土地资源管理专业 论文外文文献及译文

土地资源管理

本科毕业论文

外文文献及译文

文献题目：Rural and Urban Land Development and Land Tenure Systems：A Comparison between South Africa

and Botswana

外文文献:

RURAL AND URBAN LAND DEVELOPMENT AND LAND TENURE SYSTEMS：A COMPARISON BETWEEN SOUTH AFRICA

AND BOTSWANA

Susan Bouillon

Legal Advisor：City Council of Pretoria

INTRODUCTION

Franklin D。Roosevelt once said that ‘Every person who invests in land near a growing city，adopts the surest and safest method of becoming independent, for land is the basis of wealth。’

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the rural and urban land development and land tenure systems of South Africa and Botswana, and to explain their contributions to urban sustainability.

DEVELOPMENT PLANNING IN BOTSWANA

Botswana is located at the centre of the South African plateau, and is bordered by South Africa on the south and southeast, Zimbabwe on the northeast and Namibia on the west and northwest. Approximately 23％of the population is in urban areas and 77％in rural areas。Botswana has a rich tribal culture，and therefore it is not surprising that the Botswana legal system consists of local tribal courts，which adjudicate traditional matters and Tribal Land Boards, which rule on land use matters in tribal lands and traditional villages. Town Councils rule on land use matters in urban areas。

The government of Botswana has adopted a system of development planning which has coped relatively well compared with other African countries. Development planning involves the preparation of land use plans for both urban

and rural areas. The practice in Botswana is that the public is made aware of the implications of land use plans before land is zoned for various uses。Public awareness and participation is ensured by giving land users an opportunity to select preferred land use options from a range of options determined through the evaluation of physical and economic suitability of land resources （bottom-up approach）。

PROPERTY RIGHTS AND LAND TENURE IN BOTSWANA It is the policy of the Government that all citizens should have easy and equal access to land。In order to realize this, three land tenure systems have been put in place. Tribal land covers 71% of the total land area of the country. It is allocated to citizens free of charge for all types of uses。State land is owned by the state and comprises 23％of the total area. Most of this land is used as National Parks，or Forest and Game Reserves within which no settlements are permitted. However，a small percentage of this land is allocated for residential purposes，particularly in urban centers. Freehold land comprises only 6% of the total area and is privately owned. Most of the government policies to date are therefore directed at tribal land.

RURAL LAND

Prior to independence, Botswana had established traditional ways of allocating and managing tribal land and its resources through chiefs and communities. Soon after independence，the authority to allocate tribal land was shifted from the chiefs to the Tribal Land Boards which were established by the Tribal Land Act，but the management of the resources remains the responsibility of the users and their communities。According to this act，almost 71％of the available land is