托福阅读：增强“同义转换”的练习量

【托福阅读：增强“同义转换”的练习量】重视托福阅读中“同义转换”的练习量：我们的托福考试中，阅读部分句子和段落结构的要求是非常重要的，但是对于很多不涉及段落和复杂句子结构的题目来说，同学们容易错在与同义转换有关的表达上。

毋庸置疑，我们的托福考试中，阅读部分句子和段落结构的要求是非常重要的，但是对于很多不涉及段落和复杂句子结构的题目来说，同学们容易错在与同义转换有关的表达上。

这些在题目定位和答案上出现的同义转换占据同学们错题很大的比例，包括细节题，排除题，句子简化题，修辞目的题等众多题型。

这一次主要来谈谈前两个方面同义改写，希望在练习的思路上能帮助大家。

(1) 同义转换在细节题定位时细节题的思路我们已经清楚，我们都把问题分成两部分：找的部分和答案的部分。

比如在生态系统的一篇文章中有个题目which of the following principles of ecosystems can be learned by studying a pond?题目的部分是which of the following principles can be learned，定位的部分by studying a pond。

再根据关键点去定位，关键词定位或者关键主干定位。

定位的时候我们根据关键词，问什么找什么，但很多同学有个习惯，根据题目中出现的词的“频率”去找原文句子，这是第一步错误原因，因为定位不准确(我们需要根据问的事情去定位，很多同学阅读题目的时候没看清楚问的是什么事情的什么问题，有目标的找答案);第二步进一步错误再根据“可能的相关答案”中和原文句子里面词汇“有重复的词”去找“貌似答案”…这样就容易出现问题，因为错误在于定位的时候不是根据问的问题来定的位。

简单的题目比如例一：难度*Even in the areas that retain a soil cover, the reduction of vegetation typically results in the loss of the soil's ability to absorb substantial quantities of water. The impact of raindrops on the loose soil tends to transfer fine clay particles into the tiniest soil spaces, sealing them and producing a surface that allows very little water penetration. Water absorption is greatly reduced; consequently runoff is increased, resulting in accelerated erosion rates. The gradual drying of the soil caused by its diminished ability to absorb water results in the further loss of vegetation, so that a cycle of progressive surface deterioration is established. •7. According to paragraph 3, the loss of natural vegetation has which of the following consequences for soil?•○Increased stony content•○Reduced water absorption•○Increased numbers of spaces in the soil•○Reduced water runoff题目还是分成两部分：①找的是loss of natural vegetation②问的是结果，我们只用这一个点loss of natural vegetation定位就可以了，去找原文的时候就能自然定位到第一句的后半句the reduction of vegetation typically results in the loss of the soil's ability to absorb substantial quantities of water.答案就是the loss of the soil's ability to absorb substantial quantities of water，选B就可以了，因为答案也几乎是原文的。

可是遇到这种题目的话例二：难度**In contrast to mammals and birds, amphibians are unable to produce thermal energy through their metabolic activity, which would allow them to regulate their body temperature independent of the surrounding or ambient temperature. However, the idea that amphibians have no control whatsoever over their bodytemperature has been proven false because their body temperature does not always correspond to the surrounding temperature. While amphibian are poor thermoregulators, they do exercise control over their body temperature to a limited degree.1. According to paragraph 1, what indicated that amphibians have some control over their body temperature?¡Amphibians can regulate their metabolic rates to generate energy.¡Amphibians use the same means of thermoregulation as mammals and birds do.¡The body temperature of amphibians sometimes differs from the temperature of their surroundings.¡The body temperature of amphibians is independent of their metabolic activity.这个题目分成了定位部分和amphibians have some control over their body temperature和问题部分：what indicate;先看定位：直接找amphibians能控制体温是没有原文的直接描述，但是有这么一句话the idea that amphibians have no control whatsoever over their body temperature has been proven false，也就是说，这句话说两栖动物不能控制体温的思想是错误的，也就是我们要的能控制体温的同义转换。

因此这时候答案就好找了，必然是后一句的because their body temperature does not always correspond to the surrounding temperature.体温往往和周围环境温度不一致，正确答案选C.这种问题类型大量存在，说明有时候，问的问题往往需要进行一个同义转换的说法才能找到相关语句。

再看难度继续加大一些的，这时候关键词上升到概念相关的定位了：例三：难度***Paragraph 5: Spartina was transported to Washington State in packing materials for oysters transplanted from the east coast in 1894. Leaving its insect predators behind, the cordgrass has been spreading slowly and steadily alongWashington’s tidal estuaries on the west coast, crowding out the native plants and drastically altering the landscape by trapping sediment. Spartina modifies tidal mudflats, turning them into high marshes inhospitable to the many fish and waterfowl that depend on the mudflats. It is already hampering the oyster harvest and the Dungeness crab fishery, and it interferes with the recreational use of beaches and waterfronts. Spartina has been transplanted to England and to New Zealand for land reclamation and shoreline stabilization. In New Zealand the plant has spread rapidly, changing mudflats with marshy fringes to extensive salt meadows and reducing the number and kinds of birds and animals that use the marsh.9.According to paragraph 5, Spartina negatively affects wildlife in estuaries byO trapping fish and waterfowl in sedimentO preventing oysters from transplanting successfullyO turning mudflats into high marshes and salt meadowsO expanding the marshy fringes of salt meadows这个题目我们还是用基础的细节题思路，把题目分成两部分，定位和问题。