英语词汇学总结(细致)

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英语词汇学知识点整理

词汇期末复习（C1-C7）Chapter 1一、Word 词的定义(1) a minimal free form（最小的自由形式）(2) a sound unity(3) a semantic unity（meaning）(4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.（具有句法功能）二、Vocabulary词汇的定义All the words in a language make up what is generally known as vocabulary.一般来说，词汇指的是一种语言里所有单词的总和。

词的总和构成语言的词汇。

词与词汇之间的关系是个体与总体之间的关系。

三、Sound&Meaning发音和意义The connection between the sound (form) and meaning is arbitrary (任意的) and conventional. 二者的关系是约定俗成、随意的四、Sound & Form发音和形式(1)The written form of a natural language is the orthographical（正字的）record of the oralform.自然语言的书写形式是口语形式的书写记录。

(2)The reasons of differences occur between sound and form: 发音与形式不同的原因：①English alphabet was adopted from the Romans 英语字母表来自罗马②the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years. 发音改变快速③Differences created by professional scribes. 专业抄写员的不同④More differences brought by the continuing change of sounds and the standardization of spelling.发音不断变化，书写标准化。

英语词汇学知识点归纳总结

英语词汇学知识点归纳总结
1.词汇分类：英语词汇可以分为实词和虚词两大类。

实词包括名词、
动词、形容词和副词，是能独立存在并具有词义的词类；虚词包括冠词、
介词、连词、代词和助词，是不能独立存在或不具有词义的词类。

2.词根与词缀：英语词汇中有很多词根和词缀，词根是词的核心部分，词缀是附加在词根上的，可以改变词的词义、词性或词形。

3.词义：英语词汇的词义可以通过定义、同义词、反义词、上下义词
等方式进行描述和解释。

词义可以有直观意义、引申意义和隐喻意义等。

4.词汇建构：英语词汇的建构可以通过合成、派生、转化、缩略等方
式进行。

合成是通过将两个或多个词根组合成一个新词，派生是通过添加
前缀或后缀来构成新词，转化是通过改变词的词类来构成新词，缩略是通
过省略部分词组或词根来构成新词。

5.词汇变化：英语词汇的变化形式包括时态、语态、人称、数和比较等。

词汇的变化形式可以通过词形变化、语法变化和语义变化等方式进行。

6.外借词：英语词汇中存在大量的外借词，这些词汇主要来自拉丁语、希腊语、法语、德语等其他语言。

外借词在英语中经过适当的拼写、读音
和意义调整后被接受和使用。

7.同源词：英语词汇中存在一些同源词，这些词源于同一词根或词源，并在语音、形态或词义上有一定的相似性。

了解同源词可以帮助理解和记
忆词汇。

8.词汇扩展：英语词汇在发展的过程中会发生扩展，即一个词从最初的特定意义扩展到更广泛的意义。

词汇扩展可以通过引申、转义、隐喻等方式进行。

这些是英语词汇学中的一些主要知识点，通过对这些知识点的学习和理解，可以更好地掌握和应用英语词汇。

英语词汇学总结

Chapter 3Word Formation I词语结构13.1 Morphemes词素1. the morpheme is ‘ the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words’词素是“词语中最小的功能单位”。

2.Suffix：-ation：-tion, -sion, -ion.后缀：ation 的多变体，当它们有同样的意义和语法功能时它们属于同一个后缀3.Owing to different sound environment 因为存在不同的发生环境。

3.2 Allomorphs （语素变体）同质异晶，同质异象变体1.Morphemes are abstract units.‘They are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning’语素是抽象的单位,它们实际上是能发音的最小的意义载体.The morpheme is to the morph what a phoneme is to a phone:语素是一个音素发音的形素①single morphs单一语素词：bird, tree, green, sad, want, desire,Most morphemes are realized by single morphs,Words of this kind are called monomorphemic words.大多数语素通过单个的形素实现，语素与词相同叫做单一语素词.These morphemes coincide withe words as they can stand by themselves and function freely in a sentence.Words of this kind are called monomorphemic words.这些语素与词相同，由于它们能代表含义而且能够在句子中自由起作用。

词汇学知识点总结

词汇学知识点总结词汇学是语言学的一个重要分支，研究的是词汇的形成、结构和意义等方面的问题。

在学习英语等外语的过程中，词汇是其中一个重要的组成部分。

下面，本文将对词汇学的一些知识点进行总结与归纳。

一、词的形态学词的形态学是词汇学中必须掌握的一个重要方面，主要包括词的构词法、屈折变化和派生变化等。

词的构词法指的是如何通过组合原有的词来创造新词，包括派生法、合成法、缩略法、转化法等。

屈折变化指根据语法要求，变化词的形态以表示不同的格、时、数、性等。

派生变化则指通过在原有词基础上添加字母或词缀等来产生新的词。

掌握词的形态学是很有必要的，因为它和词汇的理解和使用密切相关。

二、词的分类在英语中，词可以根据其不同的语法特征被归为不同的类别，常见的类别包括名词、代词、动词、形容词、副词、介词、连词和感叹词等。

不同的词在句子中扮演着不同的角色，掌握各类别之间的区别以及它们在句子中的作用，可以帮助我们更好地理解和表达语言。

三、词义词义是从语言学的角度定义词的意义，包括原义和引申义。

原义指的是一个词最基本的意思，而引申义则是在原义基础上经过延伸、扩展而得到的新意义。

同一个词的不同意义和语言环境等也会导致其含义的变化，例如“bank”既可以表示银行，也可以表示河岸等。

在学习外语的过程中，掌握词义是十分重要的。

四、词汇的学习方法词汇的学习是英语学习中最基础也最重要的部分之一，因此选择适合自己的学习方法对于提高词汇量、扩大词汇面积至关重要。

常用的学习方法包括反复背诵、积累单词簿、整理词根词缀、阅读和听力等。

在学习方法上，以选择适合自己和有用的方法为主，同时注意与语言运用的联系，不断地推广和实践。

五、词汇的应用掌握了词汇学的知识和学习方法后，其实就迈出了学习英语的第一步。

在实际运用中，如何运用得当也是至关重要的环节。

为了提高语言的流利度，需要在口语和书面语两个方面加强实践，增强实际运用能力。

另外，可以较晚多在社交网络等平台上与外国人联系，使用所学的词汇，将知识应用到实际交流之中，效果更佳。

英语词汇学知识点整理

词的总和构成语言的词汇。

词与词汇之间的关系是个体与总体之间的关系。

词汇学知识点总结

词汇学知识点总结词汇学是研究词汇的学科，它是语言学的一个重要分支，涉及了语言的构成、变化和使用等方面。

词汇学对于语言的理解和应用具有重要的意义，它不仅可以帮助我们更好地掌握语言知识，还可以帮助我们提高语言运用能力。

在这篇文章中，我们将对词汇学的知识点进行总结，帮助读者更好地理解和掌握这一学科。

一、词的定义和分类词是语言中的最小意义单位，是构成句子和表达意思的基本单位。

按照在句子中的功能和语法特征，词可以分为实词和虚词两大类。

实词包括名词、动词、形容词、副词等，它们能够表示具体的事物或抽象的概念；虚词包括代词、连词、介词、助词等，它们通常用来连接或修饰实词，没有明确的词义。

二、词汇的构成词汇的构成是指词的组成方式和形态特征。

在词汇的构成中，我们可以看到一些常见的构词法，如前缀、后缀、派生、合成、转化等。

通过这些构词法，我们可以对词汇进行灵活组合和创造，丰富语言的表达能力。

1.前缀前缀是指加在词根前面的一个字，可以改变词的词义或语法特征。

比如，“un-”表示否定，“re-”表示再次，“pre-”表示在前面等。

2.后缀后缀是指加在词根后面的一个字，同样可以改变词的词义或语法特征。

比如，“-ing”表示进行时，“-ful”表示充满的意思，“-ment”表示名词化等。

3.派生派生是指通过词根和词缀的组合来创造和衍生新的词。

比如，“happy”是一个形容词，通过加上“-ness”后缀就可以派生出名词“happiness”。

4.合成合成是指两个或多个词汇组合在一起，形成一个新的词。

比如，“blackboard”由“black”和“board”两个实词组合而成。

5.转化转化是指一个词汇的词类发生改变，但词形不变。

比如，“work”可以作为动词，也可以作为名词，它的词形都不发生变化。

词汇的构成方式是多种多样的，通过学习这些构词法，我们可以更好地理解和掌握词汇的形态特征，有助于提高我们的语言表达能力。

三、词汇的语义特征语义是指词汇所携带的意义，它是语言交流和理解的基础。

英语词汇学知识点归纳

英语词汇学知识点归纳英语词汇学是研究词汇的学科，主要研究词汇的形成、发展、构造和使用规律。

以下是一些英语词汇学的主要知识点。

1. 词汇分类：英语词汇可以分为原生词汇和派生词汇。

原生词汇是指直接来源于英语语言的词汇，而派生词汇则是通过加前缀、后缀或改变词性形成的新词。

2. 词根、前缀和后缀：许多英语单词都有共同的词根，通过添加前缀和后缀，可以构成各种派生词。

例如，'un-'是一个常见的前缀，表示否定，如'unhappy'（不快乐）。

3. 同义词和反义词：同义词具有相似的意思，可以在不同的上下文中互换使用，例如'big'和'large'。

反义词则是意思相反的词汇，如'hot'和'cold'。

4. 合成词：合成词是由两个或多个独立的词组合而成的词汇。

例如，'sunflower'（向日葵）由'sun'（太阳）和'flower'（花）组成。

5. 词源学：词源学研究词汇的起源和演变过程。

许多英语单词来自其他语言，如拉丁语、法语和希腊语。

了解词源可以帮助我们理解词汇的含义和用法。

6. 词义的变化：词汇的意义会随时间和语境的变化而变化。

一些词汇可能会产生新的意义或失去原有的意义。

例如，'mouse'（老鼠）最初是指一种小动物，现在也可以指计算机的输入设备。

7. 词汇的语法功能：词汇在句子中扮演不同的语法角色，如名词、动词、形容词等。

了解词汇的语法功能可以帮助我们正确使用它们。

8. 语义关系：词汇之间存在各种语义关系，如同义关系、反义关系、上下位关系等。

了解这些关系可以帮助我们扩展词汇量，提高语言表达能力。

9. 词汇的习得和记忆：习得和记忆词汇是学习英语的重要一部分。

采用合适的记忆方法，如使用词汇卡片、词汇表等，可以帮助我们更好地掌握词汇。

以上是英语词汇学的一些主要知识点。

英语词汇学笔记整理..

英语词汇学笔录整理Part 1前缀(Prefixes)1.Negative prefixesa-;an- 缺乏、缺乏amoral( 缺德 ) asexual( 雌雄同体的 ) asymmetry(不平均的)anarchy( 无政府的 )dis- 否、不dishonestnon- 非、否non-black(非黑人区的)non-science non-smoker nonresistant(非抵挡)in- ； i- ； im- ； ir-complete——incomplete correct —— incorrect小结：清辅音 [k],[f],[t]前的前缀加in-; 唇音从前加im-; “ l”前加 il-; “ r ”前加 ir- 。

因此加什么样的前缀由单词的首字母决定。

un- 不unhappy unfriendly infamous2. Pejorative prefixes表贬义mal- 不好的，坏的maltreat(凌虐)malformed(畸形的)malnutrition(营养不良的)malfunction( 功能杂乱 )mis- 错误的misdial( 拨错号 ) misleading(误导)misbehaved(行为不规范) misconception(错误的认知)pseudo-错，假的pseudoscience( 伪科学 ) pseudo teaching(实习)3. Reversative prefixes表逆转的前缀de-defrost(除霜)deplane(下飞机)deindustrialization(非工业化的)decode(解码)dis-表示动作的逆转disconnect( 切断 ) dishearten(灰心)disown( 扔掉 )4.Prefixes of degree or sizearch- means“ most” ” supreme”常带有贬义archenemy archbishop(红衣大主教)arch monetarist(拜金主义者) co-“ joint” or“equally”coexistence( 共存的 ) combine colleague correspondence(通讯联系)小结： co- 这个前缀依据所跟单词的首字母而发生变化在元音前加co- ； -b\-p从前用com-;-l从前用col-;-f\-c\-g前用con-;-r从前用cor- hyper-means“extreme”hyperactive( 过于活跃的 ) hyper cautious(过分当心的)mini-means“ little”minibus miniskirt ministered minimalmaxi-means“ big”maxi coat maxi skirtout-means“ surpassing” ,程度多，超出outclass( 优良的 ) outlive(长寿的)outgrowover-means“excessive” 相当的，带贬义overeat overweight overestimate(高估)overwork overjoyed(惊喜若狂的 ) overflow( 溢出 )sub-亚，次的subculture( 亚文化 ) subtext(潜台词)subconscious(潜意识)subsonic(低音速)super-超级supernatural( 超自然的 ) supermansur- means“over and above” 超surcharge(额外收费)surtax( 附带税 ) surreal( 超现实 )ultra-相当，特别ultramodern ultraconservative(特别守旧的)ultrasonic(超音速)ultraviolet( 紫外线 )under-低于undercharged underestimate(低估)5.Prefixes of orientation and attitudeanti- means“ against” 反anticlockwise( 逆时针 ) anti-aging(抗衰老的)antibacterial(抗菌的) antineutron(反中子)contra- means“opposite” ,“ contrasting”contradiction conrafactualcounter- means“ against” ,“ in opposition to”counterattack counterexample countercurrent(逆电流) pro-支持，站在一方pro-European pro-student6. Locative prefixes表示方向的前缀fore-前部forearm foreground forehead forewordinter- means“ between” ,“ among” 在之间international intermarry(近亲成婚)internetsub- means“under”submarine(潜水艇)subway sublet( 转租 )super- means“ above”superstructure( 上层建筑物 )trans- means“ across”transform( 变形 ) transplant transcontinental(跨州的) 7. Prefixes of time and order表示时间温次序的前缀ex- means“ former” 从前的ex-husband ex-presidentfore-表时间foresee( 预示 ) foretell(预知)post- means“after”postmodernism(后现代的 ) postwar(战后)posttretment(复建)pre-在从前preschooler( 学龄前少儿 ) prehistory(史前史)pre-liberation(解放前)8. Number prefixesbi-;di- means“two” 双bimonthly( 双月的 ) bicycle( 自行车 ) bilingual(双语的)bigamy(重婚) dioxide( 二氧化物 ) disyllable( 双音节 )multi-;poly- means“ many” 多，几个multi-national polygamy(一夫多妻制)polyandry(一妻多夫制) semi-;demi-;hemi- means“ half” 半semiliterate( 半文盲 ) demigod(半人半神)hemisphere(半球)semivowel(半元音 )tri-三triangle(三角形)tricycle( 三轮车 ) trinity(三维一体)trilingual(三语的) uni-; mono- means“ one” 单调的uniform monogamy(一夫一妻制)monologue(单独)9. Neo- Classical prefixes与科技相关的auto- means“self”autobiography(自传 ) autosuggestion(自荐)autocrat(专制)extra-超的extraordinary( 特别的 )extraterrestrial(外星的)neo- means“ new” 新的neo-Nazi(新纳粹党)neo-impressionism(新映像派)pan- means“ all” ,“ world-wide”pan-Americanism泛美主义proto- means“ first” ,” original” 原始的，最先的protohistory( 史古人类学 ) prototype(原型，典型)tele- means“ distant” 远程的telescope telegram televisionPart 2 Suffixation后缀1. Noun suffixes[1] noun + noun suffixes, abstract由此类词缀组成的名词表示抽象的观点-age means“ measure of” or“ collection of”Baggage luggage percentage(会合名词，百分比，不可以和数字直接连用) mileage(里程)-dom means“ the state of being”kingdom officialdom(官僚)stardom(明星地位)-ery, -ryslavery nunnery(尼姑庵)nursery refinery( 精华 )-ful means“ the amount contained”handful mouthful spoonful-hood means“ the state” or“ time of being something”childhood boyhood brotherhood neighborhood widowhood-ing means“ material of” or“ activity connected with”carpeting matting tubing blackerring-ism means“doctrine of”Impressionism( 映像派 ) optimism pessism idealism materialism -ocracy means“ government by”democracy( 民主 )-shiprelationship friendship dictatorship(专制主义)[2] noun + noun suffixes, concrete由此类词缀组成的名词表示详细的观点-eer means“ skilled in”auctioneer( 拍卖师 ) engineer mountaineer-er means“ having doininant characteristics”teenager villager Londoner cooker roaster-ess means“ a female”actress hostess lioness tigress在 masculine( 阳性 )名词后加 - essauthor : authoress女作家heir : heiress女性继承人host : hostess女主人lion : lioness雌狮例外：actor : actress女演员hunter : huntress女猎人tiger : tigress母老虎negro : negress女黑人master : mistress女主人/情妇（concubine二奶）prince : princess公主murderer : murderess女杀手masculine(阳性)与feminine完整不一样bachelor 只身一人汉—— maid少女bull 公牛—— cow母牛cock公鸡——hen母鸡dog 狗—— bitch母狗gentleman男士—— lady女士horse 马—— mare母马king 国王—— queen王后monk 和尚—— nun尼姑nephew 外甥—— niece外甥女在名词前后加上性又名词man-servant——maid-servantcock-sparrow——hen-sparrowhe-goat——she-goattom-cat——she-catpeacock —— peahen-let means“ small” 小booklet piglet starlet-ling means“minor” or“ off spring of”小，后辈duckling princeling-ster means“involved in”gamester(means a person who plays a game for money)gangster(黑帮)[3] verb + noun suffix加在动词后的名词后缀-ant means“a person or thing”informant consultant(顾问)inhabitant lubricant(润滑剂)-ee means“ one who is object of the verb”interviewee nominee(被提名者)trainee-er, -or means“a person or thing”Driver teacher silencer( 消音器 ) computer-al means“ the action on result of”arrival refusal revival-ation means“ the process or state of”classification( 分类 ) interpretation(剖析)explanation globalization(全世界化)explorationPart 3转类法——词形不变，词性改变Assigning the base to a different word class with no change of form.eg: 1. He designed to be a scientist.1.He had a desire to be a scientist.Zero derivation零派生eg: smoke——He smokes a pipe. (verb.)——Let ’The smoke from the chimney. (noun.)s have a smoke. (noun.)英语词类的转变一般是简单词增补： breakfast的来历在阿拉伯， fasting为斋月，从breakfast的构造看来，意为“打破斋戒”的意思，在晚饭和早饭之间的时间较长，而吃早饭就像打破了一个小型的斋戒。

英语词汇学习心得

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《英语词汇学》知识点归纳

《英语词汇学》知识点归纳
1.单词的构成：单词由不同的字母组合而成，可以包括前缀、词根、
后缀等。

2.词根和词义：词根是单词中带有基本词义的部分，在单词形态变化
时不会改变。

词根可以是一个字母、一个词或一个词组。

词根可以通过前
缀和后缀的添加，以及音变等形式进行变化。

3.前缀和后缀：前缀是加在词根前面的一种字母或几个字母，可以改
变单词的意义或词类。

后缀是加在词根后面的一种字母或几个字母，可以
改变单词的意义、词类或语法功能。

4.同义词和反义词：同义词是意义相近或相同的词，可以在表达时相
互替换。

反义词则是意义相反的词，通常用来表达对立或对比的关系。

5.词义的变化：词义可以根据语境和用法的不同而发生变化，有时一
个词也可以具有多个意义。

6.词义的分类：词义可以分为字面意义（词义的最基本的意义）、引
申义（从原来的字面意义发展而来的新的意义）和隐喻义（使用一个词来
暗示或比喻另一个概念）。

7.词义的搭配：词义可以和其他词搭配使用，形成固定的词组或短语，这些搭配可以帮助我们更好地理解和运用单词。

8.词法关系：词汇学研究不同词之间的关系，如近义词、反义词、属
于关系等。

9.词源学：词源学研究词语的起源和发展，并追溯词汇的历史和语言
渊源。

10.词汇扩充：词汇学研究如何通过学习和运用词汇扩充词汇量，如学习词根、前缀和后缀的意义和用法，以及拆解和分析复杂单词的方法。

英语词汇学的英语总结

英语词汇学的英语总结引言英语词汇学是研究英语中单词和词汇的学科。

掌握英语词汇学的基本知识对于学习和运用英语语言至关重要。

本文将总结英语词汇学的核心概念和常见术语。

一、词汇和单词1. 词汇 (Vocabulary)词汇指的是某一语言中的所有单词的集合。

英语词汇是指英语语言中的全部词汇。

2. 单词 (Word)单词是构成语言的基本单位，它可以独立地表达一个完整的意思。

英语语言中包含了大量的单词。

3. 词根 (Root)词根是构成词汇的基本组成部分，它是一个单词的核心部分，具有某种基本的意思。

4. 词缀 (Affix)词缀是用来改变或加强单词意思的字母或字母组合，可以加在词根前面或后面。

5. 同义词 (Synonym)同义词是指在意义上或用法上与另一个单词相同或相近的单词。

二、单词的构成1. 基本词 (Base Word)基本词是不含有词缀的词，即单词的最基本形式。

2. 派生词 (Derived Word)派生词是通过在基本词上加上前缀或后缀而产生的新单词。

3. 复合词 (Compound Word)复合词是由两个或多个单词组合而成的新单词。

4. 缩略词 (Abbreviation)缩略词是将一个长的词或短语简化的方式，通常是取其首字母或字母组合作为缩写形式。

三、词义和词类1. 词义 (Meaning)词义指的是单词所表达的具体意义或概念。

2. 词类 (Word Class/Part of Speech)词类是指单词在语法上的分类，包括名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词、连词和代词等。

3. 同源词 (Cognate Word)同源词是指来自于同一个词根的单词，它们在不同语言中可能有相似或相同的形式和意义。

4. 多义词 (Polysemous Word)多义词是指具有两个或以上不同的意思的单词。

四、词汇的学习与记忆1. 词汇量 (Vocabulary Size)词汇量是指一个人掌握的单词数量，是评估一个人语言水平的重要指标。

词汇学的总结

名词解释1 T he definition of a word(词的定义）In brief, a word may be defined as a fundamental unit of speech and minimum free form; with a unity of sound and meaning (both lexical and grammatical meaning), capable of performing a given syntactic function.The definition of a wordTo sum up, the definition of a word comprises the following pointsA minimal free form of a languageA sound unityA unit of meaningA form that can function alone in a sentence2 Vocabulary（词汇的含义）Broadly speaking, all the words in a language together constitute what is known as vocabulary. The term vocabulary usually refers to a complete inventory of the words in a language. But it may also refer to the words and phrases used in the variants of a language, such as dialect, register, terminology, etc. There is a total English vocabulary of more than 1 million.3 What is lexicology?（什么是词汇学）Lexicology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the study of the vocabulary of a given language. It deals with words, their origin, development, structure, formation, meaning and usage.4 The definition of a morpheme（词素的含义）The morpheme(词素) is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms. A word is the smallest unit of a language that stands alone to communicate meaning. Structurally, however, a word is not the smallest unit because many words can be separated into smaller meaningful units. Words are composed of morphemes. What is usually considered a single word in English may be composed of one or more morphemes:Major process:The definition of prefixation（前缀法的定义）Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify its meaning. However, there is an insignificant number of class-changing prefixesNon-class-changing prefixes: natural-unnatural, like-dislike, fair-unfairClass-changing prefixes: force-enforce, danger-endanger, form-deform, little-belittle, war-postwar, college-intercollegeThe definition of suffixation（后缀法的定义）Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems. Unlike prefixes which primarily change the meaning of the stem, suffixes have only a small semantic role, their primary function being to change the grammatical function of stems. In other words, they mainly change the word class. However, they may also add attached meaning to the stem.The classification of suffixes（后缀的分类）Since suffixes mainly change the word class, we shall group suffixes on a grammatical basis into1) noun suffixes2) adjective suffixes3) adverb suffixes4) verb suffixesThe definition of conversion（转换法的定义）Conversion is a word-formation whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another without the addition of an affix. It is also called zero derivation(零位派生).Major types of conversion（转换法的主要类型）Noun-verb conversionVerb-noun conversionAdjective-noun conversionThe definition of compounding（复合法的定义）Composition or compounding is a word-formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit, a compound word. It is a common device which has been productive at every period of the English language. Today the largest number of new words are formed by compounding.Forms of compounds（复合法的形式）Solid: bedtime, honeymoonHyphenated: above-mentioned, town-planningOpen: reading material, hot lineTypes of compounds（复合法的类别）Noun compoundsAdjective compoundsVerb compoundsMinor process:The definition of blending（拼缀法）Blending（拼缀法）is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining parts of two words. The result of such a process is called a blend or telescopic word or portmanteau word. Blending is thus a process of both compounding and abbreviation. Structurally blends may be divided into four types (see page 45-46).Examplesnewscast (news＋broadcast)brunch (breakfast＋lunch)smog (smoke＋fog)talkathon (talk＋marathon)slimnastics (slim＋gymnastics)videophone ( video ＋telephone)The definition of backformation（逆生法）Back-formation（逆成法）is a process of word-formation by which a word is created by the deletion of a supposed suffix. It is also known as a reverse derivation. Examplesedit from editorautomate from automationenthuse from enthusiasmgloom from gloomydonate from donationbrainwash from brainwashingsleep-walk from sleep-walkingMotivation（理据）Motivation deals with the connection between name (word-symbol) and its sense (meaning). It is the relationship between the word structure and its meaning. Types of motivationOnomatopoeic motivation/phonetic motivation(拟声理据）Morphological motivation（形态理据）Semantic motivation（语义理据）Etymological motivationOnomatopoeic motivation（拟声理据）means defining the principle of motivation by sound. Words motivated phonetically are called onomatopoeic words, whose pronunciation suggests the meaning. They show a close connection between sound and sense.Primary onomatopoeiaPrimary onomatopoeia means the imitation of sound by sound. Here the sound is truly an “echo to the sense”.Morphological motivationDerivational words are morphologically motivated. If one knows the meaning of the affix and the base, then one can immediately tell the meaning of the word. Compounds words may be morphologically motivated too. The meanings of wordslike good-looking, spaceman, moonscape, daydream and many others derive from the combined meaning of the component parts.One thing worth pointing out is that the morphemes, the component parts of these words are themselves conventional.S emantic motivationSemantic motivation （语义理据）refers to the mental association suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word. Here it is the figurative usage that provides the semantic motivation.Etymological motivation(词源理据）Logical motivation（逻辑理据）deals with the problem of defining a concept by means of logic. It means, first, identify the concept of a genus（种概念）, second, to identify the attributes distinguishing one species（属差）from other similar species in the same genus.The definition of polysemyPolysemy is a term used in semantic analysis to refer to a lexical term which has a range of different meanings.简答题：Sources of synonyms（同义词的来源）1）BorrowingNative Borrowedroom chamberfoe enemyhelp aidleave departbodily corporal2）Dialects and regional Englishlift elevatortube subwaypetrol gasolinecall box telephone boothcharm glamour (ScotE)3）Figurative and euphemistic of wordsoccupation walk of lifedreamer s tar-gazerdrunk elevatedlie distort the fact4）Coincidence with idiomatic expressionspick up choosegive up abandongo on with continueput off postponewin gain the upper handhesitate be in two mindsTypes of word meaning(意义的类型）Grammatical MeaningGrammatical meaning(语法意义)refers to that part of meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relationships such as the word class, singular and plural forms of nouns, tense meaning of verbs and their inflectional forms (forget, forgets, forgot, forgotten, forgetting).Lexical meaningLexical meaning(词汇意义) is the meaning of an isolated word in a dictionary. This component of meaning is identical in all the forms of the word.E.g. ‘go, goes, went, gone, going’possess different grammatical meaning. But they have the same lexical meaning expressing the process of movement.Lexical meaning itself has two components: conceptual meaning and associative meaning.Conceptual meaningConceptual meaning(概念意义) (also known as denotative meaning) is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word meaning. Conceptual meaning forms the basis for communication as the same word has the sameconceptual meaning to all the speakers of the same language.Sun: a heavenly body which gives off light, heat,and energyMother: a female parentAssociative meaningAssociate meaning(关联意义) is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. It differs from the conceptual meaning in that it is liable to the influence of such factors as culture, experience, religion, geographical region, class background, education,etc.Associative meaning comprises four types: connotative meaning, stylistic meaning, affective meaning, and collocative meaning.Connotative meaning (内涵意义)In contrast to denotative meaning, connotative meaning refers to the overtones or associations which a word suggests or implies.Mother (a female parent) is often associated with ‘love’, ‘care’, ‘tenderness’, ‘forgiving’, etc.Home (a dwelling place) may suggest ‘family, warmth, safety, love, convenience’, etc. ‘East or west, home is best’.Statesman implies ‘loyalty, devotion to public welfare’; politician implies ‘deceit, power-drunk, bragging, villainy’.Stylistic meaning(文体意义)Words may have stylistic features, which make them appropriate for different contexts.This stylistic difference is especially true of synonyms. It is observed that there are few words which have both the same conceptual meaning and stylistic meaning. Stylistic meaningDegrees of formalityFormalNeutral/CommonInformal/ ColloquialExamplesmale parent, father, daddyresidence, home, padAffective meaning(情感意义)Affective meaning indicates the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in question.Words that have emotive values may fall into two categories:Appreciative or commendatory(褒义): words of positive overtones used to showappreciation or approval.Pejorative or derogatory(贬义): words of negative connotations imply disapproval, contempt or criticism.Affective meaningAppreciativelove, cherish, prize, treasure, admire, worship, charm, fascinate, attract Pejorativehate, detest, loathe, abominate, vicious, good-for-nothingCollocative meaning(搭配意义)Collocative meaning consists of the associations a word acquires in its collocation. In other words, it is that part of the word meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion.Collocative meaningwide awake, fully awake, sound asleep, far apart (‘Very’is inappropriate here) tremble with fear, quiver with excitementEvolutional periods of the English LanguageThis history of the English Language is divided into three periods. The period from 450 to 1150 is known as old English. It is sometimes described as the period of full inflections, since during most of this period the case endings of the noun, the adjectives, and the verbs are preserved more or less unimpaired. From 1150 to 1500, the language is known as Middle English. During the period, the inflections, which had begun to break down toward the end of the Old English period, become greatly reduced, and it is consequently known as the period of leveled inflections. The language since 1500 is called Modern English. A large part of the original inflectional system has disappeared entirely and we therefore speak of it as the period of lost inflections. The progressive decay of inflections is only one of the developments that mark the evolution of English in its various stages.Some characteristics of Old EnglishThe pronunciation of old English words differs somewhat from that of Modern English words. Especially the long vowels have changed a great deal. Take the old English word stan for instance. The word stan is the same word as the Modern English word stone, but the vowel is different. The a sound has shifted to the sound of o in Modern English. Other vowels have also undergone changed. e.g.Fot ( O. E) ----- foot ( Mod. E)Cene ( O. E) ---- keen ( Mod. E)Fyr ( O.E ) ----- fire ( Mod . E )Hu ( O. E ) ----- how ( Mod. E )Old English represented the sound of th by p and as in the word wip ( O. E ) ---- with ( Mod . E ), and the word a ( O. E ) --- then ( Mod. E ), the sound of sh by sc in sceap ( O. E ) --- sheep ( Mod. E ) or sceotan ( O. E ) ---- shoot ( Mod. E ), and the sound of k by c as in cynn ( O. E ) --- kin ( Mod. E ) or nacod ( O. E ) --- naked ( Mod. E).The vocabulary of Old English consisted mainly of Anglo Saxon words. But when the Norman Conquest in 1066 brought French to England, much of the English vocabulary was replaced by words borrowed from French and Latin. During this period, much of the Old English was no longer in use, but the basic elements of the vocabulary have remained. They express fundamental concepts of human life, such as : mann ( man), wif ( wife), cild ( child ), hus ( house ), benc ( bench), mete ( meat, food), leaf ( leaf ), fugol ( fowl ), strang ( strong ), etan ( eat ), drincan ( drink ), libban ( live ), etc.Old English is a synthetic合成的language which shows the relation of words in a sentence largely by means of inflections while Modern English is an analytic分解的language which indicates the relation of words in a sentence by means of order, prepositions or auxiliary verbs, rather than by inflections. For instance:It's very important to notice right away that it is NOT the position of the word in the sentence that makes it take the form sé or þone; it's the role that the word is playing in the sentence. To make this clear, take a look at the following sentences:Sé sunu lufode þone fæder.Lufode sé sunu þone fæder.Þone fæder lufode sé sunu.Þone fæder sé sunu lufode.Sé sunu þone fæder lufode.These sentences all mean exactly the same thing. In other words, in this kind of simple sentence, þone tells us that the noun it's associated with is the object, sétells us that the noun it's associated with is the subject. Not all demonstrative pronouns change their form to indicate subject and object in this way. The "neuter nouns" are another common group of nouns, and very similar in many ways to masculine nouns, and these ones don't make any changes to either noun or demonstrative between subject and object.Se fæder lufode þæt wíf," means, "the father loved the woman." "þæt wíf lufode þone fæder," means, "the woman loved the father." Whether it is subject or object, the phrase "þæt wíf" is the same.Modern English depends upon word order to show the relations of words in asentence. Different word order may result in different meaning. The sentence “ The police arrested the thief” is completely opposite to the sentence “ the thief arrested the police”in meaning. So, in contrast with Modern English, Old English is a synthetic language.Some characteristics of Middle EnglishThe middle English period extends from 1150 to 1500. This period was marked by important changes in the English language. The Norman Conquest was the cause of this change. The change of this period had a great effect on both grammar and vocabulary. In grammar English has changed from a highly inflected language to an analytic language. In this period many old English were lost, and thousands upon thousands of borrowed from French and Latin appeared in the English vocabulary.French influence on the English vocabulary is much more direct and observable. More than half of the English vocabulary is derived from Latin. Some of them have come directly, but a great many came through French. Borrowed words from French in this period are beef, pork, bacon, air, beauty, music, brown, painting, colour,etc which is further discussed in the latter sections.Middle English represented the sound of c by ch as in the word child (M.E)---cild ( O.E), and the sound of cw by qu as in the word queen ( M.E) --- cwen ( O.E).All in all, at the beginning of the period English is a language that must be learned like a foreign tongue, at the end it is Modern English.Some characteristics of Modern EnglishThe Modern English period extends from 1500 to the present day. We may divide this period into two parts: the early Modern English and the late Modern English period. The Early Modern English period extends from 1500 to 1700. The chief influence of this time was the great humanistic movement of the Renaissance. In this period the study of the Latin and Greek classics was stressed, so the influence of Latin and Greek on English was great. Some words as conspicuous, disability, disregard, emancipate, expectation exist, external came directly from Latin. Others, like chaos, crisis, emphasis, system are of Greek origin.The Late Modern English period started after 1700. The eighteenth century in England was a time of stabilizing and purifying the English language. In the 18th century French greatly influenced English. The number of French words in the period from 1650 to 1800 increased rapidly. The following words are useful examples: ballet, cartoon, champagne, cohesion, dentist, patrol, publicity, routine, etc.The territorial expansion of the English Empire in this period resulted in the expansion of the English vocabulary. Thus, there are American Indian words, caribou, hickory, moose, papoose, etc. There are also English Mexican words, such as, maize, potato, tobacco, hammock, etc. From Peru come puma, quinine, etc.From Brazil come cayenne, jaguar, etc. From India , calico, coolie, mandarin, etc come into the English. From Africa come banana, gumbo, zebra, etc.The nineteenth and twentieth centuries are a period of rapid expansion for the English vocabulary in the history of English language.In this period, many changes have taken place. Especially, the great development of science and technology is reflected in the English vocabulary, apart from which there are changes in industry, in political and social lives and other all which have contributed a great deal to the English vocabulary.The following words may be clearly found in this period. The words cinema and moving picture date from 1899. The words radio meaning a receiving station and television date from 1923 and 1904 respectively. Some words came into the English vocabulary between 1914 and 1918, like air raid, antiaircraft gun高射炮, gas mask 防毒面具, etc.Since the second world war the English vocabulary has been affected powerfully by social, political, economic, especially scientific and technical changes. Thousands of new words are added, such as hamster, coopetition, AIDS, hacker, e-mail, e-commerce, e-pal, google, Wag, Youtube, blog, crunk, dooce( fired for blog) Existing words acquire new meanings, and old words die out.To sum up, rapid vocabulary expansion in this period is an important feature of Modern English.。

词汇学第二章知识点总结

词汇学第二章知识点总结第一节语言单位1. 语言单位：词、词组、句子和语法结构词：语言的最小单位词组：由几个词构成的语言单位句子：由词或词组构成的具有完整意义的语言单位语法结构：句子的组织形式，包括层次结构、句子成分、语法关系等2. 词的构成词素：构成词的最小语音和语义单位，可以独立存在或在词中进行构词词根：词的核心，在构词中起着基本作用词缀：附着在词根上，用于构成新词或改变词的词类、意义等词素内部结构：构成词素的内部组合形式3. 词的分类词的词类：名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、数词、量词和介词词的形式：词的屈折、派生、合成等形式第二节词的意义和词的结构1. 词的意义词义：词语所标示的概念、概括和概念内的发展词语义变化：词义的泛化、特指和引申等变化词的义位：构成词义的回路和成分词的词义关系：近义词、异义词和词义关系2. 词的结构词汇结构：构成词的词素和语音等结构形式词的成分结构：构成复词的内部词结构词语构词法：构成词的词缀、合成等构词手段第三节词义关系和词义演变1. 词义关系上下位关系：词义之间的概括和被概括关系同类词关系：在特定范畴或范围内词义之间的同类关系词语义联系：在使用中词义之间的联系和联系表达2. 词义演变词义的演变：在历史发展和使用中词义的变化和扩展词义变化类型：词义的泛化、转移、借代、内涵、外延等变化类型词义变化因素：历史、社会、文化、语言接触等诸多因素第四节词在句法中的功能和语意1. 词的句法功能词的句法功能：在句中词所承担的成分和功能句法结构：构成句子的各种句法成分的组织形式2. 词的语义特征词的语义特征：词的语义属性和特别意义词的意义转换：词义在句法中的隐喻、比喻、借代和辞让等转换方式词义在句法中的表现：词义在句中所呈现的语义特征和语义表达第五节词汇的心理基础1. 词汇的心理组织词的心理存储：词的存储方式和内部心理结构词汇记忆：词的认知和记忆方式及其规律词的心理连接：词之间在心理中的联结和联系2. 词汇的心理活动词的心理组织：词的认知、思维、理解、表达等心理活动词的心理过程：词的产生、使用、决策、回忆、判断等心理过程第六节词汇习得和使用1. 词汇的习得语言习得：语言学习者获取和掌握词汇的过程词汇习得理论：第一语言习得和第二语言习得的理论及其实践词汇习得策略：词汇习得过程中的学习策略和方法2. 词汇的使用词汇的应用范畴：词汇在语言和交际中的各种应用范畴和方式词汇的使用规律：词汇在使用中的频率、变化、地域差异等规律词汇的使用技巧：词汇使用中的技巧、技能、风格等第七节词汇学的理论和研究方法1. 词汇学的理论词汇研究理论：词汇研究的主流理论和方法词汇学派别：各种词汇学派别对词汇研究的探索和发展词汇发展趋势：未来词汇研究的方向、趋势、发展和应用2. 词汇学的研究方法词汇的研究方法：词汇的描述、分析、解释的研究方法和手段词汇的实证研究：词汇在使用中的实证研究方法和技术词汇的应用研究：词汇在语言学、教育学、心理学等领域的应用研究以上是词汇学第二章的知识点总结。

英语词汇学基本概念汇总

《英语词汇学》重要术语One:1. Native words 本族词Words of Anglo-Saxon origin or of Old English are native words.2. Loan words 借词Words borrowed from other languages are loan words or borrowed words.3. Slang words 俚语Slang words are those words of a vigorous, colourful, facetious, or taboo nature, invented for specific occasions, or uses, or derived from the unconventional use of the standard vocabulary.4. Function words 功能词Function words are often short words such as determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliaries that serve grammatically more than anything else.5. Content words 实义词Content words are used to name objects, qualities, actions, processes or states, and have independent lexical meaning.6. Free forms 自由形式Forms which occur as sentences are free forms.Two:1. Morphemes 语素Morphemes are the smallest meaningful linguistic units of English language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.2. Allomorphs 语素变体Allomorphs are any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.3. Free morpheme 自由语素Free morpheme is one that can be uttered alone with meaning.4. Bound morpheme 粘着语素Bound morpheme cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance and must appear with at least one other morpheme, free or bound.5. Root 词根Root is the basic unchangeable part of a word and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word.6. Affix 词缀Affix is a collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme.7. Inflectional affix 屈折词缀Inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality, tense, and the comparative or superlative degree.8. Derivational affix 派生词缀Derivational affix is the kind of affixes that has specific lexical meaning hand can derive a word when it is added to another morpheme.9. Prefixes 前缀Prefixes are affixes added before words.10. Suffixes 后缀Suffixes are affixes added after words.Three1. Word-formation rules 构词规则Word-formation rules define the scope and methods whereby speakers of a language may create new words.2. Stem 词干Stem is the part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed.3. Base 词基Base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added.4. Compounding 合成法Compounding is a word-formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit.5. Derivation 派生法Derivation or affixation is a word-formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix, or suffix, or both, to the base.6. Conversion 转化法Conversion is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix.7. Prefixation 前缀法Prefixation is the addition of a prefix to the base.8. Suffixation 后缀法Suffixation refers to the addition of a suffix to the base.Four:1. Initialism 首字母连写词Initialism is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term or a phrase and it is pronounced letter by letter.2. Acronyms首字母拼音词Acronyms are word formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term, and they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters.3. Clipping 截短法The process of clipping involves the deletion of one or more syllables from a word (usually a noun), which is also available in its full form.4. Blending 拼缀法Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms.5. Back-formation 逆成法Back-formation is a type of word-formation by which a shorter word is coined by the deletion of a supposed affix from a longer form already present in the language.6. Reduplication 重叠法Reduplication is a minor type of word-formation by which acompound word is created by therepetition of one word or of two almost identical words with a change in the vowels or of two almost identical words with a change in the initial consonants.7. Neoclassical formation 新古典词构成法Neoclassical formation is the process by which new words are formed from elements derived from Latin and Greek.Five:1. Conventionality 约定俗成It is the characteristics of relation between the sound-symbol and its sense: there is no way to explain why this or that sound-symbol has this or that meaning beyond the fact that the people of a given community have agreed to use one to designate the other.2. Motivation 理据Motivation refers to the direct connection between word-symbol and its sense.3. Echoic/ onomatopoeic words 拟声词Echoic words or onomatopoeic words are words motivated phonetically whose pronunciation suggests the meaning.4. Morphological motivation 语素结构理据 A word is morphologically motivated if a direct connection can be observed between the morphemic structure of the word and its meaning.5. Semantic motivation 语义理据Semantic motivation refers to motivation based on semantic factors and it is usually provided by the figurative usage of words.6. Grammatical meaning 语法意义Grammatical meaning consists of word-class and inflectional paradigm.7. Inflectional paradigm 词形变化The set of grammatical forms of a word is called its inflectional paradigm. Nouns are declined, verbs are conjugated and gradable adjectives have degrees of comparison.8. Denotative meaning 外延意义The denotative meaning of a word is its definition given in a dictionary.9. Connotative meaning 内涵意义Connotative meaning refers to the emotional association which a word or a phrase suggests in one’s mind.10. Social or stylistic meaning 社会意义Social meaning is that which a piece of language conveys about the social circumstances of its use.11. Affective meaning 情感意义Affective meaning is concerned with the expression of feelings and attitudes of the speaker or writer.12. Componential analysis 语义成分分析The conceptual meaning or denotative meaningcan be broken down into its minimal distinctive components which are known as semantic features. Such an analysis is called componential analysis.Six:1. Polysemy 一词多义Polysemy happens when more than one meaning is attached to a word.2. Radiation 词义辐射Semantically, radiation is the process in which the primary or central meaning stands at the center while secondary meanings radiate from it in every direction like rays.3. Concatenation 语义的连锁、联结Concatenation is a semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts, like the links of a chain, until there is no connection between the sense that is finally developed and the primary meaning.4. Homonymy 同音异义、同形异义Homonymy is the relation between pairs or groups of word which, though different in meaning, are pronounced alike, or spelled alike or both.5. Perfect homonyms 完全同音同形异义词Words identical in sound and spelling but different in meaning are called perfect homonyms.6. Homophones 同音异义词Words identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning are called homophones.7. Homographs 同形异义词Words identical in spelling but different in sound and meaning are called homographs.8. Phonetic convergence 音变的汇合Phonetic convergence is the kind of phenomenon where two or more words which once were different in sound forms take on the same pronunciation.9. Semantic Divergence 词义分化When two or more meanings of the same word drift apart to such an extent that there will be no obvious connection between them, the word has undergone the process of semantic divergence.Seven: 1. Synonyms 同义词 A synonym may be defined as a word having the same meaning as another word: as one of two or more words of the same language and grammatical category having the same essential or generic meaning and differing only in connotation, application, or idiomatic use. 2. Complete synonyms 完全同义词Two words are totally synonymous only if they are fully identical in meaning and interchangeable in any context without the slightest alteration in connotative, affective and stylistic meanings. 3. Relative synonyms 相对同义词Relative synonyms are words that are not fully identical but may differ in shades of meaning, in emotional colouring, in level of formality, in collocation, and in distribution. 4. Antonymy 反义关系In its general sense, antonymy refers to all types of semantic oppositeness. 5. Contraries/gradable antonyms 相对性反义词Contraries orcontrary terms display such a type of semantic contrast that they can be handled in terms of gradability, that is, in terms of degrees of the quality involved. 6. Complementaries/contradictory terms 互补性反义词Complementaries or contradictories represent a type of binary semantic opposition so that theassertion of one of the items implies the denial of the other. 7. Conversives/converses/relational opposites 换位性反义词Conversives represent such a type of binary semantic opposition that there is an interdependence of meaning, or say, one member of the pair presupposes the other. 8. Hyponymy 上下义关系Hyponymy is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical items, such that the former is included in the latter. 9. Superordinates 上义词The general term in a hyponymy pair is called a superordinate linguistically. 10. Hyponyms 下义词The specific term in a hyponymy pair is called the hyponym or subordinate. 11. Semantic field 语义场Semantic field theory is concerned with the vocabulary of a language as a system of interrelated lexical networks. The words of a semantic field are joined together by a common concept, and they are likely to have a number of collocations in common. Eight: 1. Context 语境Context in its narrowest sense consists of the lexical items that come immediately before and after any word in an act of communication. But, in broader sense, it may cover the whole passage and sometimes the whole book in which a word occurs, and in some cases even the entire social or cultural setting. 2. Linguistic context 语言语境Linguistic context is lexical, grammatical and verbal context in its broad sense. 3. Extra-linguistic context 语言之外的环境Extra-linguistic context refers not only to the actual speech situation in which a word is used but also to the entire cultural background against which a word, or an utterance or a speech event is set. 4. Lexical context 词汇语境Lexical context refers to the lexical items combined with a given polysemous word. 5. Grammatical context 语法语境In grammatical context, the syntactic structure of the context determines various individual meanings of a polysemous word. 6. Verbal context 言语语境The verbal context, in its broadest sense, may cover an entire passage, or even an entire book, and in some cases even the entire social or cultural setting. 7. Ambiguity 歧义Ambiguity refers to a word, phrase, sentence or group of sentences with more than one possible interpretation or meaning. 8. Lexical ambiguity 词汇歧义Lexical ambiguity is caused by polysemy. 9. Structural ambiguity 结构歧义Structural ambiguity arises from the grammatical analysis of a sentence or a phrase.Nine: 1. Change of word meaning 语义变化When a word loses its old meaning and comes to refer to something altogether different, the result is a change of word meaning. Broadly speaking, change of meaning refers to the alteration of the meaning of existing words as well as the addition of new meaning to establish words. 2. Restriction of meaning 语义专门化Restriction of meaning or specialization of meaning means that a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower, specialized sense which is applicable to only one of the objects it had previously denoted. 3. Extension of meaning 词义扩展化Extension of meaning or generalization means the widening of a word’s sense un til it covers much more than what it originally conveyed. 4. Degeneration of meaning 词义降格There are two main forms of degeneration or pejoration. One refers to the process where words once respectable or neutral may shift to a less respectable, or even derogatory meaning. The other refers to the weakening of meaning resulting from habitual use of particular words on unsuitable occasions.5. Elevation of meaning 词义升格It refers to the process that the meaning of a word goes uphill.6. Metaphor 暗喻Metaphor is a figure of speech containing an implied comparison based on association of similarity, in which a word or a phrase ordinarily and primarily used for one thing is applied to another.7. Metonymy 转喻It is a figure of speech by which an object or idea is described by the name of something closely related to it. Ten: 1. Idiom 习语An English idiom is a group of words with a special meaning different from the meanings of its constituent words. It is a combination of two or more words which are usually structurally fixed and semantically opaque, and function as a single unit of meaning. 2. Phrase idioms 惯用短语All phrase idioms have a noun, verb, adjective, preposition or an adverb as the central word and correspond to the familiar parts of speech, and are capable of a given syntactic function. 3. Clause idioms 从句成语Clause idioms or subject-less clause patterns contain objects and / or complements. 4. Sentence idioms 句子成语The two major types of sentence idioms are proverbs or sayings and typical conversational expressions. 5. Proverbs 谚语Proverbs are sentences accepted by the people and handed down to the present day because they express some obvious truth or familiar experience in a concise and witty style.。

英语词汇学知识点归纳详细

英语词汇学知识点归纳详细英语词汇学是研究英语词汇的起源、发展、结构和功能的学科。

它关注词汇的形成、分布和使用规律，旨在帮助人们更好地理解和运用英语词汇，我将详细讨论英语词汇学的一些重要知识点。

第一部分：英语词汇的起源和发展1.1 词汇的起源英语词汇的起源可以追溯到原始语言，人类追求沟通的需要催生了词汇的出现。

最初，人们通过模仿自然声音或物体特性来命名事物，逐渐形成了最早的词汇系统。

1.2 词汇的发展随着社会的进步和交流的增加，语言发生了演变和变异。

英语词汇的发展经历了几个阶段，包括古英语、中古英语、现代英语等，每个阶段都有其独特的特点和词汇形态。

第二部分：英语词汇的结构2.1 词根词根是词汇的核心部分，它通常具有基本含义，并可以通过前缀和后缀来构成新的词汇。

例如，"write"是一个词根，可以通过添加前缀"re-"构成"rewrite"，通过添加后缀"-er"构成"writer"。

2.2 前缀前缀位于词根之前，用于改变词的意义或形态。

常见的前缀包括"un-"（表示否定）、"re-"（表示再次）等。

例如，"happy"变为"unhappy"表示不快乐，"do"变为"redo"表示重新做。

2.3 后缀后缀位于词根之后，用于改变词的类别或形态。

常见的后缀包括"-er"（表示职业或性别）、"-able"（表示能力或性质）等。

例如，"act"变为"actor"表示演员，"comfort"变为"comfortable"表示舒适的。

第三部分：英语词汇的分类3.1 按词性分类英语词汇可以根据其功能和词法特征分为不同的词性，包括名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词、连词和感叹词等。

英语词汇学总结复习资料

大家请注意：笔记中大多数是以名词解释的形式出现的，这些是绝对的基础，应该一字不漏的背下来。

其实不少简答题也就是几个定义的汇总，再加上个例子就可以拿满分了。

区分两个词的区别，主要还是指明其各自的定义。

第一章Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary1. 词的定义Word —— A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.2.声音与意义的关系There is no logical relationship between sound and meaning as the symbolic connection between them is arbitrary and conventional.E.g. “woman” means ’Frau’ in German，’Femme’ in French and ’Funv ’in Chinese. On the other hand，the same sound /rait/ can mean right，rite and write，though denoting different things，yet have the same sound.3.读音与拼写不一致的原因The difference between sound and form result from 4 major factors.（At least 80%of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns）a）. the internal reason is English alphabet does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language.b）. Pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spellingc）. Influence of the work of scribes/printing freezes the spelling of words in 1500d）. Borrowing of foreign language4. 词汇的含义Vocabulary —— Vocabulary is most commonly used to refer to the sum total of all the words of a language. It can also refer to all the words of a given dialect，a given book，a given displine and all the words possessed by an individual person as well as all the words current in a particular period of time in history.The general estimate of the present day English vocabulary is over 1 million words.5.词汇的分类的原则Classification of Words—by use frequency，by notion，by originthe English vocabulary consist of words of all kinds. they can be classified by different criteria and for different purpose . words may fall into the word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency, into content words and functional words by notion , and into native words and borrowed words by origin.基本词汇的特点1）. Basic word stock – the foundation of the vocabulary.1.all national character （most important）– natural phenomenamost common things and phenomena of the human body and relationsworld around us names of plants and animals action，size，domain，state numerals，pronouns，prep. ，conj.2. stability– they donate the commonest thing necessary to life，they are like to remain unchanged. Only relative，some are undergoing some changes. But the change is slow.e.g. arrow，bow，chariot，knight – past electricity，machine，car，plane ——now3.productivity– they are mostly root words or monosyllabic words，they can form new words with other roots and affixes.e.g. foot – football，footage，footpath，footer4.polysemy – often possess more than one meaning. Become polysemous.e.g. take to move or carry from one place to another to remove5.collocability– quite a number of set expressions，idiomatic usages，proverbial saying and others基本词汇在英语中的地位和重要性The basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language .though words of the basic word stock constitute a small percentage of the English vocabulary ,yet it is the most important part of it .e.g. heart – a change of heart， a heart of goldNon-basic vocabulary ——(例子)1. terminology –technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas as in medicinephotoscanning，hepatitis，indigestion，penicillin，algebra，trigonometry，calculus2. jargon– specialized vocabulary in certain professions.Bottom line，ballpark figures，bargaining chips，hold him back，hold him in，paranoid3. slang—— substandard words often used in informal occasionsdough and bread，grass and pot，beaver，smoky，bear，catch，holler，Roger，X-rays，Certain words are labeled slang because of their usage.4. argot – words used by sub-cultured groupscan-opener，dip，persuader cant，jargon ，argot are associated with，or most available to，specific groups of the population.5. dialectal words– only by speakers of the dialectbeauty，chook，cocky，station，auld，build，coo，hame，lough，bog6. archaisms – words no longer in common use or restricted in use. In older poems，legal document and religious writing or speech.7. neologism– newly created words with new meaning e.g. microelectronics，futurology，AIDS，internet，E-mailold meaning acquired new meaning e.g. mouse，monitor2）. Content word （notional word）– denote clear notions.Functional word （empty word，form word）– do not have notions of their own，express the relation between notions，words and sentences.a. Content words constitute the main body of the English vocabulary are numerous.Functional words are in a small number.b. Content words are growing.Functional words remain stable.c. Functional words do far more work of expression than content words.3）. Native words –are words brought to Britain in the 15 century by the German tribes. Ango-Saxon Words，50，000-60，000What is true of the basic word stock is also true of native world. More are1. neutral in style （not stylistical specific ）2. 2.frequent in use （in academic fields and science French，Latin or Greek are used）（usage 70-90%）Borrowed words （loan words，borrowing）– words taken over from foreign language. 80%本族语词在英语中的地位和重要性Native words form the mainstream of the basic word stock and stand at the core of the language .therefore , what is true of the basic word stock is also true of native words.According to the degree of assimilation and manner of borrowing，we can bring the loan words under 4 classes.1.Denizen s– words borrowed early and now are well assimilated into English language.e.g. port from portus（L）shift，change，shirt，pork cup from cuppa（L）2.Aliens– retained their original pronunciation and spellinge.g. décor（F）blitzkreeg（G）emir，intermez，rowtow，bazaar，rajar，status quo3.translation loans– formed from the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language.1）. Word translated according to the meaninge.g. mother tough from lingua maternal（L）black humor from humor noir long time no see，surplus value，master piece2）. Words translated according to the sounde.g. kulak from kyrak（Russ）lama from lama（Tib）ketchup tea4. Semantic loans– their meaning are borrowed from another languagee.g. stupid old dump new sassy dream old joy and peace pioneer old explorer/person doing pioneering work new a member of the young pioneer fresh old impertinent，sassy，cheeky第二章The Development of the English1、Indo-European language family （Europe，the Near East，India）It can be grouped into an Eastern set :Balto –Slavic 、Indo-Iranian、Armenian and Albanian; a Western set: Celtic、Italic 、Hellenic、GermanicIn the Eastern set , Armenian and Albanian are each the only modern language respectively,the Balto –Slavic comprises such modern language such as Prussian、Lithuanian、Polish、Czech、Bulgarian、Slovenian、Russian. In the Indo-Iranian we have Persian, Bengali, Hindi, Romany, the last three of which are derived from the dead language Sanskrit.In the Western set, Greek is the modern language derived from Hellenic. In the Celtic,we find Scottish, Irish,Welsh, Breton. the five Romance language ,namely, Portuguese,Spanish, French, Italian, Roumanian all belong to the Italic through an intermediate language called Latin. The Germanic family consist of the four Northern European language :Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish and Swedish, which are generally known as Scandinavian languages. Then there is German, Dutch, Flemish and English.2、History （时间，历史事件，特征）1）Old English （450-1150）totally 50，000-60，000 wordsThe 1st people known to inhabit England were Celts，the language was Celtic.The second language was the Latin of the Roman Legions. The Germanic tribes called angles，Saxons and Jutes and their language，Anglo-Saxon dominated and blotted out the Celtic. Now people refer to Anglo-Saxon as old English. At the end of 6th century，the introduction of Christianity has a great impact on the English vocabulary. The common practice was to create new words bycombining two native words. In the 9th century，many Scandinavian words came into English. At least 900 words of Scandinavian are in modern English，our daily life and speech.特点：highly inflected language///complex endings or vowel changes （full ending）2）Middle English （1150-1500）English，Latin，FrenchUntil 1066，although there were borrowings from Latin，the influence on English was mainly Germanic. But the Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English.By the end of the 13th century，English gradually come back into public areas.Between 1250 and 150 about 9000 words of French origin pouered into English. 75% of them are till in use today.As many as 2500 words of Dutch origin come into English.特点：fewer inflections leveled ending3）Modern English （1500-up to now）early modern English （1500-1700）late modern English（1700-up to now）The Renaissance(the early period)，Latin and Greek were recognized as the languages of the West ern world’s great literary heritage.From the 1500’s through the 1700’s ,many writers experimented with words. Over 10000 new words entered the English language .many of these were taken from Latin and Greek .The Industrial Revolution was in the mid-17 century. With the growth of colonization，British tentacles began a stretching out of to every corner of the globe，thus enabling English to absorb words from all major languages of the world.After World War II，many new words have been created to express new ideas，inventions and scientific achievements.More words are created by means of word-formation.thousands and thousands of new words have been entered to express new ideas inventions，and scientific achievements.more words are created by means of word-formation.in modern English，word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions English has evolved from a synthetic language to the present analytic language.science and technology terms make up about 45% of new words. words associated with life-style constitute of 24% and social and economic terms amount to over 10% .mention should be made of an opposite process of development i.e. old words falling out if use.特点：ending are almost lost.3. Three main sources new words当代英语词汇发展的现状New words sweep in at a rate much faster than at any other historical period of time .词汇发展的主要原因1).The rapid development of modern science and technology2).Social: economic and political changes3).The influence of other cultures and languages4. Three modes of vocabulary development（英语发展的三个主要方式：创造新词、旧词新意、借用外来语词）1. Creation – the formation of new words by using the existing materials，namely roots，affixes and other elements. （This is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.）2. Semantic change - an old form which take on a new meaning to meet the new need.3. Borrowing – to take in words from other languages.（played a vital role in the development of vocabulary , particularly in earlier times）4. （Reviving archaic or obsolete）French 30%，Latin 8%，Japanese Italian 7%，Spanish 6%，German Greek 5%，Russian Yiddish 4%第三章Word Formation*1. Morpheme(词素) ——A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a language. （The smallest functional unit in the composition of words.）*2.Morph—— A morpheme must be realized by discrete units. These actual spoken minimal carriers of meaning are morphs.3.Monomorphenic words– morphemes are realized by single morphs.4.Allomorph（词素变体）——Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position. Such alternative morphs are allomorphemes. E.g. the morpheme of plurality （-s）has a number if allomorphemes in different sound context，e.g. in cats/s/，in bags/z/，in matches/iz/.5. Free morphemes or Free root —— The morphemes have complete meaning and van be used as free grammatical units in sentences，e.g. cat，walk. They are identical with root words. morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are considered to be free.6.Bound Morphemes——The morphemes cannot occur as separate words. They are bound to other morphemes to form words，e.g. recollection （re+collect+ion）collect – free morpheme re-and –ion are bound morphemes. （include bound root and affix）Bound morphemes are found in derived words.7.Bound root ——A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root，it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. Take -dict- for example：it conveys the meaning of “say or speak” as a Latin root，but not as a word. With the prefix pre-（=before）we obtain the verb predict meaning “tell beforehand”。

英语词汇学知识点概括总结

英语词汇学知识点概括总结
一、英语词汇学概述
英语词汇学是语言学的一个重要分支，研究的是词汇的形成、构成、分类和运用规律等。

对于学习英语的人来说，词汇是基础，因此了解英语词汇学知识点对于提高语言水平很有
帮助。

二、英语词汇的分类
英语词汇根据不同的分类标准可以分为不同的类型，按照词性分类，英语词汇可以分为名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、介词、连词和感叹词等。

此外，英语词汇还可以按照构
词法、语义分类和语法功能等不同标准进行分类。

三、英语词汇的构成
英语词汇的构成主要包括词根、前缀、后缀和词干等部分。

通过不同的组合方式，可以构
成不同的词汇，使得英语词汇系统更加丰富多样。

四、词汇记忆与运用
词汇是语言运用的基础，因此词汇的记忆和运用是英语学习中的重要内容。

学习者可以通
过生词本、词根词缀、语境记忆等方式进行词汇的记忆，同时要注重词汇的运用，积累语感，灵活运用词汇。

五、词汇拓展与应用
在学习英语词汇的过程中，不仅要记忆掌握基础词汇，还需要不断拓展词汇量，了解词汇
在不同语境下的应用，丰富自己的词汇库，使得语言表达更加流畅。

六、英语词汇学研究的意义
英语词汇学的研究对于语言学的发展具有重要的意义，可以帮助我们了解语言规律，促进
语言教学和翻译工作的发展，同时还可以为语言教学提供理论基础和实践指导。

总之，英语词汇学是语言学的重要分支之一，研究词汇的构成、分类和应用等方面，对于
提高语言水平和推动语言学科的发展都具有重要意义。

因此，我们可以在学习中加强对英
语词汇学知识的学习，从不同角度掌握词汇的规律和应用，提高语言表达能力和运用能力。

英语词汇学基本知识点总结

英语词汇学基本知识点总结English vocabulary is the cornerstone of the language and plays a vital role in communication, writing, and reading. Understanding the essential points of English vocabulary is crucial for learners to improve their language skills and be able to effectively express themselves in various contexts. In this summary, we will explore the basic knowledge of English vocabulary, including its types, acquisition, and usage, to provide a comprehensive understanding of this fundamental aspect of the language.Types of VocabularyEnglish vocabulary can be categorized into different types based on their usage, origin, and form. The main types of vocabulary include:1. Basic Vocabulary: Basic vocabulary consists of the most common words that are essential for everyday communication. These words are commonly used in spoken and written language and are crucial for building a foundation in the language.2. Academic Vocabulary: Academic vocabulary refers to the words and phrases that are commonly used in academic settings, such as in textbooks, research papers, and lectures. These words are often more complex and specific to certain subjects or disciplines.3. Technical Vocabulary: Technical vocabulary includes specialized words and terminology used in particular fields, such as science, medicine, technology, and engineering. These words are often challenging for non-experts to understand and require specific knowledge of the subject area.4. Colloquial Vocabulary: Colloquial vocabulary consists of informal words and expressions that are commonly used in everyday conversation and informal writing. These words may vary from region to region and often reflect the local dialect and cultural influences.5. Idiomatic Vocabulary: Idiomatic vocabulary refers to expressions and phrases that have a figurative meaning different from the literal interpretation of the words. These expressions are commonly used in spoken language and may pose challenges for non-native speakers.6. Loanwords: Loanwords are words that are adopted from other languages and incorporated into English. These words often retain their original form and meaning, adding diversity to the English vocabulary.Acquisition of VocabularyThe process of acquiring vocabulary involves various strategies and techniques to enhance one's word knowledge and usage. The following are some essential methods for vocabulary acquisition:1. Reading: Reading is one of the most effective ways to acquire new vocabulary. Exposure to a wide range of written materials, including books, articles, and newspapers, allows learners to encounter new words in context and understand their usage.2. Contextual Learning: Understanding the context in which a word is used helps learners grasp its meaning and usage more effectively. Contextual learning involves interpreting words and phrases based on the surrounding text and extracting their meaning from the overall context.3. Mnemonics: Mnemonics are memory aids that help learners remember and retain new vocabulary. Techniques such as creating associations, visualization, and using mnemonic devices can assist in memorizing and recalling words more easily.4. Vocabulary Apps and Tools: Technology-based resources, such as vocabulary apps and online tools, provide interactive and engaging platforms for learners to expand their word knowledge. These resources often offer word games, quizzes, and flashcards to reinforce vocabulary acquisition.5. Word Analysis: Breaking down words into their component parts, such as prefixes, suffixes, and roots, helps learners understand the structure and meaning of new vocabulary. This approach is especially useful for deciphering unfamiliar words and inferring their definitions.6. Vocabulary Expansion: Actively seeking out new words and making a conscious effort to expand one's vocabulary through exploration of various sources, such as dictionaries, thesauruses, and word lists, is essential for continuous language development.7. Vocabulary Practice: Regular practice and reinforcement of vocabulary through activities such as writing, speaking, and using the words in different contexts contribute to the retention and application of new vocabulary.Usage of VocabularyEffective use of vocabulary is crucial for clear and impactful communication in both spoken and written forms. The following are some key aspects of vocabulary usage:1. Word Choice: Selecting the appropriate words for expressing ideas and conveying meaning is essential for effective communication. Understanding the nuances of words and their connotations enables speakers and writers to choose the most suitable vocabulary fora given context.2. Register and Style: Adapting vocabulary to the appropriate register and style is important for communicating with different audiences and in diverse settings. Adjusting language choices based on formality, audience, and purpose enhances the clarity and effectiveness of communication.3. Collocation and Phraseology: Understanding the collocation of words and phrases, as well as familiarizing oneself with common idiomatic expressions, contributes to natural and fluent language use. Recognizing and using collocations and idiomatic language enhances the authenticity and fluency of communication.4. Vocabulary Expansion: Continuously expanding one's vocabulary through exposure to diverse texts, contexts, and sources enriches language proficiency and enables the use of more varied and precise vocabulary.5. Vocabulary Development: Engaging in activities that promote vocabulary development, such as reading, writing, and participating in discussions, contributes to the ongoing enhancement of language skills and the refinement of vocabulary use.ConclusionEnglish vocabulary is a multifaceted aspect of language learning that encompasses various types, acquisition methods, and usage strategies. Understanding the fundamental aspects of English vocabulary is crucial for learners to build a strong vocabulary foundation, expand their word knowledge, and effectively communicate in diverse contexts. By grasping the essential knowledge points of English vocabulary, learners can enhance their language skills and develop proficiency in expressing themselves with precision and clarity.。

英语词汇学总结

Word：A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.2.Morpheme：the compositional element of a word。

The smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit which can not be divided without altering or destroying the meaning whether it is lexical or grammatical.3.Free Morphemes ( Free form) ：one that may constitute a word ( free form) by itself or it can be used on its own.4.Bound Morphemes ( Bound Form)：One that may appear with at least one other morpheme, i.e. it is never used alone but must be used with another morpheme. 5.Derivation derivation is defined as the formation of words by adding affixes to roots or by combining two bound roots.6.Reduplication :reduplication is a minor process of word-formation by which a compound word is created by the repetition. 7.Acronymy :Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.8.Clipping:The way of making a word, i.e. to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead9.Blending :Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word.10.Conversion:Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.11.Backformation is an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is coined by deleting an imagined affix, an already existing longer word in the vocabulary.12.Conventionality :refers to the arbitrariness between a sound and meaning.13.motivation :refers to the connection between a word and its meaning.14. Compounding is a process of word-formation by joining two or more stems.15.synonymy: one of two or more words in the English language which have the same or very nearly the same essential meaning.16.Definition of synonyms：synonyms can be defined as words different in sound and spelling but most nearly alike or exactly the same in meaning .17.Hyponymy:hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. i.e. the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word. 18 Grammatical Meaning consists of word-class and inflectional paradigm and is the same in identical sets of individual forms of different words .include ,Part of speech of words and Singular and plural meaning of nouns and Tense meaning of verbs and their inflectional form19.Lexical Meaning is the component of meaning proper to the word as a lexical item.20.onceptual meaning ：denotative meaning is its definition given in a dictionary. It is that aspect of lexical meaning which makes communication possible.21. Connotation meaning refers to the emotion association which a word or a phrase suggests in one’s mind; it is the supplementary value which is added to the purely denotative meaning of a word.22. Associative meaning: the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning23. Affective meaning is concerned with the expression of feeling and attitudes of the speaker or writer.24.Collocative meaning consists of the associations a word requires in its collocation25.Affix iscollective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme.25.Suffix: A suffix is an affix which is placed after the stem of a word., for example, blood+y.26. prefix: A prefix is an affix which is placed before the root of a word, such as ,pre+war, sub+sea. 27.Acronymy：Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.（缩略词）28.Acronyms：Acronyms are words formed from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word.（缩略词合读）29. Antonyms ：are words which are opposite in meaning.反义词30. Homonymy：is generally defined as words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling. 同音异义31.Hyponymy：deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. i.e.the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word.上下词义关系the types of clipping:①Front chipping: It refers to cut the front part of a word, for example, the word “bus” was come from the word “omni”“bus”which cut “omni” EG bus←ominbus cyclist←bicyclist②Back clipping: It refers to cut the last part of a word. EG :ad←advertisement bike ← bicycle③Front and back clipping: It refers to cut the last part of a word EG :flu←influenza tec← detective ④ Syncope: It is a way of making a word shorter by leaving out of sounds or letters in the middle of it EG；fancy←fantacy courtsy←courtesy 2.the difference between initialisms and acronyms ；Initialisms are words pronounced letter by letter; EG:COD AD BC Acronyms are words formed from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word. EG,AIDS SARS →Their pronunciation is different 3.The types of Blending；①head﹢tail: EG: auto mobile﹢suicide→autocide motor﹢hotel→motel②head+ head : EG sitcom←situation+ comedy moped←motor﹢pedal③head﹢word：EG：medicare←medical﹢care telequiz=telephone+quiz④word﹢tail: EG：workfare←work﹢welfare bookmobile=book+automobile4.The types of words from proper name①Name of places :eg: China jersey ②Name of books : EG utopia refers tothe book “sir Thomas More’s book utopia” ③Trade name: EG：nylon orlon rayon Dacron④Name of people: ⑴word are from name of scientists ：inventors EG: watt, ohm ⑵words are from character in mythology :EG protean proteus⑶ words are from historical figures EG: bobky is from Sir Robert Peel ⑷words are from character in literary works ：EG: robot is from R.U.R by Rarel capek 5.Adjective to noun:①fully converted: It refers to a noun converted from an adjective has all the characteristics of nouns. It can take an identical article or –e(s). EG: a white anative finals`②partially conversion: It refers to a noun do not possess all the qualities. They must be used together with definite articles. They retain some of the adjective features. EG. the poor, the rich, the most corrupt 6/Characteristics of compounding; ①semantic features: In the compounds, every part has its own meaning which combine the wholemeaning. Eg. a greenhouse, a greenroom②grammatical features； A compound plays a single grammatic role a sentence .EG：call boy ,v+n home made ,n+p.p ③phonetic features: the stress element places in different places, the compound has different meaning .EG: a ‘grand piano a grand ‘piano④orthographic features: two words write in separate way or together has different meanings EG: silkworm, tear chair7.discrimination of synonyms:from three aspects, such as denotation, connotation and application ①difference in denotation: they are differ in the range and intensity of meaning. EG:timid:the state of mind in which a person may happen to be at the moment, and the habitual disposition timorous: disposition Rich/wealyhy2) Difference in connotation : stylistic and emotive coloring of words EG answer / respond handy / manual 3) Difference in application ：collocations & sentence patterns EG:allow / let ：allow sb to do sth, let sb do sth answer / reply : answer for, reply to 8. Sources of Synonyms1) Borrowing mingling of Latin, French and native elements couplets and triplets Native room foe help Foreign chamber enemy aid2) Dialects and regional English .EG. Br.E lift lawyer Am.E elevator attorney3) Figurative and euphemistic use of words occupation walk of life (fig.) dreamer star-gazer (fig.) drunk elevated ( euph.) lie distort the fact( euph.)4) Coincidence with idiomatic expressions EG: Win :gain the upper hand decide : make up one’s mind 9.Several types of backformation: 1) A noun of a person who does sth. is back formed to a verb showing action.EG. typewriter ,typewrite ,housekeeper 2) Abstract nouns are back formed to a verb.EG. Diagnosis ,diagnose,emotion emote3) Adverbs are back formed to a verb. EG. sidling, sidle, darkling,darkle4) Adjectives are back formed to a verb by getting rid of y. EG. Greedy ,greed lazy, laze。