国际贸易实务双语教程Chapter10 The Conclusion of Sales Contracts-30页精选文档
国际贸易实务双语Chapter 10
n.
contractual
adj.
承运，运输，输送；车辆， (旧时载客的) 四轮马车； 〈英〉火车客车车厢；运费 雇用；就业；职业 法律约束的协议 有效的；有法律效力的； 本质的；要点 (的)；必要的；精华的 必需品；基本要素；必不可少的东西 要约，出价；表示愿意 提议；企图；供奉 提议；出价，开价；试图；求婚 接受，承诺；接纳； [金融]承兑；无怨接受 (逆境、困境等)；赞成 合同的，契约的；契约性
display
n.
vt.
price-marked goods
unqualified
adj.
consideration
n.
履行合同能力 要约人，出价人；发价(盘)人 受约人; 被发价人，受盘人 函件，通知 广告，宣传；公告；出公告，做广告 简介，说明书；(即将出版的书等的)内容介绍；计划书， 意见书；(讲义等的)大纲 提出要约的邀请 展览，陈列；陈列品，展览品；显示器；炫耀 显示；陈列；展开，伸展；夸示，炫耀 明码标价的商品 绝对的；不合格的；无限制的；无资格的； 对价；考虑，考察；照顾，关心；报酬；尊敬
对价指乙方的权利所得到的利益或由另一方承受的忍耐遭受的损害损失或者所给予的责任
Chapter Ten Sales Contracts 销售合同
国际贸易实务双语教程课后题答案
Marine Risks货物运输保险 国际贸易实务双语教程第二版chapter 10
③在运输工具已经发生搁浅，触礁，沉没，焚毁意外事故的情况下，货物在此前后又在还上遭受恶劣气候，雷达，海啸等自然灾害所造成的部分损失（两者同时发生）。
④Partial or Total loss consequent on falling of entire package or packages into sea during loading, transshipment, discharge.
Marine Losses【海损】
全部海损是指由于海滩，火灾或者其他原因引起的全部运输货物的全部损失。部分海损是指货物的损失只是部分的。
A.
Total loss
全部海损
a. Actual loss
实际海损
是指该批被保险货物完全灭失或完全变质已经失去原有的使用价值。
b. Constructive loss
船舶搁浅，触礁，沉没，船舶互撞，与流冰或者其他物体相撞，起火，爆炸以及船只失踪等事故。
B.
Extraneous risks
外来风险
a. Generalextraneous risk
一般外来风险
Theft or pilferage, rain, shortage, contamination, leakage, breakage, train of order, dampness, heating, rusting, hooking, etc.
①Theft,Pilferage and
Non-delivery clause (T.P.N.D.)
偷窃、提货不着险条款
②Fresh Water and\ or Rain
Chapter_10_Negotiation_and_Conclusion_of_Contracts_in_International_Sales_of_Goods
In other words, it refers to trading terms put forward by offerors to offerees, on which the offerors are willing to conclude business with the offerees. 即：发盘是交易的一方向另一方提出各 项交易条件，并愿意按这些条件达成交 易、签订合同买卖某种商品的意思表示。
询盘，又称为“询价”或“邀请发盘”，是指买 方为了购买或者卖方为了销售货物而向对方提出 有关交易条件的询问。询盘在法律上称为“要约 邀请”（Invitation to offer）。我国《合同法》规 定：要约邀请是希望他人向自己发出要约的意思 表示。询盘的主要目的是诱使对方发盘。
Inquiry
The seller and the buyer both can make an inquiry.
Offer
There are two kinds of offers: Firm offer with engagement Non-firm offer without engagement
Invitation for Offer
Examples For Model A, We quote USD800 per set CIF Sydney. We are glad to quote for your reference as follows:… We offer subject to your reply reaching us within 5 days … We quote for Item AA …, subject to our final confirmation
国际贸易实务案例教程(双语(第2版)
国际贸易实务案例教程（双语（第2版）Chapter OneCase Study for a Brief Introduction to International Trade国际贸易简介案例Part One Selected Analysis of Case Study第一部分案例精选Case 1 US-India Wool Fabric DisputeCase Description:The United States imposed interim protection measures, from April18th, 1995, to restrict imports of wool fabric for men’s and women’s shirts from India. Before the measures’ implementation, the United States and India had discussed the possibly serious damage to U.S. domestic enterprises resulting f rom the import of wool fabric for men’s and women's shirts. The two sides did not reach asatisfactory solution. So India submitted the case to the World Trade Organization for settlement.Question:Will the United States remove the interim protection measures?1 案例美—印羊毛织物摩擦案案情介绍:美国强制实行了过渡性保护措施，从1995年4月18日开始限制进口印度的羊毛制品—男式衬衣和女式衬衣。
国际贸易实务英文版参考答案
Chapter 1I .YES，Please refer to the 1st paragraph of the text.II. 流动性过剩自给自足经济资源直接投资国际收支易货交易出口退税倾销出口型经济增长东道国贸易差额贸易顺差／贸易逆差欧盟国际收支顺差／国际收支逆差有形贸易无形贸易货物贸易服务贸易excess liquidity self-sufficienteconomic resources direct investment balance of payments barterexport tax rebate dumpingexport-driven economic growth host country balance of tradefavorable/unfavorable balance of trade European Unionfavorable/unfavorable balance of payments visible trade invisible trade trade in goods trade in serv icesIIIThe chart above shows the U.S. imports from China, U.S. exports to China and the trade balance . The U.S. has a negative trade balance with China, and it has been growing. During the period fro m 1997 to 2003, imports from China have grown 244% while exports to China have grown 221%, indicating that the trade deficit is increasing. There had already been a sizeable trade balance defi cit with China in 1996, totaling $ 39.5 billion at the end of the year. IV1. Export goods are tangible goods sent out of countries.2. Trade in services are international earnings other than those derived from the exporting and i mporting of tangible goods.3. Import goods are tangible goods brought in.4. International trade is all business transactions that involve two or more countries.5. FDI is one t hat gives the investor a controlling interest in a foreign company.6. Investment is used primarily as financial means for a company to earn more money on its mo ney with relative safety. V1. International trade is the fair and deliberate exchange of goods and/or services across national boundaries. It concerns trade operations of both import and export and includes the purchase and s ale of both visible and invisible goods.2. In today's complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations are self-sufficient. Nation s participate in the international trade for many reasons. As to the economic reasons, no nation has all of the economic resources (land, labor and capital) that it needs to develop its economy and cu lture, and no country enjoys a particular item sufficient enough to meet its needs. As for the prefer ence reasons, international trade takes place because of innovation of style. Besides, every nation can specialize in a certain field and enjoy a comparative advantage in some particular area in term s of trade so that they need to do business with each other to make use of resources more efficientl y and effectively.3. In measuring the effectiveness of global trade, nations carefully follow two key indicators, na mely, balance of trade and balance of payments.4. FDI, the abbreviation form Foreign Direct Investment, means buying of permanent property a nd business in foreign nations. It occurs when acquisition of equity interest in a foreign company is trade. The great significance of FDI for China might be that: FDI solve the problem of capital s hortage for China so that China may spend the money on importing advanced equipment and technologies for its infrastructure, national supporting industry, key projects, etc.Chapter 2 I关税壁垒非关税壁垒从量税配额保护性关税市场失灵幼稚产业许可证制度财政关税政府采购贸易保护主义从价税最低限价本地采购规则增加内需Domestic content Red-tape barriers Export subsidies Binding quota Absolute quotas VERTariff-rate quotas Zero quota"Buy local" rules Tariff barriers non-tariff barriers specific duties quotaprotective tariff market failure infant industry licensing system Revenue tariffgovernment procurement trade protectionism Ad Valorem Duties floor price"buy local" rulesraise domestic demand 国内含量进口环节壁垒出口补贴绑定配额绝对配额自愿出口限制关税配额零配额本地采购原则II1. Protectionism means the deliberate use or encouragement of restrictions on imports to enable re latively inefficient domestic producers to compete successfully with foreign producers. 保护主义是指蓄意使用或鼓励进口限制，以此使本国相对效率低的产品能成功地和外国产品竞争。
国际贸易实务_双语教案_附术语中英文对译_2
国际贸易实务教案Chapter 1 Brief Introduction to International Trade国际贸易简介1.1 Reasons for international trade1.1.1Resources Reasons(1) Natural resources.(2) Favorable climate conditions and terrain.(3) Skilled workers and capital resources.(4) Favorable geographic location and transportation costs.1.1.2Economic Reasons(1) Comparative advantage(2) Strong domestic demand(3) Innovation or style1.1.3Political Reasons1.2 Problems Concerning International Trade1.2.1Cultural Problems(1) Language.(2) Customs and manners.1.2.2Monetary Conversions1.2.3Trade BarriersIndividual countries put controls on trade for the following three reasons:(1) To correct a balance-of-payments deficit.(2) For reasons of national security.(3) To protect their own industries against the competition of foreign goods.Although tariffs have been lowered substantially by international agreements, countries continue to use other devices to limit imports or to increase exports. Some of these are:(1) requiring import licenses that permit only specific volumes or values imports;(2) setting quotas that limit the total value or volume of a product to be imported;(3) limiting government purchases to firms within the country;(4) applying standards for safety, consumer protection, or other reasons, which foreign products may not be able to meet;(5) making special payments called export subsidies to encourage local exporters to increase foreign sales;(6) targeting——a new term meaning the imposition of a package of measures to give certain local industries a competitive advantage in export markets. It might include export subsidies, technical assistance, subsidies for research and development, and financial assistance;(7) requiring licenses to obtain foreign currencies by those who want to buy goods from abroad——thus limiting the quantity of imports they can buy;(8) reducing the value of a nation’s currency in relation to that of the rest of the world so that its exported goods cost less in other countries and its imports cost more;(9) imposing conditions on foreign products such as requiring that their goods contain a certain amount of locally produced products;(10) restricting trade in banking, insurance, and other service professions.练习一：导论思考题：1国际贸易实务课程的主要任务和研究对象是什么？本课程包括哪些主要内容？2与国内贸易相比进出口贸易有何特点？3国际贸易中影响较大的惯例、条约有哪些？其主要内容是什么？有何特点？4根据我国合同法规定，合同应包括哪些主要内容？5进出口贸易一般要经过哪几个步骤？在进出口业务中，出口商/进口商的主要工作是什么？Chapter 5. Trade Terms and Export PricingPart I. Outline本章要点5.1 Trade Terms and International Trade Practices贸易术语与国际贸易惯例5.2 13 Trade Terms in INCOTERMS 2000《2000通则》中的13中贸易术语5.3 Selection of Trade Terms贸易术语的选用5.4 Export Pricing出口定价5.1Trade Terms and International Trade Practices贸易术语与国际贸易惯例5.1.1 国际货物买卖适用的法律与惯例1、交易双方当事人所在国的国内法2、国家对外缔结或参加的有关国际贸易、国际运输、商标、专利、仲裁等方面的条约和协定。
国际贸易实务双语教程第二版习题参考答案
1 Unit 1 A brief introduction to international tradeKeyI. Answer my questions1. International trade is business which involved the crossing of national borders 2. Sales expansion, resource acquisition and diversification of sales and supplies. 3. To gain profit. 4. To seej out foreign markets and procurement. 5. There are four major forms which are the following: Merchandise exports and Imports, Service Exports and Imports, Investment and and Multinational Multinational Enterprise. 6. It is the account which is a summary statement of the flow of all international economic and financial transactions between one nation (eg.the United States ) and the rest of the world over some period of time, usually one year. 7. Merchandise Exporting and Importing. 8. Yes. There are great differences between them. 1) 1) direct direct direct investment investment investment takes takes takes place place place when when when control control control follows follows follows the the the investment. investment. investment. It It It usually usually usually means means means high high commitment of capital, personnel, and technology abroad. It aims at gaining of foreign resources and foreign markets. Direct investment may often get higher foreign sales than exporting. And sometimes it involves two or more parties. 2) 2) While While While portfolio portfolio portfolio investments investments investments are are are not not not under under under control. control. control. And And And they they they are are are used used used primarily primarily primarily for for for financial financial purposes. Treasures of companies, for example, routinely more funds from one country to another to get a higher yield on short term investments. 9. MNE is the abbreviation of the multinational enterprise. Its synonyms are NNC (the multinational corporation) and TNC (transnational corporation). 10. Examples are travel, transport, fee, royalties, dividends and interest. 11. 11. The The The choice choice choice of of of forms forms forms is is is influenced influenced influenced by by by the the the objective objective objective being being being pursued pursued pursued and and and the the the environments environments environments in in which the company must operate. 12. 12. It It It is is is limited limited limited by by by the the the number number number of of of people people people intere intere interested sted sted in in in a a a firm‟s firm‟s products products and and and services services services and and and by by customers‟ capacity to make purchase.13. This is because at an early stage of international involvement these operations usually take the least commitment and least risk of a firm‟s resources.14. 14. Royalties Royalties Royalties means means means the the the payment payment payment for for for use use use of of of assets assets assets from from from abroad, abroad, abroad, such such such as as as for for for trademarks trademarks trademarks patens, patens, copyrights, copyrights, or other expertise under or other expertise under contract contract known as licencing agreements.Royalties are also paid known as licencing agreements.Royalties are also paid franchising. 15. It is a way of doing business in which one party (the franchiser) the use of a trademark that is an essential asset for the franchisers‟ business.II Match each one on the left with its correct meaning on the right1. J 2.A 3.E 4.B 5.C 6.D 7.I 8.G 9.F 10.H III Translate the following terms and phrases into Chinese1 购买力11经济复苏；恢复2潜在销售量12 经济衰退3加价，涨价13间接投资4国内市场14有形货物5制成品15有形进出口6边际利润边际利润 16收入及支出；岁入及岁出收入及支出；岁入及岁出7市场占有率市场占有率 17超额能力超额能力 8贸易歧视贸易歧视 18贸易中间人（商）；经纪人；经纪人9时机选择时机选择 19全部包建的工程承包方式全部包建的工程承包方式10经销周期经销周期 20许可证协定许可证协定IV Case Study 1 [Answer]：Batteries Batteries called called called "white "white "white elephant" elephant" elephant" exported exported exported from from from China China China were were were very very very popular popular popular in in in Southeast Southeast Southeast Asia, Asia, because "white elephant" was a lucky thing in Southeast Asia, but no one was interested in it in the market of Europe and the United States. The boss of the company was very strange that the quality of the the battery battery battery or or or the the the price price price of of of reasons, reasons, reasons, so so so he he he asked asked asked his his his staff staff staff to to to investigate. investigate. investigate. Finally Finally Finally he he he found found found that that that is is is the the brand "white elephant" to be blame. The brand's name translated into English was "white elephant" which which meant meant meant something something something were were were no no no use use use but but but cumbersome cumbersome cumbersome in in in Western Western Western countries. countries. countries. It It It was was was really really really a a a bad bad translation from culture information perspective. The meaning derived from a legend. According to the legend, legend, there there there was was was a a a king king king who who who hated hated hated a a a minister, minister, minister, so so so he he he gave gave gave a a a white white white elephant elephant elephant to to to the the the minister minister minister for for punishment. The minister has to take care of the white elephant, he couldn't give it to others or kill it because it's the king gave it to him. However, the appetite of the white elephant was so great, and the minister became poorer. So it showed people in western countries would not buy the battery for the consumers have no willing to buy something useless but cumbersome. V . OpenVI.Translate the following into English 1. Trade is often the …engine‟ of growth. However oversimplified this metaphor may be, it does serve to underline the importance of foreign trade in the process of growth. A healthy expansion of exports may not always be sufficient condition for rapid and sustained growth, but a strong positive association between the two is clearly undeniable. Trade expansion contributes to economic growth in many many ways. ways. ways. Among Among Among them them them are are are the the the benefits benefits benefits of of of specialization; specialization; specialization; the the the favorable favorable favorable effects effects effects of of of international international competition on domestic economic efficiency; the increased capacity to pay for the imports required in development and more generally the stimulus to investment. 2. International trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goods and services produced in another country. In addition to visible trade, which involves the import and export of goods and merchandise, there is also invisible trade, which involves the exchange of services between between nations. nations. nations. Nations Nations Nations such such such as as as Greece Greece Greece and and and Norway Norway Norway have have have large large large maritime maritime maritime fleets fleets fleets and and and provide provide transportation transportation service. service. service. This This This is is is a kind a kind of invisible trade. I nvisible trade Invisible trade can be as important to to some some nations as the export of raw materials or commodities is to others. In both cases, the nations earn the money to buy necessities. 3. There exist different ways of conducting international business. Exclusive sale means the seller gives the overseas client the exclusive right of selling a particular product in a designated area within a specified period of time. In this kind of business transaction, the product is bought by the exclusive seller and therefore he should sell the product by himself, assuming sole responsibilities for his profit and loss. Exclusive sale is different from agency where only commission is involved. And difference exists between general contract and exclusive sales because the exclusive seller enjoys exclusive right in a particular area. 4. There is no country in the world that can produce all the products it needs. Thus countries join in international division of labor for effective production and reproduction. Sometimes a country can buy buy goods goods goods and and and services services services from from from abroad abroad abroad on on on a a a barter barter barter basis. basis. basis. Barter Barter Barter means means means doing doing doing business business business by by by exchanging exchanging goods of one sort for goods of another sort without using money. Barter trade itself is not enough to meat a cou n try‟s import needs. But as a form of international trade, it is still attractive in developing ntry‟s import needs. But as a form of international trade, it is still attractive in developing countries where foreign exchange is in short supply and inflow of foreign funds is far from sufficient to meet their obligations in external trade. Unit 2 General Procedures of Export and Import TransactionI. Answer the following questions(Omited) II. Filling the blanks with the suitable words in the text:1.meeting/satisfying; 2.agent, foreign/overseas; mission; 4.own; 5.setting; 6.patent; 7.profits; 8.outlets; 9.joint, venture; 10.subsidiary III. J udge the following statement, mark True (T) or False(F)1F 2. T 3. F 4. F 5.F 6.F 7.T 8.F 9.F 10. T IV . Explain the meaning of the words or phrases below as requested 1. Offer: An offer is a proposal made by sellers to buyers in order to enter into the contract. 2. 2. Withdrawal: Withdrawal: It It means means means an an an offer offer offer by by by the the the offerer offerer offerer has has has been been been withdrawn withdrawn withdrawn before before before it it it is is is reached reached reached to to to the the offeree in order to prevent its entry into force. 3. Enquiry: An enquiry is a request for business information, such as price lists, catalogue, samples, and details of the goods or trade terms. It can be made either by the importer or the exporter. 4. Acceptance: Acceptance is a statement made by other conduct of the offerees indicating unconditional consent to an offer. 5. Shipping agent: Shipping agent(船代）is a ship owner's representative whose job is to find the ships to carry.V . Compose a letter of enquiry with the following particulars:KeysMessrs. Arthur Grey & Son, 19 Cheapside, London, E.C.2 Dear Sirs, We have obtained y our name and address from China Council for Promotion of International Trade your name and address from China Council for Promotion of International Trade and learned that you are one of the leading exporters of Ice Box in your district. We are now interested in 100 sets of the said article and should be pleased if you would let us know whether you can supply us with the quantity and quality we desire. Please quote us your best price on CIF Guangzhou basis. When offering, please state clearly terms of payment, time of delivery, packing conditions together with illustrated catalogue for our consideration. We are looking forward to your early reply. Yours faithfully, VI. Please make your offer according to the following particulars: KeyDear Sirs, Thank you for your letter of 5th May. We are glad to learn of the inquiries you have had from your your customers customers customers for for for our our our raincoats. raincoats. raincoats. Our Our Our "D.D." "D.D." "D.D." range range range is is is particularly particularly particularly suitable suitable suitable for for for warm warm warm climates, climates, climates, and and during the past years we have supplied this range to dealers in several tropical countries, from many of whom we have already had repeated orders. This range is popular not only because it is light in weight, but also because the material used has been specially treated to prevent excessive condensation on the inside surface. For the quantities you mention we are pleased to quote as follows: "D.D." Raincoats 100 men's medium @ US$14.50 US$ 1,450 100 men's small 14.0 1,400 100 women's medium 13.2 1,320 100 women's small 12.7 1,270 US$ 5,440 Payment: by irrevocable L/C at sight Shipment: Shipment will be effected within three or four weeks after receiving the L/C. This This offer offer offer is is is subject subject subject to to to our our our final final final confirmation. confirmation. confirmation. We We We feel feel feel you you you may may may be be be interested interested interested in in in our our our other other products and enclose some pamphlets for your reference. We are awaiting your early orders. Yours sincerely, VII. Write a counter-offer according to the following particulars:Keys: Dear Sirs, We thank you for your quotation May 10 for 1,000 sets of Hair IceBox. We find your price as well as delivery date satisfactory, however, we would give our suggestions of an alternation of your payment terms. Our past purchase of other household electrical appliances from you has been paid as a rule by confirmed, irrevocable letter of credit at sight. On the basis, it has indeed cost us a great deal. From the moment to open credit till the time our buyers pay us, the tie-up of our funds lasts about four months. Under the present circumstances, this question is particular taxing owing to the tight money condition and unprecedentedly high bank interests. In view of our long business relations and our amicable cooperation prospects, we suggest that you accept either “cash against documents on arrival of goods ” or “drawing on us at 60 day ‟s sight ”. Your first priority to the consideration of the above request and an early favorable reply will be highly appreciated. Yours sincerely,VIII. Translate the followings into English1). Economic activity began with the cavemen, who was economically self-sufficient. He did his own hunting, found his own shelter, and provided for his own needs. As primitive populations grew and developed, the principle of division of labor evolved. One person was more able to perform some activity than another, and therefore each person concentrated on what he did best. While one hunted, another fished. The hunter then traded his surplus to the fisherman, and each benefited from the variety of diet. In today‟s complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations are self -sufficient nations are self-sufficient. self-sufficient. Nations Nations Nations have have have utilized utilized utilized different different different economic economic economic resources; resources; resources; people people people have have have developed developed developed different different skills. This is the foundation of international trade and economic activities. Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for many reasons. The first, as mentioned mentioned above, above, above, is is is that that that no no no nation nation nation has has has all all all of of of the the the commodities commodities commodities than than than it it it needs. needs. needs. Raw Raw Raw materials materials materials are are scattered around the world. Large deposits of copper are mined in Peru and Zaire, diamonds are mined in South Africa, and petroleum is recovered in Middle East. Countries that do not have these resources within their own boundaries must buy from countries that export them. Foreign trade also occurs because a country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs. Although the United States is a major producer of sugar, it consumes more than it can produce internally and thus must import sugar. Third, one nation can sell some items at a lower cost than other countries. Japan has been able to export large quantities of radios and television sets because it can produce them more efficiently than other other countries. countries. countries. It It It is is is cheaper cheaper cheaper for for for the the the United United United States States States to to to buy buy buy these these these from from from Japan Japan Japan than than than to to to produce produce produce them them domestically. Finally, foreign trade takes place because of innovation or style. Even though the United States produces produces more more more automobiles automobiles automobiles than than than any any any other other other country, country, country, it it it still still still imports imports imports large large large quantities quantities quantities of of of autos autos autos from from Germany, Japan and Sweden, primarily because there is a market for them in the United States.2). The different kinds of trade nations engaged in are varied and complex, a mixture of visible and invisible trade. Most nations are more dependent on exports than on any other activity. The earnings from exports pay for the imports that they need and want. A nation‟s balance of payment is a record of these complex transactions. By reflecting all of these transactions in monetary terms , a nation is able to to combine combine combine the the the income income income it it it receives, receives, receives, for for for example, example, example, from from from exports, exports, exports, tourists tourists tourists expenditures, expenditures, expenditures, and and and immigrant immigrant remittances. This combined incomes is t hen spent then spent on such items as manufactured goods from o ther other countries, travel for its citizens to other countries, and the hiring of construction engineers. IX. Case Study [Answer]: A 公司与B 公司的第一封信函可视为发盘，在该发盘中A 公司对包装做出了要求。
国际贸易实务双语教程(第三版)unit 10
Section Two Risks, Losses and Expenses
According to the loss or damage caused by risks included in different coverage and the expenses involved, the insurance company is responsible for indemnifying the insured goods. Obviously, risk, loss and coverage are closely related to each other. In order to have a clear understanding of the contents of insurance, these three terms should be clarified.
3) All Risks（一切险）P234 4) The free obligation of the above three basic coverages（基本险别的除外责任）P235
2 Additional Insurance Coverage附加险别 P235
Two groups
Basic Insurance Coverage
Additional Insurance Coverage
1．Basic Insurance Coverage（基本险别） CIC P233
1) Free from Particular Average（平安险） P233
2) With Average/With Particular Average (W.A./W.P.A.) （水渍险）P234
Introduction of the insurance coverage of marine cargo transport
国际贸易实务双语教程第三版课后答案
U n i t1A b r i e f i n t r o d u c t i o n t o i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r a d e KeyI. Answer my questions1. International trade is business whose activities involve the crossing of national borders. It includes not only international trade and foreign manufacturing but also encompasses the growing services industry in areas such as transportation, tourism, banking, advertising, construction, retailing, wholesaling, and mass communications. It includes all business transactions that involve two or more countries. Such business relationship may be private or governmental.2. Sales expansion, resource acquisition and diversification of sales and supplies.3. To gain profit.4. To seej out foreign markets and procurement.5. There are four major forms which are the following:Merchandise exports and Imports, Service Exports and Imports, Investment and Multinational Enterprise.6. It is the account which is a summary statement of the flow of all international economic and financial transactions between one nation (eg.the United States ) and the rest of the world over some period of time, usually one year.7. Merchandise Exporting and Importing.8. Yes. There are great differences between them.1) direct investment takes place when control follows the investment. It usually means high commitment of capital, personnel, and technology abroad. It aims at gaining of foreign resources and foreign markets. Direct investment may often get higher foreign sales than exporting. And sometimes it involves two or more parties.2) While portfolio investments are not under control. And they are used primarily for financial purposes. Treasures of companies, for example, routinely more funds from one country to another to get a higher yield on short term investments.9. MNE is the abbreviation of the multinational enterprise. Its synonyms are NNC (the multinational corporation) and TNC (transnational corporation).10. Examples are travel, transport, fee, royalties, dividends and interest.11. The choice of forms is influenced by the objective being pursued and the environments in which the company must operate.12. It is limited by the number of people interested in a firm’s products and services and by customers’ capacity to make purchase.13. This is because at an early stage of international involvement these operations usually take the least commitment and least risk of a firm’s resources.14. Royalties means the payment for use of assets from abroad, such as for trademarks patens, copyrights, or other expertise under contract known as licencing agreements.Royalties are also paid franchising.15. It is a way of doing business in which one party (the franchiser) the use of a trademark that is an essential asset for the franchisers’ business.II Match each one on the left with its correct meaning on the right1. J2.A3.E4.B5.C6.D7.I8.G9.F 10.HIII Translate the following terms and phrases into Chinese1 购买力11经济复苏；恢复2潜在销售量12 经济衰退3加价，涨价13间接投资4国内市场14有形货物5制成品15有形进出口6边际利润16收入及支出；岁入及岁出7市场占有率17超额能力8贸易歧视18贸易中间人（商）；经纪人9时机选择19全部包建的工程承包方式10经销周期20许可证协定IV Case Study1 [Answer]：Batteries called "white elephant" exported from China were very popular in Southeast Asia, because "white elephant" was a lucky thing in Southeast Asia, but no one was interested in it in the market of Europe and the United States. The boss of the company was very strange that the quality of the battery or the price of reasons, so he asked his staff to investigate. Finally he found that is the brand "white elephant" to be blame. The brand's name translated into English was "white elephant" which meant something were no use but cumbersome in Western countries. It was really a bad translation from culture information perspective. The meaning derived from a legend. According to the legend, there was a king who hated a minister, so he gave a white elephant to the minister for punishment. The minister has to take care of the white elephant, he couldn't give it to others or kill it because it's the king gave it to him. However, the appetite of the white elephant was so great, and the minister became poorer. So it showed people in western countries would not buy the battery for the consumers have no willing to buy something useless but cumbersome.V. OpenVI.Translate the following into English1. Trade is often the ‘engine’ of growth. However oversimplified this metaphor may be, it does serve to underline the importance of foreign trade in the process of growth. A healthy expansion of exports may not always be sufficient condition for rapid and sustained growth, but a strong positive association between the two is clearly undeniable. Trade expansion contributes to economic growth in many ways. Among them are the benefits of specialization; the favorable effects of international competition on domestic economic efficiency; the increased capacity to pay for the imports required in development and more generally the stimulus to investment.2. International trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goods and services produced in another country. In addition to visible trade, which involves the import and export of goods and merchandise, there is also invisible trade, which involves the exchange of services between nations. Nations such as Greece and Norway have large maritime fleets and provide transportation service. This is a kind of invisible trade. Invisible trade can be as important to some nations as the export of raw materials or commodities is to others. In both cases, the nations earn the money to buy necessities.3. There exist different ways of conducting international business. Exclusive sale means the seller gives the overseas client the exclusive right of selling a particular product in a designatedarea within a specified period of time. In this kind of business transaction, the product is bought by the exclusive seller and therefore he should sell the product by himself, assuming sole responsibilities for his profit and loss. Exclusive sale is different from agency where only commission is involved. And difference exists between general contract and exclusive sales because the exclusive seller enjoys exclusive right in a particular area.4. There is no country in the world that can produce all the products it needs. Thus countries join in international division of labor for effective production and reproduction. Sometimes a country can buy goods and services from abroad on a barter basis. Barter means doing business by exchanging goods of one sort for goods of another sort without using money. Barter trade itself is not enough to meat a country’s import needs. But as a form of international trade, it is still attractive in developing countries where foreign exchange is in short supply and inflow of foreign funds is far from sufficient to meet their obligations in external trade.Unit 2 General Procedures of Export and Import TransactionI. Answer the following questions(Omited)II. Filling the blanks with the suitable words in the text:1.meeting/satisfying;2.agent, foreign/overseas;mission;4.own;5.setting;6.patent;7.profits;8.outlets;9.joint, venture;10.subsidiaryIII. J udge the following statement, mark True (T) or False(F)1F 2. T 3. F 4. F 5.F 6.F 7.T 8.F 9.F 10. TIV. Explain the meaning of the words or phrases below as requested1. Offer: An offer is a proposal made by sellers to buyers in order to enter into the contract.2. Withdrawal: It means an offer by the offerer has been withdrawn before it is reached to the offeree in order to prevent its entry into force.3. Enquiry: An enquiry is a request for business information, such as price lists, catalogue, samples, and details of the goods or trade terms. It can be made either by the importer or the exporter.4. Acceptance: Acceptance is a statement made by other conduct of the offerees indicating unconditional consent to an offer.5. Shipping agent: Shipping agent(船代）is a ship owner's representative whose job is to find the ships to carry.V. Compose a letter of enquiry with the following particulars:KeysMessrs. Arthur Grey & Son,19 Cheapside,London, E.C.2Dear Sirs,We have obtained your name and address from China Council for Promotion of International Trade and learned that you are one of the leading exporters of Ice Box in your district.We are now interested in 100 sets of the said article and should be pleased if you would let us know whether you can supply us with the quantity and quality we desire. Please quote us your best price on CIF Guangzhou basis. When offering, please state clearly terms of payment, time of delivery, packing conditions together with illustrated catalogue for our consideration.We are looking forward to your early reply.Yours faithfully,VI. Please make your offer according to the following particulars:KeyDear Sirs,Thank you for your letter of 5th May. We are glad to learn of the inquiries you have had from your customers for our raincoats. Our "D.D." range is particularly suitable for warm climates, and during the past years we have supplied this range to dealers in several tropical countries, from many of whom we have already had repeated orders. This range is popular not only because it is light in weight, but also because the material used has been specially treated to prevent excessive condensation on the inside surface.For the quantities you mention we are pleased to quote as follows:"D.D." Raincoats100 men's medium @ US$14.50 US$ 1,450100 men's small 14.0 1,400100 women's medium 13.2 1,320100 women's small 12.7 1,270US$ 5,440Payment: by irrevocable L/C at sightShipment: Shipment will be effected within three or four weeks after receiving the L/C.This offer is subject to our final confirmation. We feel you may be interested in our other products and enclose some pamphlets for your reference.We are awaiting your early orders.Yours sincerely, VII. Write a counter-offer according to the following particulars:Keys:Dear Sirs,We thank you for your quotation May 10 for 1,000 sets of Hair IceBox. We find your price as well as delivery date satisfactory, however, we would give our suggestions of an alternation of your payment terms.Our past purchase of other household electrical appliances from you has been paid as a rule by confirmed, irrevocable letter of credit at sight. On the basis, it has indeed cost us a great deal. From the moment to open credit till the time our buyers pay us, the tie-up of our funds lasts about four months. Under the present circumstances, this question is particular taxing owing to the tight money condition and unprecedentedly high bank interests.In view of our long business relations and our amicable cooperation prospects, we suggest that you accept either “cash against documents on arrival of goods”or “drawing on us at 60 day’s sight”.Your first priority to the consideration of the above request and an early favorable reply will be highly appreciated.Yours sincerely,VIII. Translate the followings into English1). Economic activity began with the cavemen, who was economically self-sufficient. He did his own hunting, found his own shelter, and provided for his own needs. As primitive populations grew and developed, the principle of division of labor evolved. One person was more able to perform some activity than another, and therefore each person concentrated on what he did best. While one hunted, another fished. The hunter then traded his surplus to the fisherman, and each benefited from the variety of diet.In today’s complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations are self-sufficient nations are self-sufficient. Nations have utilized different economic resources; people have developed different skills. This is the foundation of international trade and economic activities.Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for many reasons. The first, as mentioned above, is that no nation has all of the commodities than it needs. Raw materials are scattered around the world. Large deposits of copper are mined in Peru and Zaire, diamonds are mined in South Africa, and petroleum is recovered in Middle East. Countries that do not have these resources within their own boundaries must buy from countries that export them.Foreign trade also occurs because a country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs. Although the United States is a major producer of sugar, it consumes more than it can produce internally and thusmust import sugar.Third, one nation can sell some items at a lower cost than other countries. Japan has been able to export large quantities of radios and television sets because it can produce them more efficiently than other countries. It is cheaper for the United States to buy these from Japan than to produce them domestically.Finally, foreign trade takes place because of innovation or style. Even though the United States produces more automobiles than any other country, it still imports large quantities of autos from Germany, Japan and Sweden, primarily because there is a market for them in the United States.2). The different kinds of trade nations engaged in are varied and complex, a mixture of visible and invisible trade. Most nations are more dependent on exports than on any other activity. The earnings from exports pay for the imports that they need and want. A nation’s balance of payment is a record of these complex transactions. By reflecting all of these transactions in monetary terms , a nation is able to combine the income it receives, for example, from exports, tourists expenditures, and immigrant remittances. This combined incomes is then spent on such items as manufactured goods from other countries, travel for its citizens to other countries, and the hiring of construction engineers.IX. Case Study[Answer]:A 公司与B公司的第一封信函可视为发盘，在该发盘中A公司对包装做出了要求。
国际税收(双语)_Chapter 10 International Tax Treaty_
主讲人：葛夕良浙江财经大学Answers to some textbookquestions in Chapter 10International tax treaty is a written agreement concluded by two or more countries or special jurisdictions concerning tax affairs. There are various categories of tax treaties. If classified by the amount of participating countries, it can be divided into two types, one is bilateral tax treaty which is concluded by two countries, the other is multilateral treaty which is concluded by more than two countries.*If classified by content of treaty, it can also be divided into two types, one is one-item tax treaty which only contains one specific tax or tax issue, the other is comprehensive tax treaty which contains a series of tax issues. And it can also be divided by type of taxes, income taxes, inheritance taxes, value added taxes and so on.*What we refer to in the field of international taxation is a comprehensive bilateral income tax treaty.There are some tax benefits that international taxpayers can gain from tax treaties. Relieving or reducing International Double Taxation is the fundamental and most important benefit. Protecting against discrimination for tax purpose is another benefit that international taxpayers can gain, which can ensure international taxpayers get a fair treatment in non-resident country.What’s more, nearly all tax treaties provide some mechanisms under which taxpayers and countries can resolve disputes under the treaty. So taxpayers can safeguard the legal tax benefits. Last but not least, international taxpayers can enjoy the lower rates of withholding taxes and tax reductions or exemptions.*International tax treaties are considered in supreme laws of many countries. In these countries, tax treaty provisions fully override conflicting domestic law provisions.*In some countries, international tax treaties are considered of equal weight to domestic tax law. In these countries, a conflict between domestic tax law and the tax treaty rule must be resolved under the dispute resolution mechanisms of either domestic law or the tax treaty.*1. Fiscal (Tax) Residency*2. Permanent Establishment*3. Withholding Taxes*4. Income from Employment*5. Tax Exemptions for Persons or Entities *6. Harmonization of Tax Rates*7. Provisions Unique to Inheritance Taxes *8. Double Tax Relief*9. Mutual Enforcement*10. Dispute Resolution*11. Limitations of Benefits*12. Priority of Law“Tax treaty shopping” generally refers to a situation where a person, who is resident in one country (the “home” country) and who earns income or capital gains from another country (the “source” country) , is able to benefit from a tax treaty between the source country and yet another country (the “third” country). This situation often arises where a person is resident in the home country but the home country does not have a tax treaty with the source country.主讲人：葛夕良浙江财经大学T h a n k s f or w a t c h i ng。
国际贸易实务Practical International Trade
School of International Economics
3.2.2 General Terms and Conditions
3. Force Majeure (不可抗力)
The time of shipment might be extended, or a part or whole of the contract cancelled without liability attached to the sellers
School of International Economics
3.2 Body
1. Basic terms and conditions 2. General terms and conditions
School of International Economics
3.2.1 Basic Terms and Conditions
Formal or informal Oral or written Sealed or unsealed
“Law of Economic Contracts Involving Foreign Interests” (China)
An Agreement in writing on the
School of International Economics
3.2.2 General Terms and Conditions
1. Amendment of Letter of Credit
If the L/C is not in accordance with the terms of contract, amendments should be made immediately by the buyers
国际贸易实务双语教程Chapter10 The Conclusion of Sales Contracts
3. An oral offer
The time for an offer coming into effect
The Withdrawal and the Revocation of an offer
The key elements constituting an acceptance
1. An acceptance must be made by the specific offeree.
2. The contents of the acceptance must be in compliance with the offer, that is to say, the modification on the offer is usually regarded as a counter offer as stated above.
Acceptance
Implication of an acceptance The key elements constituting an acceptance The period for an acceptance coming into effect Late Acceptance The Withdrawal of An Acceptance
Definition of Contract
A contract is an agreement reached by two or more than two parties concerned, in order to establish, modify or terminate the civil right and obligation of the parties.
商务英语语用学教程课件 Chapter 10 Conclusion
A: According to your providing information and situation of market, we
give you our quotation US$2750 a piece.
(Turn 1)
B: Could you please tell us something about the improvements in your
Relevance Theory
But 甘长银 (2005) assumes that, in business negotiation, vague language has the following features: tactfulness and politeness; implicitness and flexibility.
lexical vagueness syntactical vagueness hedge
Application
Vague language in business negotiation Vague language in business correspondence Vague language in business contract
(Turn 6)
A: Annually 4%-7%.
(Turn 7)
B: But why your offer this time is 25% higher than t you offered
two years ago.
(Turn 8)
A: …
(Turn 9)
A: I think I’ m the most independent salesman in Watson. B: Well, why are you? A: Because I never take orders from anybody.
国际贸易实务英文版课后练习答案
练习参考答案Chapter 1流动性过剩excess liquidity自给自足self-sufficient经济资源economic resources直接投资direct investment国际收支balance of payments易货交易barter出口退税export tax rebate倾销dumping出口型经济增长export-driven economic growth东道国host country贸易差额balance of trade贸易顺差／贸易逆差favorable ／unfavorable balance of trade欧盟European Union国际收支顺差／国际收支逆差favorable ／unfavorable balance of payments 有形贸易visible trade无形贸易invisible trade货物贸易trade in goods效劳贸易trade in servicesⅢThe chart above shows the U.S.imports from China,U.S.exports to China and thetrade balance.The U.S.has a negative trade balance with China,and it has been growing. During the period from 1997 to 2003,imports from China have grown 244％while exports toChina have grown 221％，indicating that the trade deficit is increasing.There had alreadybeen a sizeable trade balance deficit with China in 1996,totalling ＄39.5 billion at the end of theyear.Ⅳ1.Export goods are tangible goods sent out of countries.2.Trade in services are international earnings other than those derived from the exporting andimporting of tangible goods．3.Import goods are tangible goods brought in.4.International trade is all business transactions that involve two or more countries.5.FDI is one that gives the investor a controlling interest in a foreign pany.6.Investment is used primarily as financial means for a pany to earn more money on itsmoney with relative safety.Ⅴ1.International trade,is the fair and deliberate exchange of goods and ／or services acrossnational boundaries.It concerns trade operations of both import and export and includesthe purchase and sale of both visible and invisible goods.2.In today’s plex economic world,neither individuals nor nations are self-sufficient. Nations participate in the international trade for many reasons.As to the economicreasons,no nation has all of the economic resouces 〔land,labor and capital〕that it needsto develop its economy and culture,and no country enjoys a particular itemsufficientenough to meet its needs.As for the preference reasons,international trade takes placebecause of innovation of style.Besides,every nation can specialize in a certain field andenjoy a parative advantage in some particular area in terms of trade so that they needto do business with each other to make use of resources more efficiently and effectively.3.In measuring the effectiveness of global trade,nations carefully follow two key indicators,namely,balance of trade and balance of payments.4.FDI,the abbreviation form Foreign Direct Investment,means buying of permanent property and business in foreign nations.It occurs when acquisition of equity interest in a foreign pany is made.The great significance of FDI for China might be that：FDIsolve the problem of capital shortage for China so that China may spend the money onimporting advanced equipment and technologies for its infrastructure,national supportingindustry,key projects,etc.Chapter 2关税壁垒tariff barriers非关税壁垒non-tariff barriers从量税specific duties配额quota保护性关税protective tariff市场失灵market failure幼稚产业infant industry许可证制度licensing system财政关税revenue tariff政府采购government procurement贸易保护主义trade protectionism从价税Ad valorem Duties最低限价floor price本地采购规那么“buy local〞rules增加需raise domestic demandDomestic content 国含量Red-tape barriers 进口环节壁垒Export susidies 出口补贴Binding quota 绑定配额Absolute quotas 绝对配额VER 自愿出口限制Tariff-rate quotas 关税配额Zero quota 零配额“Buy local〞rules 本地采购原那么Ⅱ1.Protectionism means the deliberate use or encouragement of restrictions on imports toenable relatively inefficient domestic producers to pete successfully with foreign producers.保护主义是指蓄意使用或鼓励进口限制，以此使本国相对效率低的产品能成功地和外国产品竞争。
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Invalidation of an Offer
1. The expiry date 2. Rejection 3. Counter-offer 4. Force Majeure 5. In case that the offeror or offeree becomes
Definition
An offer is a proposal of terms and conditions presented in a potential contract by one party, called the offeror, to anther party, called the offeree.
Counter Offer
Counter offer means a reply to the offer made by the offeree, not accepting completely the terms of the offer and with the proposal to modify or change it.
2. The validity time in an offer not stipulated definitely
3. An oral offer
The time for an offer coming into effect
The Withdrawal and the Revocation of an offer
incapable of legal transaction (such as insanity, death etc.), the offer is invalid.
Inquiry
The non-firm offer is legally called as invitation to for offer, referring to with an intention to purchase or sell some certain commodities, one party inquires about the trade terms to the other party, or brings about a proposal for business transaction with some terms. There are some ways to make an invitation to for offer, the inquiry is widely used. It is not with legal force, nor constituting an offer.
5. An acceptance must be indicated.
10.2 Establishment of International Business Contract
Establishment of Contract Significance of Signing a Contract Forms of Contract in Written Form
The key elements constituting an acceptance
1. An acceptance must be made by the specific offeree.
2. The contents of the acceptance must be in compliance with the offer, that is to say, the modification on the offer is usually regarded as a counter offer as stated above.
1. In case that the validity time is specified definitely in an offer, the offeree must make an acceptance within the stipulated time limit. The offer is not binding on the offeror when the validity expires.
willingness.
Significance of Signing a Contract
1. The evidence to prove a contract is established.
2. The term with which a contract comes into effect.
3. The afferor within the effective period of the offer.
4. The transmission way of the acceptance notice conforming to the requirement of the offer.
General Contents of Contract
Head General Clauses Ending
Case Study
Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 Case 5 Case 6 Case 7 Case 8 Case 9
Establishment of Contract
Time of Establishment of a Contract Key Elements for an Effective Contract
1. The parties concerned must be with the conduct capacity to sign a contract.
3. The basis on which a contract is fulfilled.
Forms of Contract in Written Form
The form of a contract in written form is not limited. The both parties concerned may adopt anyone of these forms including Contract, Confirmation, Agreement or Memorandum. In addition, there are letter of intent, purchase order, authorization order sheet and the like to be taken as the form of a contract.
10.1 The procedure for the conclusion of sales contract
Definition of Contract Offer Inquiry Counter Offer Acceptance
Definition of Contract
A contract is an agreement reached by two or more than two parties concerned, in order to establish, modify or terminate the civil right and obligation of the parties.
3. With the indication that the offer is binding upon the offeror.
4. An offer comes into effect only when it reaches the offeree.
Validity time of an offer
Acceptance
Implication of an acceptance The key elements constituting an acceptance The period for an acceptance coming into effect Late Acceptance The Withdrawal of An Acceptance
Case 1:
Our company imports from abroad a batch of agricultural products and resold them to an American company. Our company makes an offer to the American company. The next day the American company accepts our offer completely. And they request us to offer the certificate of origin. Two weeks later, the American businessman opens an L/C to us. When we are prepared to dispatch the goods, we receive the advice from the Commodity inspection bureau. The certificate of origin should not be issued because the goods are not produced by Chinese company. Then we inform the American businessman to cancel the clause which is required to offer the certificate of origin, is rejected, so controversial. We put forward that we do not agree to provide the certificate of origin, so it is not our duty to offer it. However they believe that it is our duty to offer. Please try to make arbitration on this case according to the CISG.