研究影响英语词汇语义变化的因素

摘要：这篇论文的目的是分析影响英语词汇语义变化的因素。其原因是多种多样的。本文试图从词汇的角度阐释在不同的方面，词的语义变化，为何会发生词的语义变化。语义变化的原因是什么? 这篇文章主要介绍影响因素的两个方面：语外因素和语内因素。语外因素包括历史因素，阶级因素，心理因素，社会因素。语内因素包括词义扩大，词义缩小，褒义化，贬义化。

关键词：英语词汇；语内因素；语外因素

Abstract: This articler aims to analyze the influential factors that effect the semantic change of the English vocabulary. The reasons are various. From a lexical perspective，this paper analyzes the semantic change of words in different respects as why semantic change of words happens. What factors that influence the semantic change? This article mainly introduces two aspects of the factors: extra-linguistic factors and linguistic factors. Extra-linguistic factors contain historical factors, class factors, psychological factors, social factors. Linguistic factors consist of generalization, specialization, amelioration, pejoration, transference.

Key words: English vocabulary; internal-linguistic factor; extra-linguistic factor

0. 引言

众所周知，人类社会在不断转变，语言作为人类交流和表达思想的工具也在发生变化。在语言发展的过程中，不断淘汰旧的词汇，而新的词汇如雨后春笋般出现。本文研究的重点就是词的语义变化，例如：从词汇的角度探讨语义变化的因素。通过从不同的方面分析语义变化，一些实际价值接踵而至：对于英语学习者而言获得更加完整的英语单词意义的理解相当有帮助。

考虑到英语词汇中语义变化的研究，很多语言学家致力于发现语义变化的规则，例如：Lehmann简要定义了词汇意义变化被定义为语义变化，因为我们需要定义语义学结构整体的特点。Sommerfelt 从社会环境的角度处理词的意义。然而Bloomfield 声明语义变化应该被定义为只是改变词汇意义的创新性。

然而，以前关于英语词汇语义变化的研究存在一些缺点。例如：很少谈论受因特网的影响，语义变化给英语带来的后果是没有空间来说明。因此，本文将会强调语义变化是如何发生的。

1. 语外因素

1.1 历史因素

由于语义学的原因一些词的意义被词义缩小或扩大。语义变化被看成是由于文化修饰

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