英国文学选读知识总结

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英国文学史及选读复习要点总结概要

英国文学史及选读复习要点总结概要第一篇：英国文学史及选读复习要点总结概要《英国文学史及选读》第一册复习要点1.Beowulf: national epic of the English people;Denmark story;alliteration, metaphors and understatements(此处可能会有填空,选择等小题2.Romance(名词解释3.“Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur’ s story4.Ballad(名词解释5.Character of Robin Hood6.Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry;The Canterbury Tales(main contents;124 stories planned, only 24 finished;written in Middle English;significance;form: heroic couplet7.Heroic couplet(名词解释8.Renaissance(名词解释9.Thomas More—— Utopia 10.Sonnet(名词解释 11.Blank verse(名词解释12.Edmund Spenser “The Faerie Queene” 13.Francis Bacon “essays” esp.“Of Studies”(推荐阅读,学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照,本文用词正式优雅,多排比句和长句,语言造诣非常高,里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句,非常值得一读14.William Shakespeare四大悲剧比较重要,此外就是罗密欧与朱立叶了,这些剧的主题,背景,情节,人物形象都要熟悉,当然他最重要的是Hamlet 这是肯定的。

英国文学选读期末考试复习知识点

考点一：The Canterbury Tales参考A: 1~3: spring rain 4: spring flower 5: spring wind 6~7: spring grass 8~9: spring sun 10~~18: the celebration of spring (10~13: birds’ singing; 14~18: people’s pilgrimages)参考B: Structure beauty: The 18 lines form a coherent whole which is a sentence that composes of two adverbial clauses of time (line 1~11) and a main clause (12~18), expressing the essential idea of the whole work.考点二：Why is spring compared to a king? (4’)1.As the first season of a year, spring is as powerful as the king because it gives life toeverything.2.The use of the “king” can rime with “spring” and “sing”.考点三：What’s the effect of repeating “come live with me and be my love”?1.For the speaker’s part, he can strengthen his passion to his love, he sounds moreconfident than ever and the plea becomes more persuasive with each repetition.2.For the listener’s part, we can understand speaker’intention much more clearly. Thelistener will feel that shepherd’s love is strong and sincerely.3.It makes the ending match up with the beginning so as to make the poem a completewhole.考点四：What’s the effect of repeating the calls of the birds in each stanza?1. A good poem is usually like a beautiful song, the calls of the birds are pleasing to the ear.The repeated songs can give people pleasure and make this poem have a beautifulrhyme.2.The repetition of this line make three stanzas from a united whole.3.The sweat songs of the birds describe their happiness in spring and express their love ofspring. Their songs can also create a happy and peaceful atmosphere for people to enjoyspring.4.To emphasize the coming of spring.考点五：Compare these two poem: （讲义第7和第8面）1.On one hand, they share the same structure, meter, rhyme pattern and subject matters. Theywere written in iambic pentameter with six quatrains, each rhyming aabb. Both poems are about love and nature.2.On the other hand, they have obvious differences. Marlowe was young, he idealized natureand love. So his poem was romantic and imaginative. But Raleigh was old, and his attitude was jaded. He shows the reality of life and presents and opposite and negative view towards love and nature described in Marlowe’s poem.考点六：（可能会考选择题）Script(剧本): the written work from which a drama is produced; contains stage directions and dialogue.Stage directions（舞台说明）: notes provided by the playwright to describe how something should be performed on stage. Stage directions often describe elements of the spectacle: lighting, music, sound effects, costumes, properties, and set designs.Soliloquy（独白）: a long speech given by a character while alone on stage to reveal his or her private thoughts or intentions.Aside（旁白）: a statement intended to be heard by the audience or by a single other character butnot by all the other characters on stage.Act(幕): a major division of a drama.Scene(场景)：a division of an act; it begins with the entrance of one or more characters and ends with the exit of one or more characters.考点七：Why Juliet is a sun not a beautiful flower?1.There is only one sun in the world and Juliet is the only woman Romeo loves.2.Juliet is more beautiful and warm than the moon and the stars, so Juliet is the sun.考点八：What we can learn from Romeo and Juliet?1.We should believe true love.2.be brave to pursuer true love and happiness.3.be firm to your love.4.the more I give to you, the more I have.考点九：Problems troubling Hamlet:Hamlet’s endurance has reached the breaking point.1.His father has been murdered by his uncle.2.His mother, who he loves dearly, is married to his uncle right after his father’s death.3.Then his former friends Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are dispatched by claudius to spy onhim.4.Moreover, his sweetheart, Ophelia, is sent as a tool to find out whether or not he is really mad.This is some thing he can no longer endure.5.One incident after another seems to reveal to him that the time is “out of joint”, and man is notso good as he had imagined.6.Now, he’s all alone. The world that he knew is shattered. His black mood of despair isdeepened by his inability to act ---to do something to change the situation. Now he ponders whether to continue living or to take his own life.考点十：对to be, or not to be: that is the question的理解。

英国文学史及选读复习资料整理

Old English Period— Anglo-Saxon Period(450-1066)1.The History•From 55 BC to 410 AD, the Romans conquered the land and transplanted its civilization.2.The LiteratureTwo divisions:Pagan & ChristianPaganThe Seafarer水手; The Fight at Finnisburg芬尼斯郡之战; The Wanderer流浪者; Waldhere瓦登希尔;The Battle of Maldom马尔登战役Widsith(威德西斯); The complaint of Deor迪奥的抱怨•The wife’s Lament妻子的哀歌; Ruin毁灭are good examples.Beowulf, England’s national epic.Writing featuresnot a Christian but a pagan poem of all advanced pagan civilization,The use of the strong stress and the predominance of consonants are very notable in this poem. Each line is divided into two halves, and each half has two heavy stressesThe use of alliteration is another notable feature and makes the stresses more emphatic. There are a lot of metaphors and understatements in this poemAnglo-Norman Period(1066-1350)The literature•The Growth of the Arthurian Legends•The legends of King Arthur and his knights had existed as an oral tradition since the time of the Celts.The 17th CenturyA Brief Introduction of the 17th century⏹The contradictions between the feudal system and bourgeoisie⏹James I：1603-1625 political and religious tyranny⏹Charles I: 1625-1649⏹Oliver Cromwell : commonwealth protector: 1653-1658⏹Charles II: 1660-1688 the Restoration⏹James II：1685-1688⏹William of Oranges: 1688-1702 “Glorious Revolution”⏹The Bill of Rights 权利法案：1689John Donne代表作：The FleaMetaphysical PoetryHoly Sonnet 10SongA Valediction:Forbidding Mourning 别离辞：节哀John Milton⏹the early phase of reading and lyric writing⏹the middle phase of service in the Puritan Revolution and the pamphleteering for it⏹the last --- the greatest --- phase of epic writingParadise Lost--- the great epicParadise Regained；Samson AgonistesJohn BunyanThe Pilgrim’s Progress（essay）The 18th-century LiteratureThe Rise of English NovelsThe historical backgroundComparing with the 17th century, the 18th century is a period for peaceful development.The constitutional monarchy has been set up by parliament in 1688.England grew from a second rate country to a powerful naval country in this century.With the ascent of the bourgeoisie cultural life had undergone remarkable changes.The rise of the English novel.代表作：Daniel Defoe Robinson CrusoeJonathan SwiftThe Battle of the Books; 《书籍之战》The Tale of a Tub; 《一只桶的故事》The Drapier’s Letter; 《布商来信》A Modest Proposal; 《一个温和的建议》Journal to Stella; 《给斯黛拉的日记》Gulliver’s Travel. 《格列夫游记》Satirical features⏹Swift offered an opportunity of self-scrutiny.（自我审视）⏹The Lilliputians （小人国居民）and their institutions were all about people and theirinstitutions of England.⏹The Brobdingnagians were incredible Utopians.⏹The scientists and philosophers represented the extremes of futile theorizing andspeculations in all areas of activity such as science, politics, and economics with their instinct-killing tendencies.⏹The picture of the Yahoos made a clear statement about man and his nature.Henry FieldingTom JohnsonSocial significanceThe writer shows his strong hatred for all the hypocrisy and treachery in the society of his age and his sympathy for the courageous young rebels in their righteous struggleThe 18th-century Literature (II)The Age of Enlightenment in EnglandThe rapid development of social life•On the economic scene, the country became increasingly affluent.•On the political scene, a fragile of balance between the monarch and the middle class existed.•On the religious scene, deism came into existence代表Thomas GrayElegy Written in a Country Churchyard● a masterpiece of lyric●Theme: a sentimental meditation upon life and death, esp. of the common rural people,whose life, though simple and crude, has been full of real happiness and meaning●Poetic pattern: quatrains of iambic pentameter lines rhyming ABAB●Mood: melancholy, calm, meditative●Style: neoclassic---vivid visual painting,---musical/rhythmic,---controlled and restrained,---polished languageSection 1 It sets the scene for the poet’s visit to the churchyard. It is enveloped in gloom and grief, which is archetypal of graveyard, poets’fascination with night, graves, and death. The tone is echoed by the last part of the poem●Section 2 It tells about the people entombed there and recalls their life experiences. Whenthe “rude forefathers of the hamlet”lived. They got up early at the twittering of swallows, or a rooster’s wake-up call or a hunter’s horn, enjoyed family bliss with wife and kids in the evening, or were happily busy with farm work in the fields, but now that they lie in their “narrow cells”, their “useful toil”and “homely joys”happen no more. The tone is one of melancholy and regret for the dead.●Section 3 It warns the rich and powerful not to despise the poor since all are equal in faceof death and the grave levels off all distinction. All nobility, power, and wealth “await alike”the inevitable end and “the paths of glory lead but to the grave”. Nothing could●ever bring anything back to life.Section 4●It expresses, on the one hand, the poet’s regret that their life had not been congenial tothe growth and full play of the poor farmers’native gifts and talents and, on the other, his feeling of “a blessing in disguise”for them in the sense that, because they did not commit any crimes to humankind nor have to play the obsequious social climber against one’s integrity.Section 5●It asserts the notion that, even though they lived a less eventful life, there is no reason toforget these farmers.Section 6●It portrays the scenario that the poet envisions would happen after his own death. Avillager would say of him: he got up early to go uphill to the lawn and lay there meditating under the tree until noon. He would wander in the wood, smiling at one moment, muttering to himself at the next, sad and pale, like one “in hopeless love”. Then for a couple of days he did not show up, and on the third day he was buried in the churchyard.Section 7●As he shows sympathy for the poor, he gains the friendship of man and God. He asks thepassers-by not to get to know any more about his merits and weaknesses as he waits in his grave for God’s judgment.●The poem touches the readers to the quick with its notable sadnessOliver Goldsmith’s《The Vicar of Wakefield》•Pre-Romantic Poems (I)William BlakeThe Songs of Experience；THE LAMB；The Tyger；The Sick RoseRobert Burns⏹1) Political poems --- The Tree of Liberty;⏹2) Satirical poems --- Holy Willie’s Prayer, Two Dogs⏹3) Lyrics --- My Heart’s in the Highlands, A Red, Red Rose, Auld Lang SyneBurns’s position and his features⏹ A great Scottish peasant poet; a national poet of Scotland⏹Numerous are Burns’s songs of love and friendship.⏹His great success was largely due to his comprehensive knowledge and excellent masteryof the old song traditions.⏹His poetry have a musical quality that helps to perpetuate the sentimentBurns ushered a tendency that prevailed during the high time of RomanticismThe Romantic Period (I)⏹“The Lakers”：湖畔诗人William WordsworthSamuel ColeridgeRobert Southey•William Wordsworth•Lyrical Ballads；Lines Written in Early Spring；To the Cuckoo ；The Daffodils I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud；My Heart Leaps Up；Intimations of Immortality 不朽颂Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern AbbeyComments on WordsworthWordsworth’s poetry is distinguished by simplicity and purity of his language which was spoken by the peasants who convey their feelings and emotions in simple and unelaborated expressions.•George Gordon Byron•Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage；Don Juan•What is Byronic hero?•Byron’s chief contribution to English poetry.•Such a hero is a proud, rebellious figure of noble origin. Passionate and powerful, he is right to all the wrongs in a corrupted society, and he would fight single--handedly against all the misdoings.•Thus this figure is a rebellious individual against outworn social systems and conventions •Byronic heroes•heroic of noble birth•passionate•rebellious•individual•Summery•This is a love poem about a beautiful woman and all of her features. Throughout the poem, Byron explains the depth of this woman’s beauty. Even in the darkness of death and mourning, her beauty shines through. Her innocence shows her pureness in heart and in love. The two forces involved in Byron’s poems are darkness and light --- at work in the woman’s beauty and also the two areas of her beauty --- the internal and the external •The theme•This poem shows that mourning does not necessarily imply melancholy or extreme sadness.•Rhetorics•Byron uses many antonyms to describe this woman --- face, eye, hair, cheek, brow, etc. to portray a perfect balance within her.•He often uses opposites like darkness and light to create this balance.• A simile was shown in line one which stated: “She walks in beauty, like the night”, which is also the basis of the poem.•Rhyme and meter•The poem follows a basic iambic tetrameter, with an “ababab cdcdcd efefef” rhyme. •Percy Bysshe Shelley•Comments on Shelley• 1. Shelley is one of the first poets in Europe who sang for the working people. His political lyrics are among the best of their kind in the whole sphere of European romantic poetry. And he is also one of the leading Romantic poets, an intense and original lyrical poet in the English language.• 2. Shelley loved the people and hated their oppressors and exploiters. He called on the people to overthrow the rule of tyranny and injustice and prophesied a happy and free life for mankind.• 3. One of the first poets in Europe who sang for the working people. His political lyrics are among the best of their kind in the whole sphere of European romantic poetry.❖ 4. He stood for this social and political ideal all his life.❖ 5. He and Byron are justifiably (justly, rightly) regarded as the two great poets of the revolutionary romanticism in England.❖ 6. Byron, his best friend, said of Shelley “the best and least selfish man I ever knew”.❖7. Wordsworth said, “Shelley is one of the best artists of us all”.❖Ode to the West Wind❖Stanza 1❖It describes the power of the west wind and its double role as both destroyer(ll.2-5) and preserver(ll.6-12).❖Line 14 sums up the wind’s two basic characteristics, which also constitute the thematic focus of the poem❖Stanza 2❖I t focuses on the adumbration of the wind’s power driving clouds before it and bringing storms with it (ll.15-23) with lightning, rain, fire and hail (ll. 23-28).❖It also describes its destructive aspect of “closing night” enveloping all under its dome ofa vast tomb (ll. 24-25).❖Stanza 3❖It talks about the wind’s impact upon the sea, its first touching on the calm of the Mediterranean (ll. 29-36), and then on the turbulence of the Atlantic (ll.36-42).❖The Mediterranean sleeps in serenity in the summer but is waken up by the wind to see the quivering of the shadows of ancient palaces and towers (ll. 29-35) and the Atlantic cleaving asunder into gigantic chasms (ll. 35-38).❖Even the vegetation at the bottom of the sea “grow gray with fear./tremble and despo il themselves”.❖Stanza 4❖It expresses the poet’s emotional response to the west wind.❖The poet says to the wind (ll.43-47) that he wishes to be spirited away like the leaves, to dance like the clouds, to breathe like the waves, and enjoy a share of the win d’s strength like the storm though with a lesser degree of freedom of movement.❖The poet takes a nostalgic backward glance at his free, uncontrollable boyhood when he could fly like a swift could like the wind, and even outstrip it in speed (ll.47-51), and wishes for the wind to lift him up like a leaf or wave or a cloud (l. 54). But it is only a figment of his imagination.❖He has to face “the horns of life” that he has fallen upon, chained and weighed down, and no longer “tameless, swift, and proud” like the wind (ll.54-56).❖Stanza 5⏹It expresses both the poet’s request for the wind to help spread the words of his poem“among mankind” and wake it up from its deep stupor (ll. 66-69) and his prophecy that spring will come in the wake of winter (ll.69-70).⏹The poem ends upon a note of confidence and hope.⏹John Keats one of the greatest English poets and a major figure in the Romanticmovement⏹Ode on a Grecian Urn The Eve of St. Agnes To a NightingaleWalter Scott He is the creator and a great master of the historical novelJane AustenPride and Prejudice；Sense and Sensibility；Mansfield Park；Emma；Northanger Abbey；PersuasionCritical Realism Victorian PeriodFeatures of Dickens’s novels♦Charles Dickens’s novels offer a most complete and realistic picture of the English bourgeois society of his age. They reflect the protest of the people against capitalist exploitation; criticize the vices of capitalist society.Charles Dickens is a petty bourgeois intellectual. He could not overstep the limits of his class. He believed in the moral self-perfection of the wicked propertied classes. He failed to see the necessity of a bitter struggle of the oppressed against their oppressors. There is a definite tendency for a reconciliation of the contradictions of capitalist society♦Charles Dickens is a great humorist. His novels are full of humor and laughter and tell much of the experiences of his childhood. Almost all his novels have happy endings.The story of some major novels♦Oliver Twist♦David Copperfield♦Great Expectation♦ A Tale of Two CitiesWilliam Makepeace ThackerayVanity Fair•The Brontë sisters•Charlotte•Jane eyre (1847)•Shirley (1849)•Villette (1853)•The professor (1857)•Emily•Wuthering Heights (1847)•Anne•Agnes Grey (1847)•The tenant of Wildfell Hall (1848) 《怀德菲尔庄园的房客》Alfred Lord Tennyson•the poet laureate after the death of Wordsworth in 1850•The Princes (1847),•In Memoriam (1850),•Maud (1855),•Enoch Arden (1864),•The Idylls of the King (1869-1872) Break, Break, Break ；Ulysses；Crossing the Bar Robert BrowningMy Last Duchess a dramatic monologueThe transition from 19th to 20th century in English literatureThomas Hardy◆Under the Greenwood Tree◆Far from the Madding Crowd◆The Return of the Native◆The Mayor of Casterbridge◆Tess of the D’Urbervilles◆Jude the ObscureOscar Wilde♦The Picture of Dorian Gray♦Lady Windermere’s Fan♦ A Woman of No Importance♦An Ideal Husband♦The Importance of Being Earnest♦Salome♦The Happy Prince and Other TalesGeorge Bernard Shaw♦ a prolific writer;♦winning Nobel Prize in 1925Mrs. Warren’s professionD. H. Lawrence•Novels•Sons and Lovers•The Rainbow•Women in Love•Lady Chatterley's Lover•Novellas•St Mawr•The Virgin and the Gypsy•The Escaped Cock“stream of consciousness”意识流代表人物：1)、Virginia Woolf 《Mrs. Dalloway》《A Room of One’s Own》 Woolf was much concerned with the position of women. 非常重视妇女的地位 2)、James Joyce Araby附读书足以怡情，足以博彩，足以长才。

英国文学知识点整理

英国文学知识点整理不同的分类，会有交叉。

有交叉，才能理解，才能清晰，才能快速记忆，这才是真正的笔记。

(一)各个时期的文学创作术语中世纪文学时期Medieval Literature英雄双韵体the heroic couplet【特点】两行两行押韵，也被称作五步抑扬格iambic pentameter【创始人】杰弗里·乔叟Geoffrey Chaucer文艺复兴时期Renaissance十四行诗sonnet【特点】1韵律：一行隔一行押韵一节中的最后一行又与下一节的第一行押韵第四节只有两行独自押韵，一共十四行。

例一：abab bcbc cdcd ee例二：abab bcbc efef gg 2行数：十四行【创始人】威廉·莎士比亚William Shakespeare斯宾塞诗体Spenserian【特点】1韵律：韵律复杂，具有音乐性2行数：每节九行【创始人】埃德蒙·斯宾塞Edmund Spenser 素体诗blank verse没有押韵道德剧Morality Play神秘剧Mystery Play奇迹剧Miracle Play抑扬格四音步iambic tetrameter书信体意识流stream of consciousness(二)各种荣誉称谓"之父"称号Title作家主要作品时代流派英国诗歌之父Father of English Poetry杰弗里·乔叟Geoffrey Chaucer坎特伯雷故事集The Canterbury TalesMedieval Literature 十四世纪英国小说之父Father of English Novels丹尼尔·笛福Daniel Defoe鲁宾逊漂流记The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson CrusoeEnlightenment 18世纪Realistic西欧历史小说之父The Father of Western European Historical Novel沃尔特·司各特Walter Scott密得洛西恩监狱The Heart of MidlothianRealistic Literature十九世纪Romanticism桂冠诗人Poet Laureate约翰·德莱顿John Dryden阿尔弗雷德·丁尼生Alfred Tennyson【作品】记忆方式伊诺克·阿登。

英美文学选读要点总结(英国)

英美文学选读要点总结【英国】The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴1. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。

2. the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。

3. Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection，and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question，explore，and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。

4. Thomas More，Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔，克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。

5. Wyatt introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.怀亚特将彼特拉克的十四行诗引进英国。

英国文学 Part 1 知识点总结

Part 1 Old and Middle English PeriodsOld English Period and Beowulf1.BC 600, Celts(tribal people at early stage of Iron Age) came to British Isles.2.BC 400-BC 300, Britons came to the Isles.3.BC 55- AD 407, the conquest of Roman led by Julius Caesar.4.At the beginning of 5th century, the Roman Empire declined. In AD 410, all Roman troopswere withdrawn.5.AD 450, the conquest of Angles, Saxons and Jutes. These people were a seafaring peoplewho orginally lived along the coast of Denmark and Germany.6.By the end of 6th century, a fedual society replaced the primitive tribal life.7.Modern English orginates from Anglo-Saxon.te 8th century, Vikings invaded English. In the second half of the 9th century, Englishpeople led by Alfred drove the Vikings off. But they invaded again in 1013 and were brought to a stop until 1036.9.The first Anglo-Saxon chronicle was a landmark of the Old English periods.10.In 1066, the Norman conquest and it made influence on the English language. The year 1066was also a dividing part in English history (from old English to middle English ).11.In 1349, English was officially introduced in school and in 1362 in courts of law.12.In 597, Christianity was taken to England by Augustine. And it took Roman Catholic Churchabout a century to Christianise all England.13.Venerable(father) Bede 彼得神父: the greatest Latinist of Northumbrian School(诺桑波雷恩学派). His most outstanding work is The Ecdesiastical History of Angles(《英国教会史》).14.Caedmon: an Anglo-Saxon poet, who wrote in Anglo-Saxon a poetic paraphrase of the Bible.15.Cynewulf: the author of poems on religious subjects during Old English periods.16.Beowulf or The Song of Beowulf, is the great national epic poem of 3182 lines and it tellsevents that took place on European Continent before Anglo-Saxon's moving.17.There are two parts in Beowulf: ①fighting against Grendel and then against Grendel'smother; ②fighting against a firedragon.18.Artistic features of Beowulf: alliteration, kennings, solemn and animated mood.Middle English Period and Chaucer1.During Anglo-Norman period, there is the coexistence of three languages: Latin, Old Englishand French.2.The 1381 peasant uprising was led by Wat Tyler, but finally they were betrayed and WatTyler was executed.3.Two wars : ①War of the Roses(1455-1485) broke between the House of York(white) andthe House of Lancaster(red); ②Hundred Years War(against French), happened during 1337-1453, and finally the French won.4.Trouvers brought romance from French to England.5.Three subject matters of Romans(传奇故事): matter of France, matter of Rome andmatter of Britain.6.Arthurian cycle(组诗) is the representative work in the group of matter of Britain.7.One of the most well-known stories in Arthurian cycle is Sir Gawain and the Green Knight(高文爵士和绿骑士).8.John Ball: preaching equality and his works summoned many people during peasantuprising.9.John Wyclif: translating the Bible into English.10.William Langland: The author of The Vision of Piers Plowman (农夫皮尔斯之幻想).11.Ballad (民谣): the most famous one is The Robin Hood Ballads (罗宾汉).12.Two important features of ballads: repetition and alliteration.13.Geoffrey Chaucer(乔叟): "Father of English poetry ", he was the first one to be buried at thePoets' Corner(诗人角).14.Three phases of Chaucer's creative career:①phase of French influence: The Book of Duchess (《公爵夫人之书》).②phase of Italian influence: Troilus and Criseyole (《特伊勒斯和克里西得》).③English phase: The Canterbury Tales (《坎特伯雷故事集》)——his masterpiece.15. There are two parts in The Canterbury Tales : the general prologue(前言) and 24 stories.16. In The Canterbury Tales, Chaucer used the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格押韵的对句)，also named the heroic couplet(英雄双韵体).17. Chaucer is the first one who introduced heroic couplet(英雄双韵体) to England.18. We call English used and developed by Chaucer and his contemporaries Middle English, which was the foundation of Modern English.。

英国文学选读复习重点

1英国文学选读复习June, 2010Part I 复习重点章节1. William Shakespeare;2. Francis Bacon;3. John Donne;4. William Blake;5. Jane Austen;6. Charles Dickens;7. Thomas Hardy; 8. Oscar Wilde; 9. William Butler Y eats;10. James Joyce;11. D.H. Lawrence;Part II 考试题型1. In this part you are going to explain the following literary terms brieflyand to give examples from the stories you have learned from the course to illustrate the terms. (about 15 points)Examplescharacter and characterization; symbol and allegory allegory, , theme, point of view, etc.)2. Analysis of short stories and novels (about 40 points)Example 1Mr. Bennet was so odd a mixture of quick parts, sarcastic humour, reserve and caprice, that the experience of three-and-twenty years had been insufficient to make his wife understand his character. Her mind was less difficult to develop. She was a woman of mean understanding, little information, and uncertain temper. When she was discontented, she fancied herself nervous. The business of her life was to get her daughters married; its solace was visiting and news.QuestionsWhat can we learn from this short passage about Mr. Bennet and Mrs. Bennet? What was the tone of the passage? Does this passage illustrate the style of Jane Austen?Example 2One evening I went into the back drawing-room in which the priest had died.It was a dark rainy evening and there was no sound in the house. Through one of the broken panes I heard the rain impinge upon the earth, the fine incessant needles of water playing in the sodden beds. Some distant lamp or lighted window gleamed below me. I was thankful that I could see so little.All my senses seemed to veil themselves and feeling that I was about to slip from them, I pressed the palms of my hands together until they trembled, murmuring: O Love! O Love! many times.QuestionsWhat can we learn about “I” from this short passage? What was the meaning of the sentence “I was thankful that I could see so little.” ? What rhetorical device was used in this passage?Example 3“Justice was done, and the President of the Immortals (in Aeschylean phrase) had ended his spot with Tess. And the d’Urbervilles knights and dames slept on in their tombs unknowing. The two speechless gazers bent themselves down to the earth, as if in prayer, and remained thus a long time, absolutely. As soon as they had strength motionless: the flag continued to wave silentlyflag continued to wave silently. As soon as they they rose, joined hands again, and went on.QuestionsWhat is your understanding of the sentence “And the d’Urbervilles knight and dames slept on in their tombs unknowing”? Was justice really done?What is your understanding of the very end of the novel “Tess of the D’Urbervilles” by Thomas Hardy?3. Analysis of the poems (about 30 points)Example 1Little Lamb I’ll tell thee,Little Lamb I’ll tell thee!He is called by thy name,For he called himself a Lamb;He is meek & he is mild,He became a little child;I a child & thou a lamb,We are called by his name.Little Lamb God bless thee.Little Lamb God bless thee.QuestionsWho is “he ” in the third line of this stanza? What is the dominant feeling in this stanza? What are you understanding of the last two lines?Example 2Oh stay Oh stay, three lies in one flea spare, , three lies in one flea spare,Where we almost, nay more than married are.The flea is you and I, and thisOur marriage bed and marriage temple is; Though parents grudge, and you, we are met,And cloistered in these living walls of jet.Though use make you apt to kill me,Let not do that, self-murder added be, And sacrilege, three sins in killing three.QuestionsWhat extraordinary metaphors (conceits) do you find in this stanza? Give an example and explain it. What is the central idea in this stanza?4. Paraphrasing (about 15 points)Example 1Certainly wife and children are a kind of discipline of humanity; and single men, they e many times more charitable, because their means are less exhaust, yet on the other side, they are more cruel and hard-hearted (good to make severe inquisitors), because their tenderness is not so oft called upon.Example 2Arise, fair sun, and kill the envious moon,Who is already sick and pale with griefThat thou her maid art far more fair than she.Be not her maid, since she is envious.Her vestal livery is but sick and green,And none but fools do wear it. Cast it off.Example 3Thus conscious does make coward of us all, And thus the native hue of resolutionIs sicklied o ’er with the pale cast of thought,And enterprises of great pitch and momentWith this regard their currents turn awryAnd lost the name of action.。

英国文学史选读总结1

I. Early and Medieval Literature1. England’s inhabitants are Celts. And it is conquered by Romans, the Teutonic tribes of Angle, Saxons and Jutes. In 1066, at the battle of Hastings(黑斯延斯), the Normans headed by William, Duke of Normandy, defeated the Anglo-Saxons. The Anglo-Saxons brought the Germanic language and culture to England, while Normans brought the Mediterranean civilization(地中海文明), including Greek culture, Rome law and the Christian religion. It is the cultural influence of these two conquests that provided the source for the rise and growth of English literature.2. Jutes lived and maintained close relations with kindred(相似) tribes.3. The old English literature extends from about 449 to 1066, the year of the Norman conquest of England.4. Three kinds of languages in the Anglo-Norman period: Norman---French, English---English, Religious---Latin. Two kinds of literature: Romans and Ballads. “Romans” is about upper class, and nothing to do with Romans.5. The old English poetry that has survived can be divided into two groups: The religious group and the secular one.6. The literature of this period falls naturally into two divisions――pagan and Christian.7. The national epic of the English people, which belongs to the primitive(原始，早期) literature; Romance cycles, which belong to t he feudalist(封建) literature; Folk literature whose subjects are from the lower class8. Caedom is the first known religious poet of England, he is known as the father of English song.9. The didactic poem The Christ was produced by Cynewulf.10. The Song of BeowulfIt describes the most heroic man of the Anglo-Saxon times. It is a Denmark(丹麦) story which used alliteration , metaphors(隐喻) and understatements(轻描淡写).•It is the first literature, England’s national epic; it was written by an unknown scribe at the beginning of the 10th century and was not discovered until 1750•It consists of 3182 lines•Telling a stor y about an ancient hero Beowulf’s fight against a lake monster, Grendel, and his mother, a monster, too; Beowulf’s battle against a fire dragon.•The poem is an example of the mingling of the nature myths and heroic legends.12. The literature which they brought to England is remarkable for its bright, romantic tales of love andadventure, in marked contrast with the strength and somberness(严峻) of Anglo-Saxon poetry.The great majority of Romances mainly fall into 3 cycles.A. The matters of Britain: About King Arthur and his knights of the Round TableB. The matters of France: About Charlemagne and his peersC. The matters of Greece and Rome: About Alexander, and about the fall of Troy (特洛伊城的陷落)Of these three cycles, the matters of Britain is the most important one. There were many cycles of Arthurian romances, Chief of which are those of Gawain, Launcelot(朗斯洛特), Merlin(默林), the Quest of the Holy Grail(寻找圣杯), and the Death of ArthurSir Gawain and the Green Knight13. Geoffrey Chaucer•He is the father of English poetry in that he introduces rhymed verse, especially couplet, into Britain to replace alliterative verse formerly prevailing in British poetry and making English the literary language.•He is also the founder of English realism because The Canterbury Tales,his masterpiece,provides a panorama of the life in the medieval England.•He is the forerunner of humanism for in his masterpiece the keynote is humanism. He praises human intellect, human beauty, human passion and human living environment, and affirms human rights to pursue earthly happiness.•写作的三个时期：Translate from French; French; Write in his own words: English•The Canterbury TalesThree features: Plot; Prologue; Language (iambic pentameter)The Prologue is a splendid masterpiece of realistic portrayal, the first of its kind in the history of English literature. The Prologue is a splendid masterpiece of realistic portrayal, the first of its kind in the history of English literature.Heroic couplet is a rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter(五音步抑扬格). It is Chaucer who used it for the first time in English in his work The Legend of Good Woman.14. Popular Ballads•Literature of the lower class in the feudalist society includes written folk literature and oral folk literature.•As for the written folk literature, the most important writer is William Langland, whose masterpiece is TheVision of Piers, the Plowman.•Among the ballads published, the Robin Hood ballads are of special significance.•The best known of the earliest collections was given by Bishop Thomas Percy, named Reliques of Ancient English Poetry.II.Literature of the Renaissance Period1. Renaissance: general spirit---humanism2. Absolute monarchy in England reached its summit during the reign of Queen Elisabeth.3.Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe(克里斯托弗马洛) and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.4. Thomas More----Utopia; John Lyly----Eupheus(艳词); Marlowe----The Jew of Malta; Robert Greene----Gorge Green5. Edmund Spenser was the poet’s poet. The greatest epic poem of the time is The Fairy Queen.6. William Shakespeare produced 37 plays, 2 narrative poems and 154 sonnets. A basic form of poetry consists of 14 lines of iambic pentameter, intricately rhymed (abab, cdcd, efef, gg).His plays can be divided into four types: historical plays, comedies, tragedies and romantic tragic-comedies. His four writing period: Apprenticeship; Mature period; Great tragedies; Romantic dramaSonnet 18: Theme---Art survives timeHamletIt praises humanists as represented by Hamlet. He is the scholar, a soldier and a statesman(政治家); it shows the inevitable problems faced by the humanists; Hamlet’s delay of action is due to his awareness of the possible national disaster which will be brought about by his personal revenge and his sense of responsibility to put the interests of his nation and his people before his own.7. Francis Bacon○Essayist, Scientist, Philosopher.○His major works are The Advancement of Learning and New Instrument.○He is also the first great English essayist.○His works may be divided into three classes: the philosophical, the literary and the professional works○In 1597 Francis Bacon published his first collection of essays, the EssaysIII.Literature of the Revolution and Restoration Period1. The government of James 1was based upon the theory of divine right of kings, but the Puritans offered another theory of divine right—the individual conscience.2. In 1649 Charles I was beheaded. England became a commonwealth under the leadership of Oliver Cromwell. He imposed a military dictatorship(军事独裁).In 1653 Oliver Cromwell imposed a military dictatorship on the country. It was called the period of the Restoration which was objectionable(讨厌的) in monarchy. After Cromwell’s death, monarchy was again restored in 1660.3. Revolution of 1688(Glorious Revolution) means three things: The supremacy of Parliament(议会至上), the beginning of the modern England(现代英国的开端), the final triumph of the principle of political liberty for which the Puritan had fought and suffered hardship for a hundred years.4. Literary CharacteristicsIn the literature also the Puritan Age was one of confusion, due to the breaking up of old ideals. The Puritan influence in general tended to suppress literary art.5. John Donne•He was the founder of the Metaphysical school of poetry.•Donne is best known by his The Songs and Sonnets. It contains most of his early lyrics. Love is the basic theme.•Sometimes the “conceits(奇遇)”, as these extravagant figures are called, are so odd that we lose sight of the thing to be illustrated, in the startling nature of the illustration.•Song(“Go and Catch a Falling Star”), the theme is “No where lives a woman true, and fair”6. John MiltonParadise Lost consists of 12 books, containing about ten thousand lines in blank verse(unrhymed iambic pentameter). Based on the biblical legend of the imaginary progenitors of the human race---- Adam and Eve, and tells God and his eternal adversary, Satan in its plot.Major poetical works: Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained and Samson Agonisters.7. John BunyanHe gives us the only great religious allegory(宗教寓言)Pilgrim’s Progress, V anity FairIV. Literature of the 18th Century1. The age of reason2. Two parties: the liberal Whigs and the conservative Tories came into being. However another party also existed, the Jacobites, who aimed to bring the Stuarts back to the throne.3. Characteristics of literature: Realism; Common people; Prose rapid development3. Daniel DefoeHis works are the first literary works devoted to the study of problems of the lower-class people.Robinson Crusoe, colonial spirit(1) His marvelous(非凡的) capacity(才能) for work(2) His boundless(无穷的) energy and persistence in overcoming obstacles(障碍)(3) His hard struggle against nature and making all bend to his will3. Jonathan SwiftA Tale of a Tub (satirist) 《木桶的故事》Gulliver’ Travels (satire)Four places: Lilliput(厘厘普特), Brobdingnag(布罗卜丁奈格), the flying Island, Houyhnhnm(慧駰国).▪The first part tells about his experience in Lilliput, where the inhabitants are only six inches tall), twelve times smaller than the normal human beings. The emperor believed himself to be the delight and terror of the universe, but it appeared quite absurd to Gulliver who was twelve times as tall as he. In his account of the two parties in the country, distinguished by the use of high and low heels, Swift satirizes the Tories and the Whigs in England.▪Religious disputes were laughed at in an account of a problem which divided the Lilliputians: “Should eggs be broken at the big end or the little end?”About selected reading:The theme: exploration into human nature and satire to English and European life①Main plot—part one:His experiences in Lilliput where the inhabitants are only 12 times smaller than normal human beingAuthor satire the weakness of human being and the absurd actions of the English government before the nature②Main plot—part two:His experiences in Brobdingnag where are 10 times taller and larger than normal human being and superior in wisdomHere, the author gives a vivid description to the crankiness and arrogance(狂妄自大) of the authority in England③Main plot—part three:The experiences in Flying Island where the philosophers and projectors devote all their time and energy to the study of some absurd problemsHere is the criticism of the western civilization and false illustration about science, philosophy, history and even immortality④Main plot—part four:The experience in Houyhnhnm where horses are endowed with reason and all good and admirable qualities, and are the governing classHere, the author compared the differences and similarities between horses and human being, lead readers to think about a problem: what on earth are human beings?⑤Social achievement:The book is one of the most effective and devastating criticisms and satires of all aspects in the then English and European life—socially, politically, religiously, philosophically, scientifically and morally.⑥Artistic achievement:In structure, the four parts make an organic whole, with each contrived upon an independent structure, and yet complementing the others and contributing to the central concern of study of human nature and lifeSummary of a Modest Proposal▪With bitter irony, that the poverty of the Irish people should be relieved by the sale of their children, “at a year old”, as food for the rich, the narrator put forward his so-called perfect proposal .▪With the utmost gravity, he set out statistics to show the revenue that would come if this idea were adopted. ▪The remedy, Swift took care to point out, was only for the kingdom of Ireland, not for the whole England. ▪The last proposal is a most heartbreaking piece of sarcasm that fiery indignation has given birth to and a most powerful blow at the English government’s policy of exploitation and oppression in Ireland. Masterpieces4. Joseph AddisonSir Roger at Church乡村礼拜日5. Henry Fielding, the Father of the English NovelThe History of Tom Jones, a Foundling6. Thomas Gray, Graveyard School, sentimentalistElegy Written in a Country ChurchyardThe poem contains some of the best-remembered lines in English poetry and uses a graveyard at twilight to meditate on the lives of the ordinary people interred there.Gray laments not one particular death, but the obscurity into which death will plunge us all.There is nobility in all people, but that difficult circumstances prevent those talents from being manifested. Gray contrasts the simplicity and virtue of the English farmers of the past with the vain, boastful present.He speculates about the potential leaders, poets, and musicians who may have died in obscurity and been buried there.All life’s endeavors, positive or negative, are rendered useless by the shadow of the tomb. The poem ends with an epitaph which sums up the poet’s own life and beliefs.7. William BlakeThe first important Romantic poetMajor Works:Songs of Innocence《天真之歌》Songs of ExperienceThe Chimney Sweeper《扫烟囱的孩子》The TigerThe tiger means the power of destroy. The poet repeats the central question of the poem, stated in Stanza 1. However, he changes could (Line 4) to dare (Line 24). This is a significant change, for the poet is no longer asking who had the capability of creating the tiger but who dared to create so frightful a creature.8. Robert BurnsHe wrote some ballads on the basis of old Scottish legends. He expressed his love for freedom and sang of the heroic spirit of the Scottish people. Burns is the only greatest English poet who writes outside the standard/London dialect.A Red, Red Rose, Auld Lang Syne,John Anderson, My Jo and A Fond KissV.Literature of the Romantic Period1. The Romantic period is the period is generally said to have begun in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworth’s Lyrical Ballads(抒情歌谣集) and to have ended in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott’s death and the passage of the first Reform Bill in the Parliament. It is emphasized the special qualities of each individual’s mind.2. Lake Poets and Passive romantic poets: Wordsworth, Coleridge, Southey;Positive romantic poets: Byron, Shelley, Keats3. William WordsworthI Wandered Lonely as a CloudComposed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 18024. Gorge Gordon, Lord ByronMain works:⏹Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage 《恰尔德.哈罗德游记》⏹She Walks in Beauty⏹Don Juan《唐。

英国文学复习总结

英国文学复习总结详解Part one:Early and medieval English literature1.Beowulf《贝奥武甫》------the national epic of the English people ,it is also the epic of the Anglo-Saxon.(P3)2.The name of the terrible monster------Grendel(格伦德尔)(P3)3.the most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration(头韵)，others are metaphor （暗喻）and understatement(保守陈述)(P5)4The Norman Conquest （诺曼征服）marks the establishment of feudalism in England. (P6)5.The romance(传奇文学)(P8)The most popular of literature in fedual England was the romance. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero.The hero of the romance was the the knight, a man of noble birth, skilled in the use of weapons.It was written for the noble class(贵族的文学) Romances falls into three cycles :“matters of Britain”( adventures of King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table),“matters of France” (Emperor Charlemagne and his peers)“matters of Rome”. (Alexander the Great and so forth)6. William Langland威廉·朗兰------ Piers the Plowman《耕者皮尔斯》(P11)7.The ballads(民谣)(P17)The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad.It is a story told in song ,usually in 4-line stanzas[ˈstænzə],with the second and fourth lines rhymed.It was written for common people(平民文学). The subjects of ballads are various in kind,as the struggle of young loves against their feudal-minded families,the conflict between love and wealth ,the cruelty of envy,the criticism of the civil war,and the matters of class struggle. The most famous ballads are the ballads of Robin Hood.8. Geoffrey Chaucer’ Contributions<1>Father of English poetry in 14th century.Chaucer introduces from France the rhymed stanzas of various types instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse,especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter(the heroic couplet) to English poetry.(P26)<2>Chaucer is the first great poet who wrote in the English language. His production of so much excellent poetry is an important factor in establishing English as the literary language of the country.He did much in making the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.(P26)<3>the founder of English realism(P23)The Prologue(序言)suppies a miniature of the English society of C haucer’s time<4>. he forerunner of humanisim (P24 倒数第二行)9. Geoffrey Chaucer died in 1400 and was buried in Westminster Abbey（威斯敏斯特教堂）thus founding the “Poets’ Corner”..(P20)10.The Romaunt of the Rose(translated from Franch)《玫瑰传奇》Troilus and Criseyde(adapted from the Italian)《特洛勒斯和克莱西》10. Geoffrey Chaucer 杰弗里·乔叟------The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》The tales of the Knight,the Pardoner（卖赎罪券者），the Nun’s Priest (尼姑的牧师)，the Wife of Bath,together with the Prologue,are the best of the whole collection.(P24)（了解一下）Part two:The English renaissance1.historical background1.The Reformation(宗教改革)2. the Authorized Version(钦定版圣经)3. The Enclosure movement（圈地运动） 4 The commercial expansion（贸易扩张）5 The war with Spain（与西班牙战争）6Renaissance（文艺复兴）7 Humanism（人文主义）（P27-30）2.Thomas More托马斯·莫尔 Utopia《乌托邦》Utopia is More's masterpiece, written in the form of a conversation between More and a returned sailor.It is divided into two books.(P37)Book I of " Utopia" is a picture of contemporary social conditions of England.BookⅡwe have a picture of an ideal commonwealth (Utopia )in some unknown ocean.(P37)3. Thomas Wyatt(托马斯·韦阿特): He first introduced the sonnet into England from Italy.Surrey(萨里)，in his tranlation Virgil’s Aeneid《埃涅伊德》,wrote the first English blank verse(无韵诗)，later masrerly handled by Shakepeare and Milton.4 Philip Sidney(菲利普·锡德尼)Astrophel and Stella《爱星者与星星》Apology for Poetry《为诗辩护》5.WalterRaleigh(华尔特·罗利) Discovery of Guiaana《发现圭亚那》,Historty of the world6."the poets' poet" of the period was Edmund Spenser.T he Shepherd’s Calendar《牧羊人日记》，Epithalamion《新婚颂歌》，masterpiece The Faerie Queen 《仙后》7. The Faerie Queen《仙后》（P42）<1>Spenser’s grestest work,is a long poem planned in 12 books,he only finished 6.the work was dedicated to Queen Elizabeth.<2>each guest has a knight,each knight represents a virtue(美德),as Holiness（圣洁）,Temperance(温和)，Chastity(贞洁)，Friendship,Justice （正义）and Courtesy(谦恭).<3>The knight as a whole symbolize England,the evil figures stand for his enemies,as King Philip of Spain,Mary Queen of Scots(both Catholics) or church of Rome.<4>The thoughts of the poem are nationalism,humanism,puritanism<5>The Faerie Queen is written in a special verse form ,consisits of 8 iambic pentameter lines followed by a ninth line of six iambic feet (an alexandrine亚历山大诗行),with the rhyme scheme abab bcbc c , the form called "Spenserian Stanza"(斯宾塞诗节) （P43）8.John Lyly（约翰·黎里）------Euphues《优弗依斯》was written in a peculiar style known as "Euphuism"（优弗依斯体或绮丽体）(P44)9. Francis Bacon（弗朗西斯·培根）the founder of English materialist philosophy(唯物主义) and modern science（P45）<1>Advancement of Learning《学问的演进》<2> New Instrument《新工具》---a statement of what is called the Inductive Method (归纳法)<3>Eassy《随笔》These essays cover a wide variety of subjects, such as love, truth, friendship, parents and children, beauty, studies, riches, youth and age, garden, death and many others. （P46）Of study《论读书》10.The Miracle Play(奇迹剧)(P46)The miracle were simply plays based on Bible stoies,such as the creation of the world,Noah(诺亚)and the flood, and the birth co Christ.They were at first performed in the churches.But after the actors introduced secular(世俗)and even commercial elements into the performance,it was forbidden inside the church ,so it got into the market place.11.Morality play(道德剧)(P47)A morality presented the conflict of good and evil with allegorical persons,such as Mercy(怜悯)，Peace,Hate,Folly and so on.They contended for the possession of one’s soul.The morality was dreary performance with endless speech-making of those abstract characters.so into the plays Vice(恶习)who was the predecessor of the modern clown.12.The Interlude(插剧)13.The classical drama------comedy and tragedy14."University Wits"(大学才子) They were Lyly, Peele, Marlowe, Greene,Lodge and Nash). wrote for the stage of the time.15. Christopher Marlowe(克里斯托弗·马洛)t he most gifted of the "University Wits".（P50）Marlowe's best plays : Tamburlaine the Grea《帖木儿大帝》t, The Jew of Malta《马耳他的犹太人》and Doctor Faustus《浮士德博士》.（P51）The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus is Marlowe' s masterpiece.The doctor sold his soul to Devil so he may live 24 years in all voluptuousness.(P53)Marlowe's Literary Achievement（P55）<1>Marlowe was the greatest of the pioneers of English drama. He reformed the English drama and perfected the language and verse of dramatic works.<2>He first made blank verse(unrhymed iambic pentameter) the principal instrument of English drama.<3>Marlowe's dramatic achievement lies chiefly in his epical and at times lyrical verse.<4>His works paved the way for the plays of the greatest English dramatist –Shakespeare - whose achievements were the monument of the English Renaissance.16 Ben Jonson（本·琼森）--- V olpone, or the Fox, 《福尔蓬奈，或狐狸》The Alchemist.《炼金术士》，Every Man in His Humour《个性互异》，Bartholomew Fair《巴梭罗缪市集》（P94）William Shakespeare1. Shakespeare’s career may be divided into four major phrases which represent respectively his early, mature, flourishing, and late periods.（P60）详见课本2.His great ComediesA Midsummer Night's Dream《仲夏夜之梦》，The Merchant of Venice《威尼斯商人》，As You Like It《皆大欢喜》，Twelfth Night《第十二夜》are Shakespeare’s great comedies.3.The Character Analysis of Shylock 夏洛克人物形象分析He is greedy. He accumulates as much wealth as he can He is also cruel. In order to revenge, he would rather claim a pound of flesh from his enemy Antonio than get back his loan.他是贪婪的，竭尽全力敛财；他也是残忍的，为了复仇，宁愿割安东尼奥一磅肉用来偿还欠款。

英国文学选读要点

《英国文学选读》学习要点（1）-- 文学常识标签：英国文学选读要点文学常识分类：英国文学选读课程 2008-10-21 23:29文学常识部分：1. Poetry is the most compressed form of literature.2. Poetry is composed of carefully chosen words expressing great depth of meaning.3. Poetry uses specific devices such as connotation, sound, and rhythm to express the appropriate combination of meaning and emotion.4. Lyrical poetry presents the deep feelings and emotions of the poet as opposed to poetry that tells a story or presents a witty observation.5. Shakespeare writes his sonnets in the popular English form of three quatrains and a couplet.6. Soliloquy in drama a speech, often of some length, in which a character, alone on the stage, expresses his thoughts and feelings.7. Plot is known as the “series of related events”.8. There are five parts to a plot: introduction, rising action, climax, falling action, resolution9. Climax is the "turning point of the story".10. Conflict describes the struggle between two characters or forces.11. The purpose of the short story's title is to inform readers of story content, to indicate main idea, to create curiosity12. Symbol is an object or idea that has its own meaning and representssomething else as well.13. Theme is the main idea or author's opinion about life expressed in a piece of literature.14. One character is clearly central to the story with all major events having some importance to this character - he/she is the protagonist. The opposer of the main character is called the antagonist.15. Characterization is the techniques writers use to create and develop characters.16. Point of View is the relationship between the narrator and the story (who is telling the story).17. A writer tells his story from a different point of view -- narration. There are 3 points of view when telling a story: First person: The narrator "I"; Omniscient: All-knowing narrator; Limited Omniscient: (third person)18. Setting is the time and place of the story.《英国文学选读》要点（2） -- 诗人及其作品解读标签：英国文学选读要点诗人及作品解读分类：英国文学选读课程 2008-10-21 23:361. Introduction of William ShakespeareSignificancel the greatest English poet and dramatistl certainly the most important playwright of the English Renaissancel Likely the most influential writer in all of English literatureTheme of Sonnet 18His sonnet 18 expresses that beautiful things can rely on the force of literature to reach eternity.Analysis of the poeml The first two quatrains focus on the fair lord's beauty: the poet attempts to compare it to a summer's day, but shows that there can be no such comparison, since the fair lord's timeless beauty far surpasses that of the fleeting, inconstant season.l Summer -- "summer" as a metaphor for youth, or perhaps beauty, or perhaps the beauty of youth.l What does “eternal lines” mean in the last but one stanza?l What’s the rhyme of Shakespearean Sonnet?Questions 1 in page 14：The speaker opens the poem with a question addressed to the beloved: "ShallI compare thee to a summer's day?" The next eleven lines are devoted to sucha comparison.l In line 2, the speaker stipulates what mainly differentiates the young man from the summer's day: he is "more lovely and more temperate."l The poet describes summer as a season of extremes and disappointments. Summer's days tend toward extremes: they are shaken by "rough winds"; In them, the sun ("the eye of heaven") often shines "too hot," or too dim. And summer is fleeting: its date is too short, and it leads to the withering of autumn, as "every fair from fair sometime declines."l The final quatrain of the sonnet tells how the beloved differs from the summer in that respect: his beauty will last forever ("Thy eternal summer shall not fade...") and never die.l In the couplet, the speaker explains how the beloved's beauty will accomplish this feat, and not perish because it is preserved in the poem, which will last forever; it will live "as long as men can breathe or eyes can see."2. Geoffrey Chaucer （1340 -- 1400）Significance| “the father of English poetry” (by John Dryden)| the founder of modern English| the founder of English realistic literature: the greatest literate before Shakespeare| He was the first to be buried in Westminster Abby, for his great contribution to the making of English and literature.Chaucer’s writing style|His poetry is full of vigor and swiftness.|He enriched the poetic forms for the English poetry.|He is the first people who made the London vernacular the language of his work thus make it the foundation for modern speech and establishing English as the literary language of the country.General Introduction to The Canterbury TalesSignificance| It was the last of Geoffrey Chaucer's works| The Canterbury Tales is Chaucer’s Masterpiece and one of the monumental works in English literature.| It is one of the landmarks of English literature, perhaps the greatest work produced in Middle English| It gives us a true to life picture of his time. The work stands as a historical and sociological introduction to the life and times of the late Middle AgesAn Analysis of the opening linesAs April comes, the narrator begins a pilgrimage to Canterbury from the Tabard Inn at Southwerk. Twenty-nine people make the pilgrimage toward Canterbury and the narrator describes them in turn.| These are the opening lines with which the narrator begins the General Prologue of The Canterbury Tales. The imagery in this opening passage is of spring’s renewal and rebirth.| After the long sleep of winter, people begin to stir, feeling the need to “goon on pilgrimages,” or to travel to a site where one worships a saint’s relics as a means of spiritual cleansing and renewal.An analysis of the Knight|The Knight represents the ideal of a medieval Christian man-at-arms. The Knight is first to be described in the General Prologue because socially, the Knight is by far the most prestigious person on the pilgrimage. He is the highest on the social scale, being closest to belonging to the highest estate, the aristocracy.Four main qualities of the Knight.|The first is the Knight’s love of ideals—“chivalrie” (prowess), “trouthe”(fidelity), “honour” (reputation), “fredom” (generosity), and “curteisie”(refinement) (General Prologue, 45–46).|The second is the Knight’s impressive military career. The Knight has foughtin the Crusades, wars in which Europeans traveled by sea to non-Christian lands and attempted to convert whole cultures by the force of their swords.|The third quality the narrator remembers about the Knight is his meek, gentle, manner.|And the fourth is his “array,” or dress. The Knight wears a tunic made of coarse cloth, and his coat of mail is rust-stained, because he has recently returned from an expedition.3. Introduction of John Donne（1572 - 1631）Significancel Founder of Metaphysical Schooll Donne was the leading exponent of a style of poetry called "metaphysical poetry," which flourished in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries.l The most striking feature of Donne’s Poetry is his frequent use of conceit.l The main themes of the metaphysical poets are love, death and religion.Oh stay, three lives in one flea spare,l spare three lives in one fleal you, I, and the fleal Holy trinity: Holy father, Holy son, and Holy spiritWhen we almost, nay more than maryed are.This flea is you and I, and thisOur marriage bed, and marriage temple is;churchThough parents grudge, and you, w'are met,And cloysterd in these living walls of Jet.l live the fleaThough use make thee apt to kill me,Let not to this, selfe murder added bee,l Let self-murder not be added to thisAnd sacrilege, three sinnes in killing three.l Donne’s first metaphor: three lives in one fleal second metaphor: compares the flea to a “marriage bed and marriage temple”Themes of Holy Sonnet 10His Holy Sonnet 10 reveals his belief in life after death. Death is momentarily while happiness after death is eternal.l One short sleep past, we wake eternally,And death shall be no more; Death, thou shalt die.1. What does sleep mean? Death.2. How do you understand we live eternally?Life and death are two periods. Death is the expansion of life. Shortly after our death, our soul will enter heaven and live happily forever.4. Introduction of Robert Burns（1759-1796）Significancel Scottish poet and writer of traditional Scottish folk songsl He is the national poet of Scotland. Robert Burns is representative of Scotland. He has become almost a national symbol of all things Scottish.l the greatest poet Scotland in the late 18th century has ever produced;l a remarkable lyricist on the theme of love and friendship;l a patriotic poet calling for national independence, liberty, equality and fraternity for all the people in the world ;l a peasant poet sharing his people’s feelings and drawing material form the folk legends and songs;l He was the people’s poet. He came from the people and wrote for the people.l “A Red, Red Rose” is written as a ballad with four stanzas of four lines, or quatrains each§Themes of A Red, Red RoseTheme - this is a poem of love and reassurance. Burns is leaving his love and intends to reassure her of his fidelity and love for her in his absence.5. Introduction of William Wordsworth(1770-1850)Significancel He is the third greatest poet and the greatest lyric poet in English literature.l He is the leading figure of the English Romantic poetry, and he is regareded as a “worshipper of nature”.l He was one of “lake poets”l He is a poet in memory of the past and was called "prophets of nature"I Wandered Lonely as a CloudForml The four six-line stanzas of this poem follow a quatrain-couplet rhyme scheme: ABABCC.l Each line is metered in iambic tetrameter.Characteristics – The poem is a master piece on natureSignificanceThis poem typically depicts the serene beauty of nature and shows the poet’s respect for nature as well.Exercises"For oft, when on my couch I lieIn vacant or in pensive mood,They flash upon that inward eyeWhich is the bliss of solitude;And then my heart with pleasure fills,And dance with the daffodils.(1) What is the "bliss of the solitude"? The Daffodils the poem saw.(2) Interpret the passage.It is a bliss/happiness to recollect the beauty of nature in his mind when he is solitude/lonely.(3) Why did the poet write the poem, what did he want to express?The poem depicts/deals with the flowers that he came across along waterside, by which he expresses the quiet, sympathy, loving feeling to nature just like his words "poetry is from "emotion recollected in tranquility".I wandered lonely as a cloudThat floats on high o'er vales and hills,When all at once I saw a crowd,A host, of golden daffodils;Beside the lake, beneath the trees,Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.Questions:(1) Interpret briefly the meaning of this stanza.Like a cloud flying over valleys and mountains, I was traveling. Suddenly to my surprise, I saw a grove of daffodils at the side of a lake. How beautiful they were, fluttering and dancing in the wind.(2) Which literary trend does this poem belong to?Romantic period5. Introduction of Percy Shelly（1792～1822）Genre of the PoemThe ode is a lyric poem of some length, dealing with a lofty theme in a dignified manner and originally intended to be sung.Form of the poemEach of the seven parts of "Ode to the West Wind" contains five stanzas--four three-line stanzas and a two-line couplet, all metered in iambicpentameter. The rhyme scheme in each part follows a pattern known as terza rima, Thus each of the seven parts of "Ode to the West Wind" follows this scheme: ABA BCB CDC DED EE.SummaryOde to the West Wind" is one of Shelley's best known lyrics. The poet describes vividly the activities of the west wind on the earth, in the sky and on the sea, and then expresses his envy for the boundless freedom of the west wind, and his wish to be free like the wind and to scatter his words among mankind.Exercises| O wild West Wind, thou breath of Autumn's being,Thou, from whose unseen presence the leaves deadAre driven, like ghosts from an enchanter fleeing, …alliteration personificationQuestions:|What kind of wind does west wind refer to?Autumn wind.|What do these lines describe?The destructive power of the west wind that drives away all the old and rotten things.|"Wild spirit, which art moving everywhere;Destroyer and Preserver; hear, O hear!“(1)What does the "wild spirit "refer to?"wild spirit" refers to west wind/autumn wind.(2)Why called it "Destroyer and Preserver" at the same time?Because west wind buries the dead leaves, the symbol of old rotten society, and also the things, thoughts, or ideas that are dead or obsolete. Meanwhile it prepares for a new spring, and preserves new life or seeds that will come to life in the spring, the symbol of a new world.(3)Identify the poet and the poem."Ode to the west wind" of Percy Shelley. (terza rima)"As thus with thee in prayer in my sore need.Oh! Lift me as a wave, a leaf, a cloud!I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!A heavy weight of hours has chained and bowedOne too like thee: tameless, and swift and proud.“A heavy weight of hours|It refers to burdens and pressures of life|moral and cultural conventions picked up by individuals in life|lessons learned from life experience| sufferings and misfortunes in life.(1)Explain "I fall upon the thorns of life, I bleed“The sentence call Shelley’s desire that he couldn’t best being fetteredto/limited by the humdrum/too ordinary reality of everyday!(2)Can you comprehend the deep emotion contained in the poem? What’s that?In the poem, the west wind has become the poet himself, he wants to befree, proud and uncontrollable like the wild west wind, to destruct and construct with the strong power like the west wind.(3)The poet was called the "the heart of all hearts", he trumpeted the radical prophecy of hope and rebirth. Please write out his classic words.If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?"If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?| This is of course a rhetorical question because spring does come after winter.|The question has a deeper meaning and does not only mean the change of seasons, but is a reference to death and rebirth as well.|It illustrates Shelley’s critical attitude to the ugly society and can best express Shelley’s optimistic belief in the bright future of mankind in face of the cold winter, that is the cold society, and the harsh social reality.It may mean that after the struggles and problems in life, there would always be a solution.6. Introduction of John Keats (1795-1821)Significancel The most talented of the English romantic poetsl He wrote best odes in English literaturel The last of the great Romanticsl The most attractive Romantic figure because of his personal life and his poetryl A poet of great beautyl A close friend of Shelley’sType of WorkType of poem: lyric poem Type of lyric poem: odeExercise 1:"Thou still unravish’d bride of quietness,Thou foster-child of silence and slow time,Sylvan historian, who canst thus expressA flowery tale more sweetly than our rhyme:"(1)Who is the poet? The name?(2)Explain the sentence.(3)What was the theme of the poem?Answer:(1)This is the "ode on a Grecian Um", which was written by the poet---John Keats.(2)The sentence means: though time has passed, the urn, the works of the art still remains, and it tells a pastoral/lyrical tale to us, and the description of the urn is much more beautiful than the words of any human.(3)The theme is: Human life is transient, but the art is immortal.Exercise 2:"O Attic shape! Fair attitude! With brede …As doth eternity: cold pastoral!"(1)How do you understand "cold pastoral"(2)What device is used in the poem?(3)Explain the implication of the poem. At the end of the poem, the poet gavea famous saying, and it is also the theme of the poem, what is that?Answer:(1)Cold pastoral means the lyrical scene on the Grecian urn lacks life and warmth.(2)Contrast.(3)The poet wanted to show the permanence of the art and the transience of human passion presenting his ambivalence/opposing feelings about time and nature of beauty. The saying is "Beauty is truth, truth beauty"7. Introduction of Alfred TennysonSignificanceHe was the most prolific poet in the 19th-century English literature.He is the most representative Victorian poet.His wonderful works show all the qualities of England’s great poets.Poet LaureateAnalysis of the poemThe Eagle: A FragmentIn the first stanza the eagle sits perched up on some high mountain crag in some deserted area, and in the second stanza he suddenly swoops down in flight.Notice the contrast between the two stanzas: in the first the eagle is sittingstill, and in the second one he is in flight.Break，Break，Break"Break, Break, Break" is a lyric poem that Alfred Tennyson (1809-1892) was believed to have completed in 1834. It centers on Tennyson's grief over the death of his best friend, Arthur Hallam, a fellow poet.The fisherman's boy happily playing with his sister, the sailor merrily singing, the ship busily plying the waters of commerce：The poet’s own feelings of sadness are contrasted with the carefree, innocent joys of the children and the unfeeling movement of the ship and the sea waves.ThemesGrief；Preciousness of Youth；Indifference of Nature8 William Butler Yeats (1865-1939)Significance|an Irish poet, dramatist and prose writer|Yeats is the greatest poet in the history of Ireland|the greatest poet to write in English during the twentieth century|He received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1923.The Second Coming|The poem uses religious symbolism to illustrate Yeats' anguish over the apparent decline of Europe's ruling class, and his occult belief that Western civilization (if not the whole world) was nearing the terminal point of a 2000-year historical cycle.|"The Second Coming" is one of Yeats's most famous and most anthologized poemsBackground|The title of the poem refers to the Christian belief that Christ will return to this earth some day and reign over an age of peace after a great war betweeen Good and Evil has destroyed the old civilizations. Theis rebirth of Christ at some future time is called “the Second Coming”Structure|the first stanza describes the conditions present in the world《英国文学选读》要点（3）-- 散文家/短篇小说家/戏剧家及其作品解读标签：英国文学选读要点散文家短篇小说家戏剧家作品解读分类：英国文学选读课程 2008-10-21 23:41Francis Bacon（1561—1626）Significancel He is a philosophy, a scientist and the first English essayist.l He is best known for his Essays that is the first example of that genre in English literature.Of Studies -- The most popular of Bacon’s essays.Language FeaturesForceful and persuasive; compact and precise; and the essays reveals to us Bacon’s nature attitude towards learning.l What studies chiefly serve for.l The different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies.l How studies exert influence over human characterThemeDifferent ways of studies may exert different influences over human characters.10. David Herbert Lawrence，1885～1930Significancel English novelist, story writer, critic, poet and painterl one of the greatest figures in 20th-century English literaturel the greatest novelist form a working familyl one of the primary shapers of 20th-century fictionRocking Horse WinnerStylel The opening paragraphs of “The Rocking-Horse Winner” are written in a style similar to that of a fairy tale. ThemesThe theme of the story is that materialism can lead to spiritual death, and that when we gamble or game for gold, we only are going to win a hollow soul.Evident in "The Rocking-Horse Winner" is Lawrence's distain for conspicuous consumption, crass materialism, and an emotionally distant style of parenting popularly thought to exist in England during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.| rocking horse -- by its very frantic motion, back and forth, symbolizes the frantic grasping for wealth.| Hester -- Paul’s mother, a cold, unfeeling, wasteful, shallow and materialistic woman who is incapable of loving others.William ShakespeareWorks of Shakespeare and the three major periods of his literary life|The first period: 1590 to 1600, In this period he created his best comedies A Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice; Much Ado about Nothing, As You Like It; and Twelfth Night;|The second period began from 1601 to 1609. In this period he produced his four great tragedies: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth, which represent the climax of his dramatic power.Please give a brief analysis of Hamlet’s “To be or not to be” soliloquy| “To be or not to be” is a philosophical exploration of life and death. The soliloquy conveys ’the sense of world-weariness.Analysis of Hamlet|Hamlet is a man of Renaissance with humanist’s ideal.|Hamlet is a hero of the Renaissance. His learning, wisdom, noble nature, limitation and tragedy are all representative of the humanists at the turn of the 16th and the 17th century.The theme of “ Hamlet”|It praises Hamlet’s struggle against his evil uncle.|It expresses the sharp contradiction between the rising bourgeoisie and the feudal power through a bloody revenge.|It also shows that England was no longer a merry England as it was before.It’s a country full of disturbances, social evils.《英国文学选读》要点（4）-- 小说家及其作品解读标签：英国文学选读要点小说家作品解读分类：英国文学选读课程 2008-10-21 23:47Daniel Defoe(1661-1731) and his Robinson CrusoeSignificance|a pioneer novelist of England;|one of the forerunners of the English realistic novel;|Along with Samuel Richardson, Defoe is considered the founder of the English novel.The themes|man’s struggles against nature|Glorification of the bourgeois men who has the courage and will to face hardship and determination to improve his livelihood.|Glorification of laborThe style|Realistic styleSymbol – The great wooden cross|The great wooden cross that Crusoe makes to mark time is a symbol of his journey towards rebirth.|The symbol casts a new, somewhat romantic light on the adventure, for it gives hope and foreshadows success for Robinson CrusoeThe Capital letters on the cross|The large size and capital letters show us how important this cross is to Crusoe as a timekeeping device and thus also as a way of relating himself to the larger social world where dates and calendars still matter.|It’s a memorial to Crusoe himself, underscoring how completely he has become the center of his own life.Character Analysis – Robinson Crusoe|Robinson Crusoe is one of the protagonists drawn most successfully in English novels.|Through the characterization of Robinson Crusoe, Defoe depicts him as a hero struggling against nature, and human fate with his indomitable will and hand, and eulogizes creative labor, physical and mental, an allusion to glorification of the bourgeois creativity when it was a rising and more energetic class in the initial stage of its historical development.|From an individual laborer to a master and colonizer, Crusoe seems to have gone through various stages of human civilization, creating a visual picture to manifest how man’s history has developed from the primitive to the feudal, and then to the capitalistic one in the eighteenth century.Jane Austen(1775-1817) and her Pride and PrejudiceJane Austen 16 December 1775 – 18 July 1817Significance|a woman novelist of the 18th century|the only important female author in the 18-19th century|the first writer who examines women’s position and their problems in the society|She presented the quiet, day-to-day country life of the middle -upper -class English.How do you understand Pride and Prejudice?|Pride and Prejudice is the most popular of Jane Austen’s novels.|Pride and Prejudice is originally drafted as "First Impressions".|In this novel, the author explores the relationship between great love and realistic benefits.|In this novel, Darcy stands for Pride and Elizabeth represents Prejudice. In the end, pride is humbled and prejudice dissolved.Theme|Marriage is important to individuals and society.Analysis of the NovelIt is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife.|This is the first sentence of Pride and Prejudice and stands as one of the most famous first lines in literature because of its masterful irony, its humorous tone, and its foreshadowing of the entire novel.|It offers a miniature sketch of the entire plot that the pursuit of “single men in possession of a good fortune” by various female characters.|The second half of the sentence, however, reveals that the "universal truth" is nothing more than a social truth, which ironically is not a truth at all, but a misrepresentation of social facts.|In fact, a woman who has no means of outside support in the 19th century is greatly in need of a wealthy husband.Mrs. Bennet|She is a stupid, vulgar, silly, and noisy woman.|She is a single-minded woman with the desire to see her daughters married and seems to care for nothing else in the world.|Austen uses her continually to highlight the necessity of marriage for young women.Elizabeth Bennet|The second daughter in the Bennet family, and the most intelligent and quick-witted, Elizabeth is the protagonist of Pride and Prejudice and one of the most well-known female characters in English literature.|She is lovely, clever, and, in a novel defined by dialogue, she converses as brilliantly as anyone.|Her beauty, honesty, virtue, and lively wit enable her to rise above the nonsense and bad behavior that pervade her class-bound and often spiteful society.|She pursues her true love bravely. She is also courageous, fearless and frank.|On the whole, Elizabeth is a typical image of the good, attractive lady in the 19th century.Charles Dickens and his Great ExpectationsSignificance|the greatest novelist in English literature.|the greatest representatives of English critical realism|one of the greatest critical realist writers of the Victorian Age|His works are intended to expose and criticize all the poverty, injustice, hypocrisy, and corruptness of the 19th-centuray England, particularly London.Key Facts|genres · Bildungsroman (also called initiation stories or coming-of-age stories), social criticism, autobiographical fiction|narrator · Pip|point of view · First personMain Idea of Great Expectations(1861) a novel by Charles Dickens about a young man called Pip who wants to become rich and successful. He is given money by an unknown person, and as a result he becomes a less nice person, but after several difficult experiences, he finally realizes that he must work hard to make enough money to live well, and he becomes a kind, generous man.Meaning of the Title|As a young man, Pip is led into making grave mistakes based on his false expectation of being a gentleman, his false expectation of marrying Estella, and his general false expectation of rising above his past.|Ultimately, he learns that true worth comes from inside a man, and turns away from his once-great expectations.Pip|Because Pip is narrating his story many years after the events of the novel。

新编英国文学选读知识点梳理

新编英国文学选读知识点梳理【实用版】目录1.英国文学的历史背景及分期2.英国文学的代表作家及作品3.英国文学的风格特点及影响正文英国文学是西方文学的重要组成部分，其历史悠久，传统深厚。

英国文学的发展可分为几个阶段，其中最重要的阶段包括古英语文学、中世纪文学、文艺复兴时期文学、17 世纪文学、18 世纪文学、19 世纪文学和 20 世纪文学。

在古英语文学阶段，最著名的作品是《贝奥武甫》。

在中世纪文学阶段，英国文学受到了欧洲大陆文学的影响，这一时期的代表作品包括《亚瑟王传奇》和《尼伯龙根之歌》等。

在文艺复兴时期，英国文学迎来了黄金时期，莎士比亚、斯宾塞和马洛等文学巨匠的作品至今仍被誉为英国文学的经典。

17 世纪文学以约翰·弥尔顿、约翰·班扬和约翰·德莱顿等人的作品为代表，其中《失乐园》、《天路历程》和《论出版自由》等作品成为这一时期的经典。

18 世纪文学则以丹尼尔·笛福、乔纳森·斯威夫特、理查森·谢里丹和简·奥斯汀等人的作品为代表，这一时期的文学作品反映了工业革命时期的社会变革。

19 世纪文学是英国文学的又一辉煌时期，这一时期的代表作家包括查尔斯·狄更斯、夏洛蒂·勃朗特、艾米丽·勃朗特和托马斯·哈代等。

20 世纪英国文学则以弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫、乔治·奥威尔、威廉·萨默塞特·毛姆和阿加莎·克里斯蒂等作家的作品为代表。

英国文学的风格特点多样，受到了历史、地理和文化等多种因素的影响。

英国文学在语言运用、情节安排和人物塑造等方面都有独特的技巧，使其在世界文学史上具有重要地位。

[整理版]英国文学史及选读知识要点I

Part I The Anglo-Saxon Period(449-1066)I Background449 the Teutons ( the Jutes, the Anglos, the Saxons)II LiteratureThe literature of this period falls into two divisions—pagan and ChristianTwo Anglo-saxon Christian poets:Caedmon （凯德蒙，公元7世纪盎各鲁－萨克逊基督教诗人）who lived in the latter half of the 7th century and who wrote a poetic Paraphrase of the Bible.Cynewulf（基涅武甫,盎各鲁――萨克逊诗人，生活在公元9世纪，其古英语诗稿于10世纪被发现，有《埃琳娜》,《使徒们的命运》，《基督升天》和《朱莉安娜》）, the author of poems on religious subjectsIII The Song of Beowulf( Beowulf, 公元7-8世纪之交开始流传于民间的同名史诗中的主人公，曾与水怪，火龙搏斗)Status: England’s national epicWritten at the beginning of the tenth centuryComposed much earlierLength:3182The whole song is essentially pagan in spirit and matter.Features : alliteration; metaphors; understatementSubject matterPart II The Anglo-Norman Period (1066—1350)I historical background: The Norman ConquestII. The LiteratureThe literature which they brought to England is remarkable for its bright, romantic tales of love and adventure.III. Romance1. Romance was the prevailing form of literature in feudal England.2. Definition and features(理解)IV. Sir Gawain and the Green Knighta late-14th century middle-English outlining an adventure of Sir Gawain, a knight of King Arthur’s Round Table.It was a verse romance of 2530 lines, considered as the best of Arthurian roman ces.Part III Geoffrey Chaucer(1340?-1400)I Major worksThe Romaunt of the Rose《玫瑰传奇》is a translation from a French poem.His masterpiece: The Canterbury TalesII Contributions1. Chaucer—the forerunner of Renaissanc e2. Chaucer –a master of realism3 Chaucer—“father of English poetry”①In contradistinction to the alliterative verse of the Anglo-Saxon poetry, Chaucer chose the metrical form which laid the foundation of the English tonic-syllabic verse.②He introduced from France the rhymed couplet (two successive lines of verse equal in length and with thyme) of iambic pentameter which is to be called later the heroic coupletIII the Canterbury tales1. statusThe Canterbury Tales is Chaucer's masterpiece and one of the monumental works in English literature2. It contains(1) a general prologue (over 800 lines)(2) 24 tales(3) separate prologues and “the links that accompany some of the tales‖Part IV The RenaissanceI.The RenaissanceFeatures① A thirsting curiosity for the classical literature.②The keen interest in the activities of humanity.Essence: humanismII. The 16th century EnglandIII. The Renaissance Literature in EnglandFigures1/ Thomas More (1478-1535, 托马斯·莫尔)—the Forerunner of utopian socialismUtopia《乌托邦》(1516)2/ France Bacon (1561-1626,弗朗西斯·培根）--the scientist, philosopher and essayist3/ Thomas Wyatt (1503?-1542, 托玛斯·维亚特）--a poet, the first to introduce the sonnet into English literature4/. Edmund Spenser (1552-1599,埃德蒙·斯宾塞)，a great poetThe Faerie Queene《仙后》（1590）5/ Christopher Marlowe(1564-1593)—the greatest pioneer of English dramaContributions:He reformed the genre of drama in England and perfected the language and verse of dramatic works.He made blank verse the principal vehicle of expression in drama6/ Prose writersJohn Lily(1553-1606，约翰·黎利) Eupheus（尤弗伊斯）gives the term of euphuismThomas Loge (1558-1625，托马斯·洛奇)Thomas Deloney (1543-1600,托马斯·德罗尼）Thomas Nashe（1567-1601，托马斯·纳西）William Shakespeare (1564-1616)I. status: the greatest of all English authors; one of those rare geniuses of mankind; landmark in the history of world culture; one of the first founders of realism; a masterhand at realistic portrayal of human characters and relations the greatest dramatist in human history and the supreme poet of the English language—he wrote poems and playsII works①Poemssonnets: 1542 narrative poemsVenus and Adonis 《维纳斯和阿多尼斯》The Rape of Lucrece《鲁克莉斯受辱记》②plays(38)tragediesRomeo and Juliet4 great tragedies (Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth )comediesMid- Summer’ Night’s DreamhistoriesIII.Selected reading①Hamlet②Sonnet 18Francis Bacon (1561-1626)I title：Philosopher, scientist(the inventor of scientific method); Statesman Jurist(法学家）; essayistII. worksBacon’s works may be divided into three classes:a. the philosophical works:Advancement of Learning (1605, in English)Novum Organum (1620, in Latin)De Augmentis (1623, in latin)b. the literary works:Essays( 1597,1612, 1625)c. the professional works:Maxism of the LawReading on the Statute of Uses 用益权法Part V The 17th Century The period of Revolution and RestorationI. Social Background1. The 17th century was one of the most tempestuous[动荡的] periods inEnglish history.2.In 1642, the civil war (English revolution/ Puritan revolution) broke outbetween Charles I and the parliament.3. The restoration (1660)4.The glorious revolution(1688)II. Puritan and PuritanismIII. Literature of the 17th century1.The revolution periodGeneral Characteristics①The Revolution Period was one of confusion in literature due to the breakingup of the old ideals. The Puritans believed in simplicity of life. They disapproved of the sonnets and the love poetry written in the previous period.②The Puritan influence in general tended to suppress literary art. Y et this hard,stern sect produced a great poet, John Milton, and a great prose writer, John Bunyan.③Literature in the Puritan Age expressed sadness. Even its brightest hourswere followed by gloom and pessimism.④John Milton, whose work would glorify any age and people, and in his workthe indomitable（不屈服的）revolutionary spirit found its noblest expression.For this reason, this period is also called Age of Milton．⑤The main literary form of the period was poetry. Besides Milton, there weretwo other groups of poets, the Metaphysical Poets and the Cavalier Poets.2. Literature of the Restorationgeneral characteristics① a sudden breaking away from old standards②Restoration literature is deeply influenced by French classical taste. It is a period of French influence.rimed couplets-blank verseThe unitiesA more regular constructionThe presentations of types rather than individuals③restoration comediesRestoration created a literature of its own that was often witty and clever, but on the whole immoral and cynical. The most popular genre was that of comedy whose chief aim was to entertain the licentious aristocrats. The comedies are coarse in language and their view of the relations between men and women is immoral and dishonest.④John Dryden (1631-1670)critic, poet, and playwrightthe most distinguished literary figure of the time(一)John Donne (1573-1631)I ①The founder of the Metaphysical School and very influential upon modern writers②a preacher famous for his magnificent sermons at his timeIII Major W orksEarly works: Songs and Sonnets( written before 1600, 55 love poems)The Flea 《跳蚤》Song: Go and Catch a Falling StarWoman’s Consta ncy 《女人的忠贞》A Valediction : of Weeping《别离辞：哭泣》A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning《别离辞：节哀》late works: Religious poems and sermons(二) John Milton(1608-1674)I status ①A great puritan poet②his work would glorify any age or people, and in him the indomitable puritan spirit finds the noblest expression.II Milton’s WorksThree literary periods:①early period: poems written in Cambridge and at Horton②middle-aged period: prose pamphletsAreopagitica(Speech for the Liberty of UnlicensedPrinting,1644 )Eikonoklaste s ( Image Breaker, 1649)Defense for the English People (1650)③the period of his old age :great poemsParadise Lost (1658-1664)Paradise Regained (1671)Samson Agonistes (1671)III Paradise Lost①status:•the only great epic since Beowulf•one of the greatest poems of the English language②ThemeThe theme is ― the fall of man,‖ i.e. man's disobedience and the loss of paradise , with its cause–Satan .(三) John Bunyan1628—1688I status•He received spiritual independence from the Reformation•the chief Puritan writer of prose•He gave us the only great allegory ——The Pilgrim’s ProgressII The Pilg rim’s Progress (1678)①It is about Christian’s journey from his hometown ―the city of Destruction‖ to the ―Celestial City‖, and his experiences and adventures on his journey.It depicts the pilgrimage of a human soul in search of Salvation.②It was written in the form of allegory and dream.③Christian’s journey in 10 stages (scenes)Slough of DespondThe House of InterpreterThe Hill of DifficultyHouse BeautifulV alley of HumiliationThe valley of the Shadow of DeathV anity FairDoubting CastleThe Delectable MountainsCelestial City④vanity fair•V anity Fair is one of the most remarkable passages of The Pilgrim’s Progress•―V anity‖ means ―emptiness‖ or ―worthless‖, hence•the fair is an allegory of worldliness & the corruption of the religious life through the attractions of the world•the great critical realist of the 19th century, W. M. Thackeray, employed ―Vanity Fair‖ as the title for his masterpiece that gives a comprehensive satirical picture of the aristocratic bourgeois society of 19th century EnglandPart VI The 18th century The Age of Enlightenment in England（the age of reason)I. Historical backgroundThe EnlightenmentV ersion 1: p 165-166II. Literature1. NeoclassicismwritersJohn Dryden(1631-1700)Alexander Pope(1660-1744)散文《论批评》An Essay on Criticism讽刺史诗《夺发记》The Rape of the LockSamuel Johnson (1709-1784)《英文大词典》A Dictionary of the English Language2. Essays•Joseph Addison (1672-1719)•Richard Steele (1667-1745)The TatlerThe Spectator3.modern English novelWritersDaniel Defoe (1661-1731) Robinson CrusoeHenry Fielding (1707-1754) The History of Tom Jones, A FoundlingT. G. Smollet (1721-1771) satirical novelsSamuel Richardson (1689-1761) PamelaOliver Goldsmith (1728-1774) The Vicar of WakefieldJonathan Swift (1667-1745) Gulliver's TravelsLawrence Sterne (1713-1768) Sentimental JourneyRobinson Crusoe was one of the forerunners of the English 18th century realistic novel. But it was Henry fielding and Tobias George Smollet who became the real founders of the genre of the bourgeois realistic novel in England and Europe.4. Drama•Oliver Goldsmith (1728-1774)She stoops to Conquer•Richard Brinsley Sheridan (1751-1816)the Rivalsthe School for Scandal5. SentimentalismNovelistsSamuel Richardson Pamela帕米拉Laurence Sterne Sentimental JourneyPoetsThomas Gray (1716-1771) Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard Oliver Goldsmith (1728-1774) The Deserted VillageGeorge Crabbe (1754-1832) The Village6 Gothic novelwritersHorace Walpole (1727-1797)The Castle of Otranto奥特伦托城堡Ann Radcliff (1764-1823)The Mysteries of Udolpho 尤道弗之谜7. pre-romanticismthe poets•William Blake (1757-1821)•Robert Burns (1759-1796)（一）Daniel Defoe (1661-1731)works1.PamphletThe Shortest Way with the Dissenters2. Fiction (picaresque novel)Robin Crusoe (1719)Captain Singleton (1720)Duncan Campbell (1720)Memoirs of Cavalier (1720)Colonel Jack (1722)Moll Flanders (1722)Journal of the Plague Year (1722)Account of Jonathan Wild (1725)The History of the Devil (1726)（二）Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)I ①A satirist②The supreme prose master in the first part of the 18th century is Swift.II The works of Swift:The Battle of the Books书的战争（1704）A Tale of A Tub一只桶的故事（1704）The Journal to Stella斯特拉日记（1710-1713）A Modest Proposal一个温和的建议（1729）Drapier’s Letters布商的信（1724，1725）Gulliver’s Travels格列佛游记（1726）III Gulliver’s Travelsfour voyages of Lemuel GulliverThe first part : LilliputThe second part: BrobdingnagThe last part: the land of HouyhnhnmsThe third part: LaputaIV A Modest Proposal (1729)A Modest Proposal is the best and most famous political satire of Swift.（三）Joseph Addison(1672-1719)Richard Steele (1672-1729)1. The Tatlerstarted by_______containing: news,gossip,stories and jokespublished ______times a week_______small pagesrun about ______years2.The SpectatorPublished every morningContaining only familiar essaysform: The spectator was supposed to be edited by a small club run by Mr Spectator, including mainly Sir Roger de Coverley and several others.Content: comment on books; earnest efforts after reform; Character sketches of si r Roger3. The purpose4. the meaning and influence of the T and the S5. The style of AddisonP 2306. The literary genre of essayp228 L7-L13（四）Henry Fielding(1707-1754)I chiefly a novelistthen a dramatistthe founder of English realistic novel― Father of English novel‖II works①The History of the Adventure of Joseph Andrews and His Friend Mr. Adams1742《约瑟夫·安德鲁斯》 a parody of Richardson’s Pamela②Jonathan Wild, the Great 1743《大伟人乔纳森·威尔德传》the story of a rogue③The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling 1749《弃儿汤姆琼斯的历史》masterpiece④The History of Amelia 1751《艾米利亚》（五）Thomas Gray(1716-1771)Elegy written in a Country Churchyard①T ype: elegy (a somber poem or song that praises or laments the dead)②Key dates: Gray began writing the poem in 1742, put it aside for a while, and finished it in 1750. He was meticulous: everything he wrote had to be just right. He believed that one imprecise word could ruin an entire work. Consequently, In ―Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard,‖ he labored on until all the words were right③setting: Churchyard at Stoke Poges in Buckinghamshire, England. Gray was buried in that churchyard.④format: four-line stanzas in iambic pentameter.In each stanza, the first line rhymes with the third and the second rhymes with the fourth.⑤status: one of the greatest poems in the English language.It knits structure, rhyme scheme, imagery and message into a brilliant work that confers on Gray everlasting fame.⑥school: sentimental poetrythe graveyard school（六）Oliver Goldsmith(1728-1774)I ①an Irish Writer②a representative of Sentimentalism③One of the most versatile of authors and made distinguished contributions in several literary forms.II Works•A novelThe vicar of Wakefield 1761-1762威克菲尔德的牧师/威克菲牧师传•comediesShe stoops to Conquer 1773 委曲求全Good-natured Man 1768 好性情的人•A series of essaysThe Citizen of the World 1762世界公民•Poems:The Traveler 1764 旅行者The Deserted Villiage1770 荒村（七）Richard Brinsley Sheridan(1751-1816)I①the most important English playwright of the 18th century.②His plays, especially The Rivals and The School for Scandal, are generally regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of B ernard Shaw.II. Dramas of Sheridan•The Rivals情敌1775•The School for Scandal造谣学校1777•The Critic1779（七）William Blake (1757-1827)I the most independent and the most original romantic poetThe poet of inspirationThe mystic and transcendental poetThe most extraordinary literary geniusII works1. Poetical Sketches (1783)a collection of youthful poems.Joy, laughter, love and harmony are the prevailing notes.2. Songs of Innocence (1789)3. Songs of Experience (1794)III selected reading（八）Robert Burns（1759-1796）I①the greatest of Scottish poetMost of his poems and songs were written in Scotch dialect.Burns had a deep knowledge and an excellent mastery of theold Scotch song tradition.② a farmer poet.Burns was a plowman. He came from the people and wrote for the people. He was the people’s poet.③ a pre-romantic poetIIｓｅｌｅｃｔｅｄｒｅａｄｉｎｇ。

英国文学知识简单整理

一．古英语时期（Old English Literature 公元499—1066年）英国文学开山之作：头韵体诗歌（alliteration）《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf）(该作属于epic民族英雄史诗)开德蒙（Caedmon）：《赞美诗》（Anthem）琴涅武甫（Cynewulf）：《十字架之梦》（Dream of the Rood）比德（Bede）：《英吉利人教会史》（Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum）阿尔弗雷德大帝（King Alfred）：《盎格鲁—撒克逊编年史》（Anglo-Saxon Chronicle），被誉为“英国散文之父”（Father of English Prose）二．中古英语时期（Medieval English Literature 公元1066年—15世纪）Romance (浪漫传奇) 《亚瑟王之死》头韵体诗歌：《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight）英国民谣ballad：《罗宾汉名谣集》（The Robin Hood Ballads）威廉·兰格伦（William Langland）：《农夫皮尔斯的幻想》（The Vision Concerning piers the Plowman）杰弗里·乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer）：英国中世纪最伟大的诗人，享有“英国诗歌之父”的美誉（Father of English Poetry）。

代表作：八音节（octosyllabic）英雄双韵体（heroic couplet）诗歌《坎特布雷故事集》（The Canterbury Tales）.托马斯·马洛礼（Sir Thomas Malory）：英国15世纪优秀的散文家，代表作为《亚瑟王之死》（Le Morte d’Arthur）三．文艺复兴时期（Renaissance 15世纪末—17世纪）托马斯·莫尔（Thomas More）：伟大的人文主义者，代表作：《乌托邦》（Utopia），《国王爱德华五世悲戚的一生》（The painful Life of Edward Ⅴ）.托马斯·魏厄特（Thomas Wyatt）和亨利·霍华德（Henry Howard）的十四行诗（Sonnet）.前者将意大利十四行诗引入英国；后者在此基础上，发展了英国十四行诗歌。

新编英国文学选读复习资料

新编英国⽂学选读复习资料En glish Lite ra ture a nd the Se le cte d Re adingsDevelopmentof EnglishLiterature1.EarlyandMedievalEnglishliterature(-1485)2.TheEnglishRenaissance(1550-1642?)3.The17thCentury–ThePeriodofRevolutionandRestoration 4 . The 1 8thCentury–T h e AgeofEnlightenm ent5.TheRomanticPeriod(1798-1832)6.TheVictorianAge(1832-1901)7.Th e20t hCen t uryLit erat ure–Mod ern is man dPo st-Mod ern ismChapter1EarlyandMedievalEnglishliterature⼀．Epic （史诗）Apoemthatcelebrateintheformofacontinuousnarrativetheachievementsofone ormoreheroicpersonagesof historyortradition. AmongthegreatepicsoftheworldmaybementionedtheIliad,OdysseyandAeneidof classical.Be owulf1.HistoricalBackground1)) Thre e Invasions:A.The Rom a n Conq u e st ( 5 5B. C - 4 10 A.D)B.The English Conqu e s t ( The Anglo-Sa xon Period)C.TheNormanConquest(TheAnglo-NormanPeriod)2)) Tw o Wars:A.TheHundredYearsWar(1337-1453)B.TheWarof theRose(1455-1485)a.Anglo-SaxonPoetry: Pagan(异教的）&ChristianBeowulf /worksofCaedmonandCynewulf.b.Anglo-NormanPoetry:Romancec.Poe try in Age of Cha u cer：d..PopularBallads:BalladsofRobinHood2.评价1）Beowulfisanationalepic（史诗）ofEnglishpeople.2）ItistherepresentativeworkoftheearlyEnglishliteraturewith3000lines.3）Itswriterisunknown.4）BeowulfisafolklegendbroughttoEnglandbytheAngloSaxonfromtheirprimitiveNorthernEurope.5）Beowulfwaspasseddownfrommouthtomouth. 6）Beowulfwaswrittendowninthe10th century.3.Charactersinthestory:Beowulf:anephewofkingofGents,apeopleinDenmark.Hrothgar:kinGre nde l: a m onster.She-monster(⼥妖怪):Grende l’s mother.Dra go n:a fire dra gon, a m onster.4.OutlineofTheSongofBeowulfTe u tonic(⽇⽿曼的） h e ro Be ow u lf, the ne phe w of the king of the Ge a t la nd, he lpe d Hrothga r kill them onste r ha lf-hu m a n ,Gre nd e l a s w e ll a s his viciou s m oth e r. W ith his he roic de e ds, he w a s m a de the kingofScyldings(Sweden)for50years. Theninordertogainmoretreasurefor hispeople,he foughthardwitha fieryfiredrakeandwasdeadlywounded,eventuallydied.Hislastwillwastoaskhispeopletobuildhistombintoabeaconfortheseafarerswhosailedalongt hecoast. 5.ThewritingfeaturesofBeowulf?1）Themostimportantisinalliterative(头韵的)verseandinartisticform.Eg：Thus made their mourning the men ofGeatland,Fo rtheirh ero’sp assin g,h ish earth-comp an io n s2）Anotheristhefrequentuseofmetaphorsandunderstatements(低调陈述)forironicalhumor.ring-giver:kinghearth-companions:attendantwarriors whale’s r oad:sea-wood:nottroublesome:verywell⼆Romance（传奇）1．介绍1）Theliteraturefortheupper class2）Alongcompositioninverseorprose,about knights—adventures3）Subjectmatters:about thematterofBritain,thematerofFrance,thematterofRome4）content:lovechivalryandreligion5）骑⼠精神：loyalty,bravely.honesty2 .代表作1 ） King Arthur a nd His Knights of the Round Ta ble :the most importa nt roma nce of the pe riod2）Sir GawainandtheGreenKnight:Thebest Arthurian romance,anonymous,inalliterativeverseItscharacters:KingArthur, SirGawain,theGreenKnight三Ballad（民谣）1.Aballadisastorytoldinsong,usuallyin4-linestanzas,withthe2ndand4thrhymed.2.TheSubjectsofEnglishBallads1)struggleofyounglovers2)theconflictbetweenloveandwealth3)thecrueltyofjealousy4 ) the criticism of th e civil war5)themattersofclassstruggle3.代表作Robinhoodballads四．Ge offre y Cha ucer1.评价1）ThefirstgreatEnglishpoet2）ThefatherofEnglishpoetry2.Chauce r’s threeliterary periods:1 ）Th e first or th e Fre nch period:TheRomauntoftheRose《玫瑰传奇》atranslation,popularinMiddleagesTheBookoftheDuchess《悼公爵夫⼈》 , thebest w orkofthe t im e Chauce r’s literarycare er 2）ThesecondortheItalianperiod: TroilusandCriseyde《特罗伊拉斯和克莱西德》apoemofalovestory3）ThethirdortheEnglishperiod,hisbestperiod:TheCanterburyTales《坎特伯雷故事集》,ismasterpieceandarepresentativeworksof theMiddleAges.The Ca nte rbury Ta les1.OutlineIt op e ns w ith a ge ne ra l prologu e w he re w e a re told of a com pa ny of pilgrim s , 3 2 one s th a t ga the re d atTa b a rd Inn in Sou th w a rk, a su bu rb of Londo n. The y a re on the ir w a y to the shrine of St. Thom a s Be cke tatCanterbury.Theysetouttogetherwiththejollyinnkeeper,HarryBaily,whoproposedthateachpilgrimshouldtelltwotalesonthewayto Canterburyandtwomoreonthewayback.But,totallyonly24talesarefinished.The pilgrim s a re from va riou s pa rts of Engla nd, re pre se n ta t ive s of a ll w a lks of life a nd socia l grou ps,knights,monks,widowsandpriestetc.Hisworkshowedastrikinglybrilliantandpicturesquepanoramaofhistimeandhiscountry.2.Ch aucer’slan g uag e:1)Hislanguageisfullofhumorandsatire.2)Hislanguageisvivid,exactandsmooth,amasterofword-pictures.3) He is the first to u se h e roic co uple t w hich he introduce d from Fra nce.4)He is the first gre a t poe t w ho w rote in the English la ngu a g e , m a king the dia le ct of London the sta n d a rdforthemodernEnglishspeech.Ps:1.Wh atist h e?heroicco uplet??Th e h e roic cou ple t is a ve rse form in e pic poe try, w ith lin e s of te n sylla ble s a nd five stre sse s , in rhymingpairs.(英雄诗体：⽤于史诗或叙事诗，每⾏⼗个⾳节，五个⾳部，每两⾏押韵。

(完整word版)英国文学史及选读2-知识总结

以下为英国文学史第二册的知识点总结个别知识点会有错误或者遗漏请在复习的时候自主补充愿大家都能取得好成绩———VictoriaJPart V The Romantic PeriodThe romantic period began in 1798 the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s <Lyrical Ballads>, and end in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott’s death. Wordsworth华兹华斯Coleridge 柯尔律治Southey 骚塞The Lake Poets1.William Wordsworth威廉•华兹华斯1770~1850Poet Laureate（桂冠诗人）a leader of the romantic movement in England.①Lyrical Ballads 《抒情歌谣集》(with Samuel Taylor Coleridge)It marked the beginning of the Romantic revival in England(1)This is a joint work of Wordsworth and his friend Coleridge.(2)The publication of Lyrical Ballads in 1798 marks the beginning of the RomanticMovement in England.(3)It begins with Coleridge’s long poem “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”(“古舟子咏”; “老水手之行”)and ends with Wordsworth’s “Tintern Abbey”(“丁登寺”).(4)Many of the subjects of these poems deal with elements of nature such as birds,daffodils and simple rural folk.(5)The majority of poems in this collection were written by Wordsworth.The poems in Lyrical Ballads are characterized by a sympathy with the poor, simple peasants, a passionate love of nature and the simplicity and purity of the language.(6) Some of the best poems in the collection are:“Lines Written in Early Spring”(“早春诗行”),“The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” (“古舟子咏”; “老水手之行”)“Lines Composed A Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey” (“丁登寺”).②Lucy Poems 《露西组诗》③“I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud” “独自漫游似浮云”=“The Daffodils”“水仙”Theme: 1.Nature embodies human beings in their diverse circumstance. It is nature that give him “strength and knowledge full of peace”2. It is bliss to recall the beauty of nature in poet mind while he is in solitude.Comment: The poet is very cheerful with recalling the beautiful sights. In the poem on the beauty of nature, the reader is presented a vivid picture of lively and lovely daffodils(水仙) and poets philosophical ideas and mystical thoughts.④“The Solitary Reaper”“孤独的收割者”⑤The Prelude 《序曲》or Growth of a Poet’s Mind⑥The Excursion 《远足》《漫游》Wordsworth’s Principles of Poetry（feelings，commonplace things，the real language of man and deliberate simplicity，inner self, changed the ordinary speech of the language → return to nature.）2.George Gordon Byron乔治•戈登•拜伦1788~18241)Hours of Idleness 《闲暇时刻》《消闲时光》dealing with childish recollections andearly friendship, showing the influence of 18th century traditions。

英国文学选读重点

英国文学选读一、中世纪文学（约5世纪——1485）。

有氏族时期的英雄主义和封建时期的理想，体现了非基督教日耳曼文化和基督教文化两种不同的传统。

《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf）是英国的民族史诗，《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ,1375-1400）以亚瑟王和他的骑士为题材，歌颂勇敢、忠贞、美德、是中古英语传奇最精美的作品之一。

二、文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期——17世纪初）。

三、17世纪文学四、启蒙时期文学（17世纪后期——18世纪中期）五、浪漫主义时期文学（1798——1832）。

1798年，威廉华兹华斯与塞穆尔泰勒柯勒律治合作出版了一本小诗集《抒情歌谣集》（Lyrical Ballads）标志着英国浪漫主义文学的崛起。

浪漫主义诗人崇尚自然，主张反哺归真。

六、现实主义时期文学（19世纪30年代——1918）。

客观地、冷静地观察现实生活，按照生活的本来样式精确细腻地加以描写，力求真实地再现典型环境中的典型人物。

七、现代主义文学时期（1918——1945）。

追求心理真实，注重直接观察人物的心理活动，直接体验人物的内心感受，在内心世界这面镜子上折射出丰富多彩的外部现实。

杰弗里•乔叟（1343-1400），Geoffrey Chaucer，英国文学之父。

主要作品有：《公爵夫人之书》（The Book of the Duchess）1836《百鸟会议》（The Parliament of Fowls）1380《声誉之堂》（The House of Fame）1374-1384《特洛勒斯与克丽西德》（Troilus and Criseyde）1380-1385《坎特伯雷故事》（The Canterbury Tales）1386-1400威廉•莎士比亚（1564-1616），William Shakespeare。

主要作品：四大悲剧：《哈姆雷特》（Hamlet）《奥赛罗》（Othello）《李尔王》（king Lear）《麦克白》（Macbeth）四大喜剧：《威尼斯商人》（The Merchant of Venice）《仲夏夜之梦》（A Midsummer Night's Dream）《皆大欢喜》（As You Like It）《第十二夜》（Twelfth night）Sonnet的格式：1. 有14行。

王守仁-英国文学选读第三版-期末复习资料整理

王守仁-英国文学选读第三版-期末复习资料整理/A N2015 12 6 英国?学期末复习资料PART one 作家作品- 1 Geoffrey Chaucer 杰弗?乔叟-《The Canterbury Tales》坎特伯雷故事集- 2 William Shakespeare 威廉莎??亚-《Romeo and Juliet》罗密欧与朱丽叶-《The Macbeth》麦克?-《The Merchant of Venice》威尼斯商?-《Twelfth Night》??夜-《Hamlet》哈姆雷特-《Othello》奥赛罗-《King Lear》李尔王-《The Tempest》暴风?-《Winter’s Tale》冬?传说- 3 Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯培根-《Advancement of Learning》学术的推进-《New Instrument》新?具-《Essays》论说?集-《New Atlantis》新?西岛-《Of ……》论- 4 John Donne 约翰邓恩-《The Flea》跳蚤-《The Good-Morrow》早安-《Break of Day》破晓-《Elegies》挽歌- 5 John Milton 约翰?尔顿-《Lycidas》利西达斯-《Areopagitica》论出版?由-《Paradise Lost》失乐园-《Paradise Regained》复乐园-《Samson Agonistes》??参孙- 6 Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔笛福-《Robinson Crusoe》鲁滨逊-《Captain Singleton》?格顿船长-《Moll Flanders》摩尔弗兰德斯-《Roxana》洛克萨拉-《A Journal of the Plague Year》?灾年纪-7 Jonathan Swift 乔纳森斯威夫特-《A Tale of A Tub》?只桶的故事-《The Battle of Books》书的战争-《The Drapier’s Letter》布商来信-《A modest Proposal》?个温和的建议-《Gulliver Travels》格列佛游记-8 William Blake 威廉布莱克-《The song of Los》罗斯之歌-《The Lamb》灯-《The Tyger》虎-9 Robert Burns 罗伯特彭斯-《A Red Red Rose》?朵红玫瑰-《Auld Lang Syne》昔?时光、友谊天长地久-10 William Wordsworth 威廉华兹华斯-《I wondered lonely as a cloud》我好似?朵流云独?漫游-11 Samuel Taylor Coleridge 塞缪尔泰勒科乐吕致-《Kubla Khan》忽必烈汗/B N 2015 12 6-12 Jane Austen 简奥斯汀-《Pride and Pre Judice 》傲慢与偏见-13 George Gordon Byron 乔治 ?登拜伦 -《She walks in Beauty 》她在美中? -《Don Juan 》唐璜-14 Percy Bysshe Shelly 波西 ?希雪莱 -《Ode the West Wind 》西风颂 -15 John Keats 约翰济慈-《Ode on a Grecian Urn 》希腊古瓮颂 -16 Charlotte Bronte 夏洛蒂勃朗特 -《Jane Ruge 》简爱-17 Charles Dickens 查尔斯狄更斯 -《Great Expectations 》远?前程 -18 Alfred Tennyson 阿尔弗雷德丁尼? -《The Eagle 》鹰-19 Robert Browning 罗伯特布朗宁 -《My last Duchess 》我已故的公爵夫? -20 Matthew Arnold 马修阿诺德 -《Dover Beach 》多佛海滩 -21 Thomas Hardy 托马斯哈代-《Tess of the D’Urbervellies 》苔丝 -《Jude the Obscure 》?名的裘徳-22 Oscar Wilde 奥斯卡王尔德-《The Important of Being Earnest 》 -认真的重要性-23 George Bernard Shaw 乔治萧伯纳 -《Pygmalion 》?格马利翁 -24 Joseph Conrad 约瑟夫康拉德 -《Heart of Darkness 》?暗之? -25 T S Eliot 艾略特 -《The Waste Land 》荒原-26 William Butler Yeats 威廉巴特勒叶芝-《The Second Coming 》第?次来临 -27 James Joyce 詹姆斯乔伊斯 -《Araby 》阿拉?-28 Virginia Wolf 佛吉尼亚沃芙 -《Mrs.Dalloway 》达罗卫夫? -29 D H Lawrence 劳伦斯-《The Rocking-Horse Winner 》?马赢家PART two 简答1P14 ［Sonnet 18］［William Shakespeare］[1.] How does the poet answer the question he puts forth in the first line?The poet answers the question by saying that "thou art more lovely and more temperate" than summer.[2.] Wh at makes the poet think that “thou” can be more beautiful than summer and immortal?The poet thinks that every summer is going to fade and goaway,whereas thou will always be beautiful and lovely.2 P20 ［Of Studies］［Francis Bacon］[1.]We are now living in the age of “information explosion”. What lessons can we learn from Bacon ’s< of studies> in our access to information?Our planet is developing forward. That is the external condition for our study, which we can appropriately make full use of. But what we have to keep in mind is that the eternal master of study is no one but ourselves in the process of studying.??就是随着时代的脚步进步，充分利?资源[2.] In what sense does reading make a full man?Reading makes a full man. Histories make men wise, poets, witty; the mathematics, subtle; natural philosophy, deep; moral, grave; logic and rhetoric, able to contend.3 P32 [Paradise Lost][John Milton]缺失4 P60 [I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud][William Wordsworth][1.] What is the relation between the poet and nature as described in the poem?Theme of Happiness.The poet is really enjoy the nature.[2. ] Do you think nature can have healing effect on mind?I think nature can have healing effect on mind, but the precondition is that the nature should be peaceful and earthly.5 P102 [Great Exception][Charles Dickens][1.]Magwitch the “the convict” takes the risk of being “hanged” when comes back to London to see Pip. How do you evaluate this meeting?To Pip，it’s a surprising and unwilling meeting.To Magwitch it is a willing meeting which he has been looking forwards to for a long period of time.[2.] What’s the meaning of “gentleman” in the contest of the novel?It mean a man who was poor but warm-hearted.6 P125 [Tess of the D’Urbervilles][Thomas Hardy][1.] How does Tess react to Clare’s s uggestion that they should leave their shelter?Why?She showed a strange unwillingness to move. Because she doesn’t want to put an end to all that’s s weet and lovely peacefulness and affection.[2.] What is the significance of Tess resting on an altar in the heathen temple?Her death is caused by human hypocrisy and foolishness, similar to that of a sacrifice. At the end, the only place which can accept her for who she is is death and sacrifice.[3. ]Comment on this sentence:“Justice’ was done,and the President of the immortals(in Aeschylean phrase )had ended his sport with Tess”.In what sense is Tess’ story tragic?Tess is a typical victim of the society. The tragic fate of Tess and her family was symbolic of the disintegration of the English peasantry.7 P173 [Araby][James Joyce][2.]Chief qualities of the boy’s character?He is sensitive and intelligent— sensitive enough to experience a wide range of feelings in spite of his tender age,and not merely in the conventional sense of the word.8 P179 [Mrs. Dalloway][Virginia Woolf][1.] How does Woolf present Mrs. Dalloway to the reader?In Mrs. Dalloway, Woolf’s emphasis is not on plot but onthe inner lives of the characters. As the ebb and flow of personal impressions, feelings, and thoughts are described, the characters unfold themselves vividly in front of the reader.Woolf doesn’t limit herself to one consciousness, but slips from mind to mind.“And then, thought Clarissa Dalloway,…”“A Charming woman, Scrope Purvis thought…”“Such fools we are, she thought,”[2.] What is the function of Big Ben?The passing of hours is indicated by the chimes of Big Ben. It reminds the reader of the actual reality of the physical world and also the different stages of Mrs. Dalloway’s life.The implication of “strikes” and “circles”.The novel is a life story of Mrs. Dalloway, is about the human life and is about its tension between misery and happiness.PART three 术语解释1.Heroic couplet or couplet： It is a term in poetry applied to two successive line of verse that form a single unit because they rhyme; the term also is often used for lines that express a complete thought or form a separate stanza. Couplets in English are usually written in ten-syllable (decasyllabic) lines, a form first used by the 14th-century poet Geoffrey Chaucer. This evolved into the so-called heroic couplet, two rhyming iambic pentameter lines, is also called a closed couplet because the meaning and the grammatical structure are complete within two lines.英雄双?体A rhyming couplet of iambic pentameter, often “closed”, i.e. containing a complete thought, there being a fairly heavy pause at the end of the first line and a still heavier one at the end of the second. Commonly there is a parallel orantithesis within a line, or between the two lines. It is heroic because in England, especially in the eighteenth century, it was much used for heroic (epic) poems.举例Th e Canterbury Tales Chaucer 1386-1400He wore a fustian tunic stained and darkWith smudges where his amount had left mark;He had just come back from his voyageAnd now was going on this pilgrimage.2.Soliloquy is a speech that reveals a character’s innermost feelings and plans while other characters remain unaware of what he is saying.独?A dramatic speech intended to give the illusion of unspoken reflections举例Hamlet Shakespeare 1601Hamlet To be or not to be-that is a question:…….And lose the name of action.3. Sonnet derives from the Italian sonetto a “little sound” or “song”. The ordinary sonnet consists of fourteen lines, usually in iambic pentameters with considerable variations in rhyme scheme.The three basic sonnet forms are: a) the Petrarchan which comprises an octave rhyming abbaabba and a sestet rhyming cdecde or cdcdcd, or in any combination except a rhyming couplet; b) the Spenserian of the three quatrains and a couplet, rhyming abab, bcbc ,cdcd, ee; c) the Skakespearen, again with three quatrains and a couplet, rhyming abab, cdcd, efef, gg.四?诗A verse form consisting of 14 lines with a fixed rhymescheme举例Sonnet 18 Shakespeare 1609Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?…….So long lives this,and this give life to thee4.Shakespearean Sonnet: Also called Elizabethan sonnet or English sonnet, this sonnet form is perfected by Shakespeare. It is structured of three quatrains and a terminal couplet in iambic pentameter with the rhyme pattern abab cdcd efef gg.莎??亚?四?诗A sonnet consisting three quatrains and a concluding couplet in iambic pentameter with the rhyme pattern abab cdcd efef gg举例Sonnet 18 Shakespeare 1609Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?Th ou art more lovely and more temperateRough winds do shake the darling buds of May,And summer’s lease hath all too short a date…….So long lives this,and this give life to thee5.Iambic pentameter: Iambic: an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable Its pattern is like this :U ／pentameter: five feetAn example:Shall I compare thee to a summer’ day?U / U / U / U / U /Thou art more lovely and more temperate:U / U / U / U / U /As shown above, the syllables are arranged in the pattern of the unstressed and stressed (U /), so the meter is iambic. And each of the lines contains 5 iambic unit (iamb), so the lines are iambic pentameter.五步抑扬格A metrical unit with unstressed-stressed syllables 举例Close to the sun in lonely lands.close\sun\lonely都是扬声.to\in\lands是降调.举例Sonnet 18 Shakespeare 1609Shall I compare thee to a sum mer’s day?举例Th e Canterbury Tales Chaucer 1386-1400He wore a fustian tunic stained and darkWith smudges where his amount had left mark;He had just come back from his voyageAnd now was going on this pilgrimage.6.Symbol：Literally, something that stands for something else. In literature, any word, object, action, or character that embodies and evokes a range of additional meaning and significance. Version 2. It is something which represents an idea, a physical entity or a process but is distinct from it. The purpose of a symbol is to communicate meaning. For example, a red octagon may be a symbol for "STOP". On a map, a picture of a tent might represent a campsite. Numerals are symbols for numbers. Personal names are symbols representing individuals.A red rose symbolizes love and compassion.象征An arbitrary sign that has acquired a conventional significance Something visible that by association or convention represents something else that is invisible举例Tyger William Blake 1794The tiger is the embodiment of God's power in creation: the animal is terrifying in its beauty, strength, complexity and vitality. The poem is divided into six parts. In the first part, the author imagined that he met a terrible tiger on a dark night and was frightened by its awful eyesight. There are creations and creators. How great the creator is that he could create such an awful creation like tiger! In the second part, the author continues to ask, where comes the eyesight like fire, sea or sky? The following two parts, the author describes the creator as a smith. He creates the tiger. What behind the questions is the frightening and respect of the author to the creator. In the fifth part, the author changes his tone and asks when the stars throw down their spears, why they are not happy? The last part is as same as the first part, the creator is too mysterious to understand.7. Irony is a statement in which the intended meaning is the opposite of the literal meaning.讽刺A trope that involves incongruity between what is expected and what occurs举例Great Expectations Charles Dickens 1860“Gentleman”Tess of the D’Urbervilles Th omas Hardy 1891Tess A pure woman8.Bildungsroman：The Bildungsroman, or novel about upbringing and education, had its beginning in Goethe’s work, Wilhelm Meister Iehrjahre ,(Wilhelm Meister’s Apprenticeship 1796歌德《威廉.迈斯特的学习时代》德国教育?说的典范) which is about the process by which a sensitive person discovers hisidentity and place in the big world. This kind of novel often starts with the main character as a child, and then presents the child’s growth and development towards adulthood. This rebellious character goes through a sequence of tests and finally comes to a better understanding of himself and the world. This type of novel is often autobiographical, such as Somerset Maugham’s Of Human Bondage(1915) and James Joyce’s A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916). It frequently uses first person narration.In form, Great Expectations fits a pattern popular in 19th century European fiction: the bildungsroman, or novel depicting growth and personal development, generally a transition from boyhood to manhood such as that experienced by Pip. Great Expectation depicts a process of maturation and self-discovery through experience as a protagonist moves from childhood to adulthood.成长?说A novel about the early years of somebody's life, exploring the development of his or her character and personality举例Great Expectations Charles Dickens 1860A novel about Pip formative years9.Dramatic Monologue：A monologue is a lengthy speech by a single person. In a play, when a character utters a monologue that expresses his or her private thoughts, it is called a soliloquy. Dramatic Monologue, however, does not designate a component in a play, but a type of lyric poem that was perfected by Robert Browning. In its fullest form, as represented in Browning’s “My Last Duchess”, ”The Bishop Orders His Tomb”, “Andrea del Sato”, and many other poems戏剧独?A poem or other literary work consisting of words supposedly spoken by a character, often in a specific situation, either directly to the reader or to a listener举例My Last Duchess Robert Browning 1842Th at’s my last Duchess painted on the wallLooking as if she were alive……诗歌语??语化，夹叙夹译10.Antihero: The chief person in a modern novel or play whose character is widely discrepant from that which we associate with the traditional protagonist or hero of a serious literary work. Instead of manifesting largeness, dignity, power, or heroism, the antihero is petty, ignominious, passive, ineffectual, or dishonest. The use of nonheroic protagonists occurs as early as the Picaresque novel of the sixteenth century, and the heroine of Defoe’s Moll Fl ander(1722) is a thief and a prostitute. The term “antihero,” however, is usually applied to writings in the period of disillusion after the Second World War, beginning with such protagonists as we find in John Wain’s Hurry on Down(1953) and Kingsley Amis’ Lucky Jim (1954). Notable later instances in the novel are Yossarian in Joseph Heller’s Catch -22 (1961), Humbert Humbert in Vladimir Nobokov’s Lolita (1955).反英雄The central character in a story who is not a traditionally brave or good hero，a protagonist who lacks the characteristics that would make him a hero举例Ulysses James Joyce 1922A novel described Bloom a layfolk’s day life .11.Epiphany means “a manifestation,” or “showing forth,”and by Christian thinkers was used to signify a manifestation of Go d’s presence within the created world. James Joyce adapted the term to secular experience, to signify a sudden sense of radiance and revelation that one may feel while perceiving a commonplace object.顿悟A divine manifestation举例Araby James Joyce 1905O I never said such a thing ……Gazing up into the darkness I saw myself as a creature driven and derided by vanity and my eyes burned with anguish and anger.12.The “stream of consciousness” is a narrative method of capturing and representing the inner workings of a character’s mind. The term was first used by William James in his Principles of Psychology(1890)意识流A literary style that presents a character's continuous random flow of thoughts as they arise举例[Mrs.Dalloway] Virginia Woolf 1925For having lived in westminster how many years now Over twenty……物的意识交错在没有度量的?理时间PART four 作者思想1 Full wise is he that can himselven knowe——Geoffery Chaucer[1343-1400]知者智2 What a piece of work is a man! How noble in reason! How infinite in faculties! In form and moving,how express and admirable! In action how like an angel! In apprehension how like a god! The beauty of the world! The paragon of animals! thebeauty of the world, the paragon of animals—and yet,to me, what is this quintessence of dust? Man delights not me—nor woman neither, though by your smiling you seem to say so.——William Shakespeare [1564-1616]类是?件多么了不起的作品！他的理性多么?贵！才能多么?限，动作多么敏捷，体形多么令?赞叹！?为像天使，悟性像天神！宇宙之?美，众?之灵长.This passage has provoked bitter scholarly battles—over its punctuation. Is Hamlet saying that man is like an angel in apprehension (understanding), or like a god in apprehension? The different placement of commas in the early texts of the play makes all the difference.3 All good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings recollected in tranquility.——William Wordsworth[1770-1850]切好诗都是强烈情感的?然流露?这种情感又是经过在宁静中追忆的。

英国文学选读整理资料

T. S. Eliot1888-1965英国现代主义诗歌代名词◎《普鲁弗洛克的情歌》<The Love Song of J.Alfred>◎《荒原》<The Waste Land> 现代派诗歌经典之作，代表了现代诗歌创作的突出成就William Butler Yeats (1865-1939)去世后被艾略特称为我们时代最伟大的诗人。

文学体裁：诗歌poem，小说novel，戏剧dramaOrigin起源：Christianity 基督教→ bible 圣经 Myth 神话 The Romance of king Arthur and his knights 亚瑟王和他的骑士（笔记）一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)1、这个时期的文学作品分类： pagan(异教徒) Christian(基督徒)2、代表作： The Song of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》 ( national epic 民族史诗 ) 采用了隐喻手法3、Alliteration 押头韵（写作手法）例子： of man was the mildest and most beloved,To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350)Canto 诗章1、romance 传奇文学2、代表作： Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士和绿衣骑士) 是一首押头韵的长诗三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.乔叟时期1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)3、代表作：the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事 (英国文学史的开端)4、Popular Ballads 大众民谣：a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymed(笔记)Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission(书上).歌谣是匿名叙事歌曲,一直保存着口头传播的方式代表人物：Bishop Thomas Percy 托马斯.帕希主教代表作：Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale 罗宾汉和阿林代尔四、The Renaissance (16世纪) 文艺复兴时期（Greek and Roman）戏剧 drama 诗章 cantoThe term Renaissance originally indicated a revival of classical (Greek and Roman) arts and sciences.文艺复兴最初是指经典艺术和科学在英国的复兴。

新编英国文学选读知识点梳理

新编英国文学选读知识点梳理摘要：一、概述新编英国文学选读的重要性二、整理新编英国文学选读的主要知识点1.早期英国文学概述2.英国文艺复兴时期文学3.英国浪漫主义时期文学4.维多利亚时期文学5.20世纪英国文学6.当代英国文学三、分析历年考试试题类型及应对策略四、提供学习建议和考试技巧正文：一、概述新编英国文学选读的重要性新编英国文学选读作为一门高校英语专业课程，旨在帮助学生深入理解英国文学的发展脉络，掌握各个时期的重要作家和作品。

通过学习新编英国文学选读，学生能够丰富自己的文学素养，提高英语阅读和分析能力。

二、整理新编英国文学选读的主要知识点1.早期英国文学概述：包括早期英国文学的起源、盎格鲁-撒克逊时期、诺曼征服后的英国文学等。

2.英国文艺复兴时期文学：介绍莎士比亚、斯宾塞、马洛等著名作家，以及他们的代表作品。

3.英国浪漫主义时期文学：分析华兹华斯、骚塞、拜伦、雪莱等诗人的创作特点和作品。

4.维多利亚时期文学：探讨狄更斯、萨克雷、特罗洛普等现实主义作家的社会批判精神。

5.20世纪英国文学：涵盖叶芝、艾略特、乔伊斯等现代主义作家的创新表现。

6.当代英国文学：关注贝克特、品特、石黑一雄等后现代主义作家的实验性创作。

三、分析历年考试试题类型及应对策略历年考试试题主要以选择题、填空题、简答题和论述题为主。

针对不同题型，学生应掌握以下策略：1.选择题：熟练掌握各个时期作家的代表作品、风格特点、生平事迹等基本知识。

2.填空题：对重要作品的主题、情节、人物关系等细节有深入了解。

3.简答题：能够概括作者的创作背景、文学地位和作品的主题思想。

4.论述题：具备对文学作品进行深入分析、评价的能力，并能结合社会历史背景进行探讨。

四、提供学习建议和考试技巧1.制定学习计划：合理安排学习时间，确保系统地学习每个时期的文学知识。

2.积累资料：整理历年考试试题，归纳总结出高频考点和易错点。

3.加强练习：多做模拟试题，提高自己的应试能力和文学分析能力。

(完整word版)英国文学选读知识总结

Geoffrey Chaucer (1343-1400）乔叟He was born in 1343 in London。

He died in 1400 and was buried in Westminster Abbey，thus founding the “Poets Corner”。

The father of English Poetry and one of the greatest narrative poets of England。

“The Canterbury Tales” （1387—1400) It is Chaucer’s masterpiece and one of the monumental works in English literature.Chaucer’s Contribution to English Literature Chaucer is regarded as the founder of English poetry and has been called “the founder of English realism.” He is the firs t great poet who wrote in the English language。

He introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the “heroic couplet” （英雄双韵体）to English poetry。

His masterpiece “The Canterbury Tales" is one of the monumental works in English literature 公爵夫人之书,百鸟议会，声誉之堂，特罗勒思和克里西德Structure of a poem: A poem can be broken down into three parts:(1）Stanza （节) : a group of lines set off from the other lines in a poem。

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Geoffrey Chaucer (1343-1400) 乔叟He was born in 1343 in London.He died in 1400 and was buried in Westminster Abbey, thus founding the “Poets Corner”.The father of English Poetry and one of the greatest narrative poets of England.“The Canterbury Tales” (1387-1400) It is Chaucer’s masterpiece and one of the monumental works in English literature.Chaucer’s Contribution to English Literature Chaucer is regarded as the founder of English poetry and has been called “the founder of English realism.” He is the firs t great poet who wrote in the English language. He introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the “heroic couplet” (英雄双韵体) to English poetry.His masterpiece “The Canterbury Tales” is one of the monumental works in English literature公爵夫人之书，百鸟议会，声誉之堂，特罗勒思和克里西德Structure of a poem: A poem can be broken down into three parts:(1) Stanza (节) : a group of lines set off from the other lines in a poem. It is the poetic equivalent of a paragraph in prose. In traditional poems, the stanza usually contains a unit of thought.(2) The line (行) : a single line of poetry(3) The foot (音步) : a syllable or a group of 2 or 3 syllables. To scan a line of poetry one counts the number of feet in a line. For a beginner, the easiest thing to do is to count the number of stresses. Typically a foot will contain a stressed and an unstressed syllable.William Shakespeare (1564-1616)playwright, poet, actor.Shakespeare and Aeschylus are the two greatest dramatic geniuses the world has ever known.—Carl Marks.The Great Tragedies: 《哈姆雷特》(Hamlet,1601 ) 《奥赛罗》(Othello, 1604) 《李尔王》(King Lear, 1605) 《麦克白》(Macbeth, 1606) The Great Comedies威尼斯商人》(The Merchant of Venice, 1596) 《仲夏夜之梦》(A Midsummer Night's Dream,1596) 《第十二夜》(Twelfth Night, 1600) 《皆大欢喜》(As You Like It, 1601)Shakespeare’s car eer as a dramatist may be divided into four major phases.: The First Period(1590-1594)This period is the period of his apprenticeship in play-writing.Works: Henry VI The Comedy of Errors《错误的喜剧》/《连环错》Love’s Labor’s Lost《迷失的爱》/《空爱一场》/《爱的徒劳》Romeo and Juliet, etc.The Second Period (1595-1600)This period is his mature period, mainly a period of “great comedies” and mature historical plays. It includes 6 comedies, 5 historical plays and 1 Roman tragedy. His sonnets are also thought to be written in this period.The Third Period (1601-1607)The third period of Shakespeare’s dramatic career is mainly the period of “great tragedies” and “dark comedies”. It includes 5 tragedies, 3 comedies and 2 Roman tragedies.Major works written in this period:Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Antony and CleopatraThe Fourth Period (1608-1612)The fourth period of Shakespeare’s work is the period of romantic drama. It includes 4 romances or “reconciliation（和解，复合）plays”.Shakespeare’s Literary Position:Shakespeare and the Authorized Version of the English Bible are the two greatest treasuries of the English language. Shakespeare has been universally acknowledged to be the summit of the English Renaissance, and one of the greatest writers in world literature.Hamlet:Hamle t is considered the summit of Shakespeare’s art. It is one of Shakespeare’s canon, and it is universally included in the list of the world’s greatest works.It’s written in the form of blank verse.blank verse : poetry in rhymeless iambic pentameter.（素体诗剧）The story, coming from an old Danish legend, is a tragedy of the “revenge” genre. Shakespeare incorporates into the medieval story other major humanistic themes, including love, justice, good and evil, and most notably, madness, and the spirit of the timeInjustice, conspiracy, and betrayal in the society。

1. first blow: father’s murder and mother’s re-marriage2.second blow: betrayal of his two former friends Rosencrantz and Guildenstern3. third blow: betrayal of his girl friend OpheliaThe greatness of the play: in praise of the noble quality of Prince Hamlet as a representative of humanist thinkers and his disillusionment with the corrupt and degenerated society in which he lived.Hamlet is a humanist, a man who is free from medieval prejudices and superstitions. He has an unbounded love for the world instead of the heaven. Starting from his humanist love ofman, he returned to those around him with the same eagerness. He loves good and hates evil.A king and a beggar are all the same to him. His intellectual genius is outstanding. He is a close observer of men and manners. He easily sees through people. His image reflects the versatility of the men of the Renaissance.The key-note of Hamlet’s character is melancholy. But his melancholy is not the negative kind.Reasons : 1)His mental world has gone through the shock of a personal wrong to an awakening of his great responsibility in reforming the world as a whole. But to realize his ideal in his time was beyond him. This is the cause of Hamlet’s profoun d melancholy2)He has the opportunity of killing the king, yet he refuses to do so. Because when the king is praying, if he kills him, he will send him to the heaven. the villain has become the king, if he is killed abruptly, it will cause panic to the people and danger to the state.Life and death Life is full of hardship Death is also very mysterious (undiscovered country from which no traveler returns)Hamlet: character analysis Philosophical Contemplative MelancholicBeowulf: the national epic of Anglo-Saxons contains at least 3182 lines (alliteration 头韵, the repetition of the first consonant or vowel) The Canterbury Tales: a narrative poem written in rhymed iambic pentameter, heroic couplet (英雄双韵体) Shakespeare’s plays and Sonnets: unrhymed iambic pentameter (无韵式抑扬格五音步), blank verse (素体诗Basic Knowledge of Poetry Tersa rima: three-lined stanza 三行诗节Quatrain: four-lined stanza 四行诗节Octave: 律诗Sonnet: 十四行诗Couplet: 双韵体Rhythm: 格律Poetic license: 诗的破格Poetic diction: 诗语（诗歌用词）：e.g. thou/thee—you; thy/thine—your; thyself—yourself; art—are; ow’st—own单音步：monometer 两音步：dimeter 三音步：trimeter四音步：tetrameter五音步：pentameter 六音步：hexameter七音步：heptameter 八音步：octameterRhythm 格律1. iambic 抑扬格: weak+strong2. trochaic扬抑格: strong+weak3. anapaestic 抑抑扬格: weak+weak+strong4. dactylic 扬抑抑格: strong+weak+weak5. spondaic (n.) (扬扬格): strong+strong6. pyrrhic (抑抑格): weak+weakHow1) 诗节：This poem consists of ___ stanza (s).2) 诗行：Each stanza has ____ lines.3) 音步：Each line has ____ feet.4) 格律：The meter in each line is generally __ with the exception of __ feet in __ line, which is __.5) 押韵：The rhyme scheme of each stanza is ___.6) 标出来：Demonstratione.g. This poem consists of two quatrains, and each line is of iambic pentameter. The rhyme scheme is a b a b.Caesura (行内停顿): the pause in the middle of a line is called caesura.End-stopped line (结句行): when a line ends in a full pause, marked by some kind of punctuation, it is called an end-stopped line.一行正好构成一个完整的意思Run-on line (跨行句): when a line does not end in punctuation, and the sentence carries on into the next line, then it is called run-on line.几行加起来表达一个意思e.g. I shot an arrow into the air, It fell to earth, I knew not where; For, so swiftly it flew, the sight Could not follow it in its flight. 前两行是end-stopped line，后两行是run-on line.Rhyme (押韵): the repetition of sound within and across lines1. alliteration (头韵)2. assonance (尾韵)3. rhyme (韵脚Sonnet：a fourteen-line poem usually in iambic pentameter with a specific rhyme scheme. 3）the English sonnet (the Shakespearean sonnet)rhyme scheme: a b a b, c d c d, e f e f, g g Sonnet 18Shakespearean Sonnet is also called the English Sonnet, with three four-line stanzas (quatrains) and a two-line unit called a couplet （对子）.The rhyme scheme is：a b a b, c d c d, e f e f, g gMetrical pattern: iambic pentameterThe first stanza/quatrain：beginning 起The second stanza/quatrain：development 承The third stanza/quatrain：turn 转The couplet: conclusion 含Rhythm & Meter:Iambic pentameter (五音步抑扬格)1. Rhetorical question / apostrophe (顿呼法）The 1st line, used to create a tone of respect, and to engage the audience./ Speaking to thee directly.2. Personification Lines 5,6 & 11, used to elevate the sun and death.3. Parallelism / hyperbole The final couplet, used to emphasize the message: the beauty ofthe subject will be immortalized by the power of his art.Theme: eternal life of art Time, beauty and poetry1. Time and nature are forever transient. 大自然反复无常2. Beauty is always fading. 美人驻颜无术；3. Only art /poetry can be eternal. 为艺术可以不朽。