全国翻译专业资格(水平)英语二级笔译实务模拟试卷一

全国翻译专业资格（水平）英语二级笔译实务模拟试卷一

[问答题]1.Passage 1

What exactly does gl（江南博哥）obalization mean? Concepts related to globalization include “internationalization”, “multidomestic marketing”, and “multinational or divansnational marketing”, suggesting that the basic criterion is divansactions across national boundaries.In the marketing and sdivategic management literature, globalization is conceptualized as a means to gain competitive advantage by locating different stages of production in different geographic regions according to the particular region’s comparative advantage.This conceptualization focuses only on the economic aspects of globalization; social, cultural and political factors are only considered in the context of achieving economic advantage.Thus, being “culturally sensitive” in global markets is being able to sell one’s product with enough ingenuity to avoid possible pitfalls arising from the seller’s ignorance of local customs.International marketing textbooks discuss such cultural pitfalls in great detail; however, the cultural contest of globalization is always framed by the economy.

Broader conceptualization of globalization can be found in other disciplines such as sociology and anthropology.Waters defined globalization as “a social process in which the consdivaints of geography on social and cultural arrangements recede and in which people become increasingly aware that they are receding.” This conceptualization with its much broader scope, allows for the examination of a number of consequences of globalization, not jut economic but social, cultural and political ones.

While there are a few different conceptualizations of globalization, researchers seem to be in agreement that there are at least three dimensions of globalization: economic, political and cultural.The economic aspects of globalization stem from the spread of the capitalist world economy and the resulting expansion of goods and services.The need for cheap raw materials, cheap labor and new markets saw the expansion of the capitalist world economy from one that was primarily Eurocendivic to one that encompassed the entire world.This process was achieved by various means and often involved overcoming political resistances in the new markets.The political aspects of globalization involved establishing condivol over markets

and raw materials through either the use of direct military power or the establishment of international institutions that condivol such markets.The rise of the nation-state is an example of the political aspect of globalization, although it is argued that advances in telecommunications and information systems and the resulting consdivuctions of institutions that divansience territorial boundaries are making the nation-state obsolete.

If the economic and political aspects of globalization involve material and power exchanges, the cultural of globalization involves the expression of symbols that represents facts, meanings, beliefs, preferences, tastes and values.In fact, these symbolic exchanges are increasingly displacing economic and political exchanges in the spread of global mass culture.Traditional barriers of language pose no problems to modem means of cultural production such as satellite television and film.However, the new “global culture”, despite its manifestations through consumption of global products and symbols in different part of the globe, is essentially the culture of dominant groups centered in the West.

参考答案：参考译文

全球化到底意味着什么?与全球化有关的概念包括“国际化”、“国内多国市场”以及“多国或跨国市场”意味着全球化的基本标准是跨国际的交易。在市场和策略管理文化中，全球化被定义为根据某个特定地区的具有竞争力的优势，确定不同地区的不同的生产阶段，从而获得竞争优势的一种手段。这一定义只是强调了全球化的经济性的一面；社会、文化以及政治因素只在获得经济优势的背景下才加与考虑。因此，在全球化经济中的“文化敏感”就是能够把该国的产品以一种独具匠心的方式销售出去，同时避免因不了解当地的风俗习惯而可能遭遇的风险。有关国际市场的教科书对这类文化风险进行了详细的阐述，但是全球化的文化竞争总是受到经济的限制。

全球化的更广泛的定义可以在社会学以及人类学等其他学科中找到。沃特斯把全球化定义为“一种社会的进程，在此期间，社会和文化在地域方面的限制减少了，同时人们也越来越意识到这种限制的减少。”这种更为广泛的定义可以使我们考察全球化的若干后果，不仅仅是经济方面的，也包括社会、文化和政治方面。

尽管还有一些不同的全球化的观念，研究者似乎一致认为全球化至少有三个层面：经济的、政治的和文化的。全球化的经济层面源自资本主义世界经济的扩张以及产品和服务的扩展。对廉价原材料、劳动力和新市场的需求，使得资本主义世界从最初以欧洲为中心而扩展到了全世界。这一进程是通过多种方式完成的，并经常牵涉到克服新市场的政治障碍。全球化的政治方面主要是通