Lecture 3 Pictures Graphsand tables.ppt

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Tables, graphs, and diagrams

Tables, graphs, and diagrams 共板法兰风管螺旋风管排烟风机防火阀 Contents•Use of tables, graphs and graphics•Graphics in descriptive epidemiology °describe•Graphics in analytical epidemiology°compare•Designing graphicsBackgroundEpidemiologyPurpose •Description°Time°Place°Person•Clinical features •Comparison°Odds ratios°Relative risks Methods •Surveillance •Outbreakinvestigations •Other studies:clinical epidemiologyfield trialsexperimental epidemiologyUse of data tables and graphics?Process data •Organisetriage, cleaning •Summariseaggregate •Explore°trends°relationships°errors Present data •Communicate •Paper•Poster•Screenstatic animatedPaper vs. screenPaper•Time unlimited •Repetition •Detailsnotes?•White, grey and black Screen•Time < 1 min •No repetition •Less details •Colours possibleTables, graphics, and diagrams •Self-explanatory•Simple!•Title(what, who, where, when)•Define abbreviations and symbols •Note data exclusions•Reference the sourceTimeThe epidemic curve 1Figure 1. Reported cases of campylobacteriosis (n=45) in Svolv鎟, Norway, bydate of onset January and February 1997.10= 1 primary case= 1 secondary household case 52223242526272829303112345678910January FebruaryThe epidemic curve 2•Histogram°Area proportional to number°No space between columns°One population•X-axis = time°Start before epidemic, continue after°Interval ≤1/4 of incubation period•Y-axis = number of cases°Usually one square = one caseEasy to make in ExcelThe arithmetic-scale line graph 1Figure 2. Incidence rate of gonorrhoea andsyphilis in Norway, 1975-1999100200300400197519781981198419871990199319961999Year Gonorrhoea SyphilisCases per 100,000Source: FolkehelsaThe arithmetic-scale line graph 2•For time series•Show actual changes in magnitude •X-axis = time•Y-axis = rate (or number) of cases °Start at 0°Breaks possible, clearly markedThe semilogarithmic-scale line graph 1 Figure 3. Incidence rate of gonorrhoea andsyphilis in Norway, 1975-1999Cases per 100,0001000GonorrhoeaSyphilis100,1197519781981198419871990199319961999YearThe semilogaritmic-scale line graph 2•For time series when°interested in rate of change•X-axis = time arithmetic•Y-axis = rate (or number) of cases, logarithmic °Straight slope= constant rate of change°Steep slope= constant rapid change°Parallell lines= same rate of change°Change in slope = acceleration deceleration of rate °Start at lowest cycle, e.g. 0.1-1 or 1-10°No breaksIn graphs...•Labels for axes, scales and legends •Legends or keys if >1 variable •Scale divison, appropriate scale •Units of measurements in title•No grid, no numbers•No 3DPlaceThe one-variable table Table 4. Cases of meningococcaldisease in Dublin 1998 by area of residenceArean% 125 213 325 425 5822 6719 71027 825 925 1013 Total37100CasesThe spot map86712345910Figure 1. Cases ofmeningococcal disease in Dublin 1998 by place of residence.1 dot = 1 caseThe area dot (or dot density) map86712345910Figure 2. Cases ofmeningococcal disease in Dublin 1998 by area of residence.1 dot = 1 caseThe area map86712345910Figure 3. Incidence rate (per 100,000) of meningococcal disease in Dublin 1998 by area of residence.PersonThe two-variable table Table 1. Cases of SalmonellaTyphimurium-infection by age-group and sex,Her鴜, Norway, 1999Age group Total (years)Male Female0 - 97512 10 - 195510 20 - 295510 30 - 39145 40 - 49235 50 - 59033 60 - 69213 70 -246 Total243054SexGrouped bar chartFigure 1. Cases of S Typhimurium-infection by age-group and sex, Her 鴜, Norway, 199924680 - 910 - 1920 - 2930 - 3940 - 4950 - 5960 - 6970 -Age-groupMale FemaleNumber of casesStacked bar chartFigure 1. Cases of S Typhimurium-infection by age-group and sex, Her 鴜, Norway, 199924681012140 - 910 - 1920 - 2930 - 3940 - 4950 - 5960 - 6970 -Age-groupNumber of casesMale FemaleComponent bar chartFigure 1. Cases of S Typhimurium-infection by age-group and sex, Her 鴜, Norway, 19990 %20 %40 %60 %80 %100 % 0 - 910 - 1920 - 2930 - 3940 - 4950 - 5960 - 6970 -Age-groupMale FemaleProportional distribution by sexBar charts•Order°Natural°Decreasing or increasing•Vertical or horizontal•Same width of bars•Length = frequency•Space between bars and groups, but not within groups•Tables are often betterPie chartFigure 4. Cases of S Typhimurium-infection by age-group, Her 鴜, Norway, 1999.21 %19 %19 %9 %9 %6 %6 %11 % 0 - 910 - 1920 - 2930 - 3940 - 4950 - 5960 - 6970 -Clinical featuresTableTable 5. Clinical symptoms among 54 patients with S Typhimurium-infection, Oslo, Norway, May 1998Cases Symptomsn% Diarrhoea54100 Fever3565 Headache1222 Joint pain47 Muscle pain47Birth weight of 36217 newbornsDistribution of newborns by birth weight (2500-4500g)200400600800100012002500255026102660270527502790282428702920295029903010304230703102314931903230326533053350338034103440346035203560361536553690374037653810385039003940398040254055409041504210423742804340439044404500weightc o u n tAnything wrong with the distribution ?Distribution of newborns by birth weight (3300-3500g)20040060080010001200330033053310332033303340334533503355335733603365337033803385339033953400340134103415342034303431343434403441344534493450345534603470348034903500weight (g)c a s e sAnything else than the relation ?Relation of birth weight and birth length010********60700100020003000400050006000weight (g)l e n g t h (c m )ComparisonThe 2x2 table for a cohort studyTable 5. Association between fish consumption and gastrointestinal illness among customers at Uncle Mike's Fish & Chips, Cambridge, October 1 2000Ill Well Total Attack rate Ate fish4216580.72 Did not eat fish559640.078Relative risk: 9.3 (95% confidence interval 3.9 - 22)The 2x2 table for a case control studyTable 6. Association between fish consumption andgastrointestinal illness among customers at Uncle Mike's Fish &Chips, Cambridge, October 1 2000Cases Controls Total Ate fish342054Did not eat fish86270Total4282124Odds ratio: 13 (95% confidence interval 5.3 - 33)Table from a case control studyTable 5. Association between exposures and campylobacteriosis in case-control study, Oslo, Norway, 1998. Univariate, matched analysis.Exposure Cases Controls Odds95% conf.ratio interval Eaten at pizza restaurant9/3712/70 1.80.62 - 5.0 Eaten at party10/369/74 3.20.97 - 11 Eaten foods from deli23/3742/74 1.20.56 - 2.7 Eaten unpeeled fruits19/3754/740.270.10 - 0.78 Close contact with a case7/352/7213 1.5 - 110 Drank >4 glas of water per day21/3733/74 1.70.73 - 3.9 Customer of water company B27/3733/74 4.0 1.3 - 7.3DesignThink data-inkEvery bit of ink should have a reasonDesigning graphics•Show the data•Use ink for the data•Remove unnecessary ink •Remove gimmicks•No 3D•Careful with coloursStandard symbols in tablesAvereage BMI by category of weightweight men women 40-49-. 50-5919,821,8 60-6923,124,8 70-7925,027,6 80-8927,430,5 90-9929,834,2 explanation of symbols-= we measured, no case in this category, we can´t say that it is 0 . = we measured, but we cant calculate the average of 1 caseStandard symbols in tablesCause specific mortalityCause of death men women CVD5035 Pneumonia 4530 CA prostatae10x CA cervicis uteri x10 explanation of symbolsx = not displayed for logical reasons102030405060708090N o . o f c a s e sBCY WUnknownSerogroupCases of meningococcal disease in Dublin by serogroupCases of meningococcal disease in Dublin by serogroup102030405060708090BCY WUnknownSerogroupN o . o f c a s e sCases of meningococcal disease in Dublin by serogroup102030405060708090BCY WUnknownSerogroupN o . o f c a s e sCases of meningococcal disease in Dublin by serogroup20406080BCY WUnknownSerogroupN o . o f c a s e sSummary•Use of graphics Explore and present •Presentation Paper vs screen •Description°Time-line graphs or epicurves °Place -maps or tables°Person-tables or bar charts°Clinical-tables•Analysis°Comparison-2x2 tables, other tables •Design Save your ink!。

大学英语考试作文常见类型—分析图表型模板

大学英语考试作文常见类型—分析图表型模板全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1Analyzing Graphs and Charts for University English ExamsHi there! My name is Timmy and I'm going to tell you all about how to analyze graphs and charts for those tricky university English exam essay questions. It's something that seems really hard at first, but don't worry, I'll explain it in a way that's easy to understand.You see, the professors like to test how well you can take information from things like bar graphs, line graphs, pie charts and tables, and put it into words. It's kind of like translating from number language into English language. And just like learning any new language, it takes practice. But I've got some tips that will help make it super easy!The first step is to look reeeeally closely at the chart or graph and understand what it's trying to tell you. What is being measured on the x-axis and y-axis? If it's a pie chart, whatdo the different slices represent? For tables, what are the row and column headings?Once you've figured out the basics of what you're looking at, it's time to start spotting the key points and trends. Are the numbers going up over time or down? Is one segment of the pie way bigger than the others? Do the bars show one category being much higher or lower than the rest?Those are the important details you want to be able to describe in your essay. But just listing off the numbers and facts by themselves would be pretty boring. The trick is to put it into plain English in an interesting way.For example, let's say the graph shows sales of ice cream increasing every summer for the past 5 years. You could write:"The graph clearly illustrates that ice cream sales have been steadily rising each summer season since 2018. This upward trend line suggests that people's appetite for cold, sweet treats grows along with the temperatures."See how I didn't just rattle off the numbers, but I described the overall pattern and connected it to a typical summer experience we can all relate to? That's the kind of analysis professors are looking for.Another good technique is to speculate on why the data looks the way it does based on logic and common sense. For the ice cream example, I could add:"One likely reason for this sales growth is that more hot summer days make people crave refreshing frozen desserts. Additionally, kids being out of school and families going on vacation may contribute to increased ice cream consumption over the summer months."Explaining potential causes or consequences related to the data you see is a great way to demonstrate your analytical abilities on this type of essay.Now let's look at a different example, like a pie chart breaking down households' biggest monthly expenses. A good introductory paragraph might go something like this:"The pie chart depicts the major categories of spending for a typical American family's household budget. At a glance, it is apparent that the largest portion of expenditures is devoted to mortgage or rental costs for housing. The next most sizeable slices represent transportation expenses like car payments and gas, followed closely by food costs."See how I opened by stating the general topic, then described the overall picture using key details without getting too bogged down in specifics yet? Now I can follow that up by diving deeper into the findings in the body paragraphs.For a table showing statistics across different cities or countries, I'd start by summarizing the highest and lowest ranking entries, like this:"According to the data compiled in this table, Switzerland enjoys the highest per capita income levels of any nation at 72,194 annually, while Haiti has the lowest figure at just 768 per person. The United States falls in the upper mid-range at59,495."Then I could analyze any other patterns that emerge, discussing possible factors behind the inequalities, or highlighting an outlier that defies expectations.The best analysis essays don't just parrot the raw numbers, but make connections, explore implications, and provide context. That's how you'll impress those university professors!Well, I hope these tips and examples make analyzing all those silly graphs and charts a bit less scary. Just take your time studying them, make an outline of the main points, and put itinto words using plain language like you're explaining it to a friend. You've got this! If you practice writing about visuals using these techniques, those university English exam essays will be a piece of cake. Thanks for reading, and good luck on your tests!篇2Analyzing Charts and Graphs is Lots of Fun!Hi there, friends! Today, I want to talk to you about something really cool – analyzing charts and graphs! I know it might sound a bit boring at first, but trust me, it's actually super fun once you get the hang of it. You see, when you're taking an English exam in high school or college, you'll often be asked to look at a chart or graph and write about what you see. And let me tell you, it's like being a detective trying to solve a mystery!Imagine you're given a chart that shows the different types of pets people own. You might see bars or lines representing the number of people who have dogs, cats, fish, or even more exotic pets like snakes or parrots. Your job is to look at the chart and figure out what it's trying to tell you. Is there one type of pet that's way more popular than the others? Are there any surprising or unexpected patterns in the data?That's where the fun begins! You get to put on your detective hat and start analyzing the chart like a pro. You might notice that dogs are the most popular pet, but cats are a close second. Or maybe you'll see that fish are the least popular, but their numbers have been slowly rising over the years. Every chart or graph has its own story to tell, and it's up to you to uncover it!Now, let me give you a little template to follow when you're analyzing charts and graphs. This will help you organize your thoughts and make sure you cover all the important points. Here's how it goes:IntroductionStart by introducing the chart or graph you're analyzing. Give a brief description of what it shows and what kind of data it represents. For example, "The line graph below illustrates the change in the number of visitors to a local zoo over the past decade."OverviewNext, provide an overview of the main trends or patterns you see in the data. This is like giving a sneak peek of what you're going to talk about in more detail later. For instance, "Overall,the graph shows a steady increase in visitor numbers, with a sharp spike in 2018 and a slight dip in 2020."Key PointsNow it's time to dive into the details! Describe the most important or interesting aspects of the data. You can highlight specific numbers, percentages, or time periods that stand out. For example, "The most noticeable feature of the graph is the sharp increase in visitors from 2017 to 2018, when the numbers jumped from around 50,000 to over 80,000. This spike can likely be attributed to the opening of the new panda exhibit, which attracted many curious visitors."Comparison/ContrastSometimes, it's helpful to compare or contrast different parts of the data. This can give your analysis more depth and insight. For instance, "While visitor numbers rose steadily from 2012 to 2017, the rate of increase was much slower compared to the dramatic spike in 2018. This suggests that special events or attractions have a significant impact on drawing in larger crowds."ConclusionWrap up your analysis with a brief conclusion that summarizes your main points and offers any final thoughts or observations. For example, "In conclusion, the line graph shows that while the zoo has experienced a generally upward trend in visitor numbers over the past decade, special events and new attractions can greatly influence attendance, leading to sharp increases or decreases in certain years."And there you have it, friends! That's the basic template you can follow when analyzing charts and graphs in your English exams. Of course, you can add your own personal touch and creativity to make your analysis even more engaging and insightful.Remember, the key is to really study the data and look for interesting patterns, trends, or anomalies. Don't just state the obvious – dig deeper and try to uncover the story behind the numbers. It's like being a detective, and who doesn't love a good mystery?So, the next time you're faced with a chart or graph in your English exam, don't panic! Just put on your detective hat, follow the template, and let your inner data analyst shine. Trust me, you'll be analyzing charts and graphs like a pro in no time!And who knows, maybe one day you'll even get to create your own cool charts and graphs about your favorite things, like different types of candy or how many times you've watched your favorite movie. The possibilities are endless!Happy analyzing, my friends! And remember, if you ever get stuck, just ask your friendly neighborhood data detective for help. I'll be there to crack the case with you!篇3Let Me Tell You About Writing Essays for College English Tests!Hey there, friends! Today, I'm going to talk about something that might seem a bit boring, but trust me, it's super important if you want to do well in college English exams. We're going to learn about writing essays where you have to analyze charts and graphs. I know, I know, it sounds like a snooze-fest, but stick with me, and I promise it'll be fun!First things first, let's talk about what these essays are all about. You see, in some college English tests, you'll be given a picture or a graph that shows some kind of data or information. It could be a bar chart showing how much ice cream people eat in different countries, or a line graph showing how the numberof pandas in a zoo has changed over time. Your job is to look at that chart or graph and write an essay explaining what it means.Now, you might be thinking, "But I'm just a kid! How am I supposed to understand all those fancy charts and graphs?" Well, fear not, my friends, because I'm here to help you with astep-by-step guide that'll make it as easy as pie!Step 1: Look at the Big PictureBefore you start writing, take a good look at the chart or graph. What is it showing? Is it about how much money people spend on toys? Or how many times a particular volcano has erupted? Try to get a general idea of what the chart or graph is all about.Step 2: Identify the Key InformationOnce you've got the big picture, it's time to look for the important details. What are the different things being compared or measured? For example, if it's a bar chart, what are the different bars representing? If it's a line graph, what does the line show? Pay attention to the labels and the numbers, too!Step 3: Look for Patterns and TrendsNow comes the fun part! You get to be a detective and look for any patterns or trends in the data. Are some bars taller thanothers? Is the line going up or down? Are there any sudden changes or spikes? Jot down anything interesting you notice.Step 4: Start Writing!Okay, you've got all the information you need, so it's time to start writing your essay. Here's a simple structure you can follow:Introduction: In the first paragraph, tell the reader what the chart or graph is about in general terms.Body Paragraph 1: Describe the main trend or pattern you noticed in the data.Body Paragraph 2: Give some specific examples or details from the chart or graph to support what you said in the first body paragraph.Body Paragraph 3: Discuss any other interesting patterns or trends you noticed, or compare different parts of the data.Conclusion: Summarize the main points you made about the chart or graph, and maybe even share your own thoughts or opinions about what the data means.And that's it, folks! Follow these steps, and you'll be writing amazing chart and graph analysis essays in no time.But wait, there's more! Let me give you an example of what one of these essays might look like. Let's say you were given a line graph showing the number of ice cream cones sold at a shop every month for a year.Introduction: The line graph shows how many ice cream cones were sold at a shop over the course of a year, from January to December.Body Paragraph 1: The most noticeable trend in the data is that ice cream cone sales increased significantly during the summer months and decreased during the colder months.Body Paragraph 2: For instance, the graph shows that in January, the shop only sold around 200 ice cream cones. However, sales began to rise in April, reaching around 800 cones in May. The highest point on the graph is in July, when over 1,200 ice cream cones were sold.Body Paragraph 3: Interestingly, there seems to be a sudden drop in sales in August, even though it's still quite warm in many places. This could be because many families go on vacation in August, so there were fewer customers at the ice cream shop that month. After August, sales gradually declined again, reaching the lowest point in December with only around 100 cones sold.Conclusion: In conclusion, the line graph clearly shows that the sale of ice cream cones at this particular shop is heavily influenced by the weather and temperature. Sales peak during the hottest summer months when people crave something cold and refreshing, and drop significantly in the cooler months when ice cream is less appealing. This data could be useful for the shop owner to better plan their inventory and staffing needs throughout the year.See? It's not so hard once you get the hang of it! Just remember to look for patterns, give specific examples, and use a clear structure, and you'll be acing those chart and graph analysis essays in no time.Now, go forth and practice, my friends! And if you ever get stuck, just remember: a little bit of ice cream always helps make things better. Happy writing!篇4Hiya, friends! Today, we're going to talk about something super important for all you big kids who want to go to university one day – the English exam essays! Specifically, we'll focus on how to write essays that analyze graphs and charts. It mightsound a little tricky, but don't worry, I've got some tips and tricks to make it a breeze!First things first, let's talk about what these "analysis of graphs and charts" essays are all about. Basically, the nice people who make the English exams will give you a picture with some lines, bars, or circles – and they want you to explain what all those squiggles and shapes mean. It's like a game of "What do you see?" but with numbers and labels instead of clouds and bunnies.Now, when you're faced with one of these graph or chart thingies, the first step is to look at it really carefully. Squint your eyes, tilt your head, and try to understand what it's showing you. Is it about how many cookies Timmy ate each day? Or maybe it's tracking how tall Susie got over the years? Pay attention to the labels, numbers, and any other clues the picture gives you.Once you've got a good idea of what the graph or chart is all about, it's time to start writing your essay. But wait, there's a special way to do it! It's like a secret recipe that all the grown-ups use. Here's how it goes:First, you need an introduction paragraph. This is where you tell the reader what the graph or chart is showing and why it's important. You can say something like, "The line graph showshow many hours of TV little Timmy watched each week, which is an interesting topic because too much TV can make your brain turn to mush!"Next, you'll need a body paragraph or two (or three, or even four!) to really dive into the details of the graph or chart. Look for any interesting patterns, trends, or weird spikes and dips in the lines or bars. Describe what you see in a clear and simple way, using lots of examples and numbers from the picture to back up your points.For instance, you could say, "We can see that Timmy watched the most TV during the summer months, with a huge spike in July when he watched a whopping 25 hours of TV per week! However, his TV time dropped way down in September, probably because school started up again and he had less free time."As you're writing these body paragraphs, don't forget to use some fancy words and phrases that make you sound super smart. Words like "furthermore," "in addition," "conversely," and "significantly" will really impress the grown-ups who are grading your essay.Finally, you'll need to wrap everything up with a conclusion paragraph. This is where you summarize the main points youmade about the graph or chart and maybe even share your own thoughts or opinions on the topic.You could say something like, "In conclusion, the line graph clearly shows that Timmy's TV-watching habits varied greatly throughout the year, with summer being the peak season for his couch potato ways. While a little TV can be fun, too much of it might not be the best idea for a growing kid like Timmy."And that's it, folks! You've just learned the secret recipe for writing a rocking essay that analyzes graphs and charts. Remember, the key is to really look closely at the picture, describe what you see in detail, use some fancy words, and wrap it all up with a neat little bow.Now, I know what you're thinking – "But writing essays is so boooooring!" And you're right, it can be a bit of a drag sometimes. But just think of how proud your parents and teachers will be when you ace that English exam with your amazing graph and chart analysis skills!Plus, practicing these kinds of essays is great practice for when you're a grown-up and have to explain confusing graphs and charts to your boss or your friends. Trust me, being able to break down those squiggly lines and bars into plain English is a super useful skill to have.So, there you have it, my dear friends! The next time you're faced with a graph or chart on your English exam, just remember my tips and tricks, and you'll be writing those analysis essays like a pro. And who knows, maybe one day you'll even get to make your own graphs and charts about something really cool, like how many ice cream cones you can eat in a single sitting!Happy writing, and may the graphs and charts be ever in your favor!篇5Analyzing Graphs and ChartsHi there! Today we're going to learn how to look at graphs and charts and figure out what they're telling us. Isn't that exciting? I just love puzzling out the secrets hidden in those squiggly lines and colorful bars!First, let's go over some of the common types of graphs and charts you might see. There are line graphs, which use lines to show how something changes over time. Then there are bar graphs and column graphs that use rectangles of different heights. Pie charts look like circular pies sliced into different sized pieces. And tables are just rows and columns of numbers.No matter what kind of graph or chart it is, the first thing you want to do is read the title carefully. The title tells you what the graph is showing you. Is it about how much fruit was sold at the farmer's market? Or maybe how temperatures changed throughout the year? Knowing what the chart covers is step one.Next, check out the axes (x and y). The horizontal axis (x) usually shows the categories being measured, like months of the year or different cities. The vertical axis (y) shows the values being measured, like sales numbers or temperatures. Sometimes they'll include units like dollars () or degrees Celsius (°C).Okay, now the fun part - looking at the actual data! With line graphs, you want to see if the line goes up (an increase), down (a decrease), or stays flat (no change). Maybe it zigzags all over the place! With bar graphs, compare the heights of the bars to see which values are bigger or smaller than others.For pie charts, the bigger the sliced piece, the larger that value is compared to the total. And tables are great for quickly finding the largest and smallest values in the data.As you examine the graph, look for any interesting patterns or outliers that really jump out at you. An outlier is a data point that's much higher or lower than the rest. Patterns could beregular increases and decreases, or clusters of high and low values.Now put on your thinking cap and try to explain why the data looks the way it does. Was there a holiday that caused a spike in sales? Did a hot summer lead to higher ice cream sales? Developing explanations for the trends you see is key to understanding what the graph means.Don't forget to check if there are multiple lines, bars, or slices being shown on the same chart. Maybe it's comparing two different product lines, or temperatures in two different cities. Look for a key or legend that explains what each color or pattern represents.Lastly, you can try making predictions about what you think might happen next, based on the trends you've analyzed. If ice cream sales have been going up every summer, you could predict they'll keep increasing next summer too.I really hope these tips help you become a graph and chart master! Just remember to keep an open and curious mind, and those lines and bars will turn into fascinating stories before your very eyes. Data detectives, let's roll!篇6Analyzing Charts and Graphs - A Kid's GuideHi there! My name is Timmy and I'm going to teach you all about analyzing charts and graphs for your English exam essays. It might sound boring, but I promise to make it fun!First, let's talk about why we even need to write essays analyzing these weird pictures with lines and numbers. Well, it's because charts and graphs are used to show data and information in a visual way. Being able to understand and explain what they mean is an important skill.Plus, your teachers want to see if you can take a bunch of numbers and squiggly lines and turn it into words that make sense. It's like a fun puzzle! If you can master describing and analyzing charts and graphs, you'll be a writing superstar.Okay, let's start with the most common types of charts and graphs you'll see:Line GraphsThese show how something changes over time. It's basically a bunch of points connected together to make a line that goes up, down, straight, or every which way.The x-axis (the horizontal line) shows the times or years. The y-axis (the vertical line) shows the data being measured, like population, temperature, sales, etc.So if the line goes up, that thing is increasing over time. If it goes down, it's decreasing. You'll need to describe the overall trend and any interesting rises, falls, or flats in the data.Bar GraphsInstead of one line, these use bars going across or up to show the data. The higher the bar, the greater the value. They're good for comparing different groups or categories.Maybe one bar shows how many toys Billy has and another shows how many toys Suzie has. You'd describe which bars are highest/lowest and what that means.Pie ChartsThese circular charts divide a pie into different slices, kind of like a real pie with different fillings. The bigger the slice, the greater percentage that value represents.So if there's a big slice for "chocolate" and a tiny slice for "spinach," you know most people like chocolate pie filling and just a few weirdos like spinach. Makes sense, right?TablesNot exactly a chart, but tables organize data into rows and columns using numbers and text. They're kind of like really boring grocery lists.You'll need to pick out the key patterns, highs, lows, and differences between the rows and columns. I know, I know...tables are the worst. But at least you don't have to decipher weird symbols!Okay, now that you know the basic types, here are some tips for DESTROYING these analytical essays:Identify the chart/graphStart by stating what type of chart or graph it is (line graph, bar graph, pie chart, or table) and what the title says it's displaying data about.Overview the key trendsGive a general overview describing the main patterns, trends or findings you see in the data. Is it increasing, decreasing, or staying the same overall? What stuck out as interesting?Analyze the specificsNow go into more detail, picking out the highest and lowest points, comparing different groups/categories, and describing any particularly important or unusual movements in the data.Use real numbers and dates from the x/y axis to back up what you're saying. "In 2010, book sales plummeted to just 500, the lowest point after years of decline."Explain potential reasonsIf you can, try to give some reasons why the data trends happened that way. Was there a new technology, economic condition, or other factors that could explain a rise, fall, or changing trend?Discuss implicationsFinally, talk about what the findings/trends mean in the real world. How could this data impact businesses, individuals, the government, or society? Who cares about this info and why?I know it seems like a lot, but you're just telling a story using the pictures and numbers as your evidence. If you get stuck, just pretend you're explaining the chart to a clueless grown-up.Sprinkle in some fancy words like "fluctuate," "correlation," "marginally," "consequently," and you'll sound like a pro.Remember to use paragraphs, transition words, examples, and all that good stuff too.Well, that's my quick guide to knocking these analytical essays out of the park! Keep practicing and you'll be the chart master in no time. Let me know if any crazy line graphs, pie charts, or number tables try to give you trouble.I'll beat them up for you!。

Python英文PPT课件：31-Graphs3

object AbstractCollection
AbstractGraph
MatrixDirectedGraph MatrixUndirectedGraph
LinkedDirectedGraph LinkedUndirectedGraph
Fundamentals of Python: Data Structures
• Directed
– Adjacency matrix – Adjacency list
• Undirected
– Adjacency matrix – Adjacency list
Fundamentals of Python: Data Structures
3
Possible Organization: Directed Graphs
5
Related Auxiliary Classes
object
Vertex
Edge
MatrixVertex
LinkedVertex MatrixEdge
LinkedEdge
Fundamentals of Python: Data Structures
6
The Graph Interface: Basic Methods
7
The Graph Interface: Iterators
g.edges() g.vertices() g.incidentEdges(vertexLabel) g.neighboringVertices(vertexLabel)
# Adjacent vertices
Fundamentals of Python: Data Structures
g.addEdge("A", "B", 2.5) g.addEdge("B", "C", 2.5) g.addEdge("C", "B", 2.5) print("Expect same vertices and edges AB BC CB all with weight 2.5: \n" + str(g))

学术交流英语教程.Unit3

You will learn some commonly required formats from the following instructions for abstracts to be submitted to conferences. Conference papers in format requirements.doc
• When you prepare an abstract for a paper to be presented at a conference, you should also follow the rules for writing a journal paper abstract. You should state the purpose of the study, describe the methods, summarize the results in sufficient details to support the conclusions, and give the conclusions reached. 无忧PPT整理发布
Unit 3
无忧PPT整理发布
Conference
• Papers • Abstracts • Posters • Proposals
无忧PPT整理发布
Papers
• Papers submitted to a conference are required to follow certain rules and styles similar to those required for a journal paper. If you fail to meet the requirements, your paper may be rejected simply for the matter of format before it is presented to your peers for reviewing.

西门子培训课程graph练习及实验ppt课件

输入 1 输入 2 步激活条件
步1
S1
步1
动作
动作
T1 转换条件 1
步2
S2
步2
动作
动作
T2 转换条件 2
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“ 精准扶贫”项目
初始步
顺控器 1 S1
转换
T1 S2
顺控器元素
T6
S5T#4MS
总是与事件关联。
在发生事件的扫描循环中引发执行一次动作
也可以与联锁条件C组合
计数器
• CS = 设置计数 • CU =增计数 • CD =减计数 • CR = 复位计数
定时器
• TL = 扩展脉冲 • TD = 延时开 • TR = 复位时间
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“ 精准扶贫”项目
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才能开始对症下药，然后药到病除。近年来国家对扶贫工作高度重视，已经展开了“ 精准扶贫”项目
编程题
有一工业用洗衣机，控制要求如下： ①按起动按钮后给水阀就开始给水→当水满传感器动作时就停止给水→波轮正转5s，再反转5s，然后再正转5s如此反复转动5分钟→出水阀开始出水→出水10s后停止出水，同时声光报警器报警，叫工作人员来取衣服。 ②按停止按钮声光报警器停止，并结束工作过程。要求：分配I/O口，设计梯形图。
S1 S tart
S2
= Q4.0
= Q4.5 T1
T1 20s
S3
= Q4.0

图(Graph)是一种比线性表和树更为复杂的数据结构在图形....ppt

网的邻接矩阵：
A[i][
j]
w i,j
若 vi ,v j 或(vi ,v j ) VR 反之
第七章
25
构造无向网的算法：
Status CreateUDN (MGraph &G){ //采用数组表示法(邻接矩阵) ，构造无向网G。
sacnf(&G,vexnum, &G.arcnum, &IncInfo); //IncInfo为0则各弧不含其它信息
例如:G1 = (V1, {R1})
其中：
A
V1={A, B, C, D, E}
R1={<A,B>, <A,E>,
B
E <B,C>, <C,D>, <D, A>,
<D, B >, <E,C> }
C
D
第七章
9
无向图
若<v, w>VR 必有<w, v>VR, 则称顶点 v 和顶点 w 之间存在一条边(v,w) 。
生成树生成树第七章2072图的存储结构72图的存储结构一数组表示法邻接矩阵二邻接表存储表示三有向图的十字链表存储表示四无向图的邻接多重表存储表示第七章21用两个数组分别存储数据元素顶点的信息和数据元素之间的关系边或弧的信息
第七章图
图(Graph)是一种比线性表和树更为复杂的数据结构。在图形结构中，结点之间的关系可以是任意的，图中任意两个数据元素之间都可能相关。在人工智能、工程、数学、物理、化学、生物和计算机科学等领域中，图结构有着广泛的应用。
//若弧含有相关信息，则输入 iGf .(aIrnccsI[i{nnj]ft[oiL)]=oIGncifapn.otaurtertVic(;(ise=*[xiG0(];M[.ija<]Gr；Gcrs.av[ipe]x[hjn]G.uinm,cfh;oia)+；r+u) )

大学英语图表作文

How to write about graphs and tables
GoalБайду номын сангаас you should achieve
You should be able to
1. Organize, present and possibly compare data 2. Describe the stages of a process or procedure 3. Describe an object or event or sequence of events 4. Explain how something works
The language of graphs and tables is divided to:
introductory expressions time expressions terms of measurement expressions of comparison and contrast expressions for trends correlations
Introductory expressions to use
One is to refer to the visual directly (e.g. This graph shows the population of Alia in the 20th century.) The second way is to refer directly to the main message conveyed by the visual (e.g. There was a sharp increase in the population of Alia in the 20th century.) The third way combines the two (e.g. The graph shouts that there was a sharp increase in the population of Alia in the 20th century.)

英语写三个学习计划

英语写三个学习计划Objective: To enhance my language proficiency in English1. Daily Reading: I will commit to reading at least one English article, story, or book every day. This will help me to expose myself to different writing styles and vocabulary, and improve my reading comprehension.2. Vocabulary Building: I will devote 30 minutes each day to learning new English words and phrases. I will use flashcards, vocabulary apps, and online resources to expand my vocabulary and improve my understanding of the language.3. Grammar Practice: I will dedicate time each week to practicing English grammar exercises. I will focus on areas that I struggle with, such as verb tenses, prepositions, and articles, in order to improve my overall language skills.4. Conversation Practice: I will seek out opportunities to engage in English conversation with native speakers or language exchange partners. This will help me to improve my speaking and listening skills and gain confidence in using the language in real-life situations.5. Writing Practice: I will set aside time each week to write in English, whether it's journaling, writing essays, or participating in online writing communities. By practicing writing, I aim to improve my proficiency in constructing clear and cohesive sentences and expressing my thoughts effectively.6. Language Learning Apps: I will make use of language learning apps such as Duolingo, Babbel, or Rosetta Stone to supplement my language study. These apps offer interactive lessons and exercises that can help me improve my skills in a fun and engaging manner.7. Language Exchange: I will actively seek out language exchange partners who are fluent in English and are learning my native language. This will provide me with an opportunity to practice speaking and listening in English while helping others with their language learning journey.Measurement of Success: I will track my progress by maintaining a journal of new vocabulary learned, grammar exercises completed, and conversations or writing samples produced. Over time, I aim to see improvements in my language proficiency, as evidenced by my ability to comprehend and communicate effectively in English.Learning Plan 2: Developing Research SkillsObjective: To enhance my research skills in order to become a more effective and efficient learner.1. Understanding Research Methods: I will devote time to gaining a deeper understanding of different research methods, including qualitative and quantitative approaches. I will readbooks and articles on research methodology and learn how to design and conduct my own research projects.2. Information Literacy: I will develop my skills in locating, evaluating, and using information effectively. I will learn to navigate academic databases, critically assess sources, and cite references properly in order to avoid plagiarism.3. Critical Thinking: I will practice critical thinking skills by analyzing and synthesizing information from different sources. I will engage in discussions and debates, and learn to question and challenge my own and others' assumptions and arguments.4. Writing Research Papers: I will set aside time to learn how to write effective research papers, including structuring the paper, organizing ideas, citing sources, and presenting arguments coherently and persuasively.5. Project Management: I will improve my ability to manage research projects by setting clear goals, creating timelines, and organizing my work effectively. I will learn how to prioritize tasks and stay focused on completing research projects in a timely manner.6. Data Analysis: I will gain proficiency in using data analysis tools such as Excel, SPSS, or R to analyze and interpret research data. I will learn how to present findings in a clear and visually appealing manner using charts, graphs, and tables.7. Collaborative Research: I will seek opportunities to collaborate on research projects with peers and mentors in order to learn from others, gain new perspectives, and develop teamwork and communication skills.Measurement of Success: I will assess my progress by the number and quality of research projects completed, the feedback received from mentors and peers, and the development of new research skills. I aim to become a more skilled and confident researcher, with the ability to conduct independent and high-quality research.Learning Plan 3: Building Time Management and Study SkillsObjective: To improve my time management and study skills in order to become a more organized and efficient learner.1. Goal Setting: I will begin by setting clear and achievable short-term and long-term goals for my academic and personal development. These goals will guide my actions and help me stay focused and motivated.2. Time Blocking: I will learn to use time blocking techniques to allocate dedicated time for studying, completing assignments, and engaging in extracurricular activities. This will help me to avoid procrastination and stay on track with my tasks.3. Prioritizing Tasks: I will practice prioritizing tasks based on their importance and deadline. I will learn to identify urgent and important tasks and complete them first, followed by less urgent or less important tasks.4. Effective Note-Taking: I will develop effective note-taking techniques to capture and retain important information from lectures, readings, and discussions. I will explore different methods such as Cornell notes, mind mapping, and summarizing.5. Active Learning: I will engage in active learning techniques such as group discussions, problem-solving, and self-quizzing to improve my understanding and retention of material.I will also incorporate visual aids, hands-on activities, and real-life examples into my learning process.6. Distraction Management: I will learn to manage distractions and create a conducive study environment by minimizing interruptions, setting boundaries with technology, and findinga quiet and comfortable space to study.7. Reflective Practice: I will take time to reflect on my studying habits and evaluate what works and what doesn't work for me. I will make adjustments to my study methods based on my reflections in order to improve my overall learning experience.Measurement of Success: I will measure my progress by the completion of tasks within deadlines, the ability to effectively manage my time, and the quality of my study sessions. I aim to become a more organized and disciplined learner with the ability to manage my time effectively and achieve academic success.。

智慧树知到《学术英语写作(本科)》章节测试答案

5、学术英语写作中的一般文本特征包括：
答案：sentence、heading、sub-title、paragraph、title、phrase
第2章单元测试
1、在细化主题时，需要考虑你的写作目的是什么以及预期读者是谁。
答案：对
2、My Most Embarrassing Moment是一个可以写的论文题目。
答案：错
2、The negative effects of GM crops have been shown on animals in many studies. 不属于 common knowledge.
答案：错
3、There have been about 400 cancer deaths among 100,000 Japanese nuclear bomb survivors. 属于common knowledge.
4、A good literature review, especially a self-contained review, is composed of four parts: a introduction, a body ， a discussion and a conclusion.
答案：错
答案：错
3、选题不一定是自己感兴趣的和好奇的。
答案：错
4、1. 在本章中，提到的四个写作技巧是：
答案：Research Log、Work Schedule、Mental Inventory、Brainstorming
5、计划书包含下面哪些内容？
答案：your topic and your thesis、the kinds of sources you plan to consult、the problems you anticipate、any special aspects of your project

英文编辑之Figures and Tables

• Fig.2. Effect of dopamine on the major determinants of leftventricular circumferential endsystolic wall stress. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 vs. control by ANOVA.
数据
• 数值的个位数、小数点或“±” 等符号应分别对齐。
The body of the table
• To indicate statistically significant differences between data, it is clearest to use symbols, such as *, after the values that are different, and then to define the symbols in a footnote (e.g. ‘*P=0.02 vs. control’).
• Fig.1. Nuclear T3-binding capacity in rabit lung during prenatal and postnatal development. Doseresponse experiments were done with isolated nuclei under optimal conditions, and data were analyzed by Scatchard analysis.
• Standard: Effect of X on Y in Z Fig.1. Effect of increasing concentrations of doxorubicin (阿霉素) on release of histamine from dog mastocytoma cells

Communication L3 Summary(1)

In what way is summary important?
In business environment: Employees are often asked to report briefly on the development in their departments.
What we have to do when we are given a piece of writing to
1.What is the topic? 2. What is the author saying about the topic? This answer will give you the main idea of the selection. 3.Underline or make a marginal note of the main issues.
Note: Include all important details.

Use the author’s key words. Follow the original organization where possible. Include any important data. Include any important conclusions.
The goal of a summary
It is to give readers an objective, complete, accurate and
balanced view of something (an article, a story, a novel, a play, etc.)ting a summary
1) Read the article. 2) Re-read the article.

英语图表类作文评分标准

英语图表类作文评分标准Scoring Criteria for English Chart EssaysIntroductionThe ability to interpret and analyze data represented in charts, graphs, and tables is a crucial skill for students taking English exams. In order to evaluate students' performance in this area, it is essential to have clear and consistent scoring criteria. This document outlines the scoring criteria for English chart essays, providing guidance for teachers and students alike.ContentWhen evaluating an English chart essay, the following aspects of content should be considered:1. Accuracy: The essay should accurately describe the data presented in the chart, ensuring that all key points are addressed.2. Analysis: The student should demonstrate an understanding of the relationships between the data points, interpreting trends and making relevant comparisons.3. Detail: The essay should include sufficient detail to support the analysis, with specific examples and data points cited where necessary.4. Cohesion: The essay should be logically structured, with a clear introduction, body, and conclusion that effectively communicate the main ideas.LanguageIn addition to content, the following language aspects should be evaluated:1. Vocabulary: The student should use a range of appropriate vocabulary to describe the data, avoiding repetition and choosing words that accurately convey the meaning.2. Grammar: The essay should demonstrate a good command of grammar, including the accurate use of tense, subject-verb agreement, and sentence structure.3. Cohesion: The student should use cohesive devices such as transitions and linking words to connect ideas and create a smooth flow of information.4. Accuracy: The essay should be free from major errors in spelling, punctuation, and word choice.Overall ImpressionIn addition to the specific criteria outlined above, the overall impression of the essay should also be taken into account. This includes factors such as originality, creativity, and the student's ability to think critically and develop well-supported arguments.Scoring SystemWhen evaluating an English chart essay, a scoring system should be used to assign a numerical score to each aspect of content and language. This score can then be used to provide feedback to the student and guide further improvement.ConclusionBy using clear and consistent scoring criteria, teachers can effectively assess students' performance in English chart essays and provide them with the feedback they need to continue developing their skills in interpreting and analyzing data. This document serves as a guide for scoring essays in this area, ensuring that evaluations are fair, comprehensive, and informative.。

the strobe reporting checklist

the strobe reporting checklistStrobe Reporting Checklist: A Step-by-Step Guide to Effective ReportingIntroduction: The Importance of Effective ReportingReporting plays a crucial role in the success of any organization or project. It provides stakeholders with valuable insights, aids in decision-making processes, and enables progress tracking. The Strobe Reporting Checklist offers a comprehensive framework to ensure that your reports are clear, concise, and informative. In this article, we will dive into each step of the checklist to help you improve your reporting skills.Step 1: Define the Purpose and AudienceBefore starting any report, it is essential to determine its purpose and target audience. Ask yourself, "What do I want to achieve with this report? Who will be reading it?" Understanding the objectives and the intended recipients will help shape the content, tone, and level of detail necessary.Step 2: Gather and Organize DataCollecting reliable and relevant data is fundamental to reporting accuracy. Use a variety of sources such as databases, surveys, and interviews to gather information. Once you have accumulated the data, organize it into logical sections. Creating an outline can be immensely helpful in determining the structure of your report.Step 3: Analyze and Interpret DataThoroughly analyze the data you have gathered to draw meaningful insights. Identify trends, patterns, and key findings that align with the report's purpose. Use tools like graphs, charts, and tables to present the data in a visually appealing andeasy-to-understand manner. The interpretation of data should be objective and supported by evidence.Step 4: Craft an Engaging Executive SummaryThe executive summary serves as an overview of the entire report. It should communicate the main findings concisely and attractively. Highlight the most critical elements but avoid overwhelming thereader with excessive detail. A well-written executive summary will encourage stakeholders to read the full report.Step 5: Develop a Clear StructureA structured report is easier to navigate and comprehend. Divide the content into sections and subsections, using headings and subheadings to guide the reader. Each section should have a clear objective and flow logically into the next. Bullet points and numbered lists can also be used to break down complex information.Step 6: Write Descriptive Introduction and ConclusionThe introduction sets the stage for the report and helps the reader understand the context and purpose. It should briefly explain the report's scope, objectives, and methodology. The conclusion, on the other hand, summarizes the key findings and recommendations. It should be action-oriented, emphasizing the implications and potential next steps.Step 7: Use Clear and Concise LanguageEffective reporting requires using language that is easy to understand. Avoid jargon and technical terms unless necessary, and define any specialized terms used. Use simple sentences, active voice, and appropriate grammar and punctuation. Aim for clarity and precision to avoid any ambiguity or misinterpretation.Step 8: Support with Visuals and ExamplesVisual aids can greatly enhance the comprehension and impact of a report. Incorporate relevant graphs, charts, and images to support the data and findings. Demonstrate examples, case studies, or real-life scenarios to illustrate the report's points. Visuals and examples help readers grasp complex concepts more easily.Step 9: Review and EditProofreading and editing are critical to ensure polished anderror-free reports. Review the entire report for grammar, spelling, and punctuation mistakes. Check for consistency in formatting, referencing, and terminology. Reading the report aloud can help identify awkward phrasing or areas that need clarification.Step 10: Seek Feedback and ReviseBefore finalizing the report, seek feedback from colleagues, supervisors, or subject matter experts. Incorporate their input to improve the report's quality and effectiveness. Address any gaps or weaknesses identified during the feedback process. Revision is an ongoing process that ensures the report meets the desired standards.Conclusion: Mastering the Strobe Reporting ChecklistEffective reporting is essential for organizations and projects to succeed. By following the Strobe Reporting Checklist, you can enhance the clarity, accuracy, and impact of your reports. From defining the purpose and audience to seeking feedback and revising, each step contributes to creating informative and compelling reports. With practice, you will become proficient in crafting reports that drive positive change and provide stakeholders with valuable insights.。

Tables and graphs

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Total
Frequency
44 24 18 16 20 22 26 30 200
Data interpretation example 2
Newspaper Reading
Number of days read
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Total
Frequency
U.S. Inflation Rate
6
Inflation Rate (% )
5 4 3 2 1 0
1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 w to describe a table/graph (1)
Get a clear understanding of the table/chart before starting to describe it. Generally, use the present tense. However, when there is a specific reference time, you may need to use other tenses. EVERYTHING DEPENDS! Pick the most important information. Do NOT include everything.
Data interpretation example 3
Current Investment Portfolio of the Smith
Savings 15% CD 14% Stocks 42%
Bonds 29%
Data interpretation example 4
Investor's Portfolio
Chart example 2

英语图表作文修改

07大学英语四六级讲义第四节题型分析在本节中我们将以题型为依据进行分析讲解，以掌握各种题目的写作方法与技巧。

下面就按照题型不同，分别进行讨论。

一、图表图画题型（Graphs/Tables and Cartoons/Pictures）表格和图表题型表格和图表题型是大学英语写作中较为常见的题型之一，也是难度较大的一种写作题型，故大家应对此类题型加强练习，熟练掌握。

表格和图表题型写作注意事项仔细研究题目以及提示信息，看准、看清图表中的数字、线条、阴影等部分的变化趋势和走向，然后根据图表所显示的中心信息确定内容层次以及主题句。

仔细观察分析图表所给出的大量信息，从中选取最重要，最有代表性，最核心的信息，然后根据全文的主旨去组织运用所获取的关键信息,切忌简单地罗列图表所给出的信息。

表格和图表题型写作一般采用一般现在时，但如果图表给出了具体时间参照，则应对时态进行相应的调整。

表格和图表题型要求考生使用一些固定句型和表达法，大家应对此融会贯通。

表格和图表题型可以细分为表格，曲线图、柱形图和圆形图。

除了上述共同要点，还应弄懂这四种图在写作方面的各自特点。

表格形式要求考生对表格中所给出的大量数字进行比较分析，从中找出其变化规律。

曲线图形式要求考生认真观察坐标系所显示的数据信息，并且密切注意交汇在坐标横轴和纵轴上的数字及单位。

柱形图形式要求考生通过宽度相等的柱形的高度或长度差别来判断事物的动态发展趋势，故考生应密切关注坐标线上的刻度单位及图表旁边的提示说明与文字。

圆形图形式旨在要求考生准确理解并阐述一个被分割成大小不等切片的圆形图所传达的信息。

考生应清楚掌握部分与整体，部分与部分之间的相互关系，这种关系通常是以百分比的数字形式给出的。

列出各段的主题句。

考生可以根据所给提纲或已知信息列出每段的主题句，为全文的展开铺平道路。

严格围绕主题句展开段落。

检查与修改。

表格与图表写作的检查与修改应着重检查文章中所列举的信息是否与图表所显示的信息一致。

简约UI设计商务关系图形

相关主题文字
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文字内容
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请替换文字内容
请替换文字内容，点击添加相关标题文字，修改文字内容，也可以直接复制你的内容到此。
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++=
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言风格。
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RELATION GRAPH DISTRIBUTION PPT
关系图形分布PPT
信息可视化PPT图表
汇报人:陈某某
汇报时间：20xx.xx.xx
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