研究生专业英语--带翻译

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研究生英语综合教程(下)课文翻译unite1-6

研究生英语系列教材综合教程(下)-reading focusUnit 1愉悦舒适不能指引你领略人生的全部，与逆境的艰苦搏斗常常会使人生变得丰富而有意义。

幸福隐藏的另一面凯思琳•麦克高恩1 咫风、房屋失火、癌症、激流漂筏失事、坠机、昏暗小巷遭歹徒袭击，没人想找上这些事儿。

但出人意料的是，很多人发现遭受这样一次痛苦的磨难最终会使他们向好的方面转变。

他们可能都会这样说:“我希望这事没发生，但因为它我变得更完美了。

”2 我们都爱听人们经历苦难后发生转变的故事，可能是因为这些故事证实了一条真正的心理学_L的真理，这条真理有时会湮没在无数关于灾难的报道中:在最困难的境况中，人所具有的一种内在的奋发向上的能力会进发出来。

对那些令人极度恐慌的经历作出积极回应的并不仅限于最坚强或最勇敢的人。

实际上，大约半数与逆境抗争过的人都说他们的生活从此在某些方面有了改善。

3 诸如此类有关危机改变一生的发现有着可观的研究前景，这正是创伤后成长这一新学科的研究领域。

这一新兴领域已经证实了曾经被视为陈词滥调的一个真理:大难不死，意志弥坚。

创伤后压力绝不是唯一可能的结果。

在遭遇了即使最可怕的经历之后，也只有一小部分成年人会受到长期的心理折磨。

更常见的情况是，人们会恢复过来—甚至最终会成功发达。

4 那些经受住苦难打击的人是有关幸福悖论的生动例证:为了尽可能地过上最好的生活，我们所需要的不仅仅是愉悦的感受。

我们这个时代的人对幸福的追求已经缩小到只追求福气:一生没有烦恼，没有痛苦和困惑。

5 这种对幸福的平淡定义忽略了问题的主要方面—种富有意义的生活所带来的那种丰富、完整的愉悦。

那就是幸福背后隐藏的那种本质—是我们在明智的男男女女身上所欣赏到并渴望在我们自己生活中培育的那种不可言喻的品质。

事实证明，一些遭受苦难最多的人-他们被迫全力应付他们未曾预料到的打击，并重新思考他们生活的意义—或许对那种深刻的、给人以强烈满足感的人生经历(哲学家们过去称之为“美好生活”的探寻)最有发言权。

浙江大学专业学位研究生英语考试——翻译

(2)NO.1My father was not a sentimental man. I don’t remember him ever oohing or aahing over something I made as a child. Don’t get me wrong. I knew that my Dad loved me, but getting all mushy-eyed was not his thing. I learned that he showed me he loved me in other ways. There was one particular moment when this became real to me…我的父亲是一个多愁善感的人。

我不记得他曾经不住发出“喔”“啊”的喊叫声，像是我作为一个孩子。

不要误会我的意思。

我知道，我的爸爸是爱我的，但是流泪煽情不是他做的事情。

我知道他在其他方面告诉我他对我的爱。

这一点在一个特殊时刻真的发生在我身上了。

(2) NO.15I have a box in my home that I call the “Dad box”. In it are so many things that remind me of my Dad. I pull that picture out every once in a while and remember. I remember a promise that was made many years ago between a young man and his bride on their wedding day. And I remember the unspoken promise that was made between a father and his daughter…在家里，我有一个盒子，我称之为的“爸爸箱”。

研究生英语综合教程Unit five瑜伽原文及翻译

Unit Five“瑜伽”这个词源于梵语，意思是“结合”或“联合”，传统上瑜伽是一种把个人和神，万物之灵或无穷的意识联合在一起的方法。

为了帮助达到这个也被称为“自我超越”或“启蒙”的目的，设计了身体上和精神上的锻炼方法。

在身体上，设计了各种瑜伽姿势来使人的身体结实、强壮，有协调性，练习这些体位能使脊柱变得柔软健康，血液更通畅地到达各器官、腺或人体组织，从而使身体各系统更健康穹在精神上，瑜伽使用呼吸法和冥想使心境平和、澄净，精神得到很好的修养。

但是专家们很快指出瑜伽不是一种宗教，而是将健康与平和的心境结合在一起的一种生活方式。

1 Yoga originated in ancient India and is one of the longest surviving philosophical systems inthe world. Some scholars have estimated that yoga is as old as 5,000 years; artifacts detailing yoga postures have been found in India from over 3,000 B.C. Yogis claim that it is a highly developed science of healthy living that has been tested and perfected for all these years. Yoga was first brought to America in the late 1800s when Swami Vivekananda. an Indian teacher and yogi, presented a lecture on .meditation in Chicago. Yoga slowly began gaining followers, and flourished during the 1960s when there was a surge of interest in Eastern philosophy. There has since been a vast exchange of yoga knowledge in America, with many students going to India to study and many Indian experts coming here to teach, resulting in the establishment of a wide variety of schools.瑜伽在美国道格拉斯·多普勒1瑜伽起源于古印度，是世界上最古老的哲学体系之一。

研究生英语综合教程课文及翻译

1. Recently, one of us had the opportunity to speak with a medical student about a research rotation that the student was planning to do. She would be working with Dr. Z, who had given her the project of writing a paper for which he had designed the protocol, collected the data, and compiled the results. The student was to do a literature search and write the first draft of the manuscript. For this she would become first author on the final publication. When concerns were raised about the proposed project, Dr. Z was shocked. "l thought I was doing her a favor," he said innocently, "and besides, I hate writing!"2. Dr. Z is perhaps a bit naive. Certainly, most researchers would know that the student's work would not merit first authorship. They would know that "gift" authorship is not an acceptable research practice. However, an earlier experience in our work makes us wonder. Several years ago, in conjunction with the grant from the Fund for the Improvement of Pott Secondary Education (FIPSE), a team of philosophers and scientists at Dartmouth College 2 ran a University Seminar series for faculty on the topic "Ethical Issues in scientific Research."At one seminar, a senior researcher (let's call him Professor R) argued a similar position to that of Dr. Z. In this case Professor R knew that "gift" authorship, authorship without a significant research contribution, was an unacceptable research practice. However, he had a reason to give authorship to his student.The student had worked for several years on a project suggested by him and the project had yielded to publishable data. Believing that he had a duty to the student to ensure a publication, Professor R had given the student some data that he himself had collected and told the student to write it up. The student had worked hard, he said, albeit on another project, and the student would do the writing. Thus, he reasoned, the authorship was not a "gift."3. These two stories point up a major reason for encouraging courses in research ethics: Good intentions do not necessarily result in ethical decisions. Both of the faculty members in the above scenarios "meant well." In both cases, the faculty members truly believed that what they were doing was morally acceptable. In the first case, Dr. Z's indefensible error was that he was unaware of the conventions of the field.In particular, he seemed blissfully oblivious to the meaning of first authorship. In the second case, Professor R was do ng what he thought best for the student without taking into consideration that moral. ty is a public system and that his actions with regard to a single student have public consequences for the practice of science as a profession.4. Well-meaning scientists, such as those just mentioned, can, with the best of intentions, make unethical decisions. In some cases, such decisions may lead individuals to become embroiled in cases of misconduct. A course in research ethics can help such scientists to appreciate that it is their responsibility to know professional conventions as well as to understand the public nature of morality.1. 最近，我们当中的一员有机会与一名医科学生谈论她正计划要做的一个实验室轮转项目。

研究生英语精读课文翻译

Unit1 从能力到责任1当代的大学生对他们在社会中所扮演的角色的认识模糊不清。

他们致力于寻求在他们看来似乎是最现实的东西：追求安全保障，追逐物质财富的积累。

年轻人努力想使自己成人成才、有所作为，但他们对未来的认识还是很模糊的。

处于像他们这样前程未定的年龄阶段，他们该信仰什么?大学生一直在寻找真我的所在，寻找生活的意义。

一如芸芸众生的我们，他们也陷入了两难的境地。

一方面，他们崇尚奉献于人的理想主义，而另一方面，他们又经不住自身利益的诱惑，陷入利己主义的世界里欲罢不能。

2最终而言，大学教育素质的衡量取决于毕业生是否愿意为他们所处的社会和赖以生存的城市作出贡献。

尼布尔曾经写道：“一个人只有意识到对社会所负有的责任，他才能够认识到自身的潜力。

一个人如果一味地以自我为中心，他将会失去自我。

”本科教育必须对这种带有理想主义色彩的观念进行自我深省，使学生超越以自我为中心的观念，以诚相待，服务社会。

在这一个竞争激烈＼残酷的社会，人们期望大学生能报以正直、文明，，甚至富有同情心的人格品质去与人竞争，这是否已是一种奢望?人们期望大学的人文教育会有助于培养学生的人际交往能力，如今是否仍然适合?3毫无疑问，大学生应该履行公民的义务。

美国的教育必须立刻采取行动，使教育理所当然地承担起弥合公共政策与公众的理解程度之间的极具危险性且在日益加深的沟壑这一职责。

那些要求人们积极思考政府的议程并提供富于创意的意见的信息似乎越来越让我们感到事不关己。

所以很多人认为想通过公众的参与来解决复杂的公共问题已不再可能行得通。

设想，怎么可能让一些非专业人士去讨论必然带来相应后果的政府决策的问题，而他们甚至连语言的使用都存在困难?4核能的使用应该扩大还是削弱?水资源能保证充足的供应吗?怎样控制军备竞赛?大气污染的安全标准是多少?甚至连人类的起源与灭绝这样近乎玄乎的问题也会被列入政治议事日程。

5类似的一头雾水的感觉，公众曾经尝试过。

当他们试图弄懂有关“星球大战”的辩论的问题时，那些关于“威慑”与“反威慑”等高科技的专业术语，曾让公众一筹莫展。

西安电子科技大学研究生专业英语文献翻译大作业样例

A Simple Circular-to-Rectangular Waveguide TransitionEric L. Holzman, Senior Member, IEEEAbstract —We describe a novel one-step 11T E -mode circular waveguide to 10T E -mode rectangular waveguide transition. The primary advantage of this device over existing transitions is its ease of fabrication. We have incorporated our transition into a number of waveguide components operating at V-band. The transition’s measured return loss exceeds 15 dB over a 12% bandwidth c entered near 60 GHz.Index Terms —Circular waveguides, rectangular waveguides, waveguide junctions, waveguide transitions, waveguides.Ⅰ. INTRODUCTION①TRANSITIONS between metal electromagnetic waveguides of different cross sections are probably nearly as old as waveguides themselves. ②In particular, horn and reflector antennas often use circular waveguide feeds but require more standard rectangular waveguide for connection to the rest of the microwave system. ③A variety of methods exist for transforming between a circular waveguide propagating the 11T E mode and a rectangular waveguide propagating the mode. A gradualtransition, in which the rectangular cross section is transformed continuously over the length of the transition into a circular cross section, provides very low insertion loss and high return loss over a broad bandwidth, but is relatively long. ④The bandwidth of a stepped transition, in which the rectangular waveguide is matched to the circular waveguide via one or more intermediate structures of constant cross section, increases with the number of steps [1]–[5]. We also can butt the rectangular and circularwaveguides directly together with an iris at the junction for matching [6]. ⑤All these structures require a significant amount of precision machining, especially in the millimeter-wave bands, where the waveguide dimensions are small.We describe a simple, easy-to-implement, one-step transition for dominant mode circular to rectangular waveguide. ⑥The transition requires a single machining operation to fabricate. Our design appears to be novel.Ⅱ. CONCEPT⑦Fig. 1 shows a conventional one-step circular-to-rectangular waveguide transition, much like that described in [5]. Typically, the step is the output of the component with the circular waveguide. ⑧The circular waveguide has a diameter that is greater than the height of standard rectangular waveguide if we are to operate at least 10% above the 11T E mode cutoff frequency. ⑨Thus, to machine a one-step transition out of a block of metal, the circular waveguide is drilled from one end a precisely controlled depth, leaving exactly enough distance to machine the transition step from the other end of the block.Ourtransition, shownin Fig. 2, is much simpler to fabricate. We drill the circular waveguide completely through the metal block fromeitherside. Then we machine the transition slot to the desired end of the block in a single operation. ⑩This transitioncan even be addedasan“after-thought” to structures that were created without one.⑪Because the circular waveguide diameter is greater than the step height, the transition cross-sectional structure is a complex shape, perturbed by the circular waveguide as shown in Fig. 2(b). However, with available three-dimensional(3-D) numericalelec- tromagnetic simulators and optimizers, we easily can select the transition length and cross-sectional dimensions for the optimum impedance match and lowest insertion loss.The transition in Fig. 2 is sized to operate from 57 to 64 GHz.⑫ For this frequency range, we use WR-15 rectangular waveguide,0.148 in wide and 0.074 in high with aT E mode cutoff frequency of 39.9 GHz. ⑬Full radius WR-15 waveguide, shown in 10Fig. 2(a), is easier to machine, and its width of 164 mils makes it electrically equivalent to the standard waveguide. Our transition will operate with either waveguide. The circular waveguide has aT E mode cutoff frequency of 49.1 GHz.11⑭The next higher order mode, theT M mode, cuts off at 64.1 GHz.01Ⅲ. PERFORMANCEWe have built many of the V-band transitions shown in Fig. 2 and used them on horn antennas, transmitters, and receivers. Fig. 3 shows a photograph of an actual transition. We used computer simulation technology’s (CST) microwave studio to de- sign and analyze the transition, and the predicted and measured input match are shown in Fig. 4. In addition, the predicted performance of a conventional one-step transition (see Fig. 1) is shown for comparison. We measured the transition’s return loss with a WR-15 scalar analyzer. The test fixture consisted of a well-matched circular waveguide horn with the transition machined at its input. We loaded the horn with a crude taper made from foam absorber. The transition’s measured return loss is greater than 15 dB over a 12% bandwidth centered near 60 GHz. The frequency shift of the return loss maximum and overall decrease in return loss are caused by our imperfect V-band load.⑮To understand the impact of machining tolerances better, we performed some tolerance analyses with our simulation software. We observed a roughly 200-MHz change in passband center frequency per 0.001-in change in slot height. The center frequency changed about half as much per 0.001-in change in slot width. In both cases, there was essentially no change to the depth of the return loss null at the band center. ⑯The most sensitive dimension is the depth of the slot, which shifts the passband about 250 MHz higher per 0.001-in decrease.Because higher order rectangular waveguide modes are above cutoff within the slot transition, and the circular waveguideT M propagates above 64 GHz, we01performed simulations to study E- and H-plane misalignment of the WR-15 waveguide relative to the slot transition and circular waveguide, which were kept perfectly aligned. Misalignment along the H-plane (width of slot) slightly perturbs the center frequency of the passband, about 70 MHz increase per 0.001-in offset. Mis-alignment in the E-plane is more deleterious, with the primary effect being the occurance of a low return loss resonance at 59.3 GHz. WR-15 waveguides are precision aligned with dowel pins, and with these in place we observed no resonance in our measurement (see Fig. 4). However, when we removed the dowel pins and intentionally misaligned the transition and WR-15 test waveguide, we measured the resonance in the return loss at 58.9 GHz.Ⅳ.CONCLUSIONWe have described a novel, single-step, simple to fabricate circular waveguide to rectangular waveguide transition. The transition has the same bandwidth as a conventional single-step transition. It requires a single machining operation to construct and can be added as an “after-thought” to structures that were created without a transition.REFERENCES[1]G. Spinner and L. Treczka, “Waveguide transition,” U.S. Patent 3 686 589, Aug. 22, 1972.[2]M. Schneider, “Coupling for two electromagnetic waveguides with dif- ferent cross-sectional shapes,” U.S. Patent 5 886 588, Mar. 23, 1999.[3]S. Stuchly and A. Kraszewski, “Wide-band rectangular to circular wave- guide mode and impedance transformer,” IEEE Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 379–380, May 1965.[4]U. Rosenberg, J. Bornemann, and K. Rambabu, “Analysis and design offlange-integrated rectangular-to-circular waveguide transformers for splashplate antenna feeds,” in Proc. 32nd Eur. Microwave Conf., Milan, Italy, Sep. 2002, pp. 601–604.[5]M. Mongiardo and C. Tomassoni, “Modal analysis of discontinuities between elliptical waveguides,” IEEE Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 597–605, Apr. 2000.[6]C. Fischer, “Radar rotary joint,” U.S. Patent 4 654 613, Mar. 31, 1987.一、语言点①as old as比较级，表示和...一样老②介词for表目的，the rest of...表示剩余的...③propagating动名词作定语修饰前面的waveguide④in which引导的定语从句，说明前面的transition⑤where引导的定语从句，进一步说明前面的东西⑥machining动名词作定语，介词to表目的⑦much like that described in作插入语补充说明，that代词指代前面的东西⑧greater than...比较级用法，表示比...大⑨leaving distance动名词短语作状语，后面的to不定式表目的⑩that引导的定语从句⑪ as shown...如...所示，shown过去分词表示被动⑫介词for表示因为...⑬shown过去分词作定语，表被动⑭theT M mode同位语说明前面的mode01⑮ to不定式表目的⑯the depth of... 表示...的深度二、翻译：1、④The bandwidth of a stepped transition, in which the rectangular waveguide is matched to the circular waveguide via one or more intermediate structures of constant cross section, increases with the number of steps.当矩形波导通过一个或多个等截面中间结构与圆波导匹配时，阶跃过渡的带宽随阶跃次数的增加而增加。

高等学校研究生英语系列教材-综合教程(上)熊海虹-B篇课文翻译Unit-1

Lawyers practice a difficult and demanding profession.They expect to be well compensated. In thinking about what that means,it can help to consider the basic question,"why do we work?"Samuel Johnson supplied an obvious answer when he famously observed,"No man but a blockhead ever wrote,except for money." But I am not being paid to write this article,and instead of labeling myself a blockhead,let me refer to the insight of eminent psychologist Theodor Reik:"Work and love--these are the basics.Without them there is neurosis."律师行业是一种困难而高要求的职业。

他们期望好的回报。

通过思考它的含义,可以帮助考虑那个基本问题,“我们为什么工作?”塞缪尔·约翰逊曾经在他的一个著名的评论中给出一个明确的回答,“除了傻瓜没有人写道,除了钱什么都行。

”但是我没有打算通过写这篇文章赚钱,并不意味这我将自己标签为一个傻子,正如著名心理学家的见解所说:“工作和爱情都是最基本的。

不需要他们的是神经病”。

Why do we work?For money,but also for sanity. We expect and need to be compensated in nonmonetary ways. Noneconomic compensation matters to top-flight lawyers--otherwise,they would have long ago fled to investment banks. Law firms that want to recruit and retain the best (and the sanest) must compensate not only in dollars but also in psychic gratification. Accordingly,managers of elite firms need to think consciously about what lawyers are looking for beyond money. Here are some key noneconomic element of compensation.我们为什么工作?为了钱,也为了明智。

研究生综合英语第二版曾建彬主编课文翻译Unit1

Unit one英语简史保罗·罗伯茨想要掌握英语这门语言就必须了解英语的历史，然而对此我们只能做到略有所知。

因为英语的历史漫长而复杂，我们只能抓住其发展过程中的几个关键时期。

英语的历史起源于公元600年之后，而对于公元600年之前的英语史前阶段，我们只能揣测而无法证实。

公元前1000年左右，英语民族的祖先(盎格鲁一撒克逊人)生活在北欧森林之中，他们的语言属于印欧语系中的日耳曼语支。

这些盎格鲁撤克逊人是如何迁移到英格兰的，对此我们知之甚少。

然而据我们所知，在很长一段时间内盎格鲁人、撒克逊人、朱特人一直在为巩固他们在英格兰的定居地而战。

他们与凯尔特人的战争持续了100多年，直到英格兰境内的凯尔特人不是被杀，就是被迫流亡到威尔士或沦为奴隶。

这就是亚瑟王时期。

亚瑟王不完全是一个传说人物，他是个受过罗马文明影响的凯尔特人，是一位将领，或许不是一位国王。

他也曾打败过盎格鲁撤克逊人，但只是一时的胜利。

到了公元550年前后，盎格鲁一撤克逊人才最终定居下来。

英语从此也在英格兰落脚。

我们习惯上把英语的历史分为三个阶段：古英语时期，中世纪英语时期和现代英语时期。

古英语时期从最早的历史记载即公元7世纪到大约1100年；中世纪英语时期从1100年到1450或1500年；现代英语时期从1500年至今。

现代英语也可以再分为早期现代英语(1500年到1700年)和后期现代英语(1700年至今)。

根据最早的历史记戴，当时的英格兰分裂为几个相对自治的王国。

在一定时期，其中的某一个王国对其他王国实行一定程度的统治。

公元6世纪，实力最强大的诺森伯里亚王国取得了令人瞩目的发展，达到了全欧洲最发达的文明程度。

也是在这一时期产生了包括贝奥武夫史诗这样的古英语时期最杰出的文学作品。

到公元8世纪，诺森伯里亚王国衰落了，势力中心向南转移到英格兰中部的麦西亚王国。

一个世纪后，势力中心又转移到位于西撒克逊的威萨克斯，威萨克斯成为实力最强的王国。

专业学位研究生英语

专业学位研究生英语English:A professional degree for a graduate student typically refers to a specialized graduate-level degree that is designed to prepare students for a specific profession or career. Unlike academic degrees, professional degrees are more focused on developing practical skills and specialized knowledge necessary for a particular field. Examples of professional degrees include Master of Business Administration (MBA), Master of Social Work (MSW), Doctor of Medicine (MD), and Juris Doctor (JD). These degrees are often sought after by individuals who are looking to advance their careers in fields such as business, law, healthcare, and social work. In addition to coursework, professional degree programs may also include internships, practicums, or clinical experiences to provide students with real-world training and experience.中文翻译:研究生的专业学位通常指的是一种专业的研究生级别学位，旨在为学生在特定职业或职业生涯中做好准备。

研究生学术综合英语1-6课课文及翻译

Presenting a speech（做演讲）Of all human creations, language may be the most remarkable. Through在人类所有的创造中，语言也许是影响最为深远的。

我们用语言language we share experience, formulate values, exchange ideas, transmit来分享经验，表达(传递？)价值观，交换想法，传播知识，knowledge, and sustain culture. Indeed, language is vital to think itself. 传承文化。

事实上，对语言本身的思考也是至关重要的。

[Contrary topopular belief], language | does not simply mirror reality butalso helps to create our sense of reality [by giving meaning to events].和通常所认为的不同的是，语言并不只是简单地反映现实，语言在具体描述事件的时候也在帮助我们建立对现实的感知。

——语序的调整。

Good speakers have respect for language and know how it works. Words are the toolsof a speaker?s craft. They have special uses, just like the tools of any other profession.As a speaker, you should be aware of the meaning of words and know how to uselanguage accurately, clearly,vividly,and appropriately.好的演讲者对语言很重视，也知道如何让它发挥更好的效果。

北外研究生入学考试英语专业英语翻译2000[试卷+答案]

北京外国语大学2000年研究生入学考试试卷英语翻译专业I.Translate the following sentences into Chinese.Explain what translation technique you use in translating the italicized parts and give your reasons in one or two sentences.（30%）1.She lived and died a virgin.2.There is a wonderful universe out there that you couldn’t even begin to dream about.3.Some of them suggested there might be a diplomatic price to pay4.The wait got the best of me,and I left my husband holding our place while I looked for a seat.5.The budget battle was a nail-biter for President Clinton and the two Democrats shepherding the bill through Congress.6.You are telling me.7.A big elephant is no more animal than a little cat is8.Jane’s kindly and gentle nature could not but revolt at her sister’s callous behavior.9.The line outside the stock exchange was filled with excited talkers and check writers.10.Today well lived makes every yesterday a memory of happiness and very tomorrow a vision of hope.Ⅱ.Translate the following two passages into Chinese:（30%）1.The opening of doors is a mystic act:it has in it some flavor of the unknown,some sense of moving into a new moment,a new pattern of the human rigmarole*.It includes the highest glimpses of mortal gladness:reunions,reconciliation’s,the bliss of lovers long parted.Even in sadness,the opening of a door may bring relief:it changes and redistributes human forces.But the closing of door is far more terrible.It is a confession of finality.Every door closed brings something to an end.And there are degrees of sadness in the closing of doors.A door slammed is a confession of weakness.A door gently shut is often the most tragic gesture in life.Every one knows the seizure of anguish that comes after the closing of a door,when the loved one is still near,within sound of voice,and yet already far away.*Rigmarole:an elaborate or complicated procedure2.If language were simply a nomenclature for a set of universal concepts,it would be easy to translate from one language to another.One would simply replace the French name for a concept with the English name.If language were like this the task of learning a new language would also be much easier than it is.But anyone who has attempted either of these tasks has acquired,alas,a vast amount of direct proof that languages are not nomenclatures,that the concepts…of one language differ radically from those of another…Each language articulates or organizes the world nguages do not simply name existing categories,they articulate their own.Ⅲ.Translate the following sentences into English:（20%）1．这孩子不太听话。

研究生综合英语第二版曾建彬主编课文翻译Unit3

Unit3科学研究的方法托马斯·亨利·赫胥黎科学研究的方法只是人类大脑工作必然方式的体现而已。

简言之，一切现象通过这一方式被加以分析，从而变得清晰而准确。

科研工作者的大脑运作与普通人的并无太大区别。

两者之间的区别和烘焙师或屠夫在普通磅秤上称他的货品时的操作方法与化学家通过天平和精细分级的砝码进行困难而复杂的分析的区别是一样的。

这并不是一个秤的活动部件和另一个部件在构造原理或工作方式上相异，而是其中一个秤的梁被置于更加精细的轴上，所以稍微增加一点重量，这个天平当然就会发生倾斜。

我给你举一个耳热能详的例子，也许你对此便能更好地理解。

我敢说，你常常听人说，从事科学工作的人们通过归纳和演绎的方法进行工作。

从某种意义上来说，他们通过这些方式从自然界中提取出被称为自然法则的东西，而从这些自然法则中，他们又靠着自己的某些巧计提出假设和建立理论学说。

很多人认为普通人的大脑运作无法与科学从业人员的这些思维过程相提并论，只有通过特别的训练方能练就这些本领。

听了这些夸张之词，你会认为科研人员大脑的构成一定不同于其他人，然而如果你不会被那些专业术语唬住，你会发现你的想法是错误的。

你生命中的每一天，每一个小时都在运用所有这些看似令人敬畏的思维模式。

莫里哀的一个戏剧中有这样著名的一幕，作者让那个得知自己一生都在用散文讲话的主商表达难以制的喜悦。

同样，我相信当你发现你的一切行为都一直在依据归纳与演绎方法进行，一定也会喜不自禁。

或许在座的各位没有人不会在一天的时光里进行一连串复杂的推理活动，这些推理活动正如科研人员在探索自然现象的原因时所经历的那样，类型是一样的，尽管程度上有异。

一个微不足道的例子便能说明这一点。

假设你走进一家水果店，想要一只苹果，你拿起一只苹果，咬了一口，你发现是酸的，你看了看，发现苹果又硬又绿。

你拿起另一只苹果，结果这一只也是又硬又绿又酸。

店员给了你第三只苹果，在咬下去之前，你观察了一番，发现这只苹果又硬又绿，你立刻说你不要了，因为这只苹果一定就像你前面尝过的苹果一样，是酸的。

研究生英语课文翻译

Unit 8 The Business World as Hunting GroundIII. VocabularyA1. come by2. zenith3. obliterate4. in the nick of time5. falsifying6. slips of the tongue7. perseverance8. bracket9.on the watch10.marking timeB1. demotion2.humiliation3.retiring4.cold-bloodedly5.transparent6. becomingly7.spurred8.prestige9.preferred 10.pityC1. D2. C3. B4. A5. A6. A7. B8. C9. D 10. BIV. Cloze1. avoided2. brought3. job4. guilt5. insisting6. adventure7. away8. inside9. staffed 10. being11. drive 12. unjust 13. reformers 14. therefore 15. What16. back 17. emancipation 18. because 19. it 20. whenV. TranslationA.工作对于男人来说，生死攸关。

通常说来，他踏入社会的最初几年具有决定意义。

任何男人到了25岁如果在人生道路上尚未取得显赫的成就，那无论怎么说，都可被视为无药可救了。

在这个阶段，他的各种能力都正在发展，他与竞争对手的争斗是一种殊死搏斗。

在工作友情的面具下，他密切注视着任何一位同事身上显示出的任何优势，一有优势出现，他就会焦虑不安。

如果他关注的这个同事显示出软弱或优柔寡断的迹象，他会立刻加以利用。

然而，人仅仅是一台巨大工作机器上的一个小零件，实际上他自己处处受剥削。

研究生英语精读教程(第三版上)--课文翻译及课后题解答

Unit one你认为自己是什么样的人，那你就是什么样的人如果你改变想法——从悲观变为乐观——你就可以改变自己的生活卡勒普-撒弗兰[ 1 ] 你看酒杯是半杯有酒而不是半杯空着的吗?你的眼睛是盯着炸面圈，而不是它中间的孔吗? 当研究者们自细观察积极思维的作用时，这些陈辞滥调突然问都成了科学问题。

[ 2 ] 迅速增多的大量研究工作——迄今已有104个研究项目，涉及大约15 000人——证明乐观的态度可以使你更快乐、更健康、更成功。

与此相反，悲观则导致无望、疾病以及失败，并与沮丧、孤独及令人苦恼的腼腆密切相关。

位于休斯敦莱斯大学的心理学家克雷格·A·安德森说：“如果我们能够教会人们更积极地思考，那就如同为他们注射了预防这些心理疾病的疫苗。

”[ 3 ]“你的能力固然重要，”匹兹堡的卡内基一梅降大学的心理学家迈克尔·F·沙伊尔说，“但你成功的信念影响到你是否真能成功，”在某种程度上，这是由于乐观者和悲观者以截然不同的方式对待同样的挑战和失望。

[ 4 ] 以你的工作为例。

宾夕法尼亚大学的心理学家马丁·E·P·塞利棉曼与同事彼得·舒尔曼在一项重要研究中对大都市人寿保险公司的推销员进行了广泛调察。

他们发现，存工龄较长的推销员中，积极思考比消极思考者要多推销37％的保险额。

机新雇用的推销员中，乐观主义者则多销了20％。

[ 5 ] 公司受到了触动，便雇用了100名虽未通过标准化企业测试但在态度乐观一项得分很高的人。

这些本来可能根本不会被雇用的人售出的保险额高出推销员的平均额10％。

[ 6 ] 他们是如何做的呢？据塞利格曼说，乐观主义者成功的秘诀就在于他的“解释方式”。

出了问题之后，悲观主义者倾向于自责。

他说：“我不善于做这种事，我总是失败。

”乐观主义者则寻找漏洞，他责怪天气、抱怨电话线路、或者甚至怪罪别人。

他认为，是那个客户当时情绪不好。

研究生英语(探索版)课文翻译

旅行通用语1 数十年来，法兰西语言研究院一直捍卫着法语的尊严。

几年前，由于法国人对英语词汇的入侵非常敏感，该机构颁布了净化法语的法律，其内容甚至涉及专业术语。

就拿波音747来说吧，现在法国人必须用法语词gors-porteur；表示出租的leasing也变成了credit-bail，此类例子不胜枚举，触及生活的方方面面。

法国总统希拉克很可能会继续加大力度，直至连英特网internet和字节流（信息组）byte stream 之类的词也找到相应的法语新词。

哎，真不知未来的法语会变成什么样。

2 不幸的是（或许并非不幸），英语没有受到如此的保护。

在美国，随处可见严重偏离英国标准英语的美式英语。

“honour”普遍被写成“honor”, “night”也变成了“nite”。

许多词意广为人知的英式英语单词被赋予新的解释，交流也变得有些困难。

比如说，汽车的行李箱“boot”变成了“trunk”（一个在英国指代树干的单词）；引擎盖“bonnet”变成了“hood”（英式英语中的风帽）；老式婴儿尿布“nappy”变成了“diaper”（英式英语中的菱格花纹织物）；婴儿小外套“matinee ja cket”也变成了“vest”（英国的内衣汗衫）。

显而易见，两国英语曾同出一源，而如今却将两国彼此隔离。

当然了，按美国人的观点，是英国人的语言表达出了问题。

3 实际使用中，甚至还有更糟的英语呢！只要你在外国旅游并注意一下菜单、海报、旅店、甚至当地日常生活中的英语，就可以证明过去的标准用语在这些地方已变得不伦不类，让我详例如下：4 旅行作家波洛.菲利浦曾不异笔墨地渲染自己的几番经历，我觉得该有更多的读者了解一下。

他提及某份荷兰的灯泡目录，上面对用户承诺有“a speedy execution”—快速处死（毫无疑问，候表达的应是“送货及时”）。

此外，东柏林的一个衣帽间告示要求客人“please hang yourself here”—请在这儿吊死自己（本想说的是“将衣帽挂在这儿”）。