文献阅读翻译

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收藏知乎网友总结的23种英文文献翻译软件,助力文献阅读

01搜狗翻译搜狗翻译的文档翻译功能有三个优点：第一，可以直接上传文档，流程操作简单化，这才是一键翻译哇，我之前只能说是很多键……；第二，在线阅读翻译结果时，系统可实时提供原文与译文的双屏对照，方便对比查看；第三，译文可直接免费下载，方便进一步研读或分享。

02Google Chrome浏览器假设一个情景，你想在PubMed上找到以清华大学为第一单位的施一公教授的文章，那么，可以在Chrome浏览器上，登上PubMed，搜索格式为Yigong Shi Tsinghua University，即可找到其发表的文章。

接着，看上一篇蛮不错的，点击进去看看，然后，还是全英文。

这时候，你可以试下Chrome自带的网页翻译，真的可以秒翻译，将英文翻译为中文，而且还可以快速转换中/英界面。

03Adobe Acrobat笔者在这里给大伙介绍另一款秒翻译PDF文档的神器（笔者使用的Adobe Acrobat Pro DC，至于具体的下载和安装方式，读者可自行百度）。

但是，需要注意一点，这是Adobe Acrobat，而不是Adobe Reader。

在这里，请应许笔者介绍下开发出Adobe Acrobat的公司——Adobe。

Adobe，在软件界绝对是巨头中巨头的存在。

打个比方，我们常用的PS、PR、AE、In、LR等，无一例外都是领域中的顶尖水平，而且都是Adobe家的。

其中，Adobe家中就有一款几位出色的PDF编辑及处理软件——Adobe Acrobat。

（据说PDF作为国际通用的文件存储格式，也是依它而起）OK，进入主题，Adobe Acrobat是长这个样子的。

它可能干嘛呢？PDF 转word、图片合拼为PDF、编辑PDF等等，可以说，与PDF相关的，它都可以搞定。

那如何使用它来帮助我们翻译文献PDF呢？第一步，用它打开文献PDF文件；第二步，点击使用界面上的“文件”，接着点击“另存为”，选择存储格式为“HTML”，如下图；第三步，PDF文档在导出完成后，会得到两个文件，一是将PDF转为HTML格式的网页文件，另一个则是支持网页文件里面的图片（若删，网页里面的图片显示不出来）第四步，找到网页文件，打开方式选择Google Chrome浏览器，接着，结合Chrome浏览器的网页翻译，即可秒翻。

Unit2文献阅读与翻译第二章

ping the original meaning either from specific to general or from concrete to abstract, and vice versa. Eg.bottleneck 瓶颈-交通狭口-阻塞 brain trust 脑托拉斯-智囊团 Substitution:replacing English idioms with Chinese idiomatic expressions of the same meaning according to different situations. Eg.to kill sb. as an example 杀一儆百 Explanation Eg.mindlessness 思想上的浑浊状态
Eg.1:Tension is building up.
形势紧张起来。张力在增大。电压在增加。压力在增强。 ……

Eg.2: the English word of story
This war is becoming the most important story of this generation. (事件) It is quite another story now, for the leadership has changed. (情况) Some reporters who were not included in the session broke the story. (内情) A young man came to a police officer’s office with a story.

(3)Judging from the Context and Collocation

科技文献阅读和翻译

• • • • • • • • •
3. Webs for translating a. / b. / 4. the best webs for dictionary A. / B. / C. / D. / E. /
科技论文标题的写法
二、介词词组介词词组由介词十名词或名词词组构成。如果整个标题就是一个介词词组的话，一般这个介词是 “ on” ，意思是 “对……的研究”。例如： From Knowledge Engineering to Knowledge Management (介词词组+介词词组) On the correlation between working memory capacity and performance on intelligence tests
学术论文的英文写作简介
(2) 关于建议可用如下表达方式。
① It is advantageous to (do) ② It should be realized (emphasized, stressed, noted, pointed out ) that … ③ It is suggested (proposed, recommended, desirable) that … ④ It would be better (helpful, advisable) that…
学术论文的英文写作简介
四、结尾部分 1、致谢为了对曾给予支持与帮助或关心的人表示感谢，在论文之后，作者通常对有关人员致以简短的谢词，可用如下方式： I am thankful to sb. for sth I am grateful to sb. for sth I am deeply indebted to sb. for sth Thanks are due to sb. for sth The author wishes to express his sincere appreciation to sb. for sth. The author wishes to acknowledge sb. The author wishes to express his gratitude for sth.

文献阅读与翻译(精华版)

Unit 1 general description of literature reading and translation1.Definition of LiteratureLiterature is a general term for professional writings in the form of books, papers, and other documentations.As an important means for preserving knowledge, literatures have become precious resources or treasures for the mankind, which have greatly contributed to the social progress of the human race.2.Classification of Literature1) Textbooks（课本） a kind of professional writing（一种专业的写作）2) Monographs（专著） various viewpoints and discussions3) Papers（论文） the theoretical analysis and experimental descriptiontitle, author, affiliation, abstract, keywords, introduction, theoretical analysis and/or experimental description, results and discussion or conclusion, acknowledgments, references4) Encyclopedias(百科全书) every branch of knowledge5) Periodicals （期刊） a series of publications6)Special Documentation（特殊文档） all the printed materials3.Linguistic Features of Scientific Literaturestylistically (文体上) scientific literature is a kind of form writing;syntactically（结构上）scientific literature has rigorous grammatical structures and in most cases is rather unitary;Morphologically（语法上）scientific literaure is featured by high specialization,the use of technical terms and jargons ,unambiguous implication and the fixed sense of the wordPrinciples or Criteria of TranslationWhenever principles or criteria of translation are under discussion in China, Yan Fu’s three- character guide”-----xin, da, ya, namely, faithfulness (信), expressiveness (达), and elegance (雅). These three principle has always been regarded as a plumb-line for measuring the professional level of translation and a goal for translators to strive after. However, in the application of this principle, people come to find some unsatisfactory aspects of the three-character guide and have put foreword a variety of new standards or criteria of translation. Despite a variety of opinions, two criteria are almost unanimously accepted by all, namely, the criterion of faithfulness/accuracy (忠实/准确) and that of smoothness (流畅). We may also take these two criteria as the principle scientific literature translation. By faithful/accuracy, we mean to be faithful not only to the original contents, to the original meaning and views, but also to the original form and style. By smoothness, we mean not only easy and readable rendering, but also idiomatic expression in the target language, free form stiff formula and mechanical copying form dictionaries.Unit 2 professional papers2.1.Definition of professional papersA professional paper is a typewritten paper in which professionals present their views and research findings on a chosen topic. It is variously known as the “research paper”, “course paper”, “thesis paper” or “library paper”. The task of the author of a paper is essentially the same: to read on a particular topic, gather information about it, and report the findings in it.2.2.Classification of professional papers1)Report PaperThe report paper summarizes and reports the findings of another on a particular subject. The writer neither judges nor evaluates the findings, but merely catalogs them in a sensible sequence2) Research paperA research paper can be intelligent, well informed, interesting, and original in its conclusions.3) Course Papercourse papers are written after a specific course is learned or are designed at the end of a term. This type of paper is, therefore, also called “term paper”.4) Thesis Paperthe thesis paper takes a definite stand on an issue. A thesis is a proposition or point of view that a writer or speaker is willing to argue against or defend. A paper that argued for ratification of a certain event would therefore be a thesis paper. Writing a thesis paper requires a writer to exercise judgment, evaluate evidence, and construct a logical argument, whereas writing a report paper does not2.3. Linguistic Features of Professional PapersFormal Style: A professional paper deals with the study of some objective facts or problems, and the conclusion that is drawn should be based on relevant data, not on personal likes and dislikes. Specialized Terms:The terms in professional papers are typically specialized. Even in the same field, the meanings of the same word may vary slightly due to its different collections.Take the word “normal” as an example. Generally, it means “iEee”; but in mathematics, it represents “法线”; and in the field of chemistry, “当量” Again the word “power.” In electronics, it is rendered as “电力” or “电源”; in mechanics, “动力”; whereas in mathematics, “幂”Rigid Sentence Structure:The arguments in professional papers will be convincing if they are presented concisely and concretely. A rigid sentence structure is therefore reflected to meet this requirement.Formatted Elements:Though there are no set rules, a complete professional paper in its finished form usually has a regular format composed of the following elements: the title, author(s), affiliation(s), abstract, keywords, introduction, body of the paper (theoretical description including calculation, inference, reasoning, conclusion, etc. or experimental description including techniques, methods, materials, results and analysis, etc.), acknowledgments, appendices, references or bibliography, etc.Different meaning of story(1)This war is becoming the most important story of this generation. Event这场战争将成为这一代人经历的最重大的事件。

ipad文献阅读翻译

iPad文献阅读翻译是一个将文献资料从英文翻译成中文的功能。

对于需要阅读英文文献，但英语水平不够高的用户来说，这个功能非常有用。

使用iPad上的翻译软件或在线翻译工具，用户可以将文献资料导入到软件中，选择翻译语言，然后软件会自动将英文翻译成中文。

一些翻译软件还支持实时翻译，用户可以在阅读文献的同时进行翻译。

此外，iPad文献阅读翻译还可以帮助用户更好地理解文献内容。

对于一些专业术语或复杂的句子结构，翻译软件可以提供准确的中文翻译，帮助用户更好地理解文献内容。

这有助于提高用户的阅读效率和阅读质量，让他们更好地掌握相关领域的知识。

需要注意的是，翻译软件并不能完全代替人工翻译，对于一些复杂的句子结构或专业术语，可能需要进行人工校对和调整。

此外，对于一些不常见的文献格式或特殊排版要求，翻译软件可能无法完全满足用户的需求。

因此，在使用iPad文献阅读翻译功能时，用户需要谨慎选择合适的翻译软件，并根据实际情况进行必要的调整和校对。

江苏大学研究生文献阅读与翻译作业

江苏大学研究生文献阅读与翻译作业(1)When I try to understand what it is that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect, it seems to me that there are two causes, of which one goes much deeper than the other.当我试图去理解是什么阻挡了许多美国人得到他们应有的快乐时，我脑海里出现两个原因，而其中一个原因更甚于另一个。

（2）It had been a fine ,golden autumn , a lovely farewell to those who would lose their youth, and some of them their lives, before the leaves turned yellow again in a peacetime fall.那是个天气晴朗的金色秋天，美好的秋色为那些青年们送别。

待到战后和平时期，黄叶纷飞的秋天再度来临时，当日的青年已经失去了青春，有的丧失了生命。

（1）It was a day as fresh as grass growing up and clouds going over and butterflies coming down can make it. It was a day compounded from silences of bee and flower and ocean and land , which were not silences at all, but motions, stirs, flutters, rising ,each in its own time and matchless rhythm.绿草萋萋，白云冉冉，彩蝶翩翩，这日子是如此清新；蜜蜂无言，春花不语，海波声歇，大地音寂，这日子是如此安静。

文献阅读翻译

Hotel Security:The Needs of the Mature Age Market IntroductionRises in crime rates have more impact on some sections of the community than on others; older members of the community are particularly vulnerable. Individuals who have retired, or who no longer have dependent children, may have more disposable income to spend on recreation and tourism. The tourism industry has been quick to identify this market. Holiday and tour packages are now targeted specifically at the older tourist. Hotel companies offer incentives to those who have the leisure time to benefit from reduced tariffs in the low season or at other times of reduced occupancy. Hotels, however, are public places and individuals may naturally feel less secure than when they are in their home environment. It is important for hoteliers to focus on the security concerns of their guests.Hotel SecurityGuest security in hotels means those measures required to maintain a state of wellbeing, to protect life and property and to minimize the risk of disasters or crime. In recent years security in the Australian hotel sector has come to mean more than the protection of life and possessions. The very nature of the operation of hotels, providing for a cross-section of the population, most unknown to management, poses a threat to the security of the property and its bona fideguests.Modern standards of hotel security as required by law are constantly being revised in the light of court decisions that take into account the necessity to show “reasonable care” i n matters of guest security. Increasingly, courts deliver decisions about preventable acts that harm a guest on hotel premises. Courts in many countries have held and continue to hold that, if a manager is able to foresee danger to any guest, then action is required to deal with that danger. The implication of this trend for the hotel sector needs to be examined. To this end a research study was carried out in Australia to examine the perceptions of hotel security of the mature hotel guest. Previous ResearchThere is a lack of research in the literature on the security perceptions and attitudes of mature hotel guests. Much of what has been written about is anecdotal, appearing in trade magazines. Typically, this material reviews new security products and is aimed at practising managers. To give direction to the present research, therefore, consideration was given to studies that have generally examined the security concerns of hotel guests.DiscussionThe ten most important areas of concern in the present study, as indicated by themean for each question and ranging from most to least important, were: emergency telephone number by bed; well-lit hotel corridors; door security chains; security liability insurance; bomb threat procedures; security personnel trained in unarmed defence; security officers having knowledge of civil and criminal law; closed circuit TV in hotel car parks; advising guests of criminal activity near hotel; and, control of access to guest areas. Ten least important areas were (from least important): plain clothes security officers carrying firearms; uniformed officers carrying firearms; the searching of guest’s luggage; carrying of handcuffs by security personnel; number of arrests and convictions by hotel security being an important indicator of effectiveness; electronic “sweeping”; guards controlling hotel entrances; security patrols by plain clothes security personnel; security patrols by uniformed security personnel; and, the need for female security officers. This later ranking is an interpretation placed on the data by the researchers, as respondents were merely asked to strongly agree, or otherwise, with statements about security.When the results of both studies are compared in Table V, agreement on the non deployment of armed hotel security personnel is clear. There was no support for this concept, as it received the lowest overall rating. Other responses are less easy to classify. The statement “When it comes to hotel security, prevention is better than cure”, which was included a s a check for consistency, received a mean score of 4.698 and rated a tied second place. This contrasts with the respondents’ perceptions on preventative security measures, for example uniformed security patrols. Only ten respondents agreed and twostrongly agreed with the need for security patrols.There is considerable clustering of the data that correspond to items 5, 10, 13, 17 and 22. These relate to security patrols by uniformed personnel, security departments that have a high level of detection are effective departments; carrying of handcuffs by security personnel; electronic sweeping to prevent eavesdropping; and a statement that says “the standard of security in hotels is adequate”. This would appear to indicate that a majority of the respondents were indifferent about these aspects of security. An inspection of the means and standard deviations of these items supports this contention.ConclusionThis research has indicated some areas that the industry may wish to consider for the development and adoption of standards of security. The provision of door security chains, ranked number 3 in Rutherford and McConnell’s research and number 4 in the present study illustrates this, and relates to the provision of reasonable care by the management of the hotel.It has been suggested that the concept of “reasonable care” should be the basis of all security policies[13]. This requirement is derived from common law, under whicha citizen may sue another individual or corporation. For a plaintiff to win a negligence case, four elements must be present. The first is duty; there is a duty on persons to exercise reasonable care in their dealings with other people. Second is a breach of that duty. The third is proximate cause; lack of reasonable care should be the primary reason for the plaintiff to bring a complaint. Finally, there is the matter of damages. The plaintiff should have incurred damages for which he or she is seeking recompense. It might be inferred from this that there is a duty on the hotel management, for example, to equip doors with security chains. It is the duty of the guest to use them to prevent intruders from entering the room.If the hotel does not equip guest rooms with this relatively inexpensive security precaution and the guest is subsequently robbed or harmed by an intruder, then it can be strongly argued that the hotel management did not exercise reasonable care by not providing a door chain. More importantly, was the fact that a chain was not provided the proximate cause of the guest being robbed? If this is the case then the hotel is liable. If courts subsequently find in favour of the guest then it may be argued that door security chains have become a de facto security requirement.A lack of agreed industry standards for security may lead to hotels having court mandated standards imposed upon them. These de facto standards may be at odds withthe level and types of security that this study appears to suggest is acceptable for an important part of the Australian hotel market. With the rising crime statistics management need to be aware of the possibility of unacceptable security requirements being imposed.These results have obvious implications for the management of security in hotels. There is a need for industry wide standards of security. Development of such standards is a significant feature of risk management and should be a high priority for the industry.酒店安全:成熟年龄市场的需求一、摘要犯罪率的上升更多地影响了社会上的部分人；旧社会的成员，特别容易受影响。

医学英语文献阅读二翻译

Unit OneText A： Hippocratic Oath, The Medical Ideal1.Perhaps the most enduring --- certainly the most quoted --- tradition in thehistory of medicine is the Hippocratic Oath. Named after the famous Greek physicianHippocrates, this oath was written as a guideline for the medical ethics of doctors.Although the exact words have changed over time, the general content is the same- an oath to respect those who have imparted their knowledge upon the science ofmedicine, and respect to the patients as well as the promise to treat them to thebest of the physicians' ability.或许在医学史上最持久的,被引用最多次的誓言就是”希波克拉底誓言”.这个以古希腊著名医师希波克拉底命名的誓言,被作为医师道德伦理的指导纲领.虽然随着时代的变迁,准确的文字已不可考,但誓言的主旨却始终如一——尊敬那些将毕生知识奉献于医学科学的人，尊重病人，尊重医师尽己所能治愈病人的承诺。

Who was Hippocrates, and Did he Write the Oath?2.For a man considered by many to be the 'Father of Medicine', little is known aboutHippocrates of Cos. He lived circa 460-380 BC, and was the contemporary of Socratesas well as a practising physician. He was certainly held to be the most famousphysician and teacher of medicine in his time. Over 60 treatises of medicine, calledthe Hippocratic Corpus have been attributed to him; however, these treatises hadconflicting contents and were written some time between 510 and 300 BC, and thereforecould not all have been written by him.作为被大家公认的”医学之父”,我们对希波克拉底知之甚少.他生活于约公元前460-380年,作为一名职业医师,与苏格拉底是同代人.在他的时代,他被推举为当时最著名的医师和医学教育者.收录了超过60篇论文的专著——希波克拉底文集,被归于他的名下;但是其中有些论文的内容主旨相冲突,并成文于公元前510-300年,所以不可能都是出自他之手.3.The Oath was named after Hippocrates, certainly, although its penmanship is stillin question. According to authorities in medical history, the contents of the oath suggest that it was penned during the 4th Century BC, whichmakes it possible that Hippocrates had himself written it. Anyway, regardless ofwhether or not Hippocrates himself had written the Hippocratic Oath, the contentsof the oath reflect his views on medical ethics.这个宣言是以希波克拉底命名的，虽然它的作者依然存在疑问。

文献阅读与翻译

Definition of Literature

A set of works on a particular subject; printed material, esp. giving information; the body of writings on a particular subject (scientific literature)

Topical Highlights
Definition of Literature Classification of Literature Linguistic Features of Scientific Literature Translation Skills---on translation in general and translation of special literature Special Attention: The Translation of Documentation
face the powder and not to powder the face.
3. Literal Translation and Free Translation

Literal Translation : phonetic, morphological, syntactic 武装到牙齿 armed to the teeth 象牙塔” ivory tower 趁热打铁 strike while the iron is hot 血浓于水 Blood is thicker than water．

Literal Translation or Free Translation? Don’t take the low-fat label as a license to eat. 不能因为食品标明低脂肪，而敞开食用。别把标有“低脂肪”的标签看成是可 “敞开食用”的许可证。

八大英文文献翻译神器

你值得拥有的八大英文文献翻译神器不管是做科研还是写SCI论文，开始都需要阅读大量的文献，做课题至少查阅600篇，粗看300篇，细看100篇，研读50篇，在看到一叠叠论文后，由于语言问题，往往会觉得无从下手，下面分享几款常用的文献翻译神器。

1、谷歌浏览器翻译优点：页面简洁，使用方便，随开随用，多种语言随时切换，只要有网就能翻译。

缺点：功能比较单一，排版比较乱，界面不是很美观。

2、SCI Translate9.0目前有9.0普通版以及VIP版，VIP版内置Google 人工智能云翻译引擎，翻译精准度很强；没有广告。

3、LinggleLinggle是一个可用来进行英语语法、句子写作的工具，可为学习者提供更准确的英文写作建议。

4、NetSpeakNetSpeak是一个提供免费线上单词、词组、语句翻译的工具，其特点是可以在线搜索和比较各种英文词汇、短句、语法、单词解释等内容，并且可以统计出这个用语的变化形态，还可以分析使用频率和情境，堪比谷歌翻译。

5、CNKI翻译CNKI翻译助手是一款专业的学术翻译工具，由“中国知网”开发制作，汇集了从CNKI系列数据库中挖掘的大量常用词汇、专业术语、成语俚语及双语例句等，形成海量中英在线词典和双语平行语料库。

6、LingoesLingoes是一款简明易用的词典与文本翻译软件，支持全球超过80多种语言的词典查询、全文翻译、屏幕取词、划词翻译、例句搜索、网络释义和真人语音朗读功能。

7、有道词典有道词典是个神器，尤其是查词、划词、取词的方面特别突出，词库中有所有专业用语的补充包，可以让你瞬间翻译出各种专业的英文单词，从复杂的有机化合物，到稀奇古怪的动物名，哪里不会点哪里。

8、Copy Translator比较适用于即时翻译，内置了谷歌翻译、百度翻译、有道翻译、搜狗翻译、彩云翻译和腾讯翻译几种不同的翻译引擎，随意切换，总有一个适合你。

文献阅读与翻译

Hello,everyone .I am fuxiaoling ,my partners are zhouzan ,huangsuyu ,and huangyanglu.Today we will show you three key parts of the unit one ,they are literature reading ,translation and practice.Now,let us focus on the first part-------literature reading.at the beginning,we should make the definition of literature clear.There seems no substantial difference among its definitions indifferent dictionaries.From the above interpretations, we can arrive at an identical definition of literature: a general term for professional writings in the form of books, papers, and other documentations.The word literature used in this textbook does not mean “文学”, but “文献” or “文献资料”, specifically referring to various documentations in the field of international industrial business and academic exchanges.Since literature is the general term for printd materials, it should be further classified according to what a specific documentary work is.therefore, we can group literature into six categories :1) Textbooks(教科书)：In general, a textbook is a kind of professional writing specially designed for the students in a given branch of learning.2) Monographs(专著)：A monograph is an artide or short book on one particular subject or branch of a subject that the writer has studied deeply.3) Papers(论文)：A complete paper is usually composed of the following elements: title, author, affiliation, abstract, keywords, introduction, theoretical analysis and/or experimental description, results and discussion or conclusion, acknowledgments, references, etc.4) Encyclopedias(百科全书)：An encyclopedia is a book or set of books dealing with every branch of knowledge,or with one particular branch, in alphabetical order.5) Periodicals(期刊)：A periodical is a series of publications that appear at regular intervals.6) Special Documentation(特别文件)：Special documentation refers to all the printed materials that are non-books or non-periodicals.Let us continue the next contextLinguistic Features of Scientific Literature1)Stylistically(在文体上), literature is a kind of formal writing.Compared with an informal writing which usually utilizes an informal tone and colloquial language, a formal writing is a more serious approach to a subject of great importance and it avoids all colloquial expressions.2) Syntactically(在语句构成上), scientific literature has rigorous grammatical structures, and in most cases is rather unitary.3) Morphologically(在词法上), scientific literature is featured by high specialization, the use of technical terms and jargons, unambiguous implication and the fixed sense of the word.There are more compound words, Latin and Greek words, contracted words, noun clusters and so on in scientific literature than in other informational writing.4) Besides, non-verbal language is also very popular in various literatures such as signs, formulas, charts, tables, photos, etc.When it come Searching for Relevant Literature,there are three usual approaches:1) Global Search全局搜索By “global search” we mean to search for materials around the subject in a largerdimension or within a wider range, i.e., conducting the extensive reading.2) Specific Search特定搜索By “specific search”we mean to search for literature about a certain topic within aspecific area or in a narrower scope.3) Processed Search处理搜索By “processed search” we mean to accumulate and absorb essential information inthe course of literature search and reading.The last question of part one is4. What are the points for attention to information retrieval?（信息检索的要点是什么）POINTS: (1) as to the subjects dealt with, particularly subjects concerning with new information given incidentally; and (2) as to the new result and conclusive ideas reported. Material relating to each subject should then be gathered together in a logical way; and (3) all the sentences generalizing the main ideas of all the original materials should be put together so as to be well-versed, abstract-brief, condensed, complete, yet easily readable.In the final analysis, to digest and absorb useful information is the ultimate purpose of literature search and reading. This is a process of discarding the dross and selecting the essential, eliminating the false and retaining the true, proceeding from the easy to the difficult and from the outer to the inner. It is also a process of reading, selecting, sorting, synthesizing, commenting, rationalizing, systematizing, reprocessing, etc.My partner huangyanglu will give you the rest instruction.。

山东大学英语科技文献阅读翻译题

山东大学英语科技文献阅读翻译题一、阅读The Discovery of X-rays Except for a brief description of the Compton effect, and a few other remarks, we have postponed the discussion of X-rays until the present chapter because it is particularly convenient to treat X-ray spectra after treating optical spectra. Although this ordering may have given the reader a distorted impression of the historical importance of X-rays, this impression will be corrected shortly as we describe the crucial role played by X-rays in the development of modern physics.X-rays were discovered in 1895 by Roentgen while studying the phenomena of gaseous discharge. Using a cathode ray tube with a high voltage of several tens of kilovolts, he noticed that salts of barium would fluoresce when brought near the tube, although nothing visible was emitted by the tube. This effect persisted when the tube was wrapped with a layer of black cardboard. Roentgen soon established that the agency responsible for the fluorescence originated at the point at which the stream of energetic electrons struck the glass wall of the tube. Because of its unknown nature,he gave this agency the name X-rays. He found that X-rays could manifest themselves by darkening wrapped photographic plates, discharging charged electroscopes, as well as by causing fluorescence in a number of different substances. He also found that X-rays can penetrate considerable thicknesses of materials of low atomic number, whereas substances of high atomic number are relatively opaque. Roentgen took the first steps in identifying the nature of X-rays by using a system of slits to show that(1) they travel in straight lines, and that(2) they are uncharged, because they are not deflected by electric or magnetic fields.The discovery of X-rays aroused the interest of all physicists, and many joined in the investigation of their properties. In 1899 Haga and Wind performed a single slit diffraction experiment with X-rays which showed that (3)X-rays are a wave motion phenomenon, and, from the size of the diffraction pattern, their wavelength could be estimated to be 10-8 cm. In 1906 Barkla proved that(4) the waves are transverse by showing that they can be polarized by scattering from many materials.There is, of course, no longer anything unknown about the nature of X-rays. They are electromagnetic radiation of exactly the same nature as visible light, except that their wavelength is several orders of magnitude shorter. This conclusion follows from comparing properties 1 through 4 with the similar properties of visible light, but it was actually postulated by Thomson several years before all these properties were known.Thomson argued that X-rays are electromagnetic radiation because such radiation would be expected to be emitted from the point at which the electrons strike the wall of a cathode ray tube. At this point, the electrons suffer very violent accelerations in coming to a stop and, according to classical electromagnetic theory, all accelerated charged particles emit electromagnetic radiations. We shall see later that this explanation of the production of X-rays is at least partially correct.In common with other electromagnetic radiations,X-rays exhibit particle-like aspects as well as wave-like aspects. The reader will recall that the Compton effect, which is one of the most convincing demonstrations of the existence of quanta, wasoriginally observed with electromagnetic radiation in the X-ray region of wavelengths.Read the following text quickly and answer the questions.1.When were X-rays discovered?2.Who discovered them?3.What are the four characteristics of X-rays?答案：1.18952.Roentgen3.（1）.they travel in straight lines（2）.they are uncharged（3）.they are a wave motion phenomenon（4）.the waves are transverse二、翻译Translate the following passage into Chinese: When you are researching, write down every idea, fact, quotation, or paraphrase on a separate index card. Small(5"by 3") cards are easiest to work with. When you've collected all your cards, reshuffle them into the best possible order, and you have an outline, though you will undoubtedly want to reduce this outline to the essential points should you transcribe it to paper.A useful alternative involves using both white and coloured cards.When you come up with a point that you think may be one of the main points in your outline, write it at the top of a coloured card. Put each supporting note on a separate white card, using as much of the card as necessary. When you feel ready, arrange the coloured cards into a workable plan. Some of the points may not fit in. If so, either modify the plan or leave these points out. You may need to fill gaps by creating new cards.You can shuffle your supporting material into the plan by placing each of the white cards behind the point it helps support.答案：当你正在研究，写下每一个想法，事实上，报价，或意译在单独的索引卡。

学术论文文献阅读与机助汉英翻译

学术论文文献阅读与机助汉英翻译IntroductionAs technology advances, artificial intelligence has become an integral part of our lives. With the help of machine learning and natural language processing, machines are not only able to perform routine tasks but are also able to understand, reason and learn. In the translation industry, machine translation has become increasingly popular in recent years.This paper will explore the use of machine translation in translation tasks by reviewing scholarly articles on the topic. Furthermore, we will explore the role of machine translation in automating translation tasks and the impact it has on the translation industry.Advantages of Machine TranslationMachine translation has several advantages in translation tasks. One of the greatest advantages is speed. Machines are able to perform translations in a fraction of the time it would take a human translator. Furthermore, machines can translate large volumes of text quickly and accurately.Another advantage of machine translation is cost. The cost of machine translation is significantly lower than human translation. This is because machines can complete translations without the need for payment, benefits, or time off.Machine translation is also consistent. Machines are not prone tofatigue or errors in the same way humans are. This means that the quality of translations is more consistent and reliable. Disadvantages of Machine TranslationHowever, there are also several disadvantages to using machine translation. One of the biggest disadvantages is accuracy. Machine translation is not always accurate, and can produce errors or awkward translations.Another disadvantage is that machines lack the cultural and linguistic knowledge of a human translator. This means that machines may not be able to properly translate idiomatic expressions or slang.Additionally, machines are not suitable for translations that require a higher level of precision, such as legal or medical translations. This is because these types of translations require a strong understanding of specific terminology and jargon.Research FindingsIn a study conducted by Hasegawa and Kojima (2011), machine translation was compared to human translation for translations of user manuals. The study found that machine translation produced more errors than human translation, and that the quality of machine translation varied widely depending on the source language.On the other hand, a study by Koehn et al. (2003) found that machine translation can produce high-quality translations when thesource text is straightforward and lacks nuanced meaning.Another study by Nitzke and Burchardt (2016) investigated the impact of machine translation on the translation process. They found that machine translation can be a useful tool for translators, but that it is important to take into account factors such as domain, text type, and translation direction.ConclusionMachine translation has several advantages and disadvantages in translation tasks. While it can be useful for translations of certain texts, it is not always accurate and lacks the cultural and linguistic knowledge of a human translator. In conclusion, machine translation has the potential to automate translation tasks and increase efficiency in the translation industry, but cannot replace the role of a human translator entirely.The use of machine translation in the translation industry has been increasing over the years. This is due to the advances in artificial intelligence and natural language processing that have made it possible for machines to understand and translate languages.One of the benefits of machine translation is that it can increase the efficiency of the translation process. This is particularly important for industries that require the translation of large volumes of text. For example, the news media industry relies heavily on machine translation to quickly translate news articles from one language to another. This allows them to deliver news to their audience faster and more efficiently.Moreover, machine translation can also be used in industries such as ecommerce, where the translation of product descriptions can be a time-consuming and costly process. By using machine translation, businesses can translate product descriptions quickly and with greater accuracy, which can lead to increased sales and reduced costs.However, it is important to note that machine translation has limitations. It may not always produce accurate translations, especially when dealing with complex or nuanced texts. In some cases, human translators may be necessary to ensure that the translation accurately captures the meaning and tone of the original text.Furthermore, machine translation can be particularly challenging when translating idiomatic expressions or slang. These types of expressions are often unique to a particular culture or community, and may not have direct translations in other languages. A machine translator may not be able to accurately capture the nuanced meaning of these expressions, resulting in a translated text that may be difficult for the reader to understand.Despite its limitations, there are several ways in which machine translation can be optimized to improve its accuracy and efficiency. One of these methods is by using post-editing, which involves a human translator checking and editing the machine-translated text for accuracy and fluency.Another way is by training the machine translator with domain-specific data. For example, if the machine is being used formedical translations, it can be trained with medical terminology to improve the accuracy of translations in this domain.Additionally, machine translation can also be improved by using a hybrid approach, which combines machine translation with human translation. This approach involves using the machine translator to translate the bulk of the text, then having a human translator edit and refine the translation to ensure accuracy and fluency.Overall, machine translation has become an integral part of the translation industry, and its use is expected to increase in the future. While it has its limitations, it also offers several benefits, such as increased efficiency and reduced costs. With ongoing improvements in artificial intelligence and natural language processing, it is likely that machine translation will become even more advanced, leading to greater accuracy and efficiency in translation tasks.。

写论文时,如何进行文献翻译

五分钟搞定5000字－外文文献翻译，你想要的工具都在这里。

【大四的时候写毕业论文老师就要求得翻译外文文献并写入论文】在科研过程中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节，许多领域高水平的文献都是外文文献，借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常必要的。

由于特殊原因我翻译外文文献的机会比较多，慢慢地就发现了外文文献翻译过程中的三大利器：Google“翻译”频道、金山词霸（完整版本）和CNKI“翻译助手"。

具体操作过程如下：1.先打开金山词霸自动取词功能，然后阅读文献；2.遇到无法理解的长句时，可以交给Google处理，处理后的结果猛一看，不堪入目，可是经过大脑的再处理后句子的意思基本就明了了；3.如果通过Google仍然无法理解，感觉就是不同，那肯定是对其中某个“常用单词”理解有误，因为某些单词看似很简单，但是在文献中有特殊的意思，这时就可以通过CNKI的“翻译助手”来查询相关单词的意思，由于CNKI的单词意思都是来源与大量的文献，所以它的吻合率很高。

另外，在翻译过程中最好以“段落”或者“长句”作为翻译的基本单位，这样才不会造成“只见树木，不见森林”的误导。

注：1、Google翻译：/language_toolsgoogle，众所周知，谷歌里面的英文文献和资料还算是比较详实的。

我利用它是这样的。

一方面可以用它查询英文论文，当然这方面的帖子很多，大家可以搜索，在此不赘述。

回到我自己说的翻译上来。

下面给大家举个例子来说明如何用吧比如说“电磁感应透明效应”这个词汇你不知道他怎么翻译，首先你可以在CNKI里查中文的，根据它们的关键词中英文对照来做，一般比较准确。

在此主要是说在google里怎么知道这个翻译意思。

大家应该都有词典吧，按中国人的办法，把一个一个词分着查出来，敲到google里，你的这种翻译一般不太准，当然你需要验证是否准确了，这下看着吧，把你的那支离破碎的翻译在google里搜索，你能看到许多相关的文献或资料，大家都不是笨蛋，看看，也就能找到最精确的翻译了，纯西式的！我就是这么用的。

ipad文献阅读翻译

ipad文献阅读翻译
iPad文献阅读翻译，指的是将相关文献的内容进行翻译，适用于在iPad设备上进行文献阅读的场景。

iPad文献阅读翻译可以通过以下步骤实现：
1. 在iPad上下载并安装适用于文献阅读的应用程序，例如EndNote、Zotero等。

这些应用程序通常可以实现文献管理和导入文献的功能。

2. 通过在应用程序中搜索相关文献，可以找到需要阅读和翻译的文献。

3. 对于不是母语的文献，可以将文献中的内容复制到翻译应用程序或在线翻译工具中进行翻译。

常用的翻译应用程序有Google翻译、百度翻译等。

4. 将需要翻译的文献内容粘贴到翻译应用程序中，并选择翻译的源语言和目标语言。

5. 进行翻译后，可以在翻译应用程序中查看翻译后的内容，并进行必要的修改和调整。

6. 将翻译后的内容复制到文献阅读应用程序中，可以继续阅读和分析翻译后的文献。

通过以上步骤，可以在iPad上实现文献的阅读和翻译。

这种
方式方便快捷，适用于需要在移动设备上进行文献阅读的研究人员和学生。

Unit12文献阅读与翻译第12章

他还没有交赎金，他们就把他释放了。
(3) Translated into Chinese Adverbial Clauses of Condition

Turn off the switch when anything goes wrong with the machine.
如果机器发生故障，就把电门关上。
Translation Skills(12): Subordinate Clauses(c) Adverbial Clauses
Adverbial clauses
English adverbial clauses include adverbials of time, place, cause, condition, concession, purpose, result, and so on. Generally speaking, these adverbial clauses do not pose any obstacle to either comprehension or translation, and the point is how to conform the translations to Chinese usage, especially how to arrange them properly. And another point for attention is how to omit the unnecessary conjunctive words when English adverbial clauses are translated into Chinese.
(1)她不老实，我不能信任她。
Since she is not honest, I cannot trust her.

《文献阅读与翻译》课件

ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
检索结果筛选
根据作者、时间、期刊、关键词等因素，筛选出与研究问题相关的文献。
二、文献阅读技巧
1 标题、摘要、关键词
快速了解文章中心思想和研究方法。
2 正文阅读方法
拆分、分类、对比、整合，提高理解和记忆能力。
3 笔记与总结
归纳、概括、思考，深入理解文章主旨和重点。
三、翻译技巧
翻译方法
根据语境和读者需求，选择合适的翻译方式。
《文献阅读与翻译》PPT 课件
文献阅读与翻译是科研工作和专业翻译不可缺少的基本技能。通过本课程，你将掌握文献检索、阅读技巧，以及学术论文写作技巧和翻译方法，提高阅读效率和翻译质量。
一、文献检索
数据库选择
根据学科特点和数据可靠性，选择合适的文献数据库。
关键词检索
针对问题和目标运用适当的词汇进行搜索，缩小结果范围。
翻译要点
注意文章文体、结构和特点，准确翻译专业术语。
翻译练习
多听多说多读多写，不断提高翻译能力和水平。
四、总结与展望
1
学习成果
掌握文献阅读和翻译技巧，提高综合素质和学术能力。
2
自我评价
发现不足和不足，制定个人学习计划和提高方案。
3
学习建议
多参加实践、交流、讨论，深入了解学科和专业前沿动态。
参考资料
书籍推荐
• 《如何阅读一本书》 • 《英语写作与翻译》 • 《论文写作与发表》
网站链接
• 万方数据库 • 谷歌学术 • 知网学术
其他资源
• 在线课程 • 研讨会资料 • 专家指导

《文献阅读与翻译》胡庚申 Unit14 课后习题阅读与翻译答案

如果条件许可，还可以采取另外一个的办法，就是在国内而向国外寻求疾病诊断和治疗服务，用专业术语来说，也就是电视卫星诊断。与面对面的会诊相比（比如说在一个医疗设施条件差、医务人员水平不高的医院里，特别是在诊断那种急性、重症或是医师无法确诊的病例），电视卫星诊断无疑是一种最有效的医疗诊断手段。（参考答案）如果条件许可，还可以采取最后的办法，那就是身居国内而向国外求医、诊断和治疗，用专业术语来说，也就是电视卫星诊断。与面诊——比如说在一个设备不良、医务人员水平不高的医院里进行诊断（特别是诊断那种急性、重症或是医师认为病因不明的病例）——相比，电视卫星诊断无疑是一种非常有效的医疗诊断手段。
UNIT 14
Literature reading and translation
Page 300
Given by Hu Qiang 1335467
1. The robot is a man so subtle that he seems to be not one but the incarnation of winged angel,( who can fly up to the skyscraper and hand in person the milk bottle to user, ) really a superman comes into being on the earth.
devour contaminants 吞噬污染物 dissociation 分离(的状态)，分开，分解，分裂；脱离关系 in embryo 未发展的；在筹划中的；在萌芽时期的 advanced adj. 1.在前面的，(在)前进的；预先的，先期的 2.(在科学、技术、哲理等方面)先进的；超前的 3.高级的，高等的，高深的细菌可以用于分解污染物（反复实验结果证明这是对的），空气可以用分离的方法实现人工净化（这一说法目前还有待商榷），这些超前的理论在环境科学领域流行甚广。（参考答案）细菌可以用于吞噬污染物（通过反复实验之后这已得到证实），空气可以用分离的方法人工净化（这一说法迄今尚不成熟），这些超前的理论在环境科学领域流行甚广。

英文文献全文翻译

英文文献全文翻译全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：English literature has a long and rich history, with countless works that have been translated into various languages around the world. From ancient epics like Beowulf and The Odyssey to modern classics like To Kill a Mockingbird and Harry Potter, English literature has captured the hearts and minds of readers for centuries.第二篇示例：The world of academic research is vast and ever-growing, with a wealth of knowledge and information being produced every day. One important aspect of this research is the publication of English-language academic articles. These articles cover a wide range of topics across various fields, from science and technology to social sciences and humanities.第三篇示例：English literature is a treasure trove of human culture and knowledge. The literary works of great writers from around theworld offer insights into the human experience, emotions, and imagination. Through the process of translation, these literary masterpieces are made accessible to a global audience, allowing people from different cultures and backgrounds to connect and appreciate the beauty of language and storytelling.第四篇示例：Abstract:Introduction:English literature holds a prominent position in the field of international academia, with a vast number of research articles, books, and journals being published in English. For researchers and scholars in non-English speaking countries, access to English literature is essential for staying up-to-date with the latest developments in their respective fields. However, understanding and interpreting English texts can present significant challenges due to linguistic, cultural, and contextual differences.Challenges in Translating English Literature:。

Notend文献阅读

Notend文献阅读英文名称： Notend文献阅读主要用途：研究目的：论文写作教育背景：硕士学位阅读语言能力：国外学术期刊、外文书籍等自然科学和人文科学类文献基本熟悉行业背景：金融行业教学课程：翻译理论与实践相关材料：翻译过程中所遇到的问题英文名称： Notend文献阅读主要用途：研究目的：论文写作教育背景：硕士学位阅读语言能力：国外学术期刊、外文书籍等自然科学和人文科学类文献基本熟悉行业背景：金融行业教学课程：翻译理论与实践相关材料：翻译过程中所遇到的问题，如何翻译一篇有效的翻译稿件，如何解决翻译难题，如何运用翻译软件工具查找资料、翻译，以及翻译技巧的训练等主要内容：通过上述一系列的讲解使读者对于Notend的原理以及技巧更加熟悉，读者能够在应用的过程中得心应手，也能通过系统的学习而提高翻译的质量。

主要内容： 1、翻译的基本原理； 2、翻译的规范与标准； 3、翻译的原则与方法； 4、翻译的过程； 5、翻译文章的编辑与修改； 6、翻译文本的选择； 7、翻译文本的技巧；8、翻译文本的呈现； 9、翻译的心理； 10、译后编辑。

教学目标：1、帮助学员掌握翻译理论与技巧2、使学员掌握常见的翻译术语及用法3、使学员了解翻译思维方式，理清思路，提高翻译的可行性与有效性4、通过系统化、实战化的学习，增强学员翻译实战经验5、从根本上提高学员文字处理能力、专业素养与实战能力。

专家介绍：姚克馨(英文名： Clewia)北京联合大学副教授，硕士生导师。

北京外国语大学博士。

研究方向：翻译理论与实践、商务口笔译。

近年来发表《翻译中的双重思维》、《汉语大词典》(编委)、《翻译思维：纵向和横向的对比分析》、《口译译员控制技巧：基于意义分析的角度》、《专科翻译理论研究》等十余篇文章。

主要承担课程：商务英语翻译、笔译、同声传译、翻译史、英美文学、当代西方翻译理论等。