lab notebook, proper precautions, protectivegoggles, toxic effect of chemicals, lab procedure, heavymetal●Workbook, material, experiment, available6. 图书馆场景场景词汇：●Library, check out, spread out, focus, jam, spot, crowd,comfy, far away●Due, finish, renew, check, library card, late, mixed up,request, fine, overdue, pay, process, sign, suspend,privilege●Librarian, facilities, reference room, reference material,dictionary, bibliography, literature guide, telephone book,periodical room, newspaper, magazine, academicjournal, current issue, older issue, card catalog, listed bytitle, by author and by topic, call number●return, shelves, check out, reserve book, overnight use●secondhand bookstore, inscription, front cover,signature, poetry book●paperback section, index●exit gate, check out●reserve, additional copy, article7. 课堂内容讨论场景8. 奖学金场景场景词汇：●Scholarship, bursary, department, information, financialaid, monetary, grant, determine, committee, donor, applyfor, financially, in need, consider, out-of-town,requirement, website, on-line, submit, official, document,in person●scholarship, available, maintain, average, mark, applyfor, applicant, committee, honor, award, exam,candidate, weight, guarantee, grade point average(GPA), percent, website, address, rigorous,extra-curricular, hardship, achievement, letter ofrecommendation, fill, time consuming job, recommend,eligibility, enrolment9. 论文场景场景词汇：●Organize, essay, topic, chosen, broad, narrow it down,compare, focused, interested, begin, discussion, opinion, fact, support, idea, check, statistics, percentage, include,words, rough draft, outline, break down, subtopic, officehour, reference, material●Research paper, discuss, topic, recommend, theory,work progress●Report, subject, catalog, published source, gathermaterial●Information, plagiarize, failing grade, gather, note,assimilate the information thoroughly, paraphrase,capture the main idea, quote directly, finalize theresearch paper●Draft, pass it out in our classes, clear up the problem10. 实地考查场景场景词汇：●List, supply, on site, kit, notebook, axe, glove, instrument,measure, clean, cancel, weather, clothes, outside, food,snack, transportation, transport, dig●Trip leader, participate, report, field trip11. 体育运动场景场景词汇：●Spring cycling season, regular hobby, physical fitnessroutine, bicyclist, expert riders●Endurance test, recreational cyclists, racers●Ski patrol, ski patroller, safety●Physical education class, rock climbing, rope, belt,buckle, safety equipment, climbing trip12. 游玩场景场景例题：●Break, racket, reserve a court●Rock concert, vacation, weather13. 打工场景场景词汇：●Summer break, work, job, offer, excellent opportunity,practice, wonderful, dilemma, difficult decision, plan,volunteer, NGO, chance, share, interesting, spend,accept, program, interview, company, application, applyfor, money, advice●Tough, exam, stressed, dread, cram the night, part-time,money, board, balance, hit the book, energy, tired, sleep,consolation, get through, fun, fondness●Announcement, hire, part-time assistant, experience,research, daily●Laboratory assistant, fill out an application, fit into myschedule●Variety of job opportunities, responsible for, volunteer,service, positions are open, link of service, careertraining, program available, demand physical endurance, receive no salary, pay for living expense, housing andfood allowance, additional information●Internship program, advanced planning, careeropportunities, working experience, short termexperience, permanent employment, full-time, academiccredit, supervise, hand out, career advisory service,living expense场景例题：14. 学生组织活动场景场景词汇：●Run, marathon, motivator, back into shape, inspire,running buddies, positive, sponsor, tons of money,cause●Introduce, campus daily, volunteer, salary, ceremony,alumni15. 报到注册场景场景词汇：●Registration, time, determine, first year student, mail,designated date, specific time, admission letter,continuing students, average, previous, session, pay,credit card, bank, teller, confirmation slip, in person●Registration, date, newly admitted student,undergraduate, junior, sophomore, returning student,senior, check, pay attention, time, register, designatedtime, pay, fee, financial aid, financial officer, sponsor,authorization letter, on-line16. 校园生活场景场景词汇：●Move, accent, pod, international group, major, lucky,excellent, booklet, regulation, rule, conductive, quietpolicy, self-policed, problem, allow, smoke, cook, plug,dryer, voltage, alarm, kitchen, leftover, clean-up day, hotwater, meter, washroom, laundry facility, basement,conserving energy, lounge area, heat, air-conditioning,atorage area, permit, hallway, community space, priornotification, safe, valuable, housekeeper, vacuumcleaner, lock, key, check, fire prevention equipment,cover, overnight visitor, arrange, in advance, religiouspropaganda, dorm, furnishing, park●Roommate, dormitory, unpacking our things, neat●Housing office, living off campus, cost, rent, utilities,need a car to commute, noisy, peace and quiet●Winter break, dean, vacation arrangement, fill up theforms, heating cost, temporary accommodation●Housing director, checkout procedure, leave for vacation,return your key, summer maintenance crew, residenceadvisor, pass around●Apartment, dump, functional, noisy17. 医院场景场景词汇：●Diagnose, patient’s illness, painful, technologicaladvance, blood and tissue sample, diagnostictechniques, detect diseases, variations in temperature,X rays, side effect, uncomfortable, endure pain, healthcare●Medical clinic and infirmary, nursing staff, get sick, areally bad cold, develop terrible coughs, pneumonia,stay in the infirmary, don’t feel well, rest more and skip afew classes, get medical excuse, the clinic hour,emergency number●Modern medical facility, health needs, dental clinic,maternity ward, operating room, special surgery, surgeons●Student Health Services, blood pressure, universitynutritionists, processed foods, university hospital●Pain, discharge, slight earache, take it easy●Prevention, symptoms, cough, fever, funny nose, headand bones ache, chill, flu, influenza, overtired, stressed out, exposure to virus, sneeze, airborne virus, body’s resistance, ward off the flu, rest, eat well, drink a lot of water, immune system, fight off illness, immunized, vaccine, university health center。
新托福考试听力：对话和讲座篇
最权威的国际教育服务平台资料来源：教育优选 /新托福考试听力：对话和讲座篇新托福听力考试以对话和讲座两种形式出现。
每个对话后有五个题目，每个讲座后有6个题目需要解答。
以一个对话和两个讲座为一个部分，不加试的情况下出现两个部分，也就是两个对话和四个讲座，考试时间为60分钟，总共34题;如果出现加试，那么就需要在90分钟内完成3个对话和6个讲座共51题。
但无论加试与否，最终只批改两个对话和四个讲座共34题。
但是在此要提醒考生，由于我们事先不知道哪些是加试题，所以需要认真对待每一个题目。
对话部分的考试内容主要分为两种：学习讨论和服务咨询。
学习讨论常常发生在学生和学生，学生和辅导老师或者教授之间。
比如在课堂或考试中遇到不清楚的地方向老师咨询，申请作业延期，和辅导老师安排课程等等。
专家提醒广大考生，在这部分中比较容易出现一些和具体课程相关的术语，引起理解上的困难。
服务咨询内容涵盖学生生活中个各个方面，如租房服务，找工作，图书馆借书指导，各种证件申请或者补办等等。
这部分相对生活化，比较容易想像。
讲座部分还原真实上课情景，内容涉及各个学科，文理兼备。
如生物学、地理学、地质学、天文学、环境、文学、艺术、人类学等等。
这些内容里有很多考生不熟悉的单词和知识点，但考试并不需要考生具备相应的背景知识，掌握了基本的单词和表达方式就能理解文章大意。
一般重要的术语都会在文章中以各种方式出现相应的解释。
但注意在平时多积累各方面的课外知识无疑能对做题会很有好处。
不管是对话还是讲座，由于非常追求真实场景的还原，所以会在文章中出现停顿、重复、犹豫、信息修改、学生提问打断老师讲话等课堂中会发生的情况，因此文章并不一定一顺到底。
考生在听题时允许做笔记，用于做题时的参考。
专家提醒各位考生，虽然做题时不一定完全依靠笔记，但做笔记对于听力考试来说最重要的是帮助考生做到注意力集中，抓住说话人的思路和文章的结构。
并且在听力中得到笔记练习对口语和写作考试也是大有帮助的。
托福听力讲义非常详细
新托福强化听力讲义新托福考试听力部分介绍1.新托福和旧托福的对照考试形式预读题目笔录题型PBT旧托福Paper Yes No1/4 multiple choiceIBT 新托福Internet No Yes New types2.题量，时间，分数文章种类题量题目数时间CONVERSATION2-3 5 / conversation2-3 min / conversation LECTURE4-6 6 / lecture4-6 min / lectureTOTAL6-9 （加试）3460-90 minSCALE SCORE: 30见OG185评分标准3.题目的观察形式考场环境：独立电脑，耳机，铅笔，底底稿电脑环境：图片，视频，声音，板书新题型：双选题，重听题，表格配对题答题时间：总时间限制，每题分派时间不限答题流程：永不改过4.文章资料的观察形式文章构造：删除了旧托福的 PART A 部分，更为着重于对于能力的观察文章长度：比旧托福长文章语速：无所谓快慢，比旧托福更为切近真切的学习生活文章种类：对话，独白，议论CONVERSATION文章思路LECTURE文章思路5.新托福考试题型概括题号问题题型1Why does the student go to see the professor?Gist question2According to the professor,what information should the Detail Question student include in her statement of purpose?3What does the professor consider unusual about the student’s Detail Question background?4Why does the professor tell a story about his friend who went Detail Question ot medical school?5What does the professor imply about the people who admit Inference question students to graduate school?6What are the students mainly discussing?Gist question7Listen again and then answer the question:Purpose question Why does the woman say this?8According to the conversation,why are transposes sometimes Detail Question called “ jumping genes ” ?9According to the conversation, what are two ways in which Detail Question bacteria cells get resistance genes?10What can be inferred about the resistance genes discussed in Inference question the conversation?11What is the talk mainly about?Gist question12What is the professor’ s point of view concerning the method Detail Question of“safe yield” ?13According to the professor,what are two problems associated Detail Question with removing wter from an underground system?14Listen again and then answer the question:Purpose question Why does the professor say this?15What is a key feature of a sustainable water system?Detail Question16What does the professor imply about water systems managed by Inference question the“ safe yield” method?17Why does the professor talk about Plato’ s description of Gist question society?18Listen again and then answer the question:Attitude question Why does the professor imply about plato’ s ethical theory?19Listen again and then answer the question:Purpose question Why does the professor ask this?20What are two points that reflect Plato’ s views about Detail Question education?Based on information in the lecture, indicate whether the Organization question21statements below about human emotion reflect beliefs held by Plato,22According to Plato,what is the main characteristic of a good Detail Question or just person?23What is the main topic of the lecture?Gist question24According to the professor,why did one scientist grow a rye Detail Question plant in water?25Listen again and then answer the question:Purpose question Why does the professor say this?26The professor mentions houseplants that receive too much Detail Question water. Why does she mention them?27Listen again and then answer the question:Purpose question Why does the professor intend to explain?28According to the professor,what similarity is there between Detail Question crabgrass and rye plants?29What is the lecture mainly about?Gist questionWhydoes the professor talk about a construction company that 30has work in different cities?Listen again and then answer the question:31Why does the professor say this?What is an example of a violation of the “ unity of command”32principle?According to the professor, where might there be a conflict 33in an organizational structure based on both projects andfunction?Indicate whether each sentence below describes functional 34organization or project organization. Place a check markin the correct box.Gist question: 6Detail question: 16Purpose question: 6Attitude question: 1Organization question: 2Inference question: 36.界面展现Detail Question Purpose question Detail Question Detail Question Organization question7.IBT 新托福资料说明——听力部分图片资料名称特色介绍使用方法The Official题目数目不多精听精做Study Guide难度较简单题目分类研究题型全面，和考试同样，质量高文章精读研究不建议模考ETS TOEFL一共 14 套，此中新东方引进 4 套，还有精听精做PRACTICE 2 套是 OG题目，其余所有为全真试题建议最后冲刺模考ONLINE难度和考试相当，已经有较全的版本出现题型全面，场景全面DELTA 新托福考题目数目大，后边有四套模拟试题精听精做试备考策略与模前面的训练题目文章较短，不是托福模拟建议考前加强训练拟试题听力资料要比考试稍难些，速度也稍快些对语速跟读模拟题型和考试相差好多，不建议细钻DELTA 新托福考题目数目大，有六套模拟试题建议考前模拟试模拟试题详细特色同蓝皮 delta对语速跟读模拟BARRON新托福题目数目大，后边有 7 套模拟试题建议平常精听训练考试全真模考题难度偏小，在基础班使用与精解KAPLAN 模考试有四套模拟试题考前模考题四套听力部分略难，语速略快配合模拟光盘，有临考感觉THOMSON模考试只有两套题，但质量很好，文章难度适中，建议模考题两套题目难度和 Barron 邻近，感觉上略难一些，和考试特别相像。
托福听力学科分类(完全修正版)(可编辑修改word版)
8
TPO 22 Lecture 2
Faint Young Sun Paradox
Astronomy
9
TPO 24 Lecture 4
Shield Volcanoes on Venus
Astronomy
10
TPO 26 Lecture 3
The Orbits of Comets
Astronomy
ArtHistory
11
TPO 21 Lecture 4
Alice Neel (Artist)
Art History
12
TPO 33 Lecture 4
Renaissance Gardens
ArtHistory
13
TPO 34 Lecture 1
Dada
ArtHistory
14
TPO 15 Lecture 3
Nightcap Oak
Botany
20
TPO 34 Lecture 3
Relationship between Plant and its
Pollinator
Botany
21
TPO 28 Lecture
Plants’ Photoreceptors
Botany
22
TPO 19 Lecture 3
Spartina
Animal & Enviornment
13
TPO 20 Lecture 4
Snowshoe Hare
Animal & Enviornment
14
TPO 07 Lecture 2
Bats' Use of Ultrasound
新托福听力场景汇总之CONVERSATION篇
新托福听力场景汇总之CONVERSATION篇1. 课程相关事务场景场景特点：主要涉及到一些和课程相关事项的解决方法。
一定以conversation出现，常见话题有：安排考试，调课事宜，课程辅助材料等。
常见套路：（1）和考试相关：考试分数；考试复习；安排考试；考试分数（2）和课程相关：课程目的；课程类型；课程形式，课程作业（3）和作业相关：作业类型；作业方法；交作业相关（4）和论文相关：论文的分数场景词汇：Discussion课堂讨论, presentation课堂展示, topic主题, lecture讲座/课程, goodchoice明智的选择, slide幻灯片, library图书馆, collection藏书，资料收集, check核实, librarian图书管理员Report报告, office hour办公时间, submit提交, on disk磁盘提交, hard copy打印版,soft copy邮件发送, computer计算机, print,打印 computer lab机房Project作业, ton of大量, cover涵盖, re-write重写, research data调查数据,information信息, input输入, presentation课堂展示, complete完全的Term paper学期论文, grade分数, complicated复杂的, terrible mistake严重的错误,edited version修订版, submit提交, overtired过度疲劳, stressed压力大的, rushing against the clock忙碌, mark分数, draft 草稿, print打印, final paper终稿, maintaining average保持平均分, application申请, drop放课, re-take重修, due截止日期, extention延期, discuss讨论, check back核查记录, re-reading重读, submission提交Information信息, exam schedule考试时间表, term学期, date日期, book预定,department院系, invigilator 监考人员, sign up注册, sheet单子, bulletin board公告板, faculty lounge, square方格, draft,草稿 dean系主任, review复习, draw up 结论, manually手工的, consult咨询, register注册 Physiology 生理学, sophomore大二学生, second year course大二课程, first year student新生, transfer转系转专业, begin my first lecture开始第一次课, introduce,介绍 complete完全的, approach方法途径, laws of physics and chemistry物理化学定律, process of life生命进程, vital force关键力量, philosophical approach哲学方法, scientific experimentation科学实验Final exam,期末考试 midterm期中考试, multiple choice question多选题, essay question问答题, comprehensive exam综合测试, the subject,主题 review,复习 textbook教材, class note课堂笔记, the final will count for 50% of your grade期末考试占总成绩的50%, research project调查项目, run into problems遇到困难School bulletin学校公告栏, required writing course 必修写作课程, first year student 大一新生, third year stuent大三学生, research paper调查报告, sign up注册, cover the entire process of writing a research paper涵盖论文写作的全过程, selecting topic选择性题目, final format最终格式, presentation课堂展示, hand in提交, assignment,作业 final grade最终分数 Class meeting班会, lecture讲座，课程, different concept不同的概念, hand in提交, issue发行, revision复习, grade分数Research paper论文, due截止日期, proposed topics推荐的论文选题, make comment评论, the most frequent problem最常见的问题, broad广泛的, preliminary outline初步提纲, schedule计划表, available可利用的, appointment预约，约会, final outline最终提纲, no more than two pages long不得多于2页, thesis statement论文陈述, precise statement精确的陈述, conclusion总结Workshop小型研讨会, intensive精读, techniques and skills技巧, personal attention个人参与度, register注册, advantage 优点Consecutive summer连续的暑假, community center社区活动中心, seminar研讨会, workshop小型研讨会, beginning students新生, advanced students高年级学生, last four weeks最后四周, credit is awarded学分奖励, information信息Discuss讨论, schedule计划表, midterm期中考试, administer管理, attendance出勤, optional class选修课2. 相关事务+专业讨论场景场景特点：场景性开场白+中间专业内容+场景性结尾。
新托福听力场景汇总之LECTURE篇（修正）
新托福听力场景汇总之LECTURE篇（修正）新托福听力场景汇总之LECTURE篇1.生物学antibody抗体toxin毒素immunity免疫immunology免疫学vaccine疫苗fungus真菌bacteria细菌fermentation发酵inflection 传染 / 感染microorganism / microbe微生物virus病毒disfection 消毒sterilization灭菌biology生物学marine biology海洋生物学entomology昆虫学ornithology鸟类学microbiology微生物学genetics遗传学speciology物种学parasitology寄生虫学paleontology古生物学paleontologist古生物学家dinosaur恐龙die out / extinction灭绝mammal 哺乳动物carnivore食肉动物rodent啮齿类动物underwater水下的marine海洋的scuba 水下呼吸器diving潜水/ 跳水one-celled organism单细胞有机体tissue （动植物细胞的）组织protective camouflage保护色predator捕猎者oceanic海洋的snail蜗牛animal adaptation动物适应性survival of the fittest适者生存origin of species物种起源wild environment 野生环境insecticide杀虫剂prenatal care产前护理habitat栖息地tentacle触须prey捕食navigate导航tiny receptor接收器nerve 神经/ specimen样品amphibian两栖类动物decline in the number数量减少gene基因genetic基因的，遗传的endangered species濒危动物survival活着的transition转变/过渡microbe 微生物yeast酵母（菌）bacteria 细菌single-cell单细胞reptile爬行类动物hatch孵化incubation 孵化nest巢offspring子孙chew up咀嚼unfertilized eggs未受精卵nutrient营养品nourishment营养品/ 食物feed喂养cannibalism同类相食respiration呼吸ingestion摄食digestion 消化digestive enzyme消化酶cell细胞nucleus细胞核cytoplasm 细胞质plasma lemma / cell membrane细胞膜cell wall细胞壁protein蛋白质amino acid核酸plankton浮游生物heredity遗传mutation of species物种变异chromosome染色体geneticengineering遗传工程solitary独居social群居bio-diversity生物多样性metamorphosis变态/变形mutation变种variation变异2.动物学zoology动物学Darwinism达尔文学说natural selection自然选择phylum门class纲order目suborder亚目family科genus属species 种invertebrate无脊椎动物vertebrate脊椎动物aquatic life 水生动物reptile爬行动物amphibian/amphibious animal两栖动物protozoa原生动物rodent啮齿动物ruminant反刍动物parasitic animal寄生动物primate灵长动物plankton浮游生物mollusk 软体动物coelenterate腔肠动物（如水母、海蜇、珊瑚等）herbivore食草动物mammal哺乳动物homotherm恒温动物cold-blooded animal冷血动物poikilotherm变温动物scavenger食腐动物carnivorous食肉的herbivorous食草的omnivorous杂食的bird鸟类camouflage伪装hibernate冬眠；蛰伏regeneration再生predatory / carnivore食肉的predator捕食者prey捕食hordes/swarms （昆虫等）群flock（牛、羊等）群community动物的群落或人的部落population种群herd兽群hygiene卫生sanitation公共卫生；卫生设施monogamous一夫一妻的/一雌一雄的polygamous一夫多妻的/一雄多雌的polyandrous一妻多夫的/一雌多雄的nomadic游牧的；流浪的trapper诱捕动物者niche小生态环境vestige 退化的器官fertilize使受精metabolism新陈代谢breed （名词）品种；（动词）繁殖multiply / reproduce繁殖spawn（鱼、虾、蛙等）孵anatomy解剖学appetite食欲creature生物scales鳞feathers羽毛armor甲spinal cord脊椎digestive system消化系统excretory system排泄系统reproductive system生殖系统circulatory system循环系统respiratory system呼吸系统hormonal system内分泌系统digestive duct消化管esophagus食管stomach 胃small intestine小肠large intestine大肠anus肛门digestive gland消化腺salivary gland 唾液腺liver肝gallbladder胆pancreas 胰squirrel松鼠marten貂bat蝙蝠squeak（老鼠等）吱吱otter水獭antelope羚羊gorilla大猩猩chimpanzee黑猩猩baboon狒狒hyena鬣狗moose驼鹿beaver海狸elk麋鹿reindeer驯鹿giraffe长颈鹿rhinoceros犀牛hippo河马sloth树懒slothful懒惰的frog青蛙tadpole蝌蚪salamander蝾螈scorpion蝎子turtle龟lizard 蜥蜴chameleon变色龙cayman（南美洲）/ crocodile鳄鱼centipede蜈蚣robin知更鸟owl猫头鹰barnacle藤壶penguin企鹅canary金丝雀chirp（鸟、虫的叫声）vulture秃鹫crane鹤stork 鹳ptarmigan雷鸟migrate迁移plumage羽体camouflage伪装wing翅膀bill（鸟）嘴beak（鹰等的）嘴insect昆虫wasp黄蜂hornet大黄蜂spider蜘蛛pest害虫worm虫/蠕虫cicada 蝉mantis 螳螂cockroach蟑螂earthworm蚯蚓antenna / tentacle触须larva 幼虫3.海洋生物学jellyfish水母nettlefish海蜇（水母）coral珊瑚dolphin海豚whale鲸鱼shrimp小虾prawn对虾lobster龙虾crab螃蟹mussel 贻贝；蚌类clam蛤蜊oyster牡蛎sponge海绵starfish海星squid 鱿鱼；乌贼burro驴/ octopus章鱼sole鳎；鳎目鱼plaice 鲽，红斑比目鱼4.植物学botany植物学botanical / botanic植物学的horticulture园艺学aquatic plant水生植物parasite plant 寄生植物root根canopy 树冠层/顶棚foliage / leaf叶leaflet小叶rosette（叶的）丛生stem 茎stalk杆leafstalk叶柄shoot / sprout嫩芽/抽枝flower花bud花蕾petal花瓣peel / skin果皮shell （硬）果壳husk（干）果壳/（玉米）苞叶trunk树干bark树皮branch树枝bough大或者粗的树枝twig小树枝jungle 丛林lawn草坪meadow草地/牧场prairie大草原mosses苔藓shrub / bush灌木cluster一簇（灌木）fern蕨类植物horsetails木贼类植物club mosses石松类植物herb 草photosynthesis光合作用chlorophyll叶绿素symbiosis共生symbiotic 共生的wither / shrivel / fade凋谢blossom花pollen花粉pollinate传授花粉petal花瓣nectar花蜜tissue组织organ器官system系统seeds种子everlasting永久的crossbreed杂交root pressure根压bore腔/肠cohesion-tension凝聚压力column花柱necrosis坏死barren贫瘠的；不生育的futile无用的carbohydrate (starch) 碳水化合物（淀粉）glucose葡萄糖starch淀粉fat脂肪protein蛋白质vitamin 维他命malnourished营养不良的nutrition 营养perennial多年一生的annual一年一生的verdant绿油油的，嫩绿的，翠绿的evergreen常青树conifer tree针叶树larch落叶松pine 松树spruce云杉juniper刺柏；杜松sequoia红杉elm榆树walnut 核桃树redwood 红木树plum blossom梅花orchid兰花chrysanthemum菊花water lily荷花/莲花rhododendron杜鹃花rose玫瑰carnation康乃馨lily百合jasmine茉莉花helianthus / heliotrope / sunflower向日葵camellia茶花corn / maize / mealie 玉米pumpkin南瓜tomato番茄lettuce莴苣cabbage卷心菜wheat 小麦rye黑麦barley大麦oats燕麦5.气象学meteorology气象meteorologist气象学家meteorological station气象站forecast / predict预报climate气候atmosphere大气层troposphere对流层stratosphere平流层mesosphere中间层ionosphere电离层exosphere逸散层cold front冷锋warm air mass 热气团current（气）流moisture潮湿，水气spell某种天气持续一段时间vapor蒸汽evaporate 蒸发damp / moist / humid潮湿humidity湿度moisture潮湿/ 水分saturate饱和dew露frost 霜fog / mist雾smog烟雾droplet小水condense浓缩crystal水晶体sheet（水、冰、雪的）一层downpour / torrential rain大雨tempest (storm) / torrential rain暴风雨drizzle细雨shower阵雨hail冰雹blizzard / snowstorm暴风雪avalanche / snow slide 雪崩precipitation（雨、露、雪等）降水thunder雷breeze微风sandstorm沙暴monsoon季风gale大风whirlwind旋风typhoon 台风hurricane/cyclone飓风tornado / twister 龙卷风wind scale风级tsunami / seismic sea wave海啸tidal wave潮汐；浪潮upper atmosphere上层大气funnel漏斗云disaster / calamity / catastrophe灾难devastation破坏submerge淹没drought旱灾convection对流wind velocity风速wind direction 风向long-range forecast长期预报numerical weather prediction数值天气预报nephanalysis云层分析；卫星云图6.地质学crust地壳mantle地幔core地核continental crust 大陆地壳oceanic crust海洋地壳layer / stratum 地层stratigraphy地层学fault断层fault plane断层面fault zone断层带rift / crack / split断裂disintegration / decomposition分解erosion腐蚀fossil化石igneous rock火成岩sedimentary rock 沉积岩metamorphic rock 变质岩limestone石灰岩granite花岗岩marble大理石lithosphere 岩石圈magma / molten lava岩浆quartz石英mineral矿物ore矿石deposit矿床rubble 碎石debris残骸platinum白金/铂金silver 银copper黄铜aluminum铝tin锡lead铅zinc锌nickel镍mercury 汞/水银sodium钠gem宝石diamond钻石emerald绿宝石ruby红宝石glacier冰川glacial冰川的glacial epoch / age / period冰川期glacial drift冰渍moraines冰碛iceberg冰山volcano火山active volcano活火山extinct volcano死火山dormant volcano 休眠火山(sloping) shield volcano盾状火山（平缓）(steep-sided) cone volcano锥状火山（陡峭）eruption火山喷发crater火山口caldera （开口较大的）火山口depression洼地，凹陷处；盆地lava火山岩浆volcanic dust火山尘volcanic ash火山灰geyser间歇喷泉hot spring 温泉earthquake / quake / tremor / seism地震seismic地震的seismology地震学magnitude震级seismic intensity scale震烈度seismic wave地震波transverse wave横波longitudinal wave 纵波epicenter震中epicentral distance震中距aftershock 余震cataclysm灾变tsunami / tidal / force海啸undersea landslide 海底山崩melt global warming 全球逐渐变暖aquifer蓄水层swamp沼泽peat bog泥炭沼泽Great Canyon大峡谷Nile River尼罗河Colorado river科罗拉多河crumples zones地质缓冲地带bedrock 岩床bulge凸起物7.考古学archaeology考古学paleontology古生物学anthropology人类学archaeologist考古学家pale-anthropologist古人类学家ecological anthropologist生态人类学家psychological anthropologist心理人类学家originate起源于ancestor祖先hominid人（科）homogeneous同一种族（种类）的tribe部落clan 氏族excavation挖掘excavate / unearth挖掘ruins遗迹/废墟remains遗产/遗骸artifact手工艺品relic遗物/文物antique 古物/古董antiquity古代/古老Stone Age 石器时代Bronze Age青铜器时代Iron Age铁器时代Paleolithic旧石器时代的Mesolithic中石器时代的Neolithic新石器时代的morphology形态学skull颅骨cranial颅骨的fossil化石ancient civilization古代文明cave man山顶洞人cultural relics文物rock painting岩画8.地理学hemisphere 半球meridian子午线/ 经线parallel平行圈latitude 纬线longitude经线/ 经度elevation海拔altitude高度/ 海拔horizon 地平线equator赤道temperature latitudes温带地区tropics 热带地区Arctic / the North Pole 北极Antarctic / Antarctica南极the Antarctic Continent南极洲the Antarctic Circle南极圈the Arctic Circle北极圈aurora极光tropics of Cancer 北回归线tropics of Capricorn 南回归线international date line国际日期变更线time difference 时差time zone时区topography 地形 / 地形学plain平原plateau / highland 高地lowland 低地basin 盆地oasis绿洲enclave飞地peak山峰cordillera / ranges山脉carven / cave洞穴terrain地域subterranean地底下coastland 沿海地区coastline海岸线watershed分水岭upper reaches上游lower reaches下游tributary 支流deposit沉积spring / fountain泉水iceberg 冰山riverbed河床gulf / bay海湾waterfall 瀑布cascade小瀑布；喷流reef暗礁tide湖水torrent水的急流tropical rain forest热带雨林continental island大陆岛volcanic island 火山岛coral island珊瑚岛islet小岛peninsular半岛archipelago群岛delta三角洲landlocked area内陆inland waterway内陆河subcontinent次大陆cliff山崖valley山谷hillside / mountain slope山坡continental shelf大陆架canyon / gorge峡谷channel / strait 海峡remote-sensing遥感的terrestrial 地球的/陆地的terrestrial heat / geothermal 地热terrestrial magnetism 地磁continental drift 大陆漂移学sea-floor spreading海床扩展evaporation蒸发salinity含盐度ocean bottom 海床sediment沉积物tropical热带的temperate 温带的frigid 寒带的frost heaving冻胀现象tundra苔原，冻原fieldstone卵石the Mediterranean Sea地中海the primeval forest 原始森林Scandinavia斯堪的纳维亚(半岛)(瑞典、挪威、丹麦、冰岛的泛称)fjord峡湾coral reef珊瑚礁Chalk白垩纪cataclysm大洪水ridge山脊；分水岭abyss深渊territory版图；领土地域Pyrenees比利牛斯山脉Carpathians喀尔巴阡山脉Vesuvius 维苏威火山Pompeii庞贝precipice悬崖eon世；纪；代glacier冰河Pangaea盘古大陆dune 沙丘Lagoon咸水湖9.天文学astronomy天文学astronomical observatory天文台planetarium天文馆astrophysics天文物理学astrology占星学pseudoscience伪科学cosmos / universe 宇宙cosmology宇宙infinite无限的cosmic宇宙的cosmic radiation宇宙辐射cosmic rays宇宙射线celestial天体的celestial body / heavenly body天体celestial map / sky atlas天体图celestial sphere天球dwarf / dwarf star矮星quasar类星体constellation星座galaxy / Milky Way银河系star cluster星团asterism星群solar system太阳系solar corona 日冕solar eclipse日食solar radiation 太阳辐射planet行星planetoid / asteroid 小行星revolve旋转twinkle闪烁naked eye肉眼Mercury水星Venus金星Earth地球Mars火星Jupiter木星Saturn 土星Uranus天王星Neptune海王星Pluto 冥王星orbit轨道spin 旋转satellite卫星lunar月球的meteor流星meteor shower流星雨star恒星meteoroid流星体meteorite陨石comet彗星space / outer space太空，外层空间spacecraft / spaceship宇宙飞船space shuttle航天飞机space telescope空间望远镜astronaut / spaceman 宇航员space suit 宇航服stellar 恒星的intergalactic星系间的interstellar 恒星间的interplanetary行星间的asteroid小行星nebula 星云space debris太空垃圾ammonia氨photosphere光球；光球层chromospheres色球；色球层日冕层sunspot太阳黑子（发生在光球层）flare耀斑（发生在色球层）solar prominence 日珥（发生在色球层）convection zone对流层vacuum真空infrared ray红外线absolute magnitude绝对量级emission发射/散发high-resolution 高清晰度interferometer 干扰仪，干涉仪illusive object幻影体faint 微弱的image影像gravitational force吸引力molten融化的leap year闰年rotation自传revolution公转black hole 黑洞ultraviolet ray紫外线luminosity光度light year光年10.环保相关ecology 生态学ecosystem生态系统balance of nature自然界生态平衡fauna动物群flora 植物群rain forest雨林food chain食物链acid rain酸雨greenhouse温室效应infrared radiation红外线辐射ozone layer / ozonosphere臭氧层ultraviolet radiation紫外辐射pollution control污染控制air pollution空气控制water pollution 水污染noxious / toxic 有毒的fumes（有毒的）废气waste废物solid waste固体废物sewage / wastewater污水sewage purification污水净化sewage disposal污水处理decibel（噪音）分贝11.能源相关fossil fuel矿物燃料process of photosynthesis光合作用solar energy太阳能nonrenewable不可再生的energy conservation保护能源resource资源energy source能源资源tidal energy潮汐能fuel-efficient节能型的rush hour高峰期zero emission零辐射wildness 野生/天然preservation保护atmosphere大气carbon碳dioxide二氧化物burning of coal and oil煤油燃烧global warming全球变暖greenhouse effect温室效应rise in sea level海平面上升long-term climatic change长期的气候变化environmental recycling center再循环利用中心litter/trash garbage垃圾pollutant污染物desertification沙漠化deforest滥伐森林drought干旱water shortage水源缺乏offshore spillage近海岸溢出carbon dioxide release二氧化碳排放industrial sewage工业污水recycling再循环purify 净化deteriorate恶化acid rain酸雨sewage disposal污水处理environment protection环境保护ozone layer臭氧层waste disposal废物处理emission（汽车废气的）排放soot烟尘El Ni?o厄尔尼诺现象12.新技术发明相关13.人类学artist艺术家choreographer舞蹈编排家critic批评家satirist讽刺作家inventor发明家biographer 自传作家sculptor雕塑家feminist女权主义者humanitarian人道主义者imagist 意象派诗人philanthropist慈善家proprietor业主mortal犯人precursor先驱figurehead名誉领袖disciple学徒apprentice学徒mechanic机械工minimalist简单抽象派艺术家avant-garde前卫派territory领域genre风格/体裁eccentric古怪的odd怪诞的/奇数的erratic奇怪的weird怪异的/不可思议的romantic浪漫的innocent天真的/无罪的lovelorn相思病苦的emotional情绪的/情感的sentimental感伤的/多愁善感的cheerless无精打采的/无生命力的patriarchal家长的/族长的rigid 僵化的spare简朴的clumsy笨拙的zigzag曲折的contemporary当代的acclaimed受欢迎的preeminent杰出的versatile（人）多才多艺的/（物）多功能的household家庭的/家喻户晓的genuine真正的authentic逼真的/原汁原味的symbolic象征性的immortal不朽的/神nostalgia怀旧主义/思乡emotive感人的prodigious巨大的classic 经典的posthumous死后的14.发展史文学Prose散文diary日记autobiography自传editorial社论narrative prose叙述性散文descriptive prose描写性散文essay随笔poetry诗歌ballad民谣lullaby催眠曲fiction小说allegory寓言fairy tale童话legend传说proverb谚语model人物原型leading character主人公main plot主要情节prelude序曲prologue序言epilogue尾声literary criticism文学批评literary studies文学研究schools of literature文学流派comparative literature比较文学realism现实主义surrealism超现实主义futurism未来主义modernism现代主义aestheticism唯美主义音乐musical instrument乐器orchestra（管弦）乐队shake rattle摇拨浪鼓pound drum 击鼓foot beat 跺脚note音符score乐谱movement乐章fanatical狂热的hillbilly music乡村音乐folk music 民间音乐pop music流行音乐classical music古典音乐Jazz爵士乐symphony交响乐rock and roll 摇滚乐band music / wind music管乐string弦乐violin小提琴viola中提琴cello大提琴harp竖琴horn 号；喇叭clarinet单簧管oboe双簧管keyboard instrument键盘乐器percussion震荡/打击乐器vocal music声乐concerto协奏曲sonata奏鸣曲serenade小夜曲solo独奏/独唱duet二重唱conducting指挥podium指挥台accompaniment伴奏quality音质volume音量chord和弦harmony 和声rest休止time节拍lullaby 催眠曲prelude序曲epilogue尾声政治经济Subsistence存活，生活subsistence wage刚够养家糊口的工资subsistence level 收支平衡的生活水平kinship亲属关系，血缘关系commodity商品check支票；收据；账单bank loan银行贷款interest利息withdraw从银行账户中提款honor (a check/bill/draft)承兑 a run on a bank挤兑the Great Depression大萧条consumerism消费主义（认为高消费对个人和社会有利的看法）；保护消费者权益主义affluence富裕，富足sophisticated世故的，老练的；复杂的，尖端的建筑Architecture建筑学architect建筑学家construct结构wing辐楼/侧楼design设计elevator电梯skyscraper摩天大楼design element设计元素log structure原木结构cabin小木屋beam梁prototype原型building technique建筑工艺new material新材料metal-frame金属结构repair person修理工planetarium天文馆aquarium水族馆archives档案馆office building 写字楼cathedral 大教堂mosque清真寺the statue of liberty自由女神像the triumphal arch凯旋门sphinx 狮身人面像pyramid金字塔castle城堡美术fine arts美术oil painting油画water color水彩画tempera 蛋彩画sketch速写/素描pastel 彩色蜡笔画poster海报/招贴画charcoal drawing木炭画mural painting / fresco壁画engraving版画lithograph石板画landscape painting风景画still life静物画portrait 肖像画caricature漫画pigment 颜色，色素canvas油画布brush 画笔drawing board画板perspective透视画法original 原作copy临本reproduction / replica复制品genuine真的fake假的gallery美术馆autograph真迹panorama全景画calligraphy书法paste裱糊impressionistic style印象派风格framing装框sculpture雕塑sculptor 雕塑家figurine小雕像bust半身雕塑像statue塑像unique 唯一的/独特的animator漫画家saxophonist 萨克斯风管吹奏者indigo靛蓝purple紫色。
托福托福听力场景完整版
新托福IBT听力场景入学：enrollment 登记, 注册opening ceremony n.开业典礼, 仪式commencement ceremony 毕业典礼convocation n.正式会议（可指简单的毕业典礼）orientation meeting开学说明会staff n.全体职员freshman （大学）一年级学生sophomore （大学）二年级学生junior （大学）三年级学生senior （大学）四年级学生tuition, fee 费用placement test 开学测试excellent 出色的average 平均的，一般的below average 低于平均水平的，差的结构及称谓:university- president 大学，校长chancellor 名誉校长college 学院school 学院dean 院长principal 中学校长professor 教授associate professor 副教授assistant professor 助理教授coordinator 班主任，协调人counselor 辅导员advisor 指导老师instructor 讲师tutor 个人辅导supervisor 管理人undergraduate 本科graduate 研究生建筑物buildings:canteen.餐厅cafeteria.自助餐厅administration building 行政大楼main building主楼wing/annex 配楼teaching building教学楼dormitory n.宿舍auditorium n.会堂, 礼堂=lecture hall assembly n.集合,集会hall computer lab 计算实验室，机房dining hall 食堂选课学科major 主修minor 副修science理科, arts文科, engineering 工科Mathematics 数学physics 物理chemistry 化学biology 生物学geography 地理学electronics 电子学computer science 计算机科学astronomy 天文学electronics engineering 电子工程学botany 植物学psychology 心理学zoology 动物学architecture 建筑学oceanography 海洋学ecology 生态学medical science 医学archaeology 考古学history 历史学linguistics 语言学pedagogies 教育学，教学法anthropology 人类学economics 经济学statistics 统计学accounting 会计学philosophy 哲学类型required、compulsory course 必修课selective/optional course选修课elective course 选修课lecture 讲座seminar 高级研讨性课colloquium n.报告课tutorial 个人辅导课程workshop 专题课程级别Introductory 入门级elementary, fundamental 初级Intermediate, secondary 中级Advanced 高级Prerequisite 先修课程上课：Attend class 上课Miss class 缺课Skip class逃课Syllabus 教学大纲Required textbook 要求的课本Attendance 出勤Grading system 打分体系Class participation 课堂参与semester/term 学期quarter小学期course guideline 课程纲要major 主修minor 副修exemption 免修syllabus 教学大纲Professor’s signature 教授的签字（用于注册课程）Course cap课程容量（可以招收的学生数）,openings （可供注册的名额）Take选（课）, drop 退（课）Late registration晚注册Deregistration 注销教师称号professor 教授lecturer = instructor 讲师teaching assistant = TA 助教research assistant = RA 助研counselor, adviser 咨询者，顾问president 大学校长teacher/faculty 教师student's advisor 学生顾问physicist 物理学家mathematician 数学家chemist 化学家historian 历史学家statistician 统计学家作业：assignment 作业homework = coursework = schoolwork = studies 作业lab report 实验报告book report 读书报告project 作业presentation 发言term paper 学期论文（research paper）thesis/essay/dissertation 论文journal 学术期刊social investigation 社会调查survey 调查questionnaire n.调查表, 问卷observation n.观察interview vt.n.采访collect data 收集数据broad (论文等)内容宽泛narrow down (论文等)缩小范围source （写论文的）参考资料critical thinking 评判性思维lack your own ideas缺少自己的想法deadline n.最终期限extension 延期due date/time期限outline n.大纲, 提纲(roadmap) bibliography n书目, 参考书目reference 参考plagiarism n. 抄袭revise v. 修改rewrite v. 重写final draft 完成稿speech n.演讲presentation 演讲，陈述eye contact 目光接触intonation 音调考试：mid-term exam 期中考final exams = finals 期末考cumulative final 总结性考试take-home exam（拿回家的开卷考试，一般有限定的时间）open-book exam 开卷考试subjective test 主观性测试objective test 客观性测试pop quiz 抽查式测验blue book 答题本assessment n估价appraisal n.评价, 估价make up for补考,resit, retake重考grade （mark 、score）分数成绩：perfect grade 优异成绩low grade 低分high mark 高分passing grade 及格分failing grade 不及格分full marks 满分straight A's 全Abe all A's and B's 全是A和BB plus B加A minus A减pass the iexam with flying colors 以优异成绩通过考试graduate with honors 以荣誉毕业diploma, degree, certificate 文凭，学位，证书考试问题：分析成绩低的原因，给出解决办法图书馆：library图书馆librarian图书管理员publication 出版物periodical 期刊magazine 杂志book catalogue 图书目录classified catalogue 分类目录bibliography 参考书目title index 书目索引alphabetic index 按字母顺序排列的索引circulation desk借书处reserved books 馆藏书（只能在图书馆内借阅）library card 借书证overdue fine 过期罚金periodical reading room 期刊阅览室online journal 在线期刊video tape 录像带back issue 过期杂志current issue 近期杂志archive 档案non-fiction 非小说类文学作品science-fiction 科幻小说copier 复印机check out 办理（借、还）手续renew 续借overdue过期interlibrary service 馆际服务部分名称information desk n.服务台delivery/circulation desk借书台shelf n.书架photocopy room复印室return area 还书处students locker 学生存储间reference section 参考书部科研过程HypothesisAlternative hypothesis择一假说Null hypothesis无效假说, 零假说Collect dataSurvey, questionnaireExperimentInterfere, influenceObservationAnalyze dataInterpret dataAnalysisAnalyticalSubjectSampleTreatment groupNon-treatmentControl group校内工作，课外活动及寻找经济援助：Letter of reference/recommendation CompetitiveBenefit future careerField researchCollect data for papersWaiter, waitress，BabysitterWork at the libraryQualification资格, qualified 合格的Resume, CVfinancial aid经济援助Scholarship FellowshipTeaching assistantship 助教奖学金Research assistantship 研究奖学金Grant 助学金Loan 贷款Need-based以需求为基础Merit-based 以优秀为基础Student union 学生会Clubs 俱乐部Membership 成员资格Career service住宿：宿舍：accommodation n.住处, 膳宿residence hall宿舍suite 套间studio 工作室，独立套间village 村落（校内一栋一栋的房子，可以用做宿舍）lounge n.公共大厅（可以用做娱乐）home-stay 在国外住在房东家里的那种roommate同屋者,室友corridor n. 走廊,过道，租房lease n.租借, 租约landlord 房东landlady女房东rent租金tenant 房客patio n.阳台，sliding door n.推拉门single room 单人房twin room 双人房two-bedroom apartmenthouse key 房锁匙床上用品:pillow n.枕头bed linen n. 床上用品sheet n. 被单mattress n.床垫blanket n.毯子towel n.手巾, 毛巾quilt n.棉被电器类electric appliance(instrument; equipment) 电器heater, furnace 加热器，炉子heating unit 暖气片air conditioner 空调设备stove 炉子microwave oven 微波炉washer / dryer 洗衣机/烘干机（laundry 洗衣店）utensil 器皿；用具kitchen utensil 炊具oven 烤箱；烤炉range 煤气灶dishwasher 洗碟机washing machine 洗衣机(hot-water) heater 热水器coffeepot 咖啡壶refrigerator (freezer) 冰箱vacuum cleaner 吸尘器tape player 录音机CD player CD机Laundromat 自动洗衣店maintenance 维修，保养家具类furniture 家具bookshelf 书架bookcase 书柜couch 沙发chest 柜子；橱；箱子dresser (bureau) 梳妆台cabinet (电视机等)机箱；储藏柜；陈列柜cupboard (closet) 碗橱storage wall 壁橱rug 小地毯carpet 地毯curtain 窗帘bathtub 浴缸fixture （房屋）固定装置furnishings 室内陈设日常生活/问题:personalpossessions/property/belongings个人财get insurance for personal possessions/property/belongsgarbage/rubbish/waste n.垃圾dispose v. 处理gas meter煤气表insect n.昆虫burglar n.夜贼leaking/leakage n. 泄漏lost key丢钥匙break in 闯入讲座场景词汇Geology地质学Slide n. 滑坡Landslide n.山体滑坡Mud泥土, soil土壤Earth n. 土Sink v.下沉Ground water 地下水Irrigation n. 灌溉Freeze, froze, frozen v.冷冻Melt v.融化moltenGravity n.重心Aggravate v.加重Lean v.倾斜Slope n.斜坡Steep adj.陡峭Erode v., erosion n.腐蚀Fossil n.化石Dinosaur n.恐龙Sediment, deposit 沉淀物Marble 大理石granite 花岗岩Ore 矿石Stalactite 钟乳石Refine v. 提炼Platinum v. 铂金Seismology 地震学Vibration, tremor, 震动Wave 波动V olcano, volcanic 火山，火山的V olcanic eruption 火山喷发Magnitude 级数Collision n.碰撞Active adj.积极的Dormant adj.休眠的Extinct adj. 熄灭的Magma n.岩浆Lava n.岩浆Erupt v.喷发explode v.爆炸(explosion) boom n.爆炸Blast n.爆炸Avalanche n.雪崩地球科学Earth’s interior 地球的内部Seismic waves地震波Compression 压缩Shear（a deformation of an object in which parallel planes remain parallel but are shifted in a direction parallel to themselves）Slow down减慢速度Reflect 反射Depth深度Density 密度Boundary边界Mantle地幔Crust地壳Core地心Continental plate 大陆板块Tectonic plate (地球表面的)构造板块Continental drift 大陆漂移Layer, strata 层Stratify 分层Crack 裂缝Molten lava 融化的岩浆Climatic shift=Climatic changes气候变化Consistent pattern 统一的，始终一致的Solar energy太阳能Radiate 发射，放射Crude approximation 大概的猜测Speculation猜测Cooling down冷却Mechanism 机制Length of the dayPhysical force 体力Imaginary line虚拟线Artificial reservoir 人工水库LatitudeRedistribute再分配，再分布Spin 快速旋转Minerals 矿物质Diverse 多样的Specimen，Sample样品Abundant 丰富的Glassy像玻璃的Amazon stones天河石Firing vapor 炙热的水蒸汽Wipe out 根除，彻底消灭Mt Everest 珠穆朗玛峰Elevation 海拔，海拔增高Precise measurement精确的测量Global Positioning System全球定位系统Longitude 经度Latitude 维度Alternative sources of energy 可替代资源Gas hydrate气体水合物Trap 困住Flame 火焰Potential 潜在的Model 模式Geological fault地质断层Crack 裂缝seismic gap地震活动空白地带postulate 假设chunk 大块cylinder 圆柱cylindrical 圆柱形的ground tilt measurement地倾斜观测evacuate 撤出sedimentary adj. 沉淀性的accumulate 积累商业Insurance 保险Note 注意Contract合约V erbal agreement口头协议Repay 偿还Interest 利息Merchant 商人Cautious 谨慎的Paramount 极为重要的Manufacture 制造Label 标签Contention 所持观点Inform 告知Cost成本Profit利润loss损失Net净的，gross粗略的Supply and demand供求Supply chain供应链Fluctuation 浮动Recession 衰退Depression 萧条Marketing strategies市场营销策略Survey 调查Surplus 剩余Shipment 运输Distribution 分布Retail 零售Whole sale 批发Franchise特许经营Budget预算哲学Socrates, Plato and AristotleTheme 主题Logic 逻辑Rhetoric 修辞Fundamental causes 基本原因Principles of the universe 宇宙的原则Perceive 看待，观察Perception 观点Sense 感觉Soul 灵魂spiritElement 组成成分Reasoning 推理Ration理性, rational有理性的Contemplation 沉思，思考Judgment判断Just公正的，justice公正Justify证明, justification 合理的理由Explicit 明确的Ethics道德规范Ethical theory 伦理理论Moral 有道德的Ultimate truth终极真理Universal 普遍的Search for truth 追求真理V ary v.不相同Intrinsic 内部的Extrinsic 外部的Critic 评论家Old-fashioned 过时的V aluable 有价值的Survive 生存，存活Conservative 保守的Liberal 开放的Impractical不实际的Empirical经验主义的Cognitive 认知的Weaken 削弱Diminish （影响力）减小Medieval 中世纪Renaissance 文艺复兴Doctrine教义,主义,学说Idealism 唯心论，理想主义Epistemology n. 认识论Metaphysics形而上学,玄学Reconcile和解,调停天文学astronomyconstellation星座zodiac （星象学的星座）planet 行星sun 恒星Jupiter 木星Pluto 冥王星Saturn 土星Mercury 水星Mars 火星V enus金星Neptune海王星Uranus天王星Ceres 谷物星（the largest asteroid and the first discovered）White dwarf 白矮星Big Dipper 北斗七星Asteroid belt 小行星带Milky Way 银河系Galaxy n.星系orbit v.运行n.轨道rotate v. 转Axis n.轴track n. 轨道outer space外太空gravity n.重力equator n.赤道tropical 热带的brightness n.亮度dimension n.维度distance n. 距离Eclipse (日月食)Wane, diminish v. 逐渐变小Centripetal 向心Centrifugal 离心Nebula 星云(an immense cloud of gas (mainly hydrogen) and dust in interstellar space）Nebulous adj. 星云的Gas 气体(rock, ice, hydrogen, oxygen) Particle 微粒Polar light 极光Astronomical 天文的Astrophysics 天文物理学Big Dipper 北斗七星Black hole 黑洞Celestial天体的Celestial map 天体图Centrifugal force 离心力Chondrite 球粒状陨石Chromosphere太阳的色球层Clockwise 顺时针Cluster 星团，一群星星Comet 彗星Cosmos宇宙,cosmetic宇宙的Cosmology宇宙学Emission 排放物，发射Faint 微弱的Feeble 微弱的Gaseous bodies 气态包Gravitational force 吸引力Greenwich mean time 格林尼治时间High resolution 高清晰度Ignite 引燃Illusive object 幻影物体Image 影响，形象Infinite 无限的Infrared ray 红外射线Interferometer 干扰仪Intergalactic 星系间的International date line 国际日期变更线Interplanetary 星球间的Interstellar星际的Leap year 闰年Light year光年Luminosity光亮度Lunar阴历的，月亮的Massive 巨大的Meteor流星Meteor shower 流星雨Meteorite陨石Meteoroid流星体Molten 融化的Naked eye 裸眼Observatory 天文台Photosphere 光球层Planetarium 天文馆Planetoid 小行星Polestar 北极星Pseudoscience 伪科学Quasar类星体Radiation 辐射Revolution 旋转Rotation 旋转Satellite 卫星Sky atlas天体图Solar corona日冕Space debris 太空垃圾Space shuttle 太空飞船Space suit 太空服Spin 快速旋转Star cluster 星群，星团Stellar 星星的Sunspot 太阳黑子Time difference 时差Time zone 时区表演艺术（舞蹈，电影，音乐etc.）Genre 艺术分类Performing art 表演艺术modern dance piece现代舞concert 音乐会play剧opera歌剧film 电影camera 摄影camera shot analytical 分析的parallel 平行的ballet芭蕾舞choreographer 舞蹈指导Fine/visual arts 视觉艺术Abstract art抽象艺术landscape风景photography摄影exposure 曝光develop film 冲洗胶卷negative n. 底片portrait(portray v. )肖像, 人像、still life静物sculpture雕塑statue 人物雕像lifelike 逼真的vividanthem国歌Critic 评论家Criticism 批评，评论Review n.评论Masterpiece 杰作Have aesthetic value 有美学价值Aesthetic appeal 美学吸引力Feature 特点Characteristics 特点Distinct adj.与众不同的Unique 独一无二的Style 风格Technique 技巧Gallery n.画馆Edition n.专辑Release v. 发行Debut n.首映Impressionist 印象主义者Impressionism 印象派Perspective 透视法Angle 角度Press/Publishing house出版社Acclaim v. 盛赞mirage海市蜃楼prolific多产Preserve v. 保存Extinct adj.灭绝的，消失的文学Literature 文学Poetry诗歌biography传记autobiography 自传detective stories 侦探小说drama戏剧novel小说Novelist 小说家collection of short stories短篇小说集Allegory寓言Comparative literature比较文学Diary 日记Editorial 社论，重要评论Fiction 小说Aestheticism 唯美Autobiography 自传Descriptive prose 描述散文Fairy tale 童话Futurism 未来派Legend 传说Literary studies 文学研究Narrative prose 叙述性散文Podium 讲台Prose 散文Realism 现实主义School of literature 文学派别Leading character 主要角色Literary criticism 文学评论Literary studies 文学学习Modernism 现代主义Plot 情节Poetry 诗歌Prologue前言Proverb谚语Surrealism 超现实主义美术Art gallery艺廊Calligraphy书法Imitating模仿Landscape painting风景画Oil painting油画Paste粘贴Crayon 蜡笔，粉笔，颜料Pigmentation 颜料Canvas 帆布Wax 蜡Spectrum 光谱Perspective透视画法Poster海报Portrait肖像Model模式，模特mural壁画Panorama全景Pastel drawing蜡笔画Sketch草图Autograph手稿建筑Architecture建筑学Architect建筑师Architectural style建筑风格Art deco 装饰艺术Art moderneGeometric patterns 几何图形Arch 拱门Castle 城堡Cathedral大教堂Framing结构Lobby n. 大厅(entrance hall) Elevator n. 电梯Façade n. 正面Stairs 楼梯Interior 内部的Exterior 外部的Impressionistic style印象派风格Mosque清真寺Pyramid金字塔Revival 复活Renaissance 文艺复兴Medieval中世纪Byzantine architecture 527 (Sofia)-1520 音乐Accompaniment 伴奏Audition 试听，试表演Band music 乐队音乐Chord弦乐，弦Classical music古典音乐Concerto 协奏曲Lullaby 催眠曲Duet 二重奏Harmony 和弦，和谐Rock and roll 摇滚Serenade 小夜曲Solo 独奏Sonata 奏鸣曲Symphony 交响乐Ballad歌谣Folk music 民间音乐Prelude 前奏Epilogue 尾声Score 乐谱Note 音符Notation 乐谱，记号法Chord symbol和弦符号Lyrics 歌词Tempo 节奏Melody 主旋律Rhythm节奏Tune 旋律Conduct 指挥Violin 小提琴Viola 中提琴Cello大提琴Oboe双簧管Clarinet单簧管krummhorn['krʌmhɔ:n]n. 变号(一种古双簧乐器)Harp 竖琴考古anthropologist 人类学家ecological 生态的anthropologist 生态人类学家archaeology 考古学anthropology 人类学morphology 形态学Ancient civilization 古代文明origin 起源originate 起源于ancestor 祖先hominid 人（科）homogeneous 同一种族（种类）的tribe 部落clan 氏族archeologist 考古学家excavation 挖掘excavate (unearth) 挖掘Scoop铲子ruins 遗迹，废墟remains 遗迹，遗骸artifact 手工艺品pottery 陶器(potter)Porcelain瓷器fossil 化石relic 遗物，文物Rock painting 岩石画antique 古物，古董antiquity 古代，古老skull 颅骨Cranial颅骨的Stone Age 石器时代Bronze Age （青）铜器时代Iron Age 铁器时代Paleolithic 旧石器时代的Mesolithic 中石器时代的Neolithic 新石器时代的Exhume 挖掘PaleoanthropologyPrehistoric史前的Primitive原始的动物微生物Amino acid 氨基酸Antibody 抗体Bacterium 细菌Biotical agencyCalcium钙Carbohydrate 碳水化合物Carbon dioxide 二氧化碳Cell细胞Chromosome 染色体Disinfection 消毒Enzymes 酶Fatigue 疲惫Fermentation 发酵Fungus 菌类Gene基因Genetic engineering 基因工程学Glucose 葡萄糖Immunology免疫学Incubation 孵蛋Inflection传染Malaria 疟疾Microbe 微生物Nucleus 细胞核One-celled单细胞的Oxidation氧化Parasitic animal 寄生动物Parasite disease 寄生虫病Parasitology 寄生虫学Pathogen 病菌，病原体Protozoa 原生动物Sanitation 卫生Schistosomiaisis 血吸虫病Starch 淀粉Sterilization 消毒Toxin 毒素V accine 疫苗Virus 病毒Yeast 酵母动物living organism 生物bacterium(pl.bacteria)细菌algae海藻coral珊瑚rodent 啮齿类动物primate 灵长类动物ape 猿chimpanzee n. 黑猩猩gorilla 大猩猩monkey n. 猴子mammal 哺乳类动物dinosaur n.恐龙bat (ecolotion) 蝙蝠（声波定位）snowshoe hare 雪兔子raccoon 浣熊polar bear 北极熊snout (动物的)口鼻部;reptile 爬行类动物snake, cobra眼镜蛇, rattle snake 响尾蛇lizard蜥蜴,snail 蜗牛amphibian adj. 两栖动物crocodile 鳄鱼frog n. 青蛙tadpole 蝌蚪toad 蟾蜍pond 池塘puddle 水坑insect n.昆虫mosquito 蚊子fly 苍蝇cricket 蟋蟀grasshopper 蚱蜢honey beemonarch butterfly 大花蝶large migratory American butterfly having deep orange wings with black and white markings; the larvae feed on milkweed egg 卵larvae 幼虫caterpillar 毛虫pupa/ chrysalis 茧termite n. 白蚁marine adj. 海洋的beaver 狸whale 鲸shark 鲨鱼dolphin 海豚penguin 企鹅predator n. 捕食者prey n. 被捕食者aquatic adj.水生的shrimp 虾lobster 龙虾clam 蚌crab 螃蟹bird, humming birdartery 动脉scale 鳞片claw爪, paw爪子horn 角hormone 荷尔蒙intestine 肠hive 蜂巢pollen n. 花粉pollinate v.授粉hibernate 冬眠migrate v. 迁徙communicate v. 交流camouflage 保护色evolve 进化evolution n. 进化endotherm n.温血动物,恒温动物poikilotherm n. 冷血动物beak 鸟嘴enzymes 酵母secretion(n.) secrete(v.) 分泌pancreas 胰腺odor 气味(还有aroma fragrance scent smell)gland 腺体chromosome 染色体植物botany植物学botanist 植物学家tundra苔原;冻土地带,冻原fungus(pl. fungi ) 菌类laurel 月桂chestnut tree 栗子树root 根branch 枝stem 茎algae(pl. alga) 海藻organism 有机物birch tree (bark) 桦树crops 谷物corn 玉米maize 玉米chlorophyll 叶绿素amino acids 氨基酸protein 蛋白质nitrogen 氮photosynthetic(adj.) photosynthesis(n.) 光合作用lichen 地衣,苔藓squash 南瓜one of a group of large vegetables with solid flesh and hard skins, such as PUMPKIN sbean 豆类植物nectar花蜜flower花floral 花的petal 花瓣bloom 开花blossom 花pollen花粉moss 苔藓herbicide 除草剂herb 草本植物herbivorous 食草的classification 分类hierarchy 级别hazardous 有毒害的Meteorology 气象meteorology 气象meteorologist 气象学家forecast (predict) 预报climate 气候atmosphere 大气层troposphere 对流层Convection 对流Stratosphere 同温层Barometer 气压计current （气）流vapor 蒸汽evaporate 蒸发damp (wet; moist; humid) 潮湿的humidity 湿度moisture 潮湿；水分saturate 饱和absorb 吸收dew 露frost 霜fog (mist) 雾smog 烟雾droplet 小水珠condense 浓缩crystal 水晶体downpour (torrential rain) 大雨tempest (storm) 暴风雨drizzle 细雨shower 阵雨hail 冰雹blizzard (snowstorm) 暴风雪avalanche (snowslide) 雪崩precipitation （雨、露、雪等）降水Thunder 雷Lightening 闪电breeze 微风Blast 大风gale 大风whirlwind 旋风Cyclone 旋风，飓风typhoon 台风hurricane 飓风Monsoon 季风Sandstorm沙尘暴Dust storm沙尘暴tornado (twister, cyclone) 龙卷风Tropical depression热带低气压Wind direction 风向Wind velocity 风速Wind scale 风力funnel 漏斗，漏斗云cumulonimbus 积雨云disaster (calamity, catastrophe) 灾难devastation 破坏submerge 淹没overwhelm v. 淹没drought 干旱Avalanche雪崩Balmy 温和的Chilly寒冷的Frigid僵硬的，严格的Heat-wave热浪Tepid adj.微温的环保environmental protection 环境保护environmentally-friendly 环保的preserve v.保护，保存污染：pollute, pollution, pollutant contaminant n.污染物contaminate v.污染ecosystem生态系统ecology n.生态学antiseptic adj.防腐的atmospheric pollution大气污染垃圾: rubbish, garbage, trash, waste, litter处理: dispose of, burn, bury (landfill), recycle, reduce, reuse,dump回收:glass, paper, water,milk carton牛奶盒, tyre,aluminium cans铝罐,plastic bags, rubbish bags biodegradable packaging可降解包装, throwaway 可丢弃的disposable 可丢弃的discourage v. 不鼓励燃料none-renewable 不可再生的fossil fuels矿石燃料:natural gas, coal, petroleumlimited/finite natural resources 有限的自然资源alternative energy替代能源,replace=substitute v.取代wind power, hydropower水电,solar (lunar) power太阳能,nuclear power核能radioactivity n. 辐射性use up, deplete, exhaust v. 用光，耗尽conserve v. 节省，节约,污染: water pollution, air pollution,soil pollution土壤污染,noise pollutionsoil erosion 土壤侵蚀soil pollution土壤污染stain n.污染，污点，玷污stink v.发出臭味tar n.焦油toxic chemical 有毒的化学物品fume n.烟，气味light pollution日光污染refuse废物sewage污水pesticide n.杀虫剂chemical waste化学废料congest v.使充满危害动物:poaching非法打猎，盗猎,damage natural habitat破坏自然栖息地,rare breed稀有物种,endangered species濒危物种,extinct adj.灭绝(die out, disappear), animal rights activist动物权益保护者, natural reserve(giant panda大熊猫)自然保护区,protect wild life保护野生动物, preserve v.保护disastrous灾难性的, devastation破坏, have disastrous effect on…对。
托福听力Lecture真题汇总4
托福听力Lecture真题汇总4如何托福听力提高的答题效率?做题的秘诀在于，练习，练习，练习。
托福考生可以用托福听力中的lecture为材料，一边听一边记笔记，录音结束后，根据大脑记忆和笔记，对全文重点内容用英文进行复述，这样反复练习，直到可以将一篇lecture文章完全复述出来为止。
这样长期积累下来，相信大家一定可以在托福听力考试中无往不胜。
下面汇总年托福听力Lecture真题，希望能帮助大家。
年4月1日托福听力真题Lecture 1话题分类：艺术主义内容回忆：杜参考听力：TPO3L3, TPO8L2, TPO15L3, TPO17L1, TPO18L2, TPO19L4, TPO21L4,TPO1L1Lecture 2话题分类：Zoology内容回忆：猫头鹰靠听力捕食，说猫头鹰通过耳朵细微的位置差异(耳朵不对称)，可以定位猎物(有考题问怎么知道predator 到它附近了)，有跟人耳朵比照(有考题)参考听力：TPO1L4, TPO23L3, TPO24L1, TPO10L1, TPO22L3, TPO14L2,TPO14Marmots BehaviourLecture 3话题分类：Astronomy内容回忆：关于月球磁场的两个理论(媒介带来，自然形成)，有一种解释是其他流星的撞击带来的还有一种说是和地球形成磁场的方式一样，这种石头很早，好似是tacta，其中有跟地球比照，给了两个地球行的原因，后面说月球小(有考题)，又给了 2 个theory，最后考了教授的态度(有考题)参考听力：TPO2L4 , TPO3L4, TPO5L2, TPO13L4, TPO14L3, TPO18L1Lecture 4话题分类：Marketing and Economic内容回忆：讲需求和供给带来消费和生产者，还有第三者。
三个例子来说第三(微观里的外部性?)，空气pollution，飞机场噪音，河流pollution。
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新托福听力场景汇总之LECTURE篇1.生物学antibody抗体toxin毒素immunity免疫immunology免疫学vaccine疫苗fungus真菌bacteria细菌fermentation发酵inflection传染 / 感染microorganism / microbe微生物virus病毒disfection消毒sterilization灭菌biology生物学marine biology海洋生物学entomology昆虫学ornithology鸟类学microbiology微生物学genetics遗传学speciology物种学parasitology寄生虫学paleontology古生物学paleontologist古生物学家dinosaur恐龙die out / extinction灭绝mammal 哺乳动物carnivore食肉动物rodent啮齿类动物underwater水下的marine海洋的scuba 水下呼吸器diving潜水 / 跳水one-celled organism单细胞有机体tissue（动植物细胞的）组织protective camouflage保护色predator捕猎者oceanic海洋的snail蜗牛animal adaptation动物适应性survival of the fittest适者生存origin of species物种起源wild environment野生环境insecticide杀虫剂prenatal care产前护理habitat栖息地tentacle触须prey捕食navigate导航tiny receptor接收器nerve 神经/ specimen样品amphibian两栖类动物decline in the number数量减少gene基因genetic基因的，遗传的endangered species濒危动物survival活着的transition转变/过渡microbe 微生物yeast酵母（菌）bacteria 细菌single-cell单细胞reptile爬行类动物hatch孵化incubation 孵化nest巢offspring子孙chew up咀嚼unfertilized eggs未受精卵nutrient营养品nourishment营养品 / 食物feed喂养cannibalism同类相食respiration呼吸ingestion摄食digestion消化digestive enzyme消化酶cell细胞nucleus细胞核cytoplasm细胞质plasma lemma / cell membrane细胞膜cell wall细胞壁protein蛋白质amino acid核酸plankton浮游生物heredity遗传mutation of species物种变异chromosome染色体genetic engineering遗传工程solitary独居social群居bio-diversity生物多样性metamorphosis变态/变形mutation变种variation变异2.动物学zoology动物学Darwinism达尔文学说natural selection自然选择phylum门class纲order目suborder亚目family科genus属species 种invertebrate无脊椎动物vertebrate脊椎动物aquatic life水生动物reptile爬行动物amphibian/amphibious animal两栖动物protozoa原生动物rodent啮齿动物ruminant反刍动物parasitic animal寄生动物primate灵长动物plankton浮游生物mollusk 软体动物coelenterate腔肠动物（如水母、海蜇、珊瑚等）herbivore食草动物mammal哺乳动物homotherm恒温动物cold-blooded animal冷血动物poikilotherm变温动物scavenger食腐动物carnivorous食肉的herbivorous食草的omnivorous杂食的bird鸟类camouflage伪装hibernate冬眠；蛰伏regeneration再生predatory / carnivore食肉的predator捕食者prey捕食hordes/swarms （昆虫等）群flock（牛、羊等）群community动物的群落或人的部落population种群herd兽群hygiene卫生sanitation公共卫生；卫生设施monogamous一夫一妻的/一雌一雄的polygamous一夫多妻的/一雄多雌的polyandrous一妻多夫的/一雌多雄的nomadic游牧的；流浪的trapper诱捕动物者niche小生态环境vestige 退化的器官fertilize使受精metabolism新陈代谢breed（名词）品种；（动词）繁殖multiply / reproduce繁殖spawn（鱼、虾、蛙等）孵anatomy解剖学appetite食欲creature生物scales鳞feathers羽毛armor甲spinal cord脊椎digestive system消化系统excretory system排泄系统reproductive system生殖系统circulatory system循环系统respiratory system呼吸系统hormonal system内分泌系统digestive duct消化管esophagus食管stomach胃small intestine小肠large intestine大肠anus肛门digestive gland消化腺salivary gland 唾液腺liver肝gallbladder胆pancreas胰squirrel松鼠marten貂bat蝙蝠squeak（老鼠等）吱吱otter水獭antelope羚羊gorilla大猩猩chimpanzee黑猩猩baboon狒狒hyena鬣狗moose驼鹿beaver海狸elk麋鹿reindeer驯鹿giraffe长颈鹿rhinoceros犀牛hippo河马sloth树懒slothful懒惰的frog青蛙tadpole蝌蚪salamander蝾螈scorpion蝎子turtle龟lizard 蜥蜴chameleon变色龙cayman（南美洲）/ crocodile鳄鱼centipede蜈蚣robin知更鸟owl猫头鹰barnacle藤壶penguin企鹅canary金丝雀chirp（鸟、虫的叫声）vulture秃鹫crane鹤stork 鹳ptarmigan雷鸟migrate迁移plumage羽体camouflage伪装wing翅膀bill（鸟）嘴beak（鹰等的）嘴insect昆虫wasp黄蜂hornet大黄蜂spider蜘蛛pest害虫worm虫/蠕虫cicada 蝉mantis螳螂cockroach蟑螂earthworm蚯蚓antenna / tentacle触须larva幼虫3.海洋生物学jellyfish水母nettlefish海蜇（水母）coral珊瑚dolphin海豚whale鲸鱼shrimp小虾prawn对虾lobster龙虾crab螃蟹mussel贻贝；蚌类clam蛤蜊oyster牡蛎sponge海绵starfish海星squid鱿鱼；乌贼burro驴！！！ / octopus章鱼sole鳎；鳎目鱼plaice鲽，红斑比目鱼4.植物学botany植物学botanical / botanic植物学的horticulture园艺学aquatic plant水生植物parasite plant 寄生植物root根canopy 树冠层/顶棚foliage / leaf叶leaflet小叶rosette（叶的）丛生stem茎stalk杆leafstalk叶柄shoot / sprout嫩芽/抽枝flower花bud花蕾petal花瓣peel / skin果皮shell （硬）果壳husk（干）果壳/（玉米）苞叶trunk树干bark树皮branch树枝bough大或者粗的树枝twig小树枝jungle 丛林lawn草坪meadow草地/牧场prairie大草原mosses苔藓shrub / bush灌木cluster一簇（灌木）fern蕨类植物horsetails木贼类植物club mosses石松类植物herb 草photosynthesis光合作用chlorophyll叶绿素symbiosis共生symbiotic 共生的wither / shrivel / fade凋谢blossom花pollen花粉pollinate传授花粉petal花瓣nectar花蜜tissue组织organ器官system系统seeds种子everlasting永久的crossbreed杂交root pressure根压bore腔/肠cohesion-tension凝聚压力column花柱necrosis坏死barren贫瘠的；不生育的futile无用的carbohydrate (starch) 碳水化合物（淀粉）glucose葡萄糖starch淀粉fat脂肪protein蛋白质vitamin 维他命malnourished营养不良的nutrition营养perennial多年一生的annual一年一生的verdant绿油油的，嫩绿的，翠绿的evergreen常青树conifer tree针叶树larch落叶松pine松树spruce云杉juniper刺柏；杜松sequoia红杉elm榆树walnut核桃树redwood 红木树plum blossom梅花orchid兰花chrysanthemum菊花water lily荷花/莲花rhododendron杜鹃花rose玫瑰carnation康乃馨lily百合jasmine茉莉花helianthus / heliotrope / sunflower向日葵camellia茶花corn / maize / mealie玉米pumpkin南瓜tomato番茄lettuce莴苣cabbage卷心菜wheat 小麦rye黑麦barley大麦oats燕麦5.气象学meteorology气象meteorologist气象学家meteorological station气象站forecast / predict预报climate气候atmosphere大气层troposphere对流层stratosphere平流层mesosphere中间层ionosphere电离层exosphere逸散层cold front冷锋warm air mass热气团current（气）流moisture潮湿，水气spell某种天气持续一段时间vapor蒸汽evaporate 蒸发damp / moist / humid潮湿humidity湿度moisture潮湿 / 水分saturate饱和dew露frost 霜fog / mist雾smog烟雾droplet小水condense浓缩crystal水晶体sheet（水、冰、雪的）一层downpour / torrential rain大雨tempest (storm) / torrential rain暴风雨drizzle细雨shower阵雨hail冰雹blizzard / snowstorm暴风雪avalanche / snow slide 雪崩precipitation（雨、露、雪等）降水thunder雷breeze微风sandstorm沙暴monsoon季风gale大风whirlwind旋风typhoon台风hurricane/cyclone飓风tornado / twister 龙卷风wind scale风级tsunami / seismic sea wave海啸tidal wave潮汐；浪潮upper atmosphere上层大气funnel漏斗云disaster / calamity / catastrophe灾难devastation破坏submerge淹没drought旱灾convection对流wind velocity风速wind direction 风向long-range forecast长期预报numerical weather prediction数值天气预报nephanalysis云层分析；卫星云图6.地质学crust地壳mantle地幔core地核continental crust 大陆地壳oceanic crust海洋地壳layer / stratum 地层stratigraphy地层学fault断层fault plane断层面fault zone断层带rift / crack / split断裂disintegration / decomposition分解erosion腐蚀fossil化石igneous rock火成岩sedimentary rock 沉积岩metamorphic rock变质岩limestone石灰岩granite花岗岩marble大理石lithosphere岩石圈magma / molten lava岩浆quartz石英mineral矿物ore矿石deposit矿床rubble 碎石debris残骸platinum白金/铂金silver银copper黄铜aluminum铝tin锡lead铅zinc锌nickel镍mercury汞/水银sodium钠gem宝石diamond钻石emerald绿宝石ruby红宝石glacier冰川glacial冰川的glacial epoch / age / period冰川期glacial drift冰渍moraines冰碛iceberg冰山volcano火山active volcano活火山extinct volcano死火山dormant volcano 休眠火山(sloping) shield volcano盾状火山（平缓）(steep-sided) cone volcano锥状火山（陡峭）eruption火山喷发crater火山口caldera （开口较大的）火山口depression洼地，凹陷处；盆地lava火山岩浆volcanic dust火山尘volcanic ash火山灰geyser间歇喷泉hot spring 温泉earthquake / quake / tremor / seism地震seismic地震的seismology地震学magnitude震级seismic intensity scale震烈度seismic wave地震波transverse wave横波longitudinal wave纵波epicenter震中epicentral distance震中距aftershock 余震cataclysm灾变tsunami / tidal / force海啸undersea landslide 海底山崩melt global warming 全球逐渐变暖aquifer蓄水层swamp沼泽peat bog泥炭沼泽Great Canyon大峡谷Nile River尼罗河Colorado river科罗拉多河crumples zones地质缓冲地带bedrock岩床bulge凸起物7.考古学archaeology考古学paleontology古生物学anthropology人类学archaeologist考古学家pale-anthropologist古人类学家ecological anthropologist生态人类学家psychological anthropologist心理人类学家originate起源于ancestor祖先hominid人（科）homogeneous同一种族（种类）的tribe部落clan氏族excavation挖掘excavate / unearth挖掘ruins遗迹/废墟remains遗产/遗骸artifact手工艺品relic遗物/文物antique 古物/古董antiquity古代/古老Stone Age 石器时代Bronze Age青铜器时代Iron Age铁器时代Paleolithic旧石器时代的Mesolithic中石器时代的Neolithic新石器时代的morphology形态学skull颅骨cranial颅骨的fossil化石ancient civilization古代文明cave man山顶洞人cultural relics文物rock painting岩画8.地理学hemisphere 半球meridian子午线/ 经线parallel平行圈latitude纬线longitude经线/ 经度elevation海拔altitude高度/ 海拔horizon地平线equator赤道temperature latitudes温带地区tropics 热带地区Arctic / the North Pole 北极Antarctic / Antarctica南极the Antarctic Continent南极洲the Antarctic Circle南极圈the Arctic Circle北极圈aurora极光tropics of Cancer 北回归线tropics of Capricorn 南回归线international date line国际日期变更线time difference 时差time zone时区topography 地形 / 地形学plain平原plateau / highland 高地lowland 低地basin 盆地oasis绿洲enclave飞地peak山峰cordillera / ranges山脉carven / cave洞穴terrain地域subterranean地底下coastland 沿海地区coastline海岸线watershed分水岭upper reaches上游lower reaches下游tributary 支流deposit沉积spring / fountain泉水iceberg 冰山riverbed河床gulf / bay海湾waterfall 瀑布cascade小瀑布；喷流reef暗礁tide湖水torrent水的急流tropical rain forest热带雨林continental island大陆岛volcanic island 火山岛coral island珊瑚岛islet小岛peninsular半岛archipelago群岛delta三角洲landlocked area内陆inland waterway内陆河subcontinent次大陆cliff山崖valley山谷hillside / mountain slope山坡continental shelf大陆架canyon / gorge峡谷channel / strait 海峡remote-sensing遥感的terrestrial 地球的/陆地的terrestrial heat / geothermal 地热terrestrial magnetism 地磁continental drift 大陆漂移学sea-floor spreading海床扩展evaporation蒸发salinity含盐度ocean bottom 海床sediment沉积物tropical热带的temperate 温带的frigid 寒带的frost heaving冻胀现象tundra苔原，冻原fieldstone卵石the Mediterranean Sea地中海the primeval forest原始森林Scandinavia斯堪的纳维亚(半岛)(瑞典、挪威、丹麦、冰岛的泛称)fjord峡湾coral reef珊瑚礁Chalk白垩纪cataclysm大洪水ridge山脊；分水岭abyss深渊territory版图；领土地域Pyrenees比利牛斯山脉Carpathians喀尔巴阡山脉Vesuvius维苏威火山Pompeii庞贝precipice悬崖eon世；纪；代glacier冰河Pangaea盘古大陆dune 沙丘Lagoon咸水湖9.天文学astronomy天文学astronomical observatory天文台planetarium天文馆astrophysics天文物理学astrology占星学pseudoscience伪科学cosmos / universe 宇宙cosmology宇宙infinite无限的cosmic宇宙的cosmic radiation宇宙辐射cosmic rays宇宙射线celestial天体的celestial body / heavenly body天体celestial map / sky atlas天体图celestial sphere天球dwarf / dwarf star矮星quasar类星体constellation星座galaxy / Milky Way银河系star cluster星团asterism星群solar system太阳系solar corona日冕solar eclipse日食solar radiation 太阳辐射planet行星planetoid / asteroid 小行星revolve旋转twinkle闪烁naked eye肉眼Mercury水星Venus金星Earth地球Mars火星Jupiter木星Saturn土星Uranus天王星Neptune海王星Pluto 冥王星orbit轨道spin 旋转satellite卫星lunar月球的meteor流星meteor shower流星雨star恒星meteoroid流星体meteorite陨石comet彗星space / outer space太空，外层空间spacecraft / spaceship宇宙飞船space shuttle航天飞机space telescope空间望远镜astronaut / spaceman宇航员space suit 宇航服stellar 恒星的intergalactic星系间的interstellar 恒星间的interplanetary行星间的asteroid小行星nebula星云space debris太空垃圾ammonia氨photosphere光球；光球层chromospheres色球；色球层日冕层sunspot太阳黑子（发生在光球层）flare耀斑（发生在色球层）solar prominence 日珥（发生在色球层）convection zone对流层vacuum真空infrared ray红外线absolute magnitude绝对量级emission发射/散发high-resolution高清晰度interferometer 干扰仪，干涉仪illusive object幻影体faint微弱的image影像gravitational force吸引力molten融化的leap year闰年rotation自传revolution公转black hole 黑洞ultraviolet ray紫外线luminosity光度light year光年10.环保相关ecology 生态学ecosystem生态系统balance of nature自然界生态平衡fauna动物群flora 植物群rain forest雨林food chain食物链acid rain酸雨greenhouse温室效应infrared radiation红外线辐射ozone layer / ozonosphere臭氧层ultraviolet radiation紫外辐射pollution control污染控制air pollution空气控制water pollution水污染noxious / toxic 有毒的fumes（有毒的）废气waste废物solid waste固体废物sewage / wastewater污水sewage purification污水净化sewage disposal污水处理decibel（噪音）分贝11.能源相关fossil fuel矿物燃料process of photosynthesis光合作用solar energy太阳能nonrenewable不可再生的energy conservation保护能源resource资源energy source能源资源tidal energy潮汐能fuel-efficient节能型的rush hour高峰期zero emission零辐射wildness野生/天然preservation保护atmosphere大气carbon碳dioxide二氧化物burning of coal and oil煤油燃烧global warming全球变暖greenhouse effect温室效应rise in sea level海平面上升long-term climatic change长期的气候变化environmental recycling center再循环利用中心litter/trash garbage垃圾pollutant污染物desertification沙漠化deforest滥伐森林drought干旱water shortage水源缺乏offshore spillage近海岸溢出carbon dioxide release二氧化碳排放industrial sewage工业污水recycling再循环purify 净化deteriorate恶化acid rain酸雨sewage disposal污水处理environment protection环境保护ozone layer臭氧层waste disposal废物处理emission（汽车废气的）排放soot烟尘El Niño厄尔尼诺现象12.新技术发明相关13.人类学artist艺术家choreographer舞蹈编排家critic批评家satirist讽刺作家inventor发明家biographer 自传作家sculptor雕塑家feminist女权主义者humanitarian人道主义者imagist 意象派诗人philanthropist慈善家proprietor业主mortal犯人precursor先驱figurehead名誉领袖disciple学徒apprentice学徒mechanic机械工minimalist简单抽象派艺术家avant-garde前卫派territory领域genre风格/体裁eccentric古怪的odd怪诞的/奇数的erratic奇怪的weird怪异的/不可思议的romantic浪漫的innocent天真的/无罪的lovelorn相思病苦的emotional情绪的/情感的sentimental感伤的/多愁善感的cheerless无精打采的/无生命力的patriarchal家长的/族长的rigid 僵化的spare简朴的clumsy笨拙的zigzag曲折的contemporary当代的acclaimed受欢迎的preeminent杰出的versatile（人）多才多艺的/（物）多功能的household家庭的/家喻户晓的genuine真正的authentic逼真的/原汁原味的symbolic象征性的immortal不朽的/神nostalgia怀旧主义/思乡emotive感人的prodigious巨大的classic 经典的posthumous死后的14.发展史文学Prose散文diary日记autobiography自传editorial社论narrative prose叙述性散文descriptive prose描写性散文essay随笔poetry诗歌ballad民谣lullaby催眠曲fiction小说allegory寓言fairy tale童话legend传说proverb谚语model人物原型leading character主人公main plot主要情节prelude序曲prologue序言epilogue尾声literary criticism文学批评literary studies文学研究schools of literature文学流派comparative literature比较文学realism现实主义surrealism超现实主义futurism未来主义modernism现代主义aestheticism唯美主义音乐musical instrument乐器orchestra（管弦）乐队shake rattle摇拨浪鼓pound drum 击鼓foot beat 跺脚note音符score乐谱movement乐章fanatical狂热的hillbilly music乡村音乐folk music民间音乐pop music流行音乐classical music古典音乐Jazz爵士乐symphony交响乐rock and roll 摇滚乐band music / wind music管乐string弦乐violin小提琴viola中提琴cello大提琴harp竖琴horn号；喇叭clarinet单簧管oboe双簧管keyboard instrument键盘乐器percussion震荡/打击乐器vocal music声乐concerto协奏曲sonata奏鸣曲serenade小夜曲solo独奏/独唱duet二重唱conducting指挥podium指挥台accompaniment伴奏quality音质volume音量chord和弦harmony 和声rest休止time节拍lullaby催眠曲prelude序曲epilogue尾声政治经济Subsistence存活，生活subsistence wage刚够养家糊口的工资subsistence level 收支平衡的生活水平kinship亲属关系，血缘关系commodity商品check支票；收据；账单bank loan银行贷款interest利息withdraw从银行账户中提款honor (a check/bill/draft) 承兑a run on a bank挤兑the Great Depression大萧条consumerism消费主义（认为高消费对个人和社会有利的看法）；保护消费者权益主义affluence富裕，富足sophisticated世故的，老练的；复杂的，尖端的建筑Architecture建筑学architect建筑学家construct结构wing辐楼/侧楼design设计elevator电梯skyscraper摩天大楼design element设计元素log structure原木结构cabin小木屋beam梁prototype原型building technique建筑工艺new material新材料metal-frame金属结构repair person修理工planetarium天文馆aquarium水族馆archives档案馆office building 写字楼cathedral大教堂mosque清真寺the statue of liberty自由女神像the triumphal arch凯旋门sphinx 狮身人面像pyramid金字塔castle城堡美术fine arts美术oil painting油画water color水彩画tempera 蛋彩画sketch速写/素描pastel 彩色蜡笔画poster海报/招贴画charcoal drawing木炭画mural painting / fresco壁画engraving版画lithograph石板画landscape painting风景画still life静物画portrait肖像画caricature漫画pigment 颜色，色素canvas油画布brush 画笔drawing board画板perspective透视画法original 原作copy临本reproduction / replica复制品genuine真的fake假的gallery美术馆autograph真迹panorama全景画calligraphy书法paste裱糊impressionistic style印象派风格framing装框sculpture雕塑sculptor 雕塑家figurine小雕像bust半身雕塑像statue塑像unique唯一的/独特的animator漫画家saxophonist 萨克斯风管吹奏者indigo靛蓝purple紫色。